International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology

Vol. 29, No. 5, (2020), pp. 4374 - 4391

Design of Motorcycle Security System with Fingerprint Sensor

using Arduino Uno Microcontroller

Fitria Hidayanti, Fitri Rahmah, Aryadharma Wiryawan

Engineering Physics Department, Universitas Nasional, Jakarta, Indonesia
[email protected]

Abstract
Design a motorcycle security system with a fingerprint sensor using an Arduino Uno
microcontroller usually only uses an ignition that functions to start the motorcycle. Thus
it is often easily damaged by thieves who try to take a motorcycle while being parked. A
motorcycle security system is created using a fingerprint sensor to improve security on
motorcycle vehicles that are designed using two-channel relay module as a link between
hardware and software. The fingerprint sensor is a tool to match a person's fingerprint
pattern with a pattern that is stored in the sensor's memory and is also used instead of the
ignition key to start the motorcycle. Arduino Uno is based on a microcontroller as a tool
to receive responses and perform instructions according to the response obtained so that
the security system using this fingerprint is only the owner whose fingerprints are stored
in the fingerprint sensor that can have access rights to turn on the motorcycle. The
security system will be double, the ignition key as a handlebar lock and fingerprint as the
vehicle access rights. A fingerprint sensor that is initialized as a fingerprint identification
is used in order to turn on the motorcycle, able to read the detection of sensitivity to the
user's fingerprint. The percentage of the user's fingerprint success rate in order to access
the motorcycle is equal to 95%.

Keywords: design, security system, motorcycle, fingerprint, Arduino Uno

1. Introduction
Development of science and technology, especially in the field of electronics is marked
by the rapid progress that occurred with the creation of electronic equipment [1-2]. Many
advantages gained from the development of electronics, among them is the easier human
beings in resolving a problem. Routine activities are now widely replaced by
automatically designed equipment. Based on data obtained from the Central Statistical
Agency of Indonesia and Operation Control Bureau can be seen that the crime of
motorcycle theft every year is always increasing. One of the benefits of using fingerprint
sensor is to minimize the crime of motorcycle theft that often happens in the community,
due to turn on the motorcycle must go through the process of fingerprint recognition that
is installed and also reduce the anxiety of the community when driving vehicles in the
shopping center [3-4].
Fingerprints are personal identities that could not be Osiris [5]. The characteristics
owned by the fingerprint are Perennial nature. Some properties of the fingerprint are
immutability, individuality and originality. Immutability is a person's fingerprint will
never change unless a condition such as a severe accident that changes existing fingerprint
patterns. Individuality which means fingerprint has uniqueness and originality means does
not be equal to anyone.
This research designed a security system on the motorcycle replacing the stop contact
function using fingerprint recognition registered on the fingerprint sensor. Then the
microcontroller gives a voice command that is issued through the speakers that have been
installed on the motorcycle so that the motor indicator will be lit.
Fingerprint Sensor

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The fingerprint sensor is an electronic device used to capture digital images of

fingerprint patterns. The image was called a live scan of digital processing to create a
stored biometric template that is used for matching. This is an overview of some of the
fingerprints commonly used in technology sensors.
A fingerprint scanner system has functions to take the user's fingerprint image and
deciding whether the fingerprint flow pattern of the captured image the same as the
fingerprint flow pattern that is in the database. Then this sensor sent the fingerprint ID
data through serial communication. The fingerprint sensor was shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Fingerprint Sensor [6]

This fingerprint module can work on its own without any computer or PC software and
can store 1,000 fingerprints. This module supports fingerprint entry, intelligent image
processing, fingerprint comparison, and fingerprint search mode. This module also has a
high sensitivity to wet and dry fingerprint recognition.
Arduino Uno
Arduino Uno [7-9] is a microcontroller board based on the ATMega 328. This
microcontroller has 14 digital I/O (6 pins can be used as PWM output) and 6 analogue
inputs, 16 MHz crystal oscillator, USB connection, power Jack, ICSP header, and reset
button. This microcontroller operates at 5V voltage which is used as a USB-to-serial
converter for serial communication to the computer via USB port.

