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 UNIT 1—Introduction to AI
 UNIT 2—AI Project Cycle
 UNIT 3—Neural Network
 UNIT 4—Introduction to Python

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Introduction to
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AI
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Introduction
What is Intelligence?
What is Intelligence made of?
Types of Intelligence
Difference between Human and Machine Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
What is Artificial Intelligence?
Why We Need Artificial Intelligence?
What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
Real Life Applications of Research Areas
History of Application of AI Artificial Intelligence
Three Domain of AI
Software Related to AI
Types of Artificial Intelligence
Task Classification of AI
Threats to AI
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 – 9th

1.1 INTRODUCTION
In the current scenario, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a new term that covers a broad range of domains
and applications these days and is expected to impact every field in the future. Artificial intelligence
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is gaining the spotlight across applications in our personal and professional lives. We need to take
charge of preparing ourselves and our students for the future where devices will be inbuilt with the
capabilities of a human mind.

1.2 WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?

OR
Intelligence is the ability to think, calculate, reason and learn from experience, to solve problems
and to adapt to new situations. Intelligence can also perceive relationships, learn from past experience,
store and retrieve information from memory, solve problems, evaluate complex ideas, use natural
language, categorize, simplify, and adjust new situations.

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WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE for OF?
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are free.
The intelligence is difficult to define and measure. Intelligence is intangible so it varies from person
to person. Intelligence is different for different person and different situations. Intelligence cannot
be directly observed,
touched, or measured in
physical terms. However,
we can still say that it is
composed of:
 Reasoning
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 Learning
 Problem solving
 Perception
 Linguistic intelligence
Let us go through all the components briefly:
Reasoning—It is the set of processes that help us in providing a base for judging, making


decisions, and predicting behaviour.

Learning—It is the act of gaining knowledge or skill by either studying the mechanism or


by practicing a skill or being taught a concept or experiencing something around. Learning

increases the awareness of the subjects to be studied.
The ability of learning is possessed by humans, some animals, and AI-enabled systems.
Learning is of various types like Auditory Learning (through listening and hearing),
Episodic Learning (through some sequences of events), Motor Learning (through
movement of muscles), Observational Learning (through watching others), Perceptual
Learning (through sensory experience), Relational Learning (through relationship or
relational properties), Spatial Learning (through visual stimuli) and Stimulus-Response
Learning (through a particular behaviour).
Problem Solving—It is the process in which one perceives and tries to find a solution of a


current situation by following some path. Problem solving also involves decision-making,
where in one finds the best solution of a given problem among the various alternatives
available.

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 Perception—It is the process of acquiring, analysing, interpreting, selecting, and organizing

sensory information. Perception presumes sensing. In humans, perception is derived from
sensory organs. In terms of artificial intelligent, perception mechanism puts the data derived


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from sensory organs in an organized manner.
Linguistic Intelligence to download.
It is one’s ability to use, understand,
— evaluate, speak, and write
the verbal and written language. It is an important part of communication.

1.4 TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE

OR
Intelligence is of many kinds depending upon the proficiency a person has. Howard Gardner,
an American developmental psychologist describe ‘Intelligence’ in multifold as:
1. Linguistic intelligence—The ability to speak, recognize, and use mechanisms of
phonology (speech sounds), syntax (grammar), and semantics (meaning). Examples of
Linguistic intelligence are: Narrators, Orators.

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2. Musical intelligence—The ability to create, communicate with, and understand meanings
member
made of sound, understanding offor
Musicians, Singers, Composers.
pitch, full
rhythm.access. Your
Example of Musical firstare:30 days
intelligence

are free.
3. Logical-mathematical intelligence—The ability of use and understand complex,abstract
ideas and relationships in the absence of action or objects. Example of Logical -mathematical
intelligence are: Mathematicians, Scientists.
4. Spatial intelligence—The ability to perceive visual or spatial information, change it, and
re-create visual images, construct 3D images, and to move and rotate images. Examples of
Spatial intelligence are: Map readers, Astronauts, Physicists.
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5. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence—The ability to use complete or part of the body to
solve problems and control the fine and coarse motor skills. Example of Bodily-kinesthetic
intelligence are: Players, Dancers.
6. Intra-personal intelligence—The ability to distinguish among one’s own emotions,
intentions, and motivations. Examples of Intra-personal intelligence are: the people like
Gautam Buddha.
7. Interpersonal intelligence—The ability to recognize and make distinctions among other
people’s feelings, beliefs, and intentions. Examples of Interpersonal intelligence are: Mass
Communicators, Interviewers.
A machine is said to be artificially intelligent, if it has any of the intelligence discussed above.
To understand this, we need to finds the difference between natural/human and artificial/machine
intelligence.