Figure 2: Arduino Uno [10]

The Arduino Uno Board technical data is as follows:

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Table 1: Specification of Arduino ATMEGA-328 Microcontroller

Microcontroller ATmega328

Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7 - 12 V
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20 V

Digital I/O pins 14 (6 of pin PWM)

Analog input pins 6

DC current per I/O pin 40 mA
DC current for pin 3.3 V 150 mA
Flash Memory 32 KB (0.5 KB Used for the bootloader)

SRAM 2 KB
EEPROM 1 KB
Clock Speed 16 MHz

DFPlayer Mini
DFPlayer Mini is a music player module that supports multiple files such as an MP3
file. DFPlayer Mini has a 16 pin interface in the form of a standard pin header on both
sides. DFPlayer Mini has a serial connection that can accept instructions from other
controllers such as Arduino. DFPlayer Mini can directly connect the speakers.

Figure 3: DFPlayer Mini [11]

The MQ-135 sensor is composed by the Al2O3 micro-ceramic tube, the sensitive layer
of tin dioxide (SnO2) as a material that is sensitive to gas NH3, NOx, alcohol, benzene,
CO, CO2 as well as measuring electrodes and heaters from stainless steel.
Two-Channel Relay Module
The relay is a switch that operated electrically and consisting of two main parts,
namely electromagnetic (coil) and mechanical (set of switches). The relay uses the
electromagnetic principle to move the contact switch so that with a small electric current
(low power) can conduct a higher voltage power. For example, with a relay that uses an
electromagnetic as 5V and 50 mA able to move the armature relay to conduct electricity
220V and 2A.

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Figure 4: Two-Channel Relay Module [12]

Speaker
The speaker is a device that works to emit processing results by the CPU in the form of
audio such as MP3 Player and DVD Player. The speaker converts the electrical waves
from the audio amplifier device into sound waves or vibrations. The process of converting
electromagnetic waves to sound waves can occur because the electricity from the audio
amplifier is flowed into the coil and influenced by the magnetic force of the speaker,
according to the electric current received then the vibration generated on the membrane
will follow and be the wave.
Buck Converter
Buck converter is a converter that generates a smaller output voltage than the input
voltage. The resulting output voltage has the same polarity as the input voltage. Buck
converter is commonly referred to as a step-down converter. Basically, the buck converter
is one type of topology of switching power supply consisting of 2 parts, namely part of
power and part of the control. The power part works for voltage conversion, including
components such as switches and output filters. The control section serves to control the
state on-off of the switches contained in the circuit. Buck converter can be operated in 2
modes, namely continuous conduction mode and discontinuous conduction mode. In the
14 continuous conduction mode, the current will continue to flow pass the inductor, or in
other words, the current on the inductor will never reach a zero value. Inside the
discontinuous conduction mode, the current flowing through the inductor will be zero
value for the specified period. The selected inductor value will determine the mode to be
used.

Figure 5: Buck Converter [13]

2. Materials and Method

The study was preceded by designing a simple and streamlined device model, and the
layout of the components. For the preparation stage of the tool and materials consist of the
provision of tools, measuring instrument, soldering apparatus, electronic components and
software. Furthermore, the stage of making the device divided into two parts, namely the
design of hardware and software. Last is the testing phase of the device to find out if the
whole system is well integrated. Overall working security system with a fingerprint sensor
on the motorcycle depicted on the diagram block in Figure 6.

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Input Processs Output

Sensor Fingerprint 2 Channel Relay

Module

DFPlayer Mini Arduino Speaker

Figure 6: Diagram Block of System

The block diagram in Figure 6 explains that the fingerprint sensor used to detect the
suitability of a motorcycle owner which read on an Arduino that serves as a
microcontroller. Then two-channel relay modules as electronic switches control the
electrical devices that require a large voltage and current which then this relay will
connect to the VCC contact on the motor and the starter motor because it is compatible
with all the Arduino. DFPlayer Mini, which contains Micro SD, has a sound MP3 file
informing the owner of the motorcycle when the machine is switched on and off and the
processing result of the Arduino will then go through the speakers that are already
installed and hidden at the bottom of the motor and produce sound.
Device Testing
Device testing aims to systematise all phases of research conducted. The testing
planning procedure can be seen in Table 2.
Table 2: Device Testing

Stages of Testing Objectives

User put the finger on the fingerprint sensor A sensor detects the finger and the user ID
When the fingerprint is registered, the audio To find out if the finger is already listed in the
will signal to put your finger on the fingerprint microcontroller EEPROM and instruct the
once again system to enter into Standby mode
Instruct the system to perform an automatic
Fingers placed once more to turn on the
starter on the motorcycle. If the fingers are not
ordering system machine
listed in memory, then the system will reject

Turn off the motorcycle using user

Turn off the motorcycle by touching the
fingerprints
fingerprint after use

Electronic Circuit
The electronic circuit combines the electronics components such as fingerprint sensors,
DFPlayer mini-module and two-channel relay module. Figure 7 showed a schematic
design and a microcontroller board shield system.

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Figure 7: Schematic Circuit of Microcontroller

A microcontroller schematic was an initial design made to design an electronic system.

The schematic was determined by some inputs and outputs used for the creation of the
device. Besides, the components used also be specified in the schematic in Figure 8.

Figure 8: Shield Circuit of Microcontroller

Mechanical Design

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Mechanical design was intended to design a hardware framework to protect electronics

from damage. Acrylic was used as the main material. System outline design was shown in
Figure 9.

Figure 9: Design of Device Packaging Box

The design of the device packaging box was made to protect electronic components
and as an interface between user and device. This component box design was made in a 2-
dimensional puzzle that is then printed with laser cutting. The design of this box is put
together by a bolt, then several electronic components placed inside it. The switch has
combined with a design box aimed at activating the microcontroller when the motorcycle
has stopped and is not used.
Besides the design of the device packaging box, fingerprint box design (Figure 10) was
also made to protect the sensors from rain and sunlight. Rain can cause the circuit in the
sensor to malfunction while sunlight can cause sensor performance when detecting a
reduced user's finger. The packing fingerprint design is made to cover the sensor field so
closed when not in use.

Figure 10: Design of Fingerprint Box

Device Placement on Motorcycle

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For the placement of the layout of the device stored on the motorcycle, the device
packaging box will be placed under the seat of the motor, as shown in Figure 11.

Fingerprint Sensor Microcontroller Speaker

Battery Step-down
module

Figure 11: Device Placement on Motorcycle

Battery as power supply was connected with the step-down module stored in the device
packaging box. This is useful for lowering the voltage received from the battery that was
initially 12 volts to 9 volts, so the Arduino did not heat quickly and damaged. A neatly
stored Arduino shield under the seat of a motor serves as a brain in the performance of a
motor vehicle security system. Fingerprint sensors are useful for replacing starter systems
and keeping motorcycle safe. When the motor is turned on and used, only the motorcycle
owner can access it because the owner's fingerprint is already registered on the fingerprint
system. As the output is a voice command that will inform the owner of the motorcycle if
there are people who want to steal motorcycles and access the fingerprint sensor.
Fingerprint User to be used on Fingerprint Sensor
For the fingerprint entry used, first from the menu "File" click "Examples" and then
click "Adafruit Fingerprint Sensor" and select "Enroll" can be seen in Figure 12.

Figure 12: File Library Arduino

Subsequently, the data was uploaded to the Arduino by opening a serial monitor with a
baud rate: 9600 + Newline. First, we enter the code for the fingerprint data in the form of
numbers that will be scanned. The user chooses the number 10, which is the right thumb

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because the finger that is easy to paste on the fingerprint sensor is the right thumb and
right index and can be seen in Figure 13.

Figure 13: Input ID 10 Fingerprint of User

Then we click "Send" after that the data ID 10 that we have entered will be read
automatically by a fingerprint sensor.