1.5 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HUMAN AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE

Human Intelligence Machine Intelligence

1. Humans perceive by patterns The machines perceive by set of rules and data.
2. Humans store and recall information Machines has memory that can store and recall
by patterns. For example, the number the information by searching algorithms.
40404040 is easy to remember, store,
and recall as its pattern is simple.
3. Humans can figure out the complete The machines finds it difficult to complete or
object even if some part of it is figure out the missing part of an object and
missing or distorted. cannot do it correctly.

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Important Term Related to AI

Reasoning—It is the set of processes that enables us to provide basis for judgement, making
decisions, and prediction. They are broadly oftwo types:
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Inductive reasoning to download.
Deductive reasoning
It conducts specific observations to makes It starts with a general statement and examines
broad general statements. the possibilities to reach a specific and logical
conclusion.

Therefore, All teachers are studious.” OR

Example: “ Ram is a teacher. Ram is studious. Example: “All women of age above 60 years
are grandmothers. Sita is 65 years. Therefore,
Sita is a grandmother.”

1.6 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)

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In today member
s world, technology
’ for
is growing very full
fast and we areaccess.
heading towardsYour first
one of the
technologies of computer science which is identified as ‘Artificial Intelligence’. Artificial
30 days
booming

areus atfree.
Intelligence is nothing but making a machine that is as intelligent as a human being. The Artificial
Intelligence these days is growing around a very fast pace. It is currently working in many
areas, ranging from general to specific, such as displaying our shopping habits, self-driving cars,
playing chess, proving theorems, playing music, Painting, etc.
Our future lies in AI that can make a machine to work as a human. When a machine displays
attributes like learning, reasoning and solving problems based on the situation or the environment

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around, the machine is based on Artificial intelligence.

1.7 WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?

Artificial Intelligence is made up of two words Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial means
“man-made,” and intelligence means “ability to understand and think”, hence AI means “a man-
made ability to understand and think. ”
So, we can define AI as:
“It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines which can
act like a human, think and reason like humans, and able to make decisions like humans.”
Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can respond like a human displaying the skill
of learning, reasoning, and solving problems. Artificial Intelligence is creating a machine with
programmed algorithms which can work with own intelligence and that is what makes AI unique
in itself.

1.8 WHY WE NEED ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?

Human Beings were responsible for giving every direction to machines in the past. Artificial
Intelligence means equipping machines with the power to make its own decision like human beings.
How to give them power? We can do that with the help of machine learning.
Just like human beings store the information in their brain and learn from its patterns, the scientists
have also been able to use the stored machine information to make machines learn from them.
For instance, human beings know that fishes swim on the water by storing “fish” in their brain
and watching them float on the water over and over again. Likewise, machines can also do the

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same by analysing the patterns from their stored information (Machine Learning) and coming out
with the conclusion to make decisions like human beings (Artificial Intelligence).
Artificial Intelligence is an approach or skill that can make a computer, a robot, or a product to
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think how similarly like a human. AI is a study of how human brain think, learn, decide and work,
while trying to solve a problems. And later this study gives outputs as intelligent software systems.
The aim of AI is to improve computer functions which are related to the knowledge of humans, for
example, reasoning, learning, and problem-solving.
The long-term goals of the general intelligence sector are to do research in the field of AI related

OR
to reasoning, knowledge representation, planning, learning, natural language processing, realization,
and ability to move and manipulate objects.
Before Learning about Artificial Intelligence, we should know that what is the importance of AI
and why should we learn it. Let us understand some main reasons that shows the importance of AI:
With the help of AI, we can create such software or devices which can solve real-world


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problems easily and with utmost accuracy such as health issues, marketing, traffic issues,
etc.
With the help of AI, we can create your personal virtual Assistant, such as Cortana, Google


Assistant, Siri, etc. are free.