Figure 14: Finger detected by Fingerprint Sensor

The device issues a command, so we immediately attach the user's fingerprint to the
fingerprint sensor, we wait until the fingerprint is detected.

Figure 15: Finger attached on Fingerprint Sensor

3. Results and Discussion

Overall System

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The overall system of the study is a motorcycle security system using a fingerprint that
can be accessed through a user's fingerprint that has been registered on EEPROM
memory.
Testing of Fingerprint Access in Motorcycle
Fingerprint access testing is considered successful when the motorcycle can be
switched on by a user registered on EEPROM memory. However, the system is
considered failing if the user cannot access the motorcycle through the fingerprint. Some
factors that affect fingerprints such as hand condition, cleanliness and finger moisture will
affect the reading results of the sensor.
Fingerprint Detection Testing
Fingerprint detection testing for the motor vehicle security system aims to find the
value of the percentage of other’s fingerprint success that hasn't been entered on the
fingerprint sensor database. Testing is done by first pasting the user's fingerprint and then
continuing by pasting another person's fingerprint.
Table 3: Right Thumb and Left Thumb Test Result for Motorcycle User

True True False False

Fingerprint Motorcylce
Postitive Negative Positive Negative

1 1 0 0 0 on
2 1 0 0 0 on
3 1 0 0 0 on
4 1 0 0 0 on
5 1 0 0 0 on
6 1 0 0 0 on
7 1 0 0 1 off
8 1 0 0 0 on
9 1 0 0 0 on
10 1 0 0 0 on
11 1 0 0 0 on
12 1 0 0 0 on
13 1 0 0 0 on
14 1 0 0 0 on
15 1 0 0 0 on
16 1 0 0 0 on
17 1 0 0 0 on
18 1 0 0 0 on
19 1 0 0 0 on
20 1 0 0 0 on

Percentage value variations will be tested with twenty right fingerprints of users who
have been entered with the right thumb sample of the other person who has not been

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entered and registered on the fingerprint sensor. In the test results for twenty fingerprint
samples, the fingerprint sensor is very sensitive to fingerprint placement. The fingerprint
position should be precisely on the layer of the glass so that the fingerprint can be read
clearly and in accordance with the input and stored in the system. The fingerprint
detector test results are shown in Table 3.
Table 3 shows the confusion matrix of the fingerprint detection test results using the
right thumb and left thumb on 10 different people. Confusion matrix displays the actual
and incorrect amount of predictions in the matrix test data. Input from the confusion
matrix has meaning, among others:
• True Positive : The number of fingerprint users that are input and accessible
by the fingerprint sensor.
• True Negative : The number of fingerprints of other users that are not
detected correctly.
• False Positive : The results of the fingerprint of another user
who is being entered is tried and correct.
• False Negative : When the fingerprint detector indicates failed
and cannot access the motorcycle.
Accuracy is the level of proximity between the predicted value and the actual value.
From the results above, it can be concluded that the percentage success rate of the user's
fingerprint can access the motorcycle to be lit as 95%. Before data retrieval is taken,
finger sampling was conducted first for the purpose of calibrating the fingerprint sensor.

Table 4: Testing of the Same User

Finger

No Right Right Right Right Motorcycle

Right
Index Middle Ring Pinky
Thumb
Finger Finger Finger Finger

1 108 108 108 108 108 on

2 108 108 108 102 108 on
3 108 108 108 108 108 on
4 103 100 100 108 108 on
5 100 108 102 108 108 on
6 108 108 108 108 108 on
7 108 101 108 100 104 on
8 103 108 108 108 104 on
9 108 101 108 108 108 on
10 108 103 108 108 108 on

The confidence level value of the fingerprint sensor ranges from a value of 0 to 108 in
a clean finger condition and can power the motor, confidence level or the highest level of
fingerprint likeness is 108. From table 4, you get the confidence value ranges from 100 to
108 on the right thumb, then get the number 100 to 108 on the right index finger, then get

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the numbers 100 to 108 on the right middle finger, 100 to 108 on the right sweet finger
and the last 104 to 108 on the right little finger. Results showed five fingers of the same
person and finger turn on the motorcycle.
Fingerprint Pattern Detection using SFG Demo
The SFG Demo software showed the fingerprint pattern of a user with a level of
sensitivity from a fingerprint sensor that is very influential when we attach a finger. Once
connected, next, we attach the fingerprint of the user to the fingerprint sensor that can be
seen in Figure 16.