With the help of AI, we can build such Robots which can work in an environment where


survival of humans can be at risk like freezing zones, political boundaries, risky terrain, etc.
Thus we can say that AI opens a new path for other new technologies, new devices, and new
Opportunities for human being.
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ACTIVITY 1 –

Title: Excite Approach: Guess and Win

Demonstration: Students will play a games that involve the logic behind AI technology. One
student who is the head will think of any real life object and will ask the other students to guess
its name based on the features which he/she will ask.
The students will guess the name of the real life object based on the features.
For example :
Group 1 : Head : This real life object is a fruit which is citrus in nature.
............. Student 1 : Is it Orange ?
............. Head : NO, It is not round. The second clue is that it has seeds
............. Student 2: Is it pomegranate ?
............. In this way the students become aware of how a machine will identify a real life object?
Objectives
1. Students get their first experience of Artificial Intelligence. How AI devices can identify the
real life objects and portray them through its features.
2. Gain the habit of solving problems by practicing critical thinking and self-directed learning.
3. To discover more about themselves and the real world around.
Learning Outcomes
1. Describe application of AI in their daily lives especially in the field of identification.
2. Identify the use of identifying face through pictures.

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Pre-requisites: Basic computer literacy Key-concepts: Interpreting Face through pictures

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    

OR
Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:
1. Imitate human intelligence
2. Solve tasks based on knowledge
3. An intelligent connection of observation and action
4. Building a machine or a device which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence

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such as:
Proving a theorem

 Playing chess



Plan some surgical operation
Driving a car in traffic
are free.
 Interpreting your language
5. Creating some system which can demonstrate intelligent behaviour, learn new things by
itself, show, explain, and can advise to its user.

1.9
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WHAT COMPRISES TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?
Though Artificial Intelligence is a part of computer sciences but it is very vast and requires many
other factors including the environment and its agent. To induce AI, we first need to know that what
factors or things build intelligence in a human being. Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain
which is a combination of Reasoning, learning, problem-solving observation, language
understanding, etc.
To incorporate the above factors in a machine, Artificial Intelligence requires the following
discipline:
 Mathematics  Biology  Psychology
 Sociology  Computer Science  Neurons Study
 Statistics

1.10 ADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Some of the advantages of Artificial Intelligence are as follows:
 AI machines have high accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems have high
accuracy since it takes decisions as per pre-experience or information. This is why such
systems or machine gives output with less errors.
 AI machines have high-speed: AI systems have high-speed and makes fast-decision. An
example of this can be seen through the machine that was able to beat a chess champion
in the Chess game.

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 AI machines has high reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the
same action multiple times with accuracy.
 AI machines are best suited for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations

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where employing humans can be risky such as defusing a bomb, exploring the ocean floor,
keeping an eye on the international border of a country,
 AI machines can give digital assistant: AI machines can give digital assistant to the
users like it is doing in the field of E-commerce websites for showing the products as per
customer requirement.
AI machines can be useful as a public utility: AI machines can be very useful as
OR


public utilities such as a self-driving car for making our journey safer and hassle-free, facial
recognition for security purpose, Natural language processing to communicate with the
human in human-language, etc.

1.11 DISADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

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technology emerges foradvantages
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but at the sameYour
disadvantages too. Artificial Intelligence has following disadvantages:
time it canfirst 30 days
have some

are free.
 AI machines are high in cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI machines
is quite high. The high cost also includes the maintenance cost of the AI machines.
 AI machines can’t think out of the box: With the emergence of AI Technology, the
machines can do the task as per the instruction and algorithm given but still they cannot
think or work out of the box e.g., a robot will only do that work for which they are trained,
or programmed.

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AI machines have no feelings and emotions: AI machines can only work on the
instructions and algorithm given. These machines cannot feel or react so it cannot make
any kind of emotional attachment with human, and may even harm the users if proper care
is not taken.
 AI machines increase human dependency on machines: AI is a new technology but
it has made humans more dependent on the machines or devices and as a result humans
are losing their mental capabilities.
 AI machines does not have original creativity: God has blessed humans with
intelligence and creativity so humans created the AI machines but on the contrary the AI
machines does not have their own intelligence and so they cannot beat the power of human
intelligence and cannot be creative and imaginative.

    

Speech and Voice Recognition
Speech and Voice Recognition are common terms in robotics, expert systems and natural
language processing. Though these terms are used interchangeably, their objectives are different.
Speech Recognition Voice Recognition
1. The speech recognition aims at under- The objective of voice recognition is to recognize
standing and grasp ‘WHAT’ was spoken. ‘WHO’ is speaking.
2. It is used in hand-free computing, map, It is used to identify a person by analyzing its
or menu navigation. tone, voice pitch, and accent, etc.
3. Machine does not need training for speech Voice recognition system needs training as it is
recognition as it is not speaker dependent. person oriented.

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1.12 REAL LIFE APPLICATIONS OF RESEARCH AREAS

The domain of artificial intelligence is large and widespread. The broadly common and prospering
research areas in the domain of AI are as follows:
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Research Areas to download.
1. Expert Systems : Related to those devices that can be trained for working
as humans. Examples: Flight-tracking systems, Clinical systems.
2. Natural Language Processing: Related to those devices that use human
language for operating.
OR
Examples: Google Now feature, speech recognition, Automatic voice output.
3. Neural Networks: Related to those devices that work the way human brain
neurons work.
Examples: Pattern recognition systems such as face recognition, character recognition,
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handwriting recognition.
Robotics: Related to those devices that are programmed to do a task in
a factory or industry.
are free.
Examples: Industrial robots for moving, spraying, painting, precision checking, drilling,
cleaning, coating, carving, etc.
5. Fuzzy Logic Systems: Related to those devices that are based on human
reasoning.
Examples: Consumer electronics, automobiles, etc.
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1.13 APPLICATION OF AI
AI or Artificial Intelligence can be understood as simulating human intelligence processes by machines,
especially computer systems. These processes include learning, reasoning and self-correction.
AI was coined by John McCarthy, an American computer scientist, in 1956 at ‘the Dartmouth
Conference’. This term that explains everything from robotic process automation to actual
robotics. AI can perform tasks like identifying patterns using data more effectively than the humans,
enabling deeper view of business prospects, analyzing large data for mapping poverty and climate
change, automate agricultural practices and irrigation, individualize healthcare and learning, predict
consumption patterns, evaluate energy-usage and waste-management.
AI is making our daily life more comfortable and easy and that is why Artificial Intelligence has
various applications in today ’s world like solving complex problems in an efficient way in many
industries, such as Healthcare, entertainment, finance, education, etc. Following are some sectors
which have the application of Artificial Intelligence:
1. Astronomy
Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe problems. AI technology can
be useful in understanding our entire universe and how it works. This implementation could better
explain the mankind about the origin of our galaxies and other milky way.
2. Healthcare
Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster medical diagnosis than humans.
AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when the condition of patients are deteriorating

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so that medical help can reach to the patient before hospitalization. The AI-based applications are
useful in understanding medical data and drawing conclusion about the medical health of humans.
These applications are applied in diagnosis and treatment, drug development, prescribing medicine,