Figure 16: Open Device SFG Demo

The fingerprint pattern that has been saved will be displayed in the SFG Demo in the
form of a fingerprint. We know it's like the result of the strokes on our fingers by pasting
the right thumb finger that will be visible in Figure 17.

Figure 17: Fingerprint Pattern

If the command is pasting the fingerprint successfully then, the SFG Demo will show

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the fingerprint command has been successfully entered, which can be seen in Figure 18.

Figure 18: Data Matched

Fingerprint testing using clean fingerprint objects is done by trying to turn on the motor
engine using your fingers in clean conditions. The system is said to be successful when
the clean fingers can be read by sensors so that the motor turns on, while the system is
said to fail if the sensor cannot read the finger and the machine does not turn The test
result Data using the Fingerprint object read by the fingerprint sensor can be seen in Table
5.
Table 5: Testing of Clean and Dry Fingerprint

Finger
Initial Right Right Right Right
Right Motorcycle
Name Index Middle Ring Little
Thumb
Finger Finger Finger Finger
Ar 108 108 108 99 99 on
Ke 108 108 108 102 108 on
Far 108 108 108 108 108 on
Ki 103 100 100 108 108 on
Al 100 108 102 108 108 on
Wi 108 108 108 108 108 on
Pa 108 108 108 96 104 on
Far 103 108 108 108 104 on
Is 108 101 108 108 108 on
Oz 108 103 108 108 108 on

The confidence level value of the fingerprint sensor ranges from 0 to 108 values in clean
finger conditions and can turn on the motorcycle. The level of confidence or the highest
level of a fingerprint is 108 from Table 5, which has been tested by 10 users.
Data retrieval with clean conditions was conducted by the calibrating of the fingerprint
sensor to obtain confidence value as 108. The value is a reference to get the error value.
Test data retrieval when clean finger conditions were conducted using 5 fingers taken

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from 10 users. The confidence value obtained from each finger is displayed in the serial
monitor. The value is compared with the perfect confidence value gained from the
previous sensor calibration.

Figure 19: Clean and Dry Fingerprint

Confidence values each finger is influenced by the condition of the finger when it will
be tested, the smaller the value of confidence, then the dirtier the condition of the finger
tested. The level of finger hygiene can affect confidence value because sensor detection
gets worse when the fingerprint pattern detected is obstructed by another object. In
addition to affecting confidence value, A varied level of finger hygiene will also cause
the starter performance on the motor, too dirty fingers will be harder to power the motor,
because the program will read the condition of the finger is different from when the
finger is first registered in the microcontroller.
Table 6: Testing of Wet Fingerprint
Finger
Initial Right Right Right Right
Right Motorcycle
Name Index Middle Ring Little
Thumb
Finger Finger Finger Finger
Ar 0 0 4 0 8 off
Ke 3 0 0 0 2 off
Far 6 4 0 0 0 off
Ki 7 6 8 4 0 off
Al 4 0 5 7 0 off
Wi 0 0 2 0 0 off
Pa 10 8 0 0 0 off
Fa 0 0 0 0 8 off
Is 0 2 0 2 9 off
Oz 0 3 0 7 0 off
Fingerprint testing using a wet fingerprint object was conducted by trying to turn on
the motorcycle using a finger in wet conditions. The system succeeds when the wet
fingers can be read by sensors so powering the motor. The test result data using the wet
fingerprint object read by the fingerprint sensor can be seen in Table 6.
The confidence level value of the fingerprint sensor ranges from 0 to 10 in wet finger
conditions. The level of confidence or the highest level of a fingerprint is 10 from table 6,
which has been tested for 10 users. Table 6 indicates the Confidence value ranges from 0

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to 10 on the right thumb, then get the number 0 to 8 on the right index finger, then get the
number 0 to 8 on the right middle finger, 0 to 7 on the right ring finger and the last 0 to 9
on the right little finger. The resulting data were obtained that the motor will not turn on
because the sensor is difficult to accept the fingerprint pattern in a wet state so that it
inhibits the reading of the fingerprint sensor.