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and patient monitoring and care.
3. Gaming
The AI machines can play strategic games like chess, where the machine needs to think of a
large number of possible places. Many 3D and online games based on AI are also being played
which has made games, an industry, these days.
4. Finance OR
The finance industry is implementing automation, ChatBot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm
trading, and machine learning into financial processes. Many major banks across the world have
implemented these emerging technologies for automation and as powerful tools for their effective
operations. The implementation of the AI in the banking helped in the payment efforts and reduced
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complex process through simple ChatBots conversation to continue the operations without any
hassles. Some banks are also using AI technology in the field of an intelligent virtual assistant to
improve their customer services where as some of them are using this to prevent fraud and monitor
are free.
potential threats to customers in commerce.
5. Data Security
The security of data is very important for every company especially since cyber-attacks are
growing very rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make the data more safe and secure.
Some examples of AI technology are shown in the field of security by AEG bot, AI2 Platform which
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can determine software bug and cyber-attacks in a better way.
6. Social Media
Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and SnapChat contain billions of user profiles,
which are stored and managed in a very efficient way through the AI Technique. AI can organize,
evaluate and manage massive amounts of data to identify the latest trends, hashtag and requirement
of different users.
7. Travel and Transport
AI is capable of doing various travel related works such as from making travel arrangement to
suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to the customers. Travel industries are using AI-enabled
ChatBots which can make human-like interaction with customers for better and fast response.
8. Automotive Industry
Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their customers for better
performance. One of the famous examples of AI in automation industry is TeslaBot, an intelligent
virtual assistant introduced by Tesla. Various Automotive Industries are also currently working on
developing self-driven cars which can make your journey more safe and secure.
9. Robotics
Artificial Intelligence has a major role in Robotics. Usually, general robots are programmed such
that they can perform some repetitive task, but with the help of AI, we can create intelligent robots
which can perform tasks with their own experiences without pre-programmed. Humanoid Robots
are best examples for AI in robotics. Recently, the intelligent Humanoid robot named as Erica and
Sophia has been developed which can talk and behave like humans.

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10. Entertainment
In the field of entertainment, we are currently using some AI based applications in our daily
life such as Netflix or Amazon Prime. With the help of machine learning algorithms, these services
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show the recommendations for programs or shows depending on your search history.
11. Agriculture
Agriculture is now becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this field. Agriculture is applying AI
as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive analysis. AI in agriculture can be very
helpful for farmers. Agriculture is one of the core sectors and we have been modifying the cultivation
OR
process to yield more from it. The technologies like AI and IoT (Internet of Things) will be very useful
in understanding a timely planting, getting predictions, using fertilizers, harvesting and the climate.
12. E-commerce
AI is helping shoppers to find related products with recommended size, colour, or brand. Major
e-commerce companies have been using advanced technologies like AI or machine learning by using
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the AI as ChatBots, AI assistants, smart logistics, using algorithms to predict and analyze customers
behaviours. The ultimate aim is to reduce shipping costs. Machine learning helps companies in
’

demand forecasting, product search ranking, product and deals recommendations, merchandising
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placements, fraud detection, translations and many more.
13. Education
AI can automate grading so that the teacher can have more time to teach. AI chatbot can
communicate with students as a teaching assistant. AI in the future can act as a personal virtual
tutor for students, who will be accessible easily at any time and any place. AI or machine learning
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is making our education system smarter. AI and collaborative virtual networks are used to make a
perfect learning environment for students as well as teachers also.

ACTIVITY –2

Title: Excite Approach: Emoji Scavenger Hunt

Demonstration: Emoji Scavenger Hunt is a browser-based game built with machine learning
that uses your phone’s camera and a neural network (brain network) to try and guess what it ’s
viewing.
Objectives
1. Students will understand the logic behind the Artificial Intelligence application and will become
excited about learning the technology behind it.
2. Gain the knowledge emoticons in real life.
3. To discover more about themselves and their knowledge about identifying emoticons.
Learning Outcomes
1. Describe application and uses of AI in daily life.
2. Identify the use of AI in facial expression.
Pre-requisites: Basic computer literacy Key-concepts: Interpreting Facial expression.
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1.14 HISTORY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Artificial Intelligence is not a new word nor a new technology for researchers. This technology is
much older than you would imagine. There are many myths of Mechanical men in Ancient Greek
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and Egyptian Myths. Following are the milestones in the history of AI which defines the journey
from the AI generation to till date development.

OR

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are free.

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       
In 1923, Karel Capek play named “Rossum’s Universal Robots” (RUR) which was shown in
London. The word “robot” was first used in English, but the evolution started from 1943 onwards.
Year Development
1943 The first development in the field of AI was done by Warren McCulloch and Walter
pits in 1943. They proposed a model of artificial neurons similar to human brain
neurons.
1949 Donald Hebb demonstrated Hebbian learning, an updating rule for modifying the
connection strength between neurons.
1950 Alan Turing publishes “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” in which he
proposed a test. The test can check the machine ’s ability to exhibit intelligent behaviour
equivalent to human intelligence, called a Turing test.