Figure 20: Wet Fingerprint

Table 7: Testing of Dusty Fingerprint

Finger
Initial Right Right Right Right
Right Motorcycle
Name Index Middle Ring Little
Thumb
Finger Finger Finger Finger
Ar 108 67 77 78 89 on
Ke 108 100 94 76 86 on
Far 108 80 43 55 66 on
Ki 86 90 85 40 67 on
Al 86 87 71 90 80 on
Wi 98 60 73 76 82 on
Pa 100 65 87 54 104 on
Fa 87 55 68 68 90 on
Is 78 101 80 60 79 on
Oz 99 84 99 86 80 on

A wet data retrieval experiment is carried out with the first printing of the fingerprint
sensor, which is then obtained by the confidence value. When the fingers are wet and get
confidence 0, the value is a reference value to retrieve the error value. Test data retrieval
when wet finger conditions are performed using 5 fingers samples taken from 10 users.
The confidence value obtained from each finger is displayed in the serial monitor. The
value can be compared between the perfect confidence value gained from the previous
sensor calibration.
Fingerprint testing using dusty fingerprint objects is done by trying to turn on the
motor engine using your fingers in dusty conditions. The system is said to succeed when

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the dusty fingers can be read by the sensor so that the motor turns on, while the system is
said to fail if the sensor cannot read the finger and the machine does not Table 7 testing
uses dusty fingerprint objects.
The confidence level value of the fingerprint sensor ranges from 0 to 108 values in the
dusty fingers condition of the confidence level or the highest level of fingerprint likeness
is 108. Table 7 shows the value of confidence ranging in numbers 78 to 108 on the right
thumb, then obtained the number 55 to 101 to the right index, then obtained the number
43 until 99 on the right middle finger, 40 until 90 on the right ring finger and the last 67
until 104 on the right little finger. Results show that the motor will still be lit with a dusty
finger condition state.
The trial of data retrieval with dusty conditions is done with the fingerprint sensor
calibrate first, which is then obtained confidence value. When the fingers are dusty and
obtained confidence value 84. The value is made a reference value for retrieving error
values. Testing data retrieval when a clean finger condition is performed using 5 sample
finger dari10 users. The confidence value obtained from each finger is displayed in the
serial monitor. These values can be compared with the perfect confidence value gained
from previous sensor calibration.

Figure 21: Dusty Fingerprint

It is found that most of the fingerprint patterns in dusty conditions can still be read by
the fingerprint sensor because when a dusty finger will be able to access the fingerprint
sensor and can turn on the motorcycle.
Besides the confidence level, testing is performed to determine the time required in the
reading. Reading time is obtained from measuring readings from right thumb from a user.
Results show that reading times 1.6 to 1.9 seconds.

Table 8: Time for Sensor Reading

No Time (s)
1 1.9
2 1.9
3 1.7

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4 1.7
5 1.6
6 1.6
7 1.6
8 1.6
9 1.9
10 1.6

4. Conclusion
Based on the results and analysis of the research, the conclusion is obtained.
1. The fingerprint sensor initialized as a fingerprint identification is used to enable
the motorcycle, able to read sensitivity detection of its user fingerprint.
2. Based on the results of the accuracy equation calculation, that percentage of the
user's fingerprint success to access the motorcycle is 95%.
3. The motorcycle security system by using this fingerprint sensor can work well to
turn on and off the relay with 10 users.
4. The motorcycle security system can still work despite being tested with a
different person on the condition that the person's finger is already registered into
the security system.

Acknowledgments
Thank you for Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (LPPM)
Universitas Nasional and our colluagues at Faculty of Engineering and Science,
Universitas Nasional, Jakarta for the support.

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ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST 4391

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