     

Year Development
1955 An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the “first artificial intelligence
program” which was named as “Logic Theorist”. This program proved 38 of 52
Mathematics theorems.
1956 The word “Artificial Intelligence” was first coined by American Computer scientist
John McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference.

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     

Year Development

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1966 The researchers emphasized developing algorithms which can solve mathematical
problems. Joseph Weizenbaum created the first chatbot in 1966, which was named
as ELIZA.
1972 The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which was named as
WABOT-1.
The duration between years 1974 to 1980 was known as the first AI winter duration. AI winter
OR
refers to the time period where computer scientist dealt with a severe shortage of funding from
government for AI researches.

     

Year Development
Become1980
a Scribd member
AI came back for full
with “Expert System” access.
after the Your
AI winter duration. first
Expert systems30 days
were programmed that displayed the decision-making ability of a human expert. In
are free.
the Year 1980, the first national conference of the American Association of Artificial
Intelligence was held at Stanford University.
The duration between the years 1987 to 1993 was the second AI Winter duration. This time
also Investors and government stopped funding for AI research due to high cost.

Year
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     
Development
1997 In the year 1997, IBM machine Deep Blue beats world chess champion, Gary Kasparov.
2002 AI became a part of home in the form of Roomba, a vacuum cleaner.
2006 AI became a part of business and social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter and
Netflix.

         

Year Development
2011 In the year 2011, IBM’s Watson won ‘jeopardy’, a quiz show, which had the complex
questions and riddles. IBM Watson proved that it can understand natural language
and can solve complex problems.
2012 Google launched an Android app feature “Google now”, which could provide the
information to the user as a prediction.
2014 In the year 2014, Chatbot “Eugene Goostman” won a competition in the infamous
“Turing test”.
2018 The “Project Debater” from IBM debated on complex topics with two master debaters
and performed well.
Google has demonstrated an AI program “Duplex” which was a virtual assistant and which
had taken hair-dresser appointment on call, and lady on other side didn’t notice that she was talking
with the machine.

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AI has made development to a remarkable level. The concept of Deep learning, big data, and
data science are now latest trends in AI like a boom. Nowadays companies like Google, Facebook,
IBM, and Amazon are working with AI and creating new devices. The future of Artificial Intelligence

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is quite promising and we see a very bright future ahead.

1.15 THREE DOMAINS OF AI

In AI, we use computer but in a different sense. Normally when we use computer, we give input and
then process it and then we get the output but in AI, we feed data into the computer then analyse
OR
that data and gives out the prediction. For performing this mechanism of AI, we need to discuss
the domains of AI. The three domains of artificial intelligence are:
1. Data
2. Computer Vision

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3. Natural Language Processing.
can be in any form. It can be in the form of numerical facts or in the form of images or
audio, voice or music. If the data is in the visual form like images or video, then it is related to
are free.
computer vision. If the data is in the form of voice or audio or music, it is related to natural language
processing.
Computer Vision is when we process graphics and video to recognize some pattern or trend.
For example, when we watch a CCTV footage and try to match the criminal face for finding the
culprit then it is AI using computer vision.
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Natural Language Processing is when we try to understand the language spoken by the user
for communication purpose then it is AI using natural language.
AI needs only data. The more the data, the better will be the analysis done and more accurate
will be the predictions. Thus AI require large amount of data for predicting the output. Here output
does not mean traditional computer output rather data is analyzed to find the latest trends and
patterns using the data.

1.16 SOFTWARE RELATED TO AI

       

There are some of the apps to help your children get an in-depth understanding of AI and machine
learning. These are as follows:
 Pika: Pika is an entertaining camera app for kids. It allows kids to photograph colours and
make robots learn about the colours.
 Machine Learning for Kids: This app provides parents with scratch and spreadsheets.
The parents can track the progress of their kids via this app. The kids can also train machines
via image selection or by using scratch.
 Dalton Learning Lab: This application offers numerous tools to help parents with AI and
machine learning. The Scratch option is free for parents, and there is no need to either
register or make an account on this website.

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 Kano Computing: Kano Computing enables kids to develop their version of computers.
Then, they need to program that computer for the completion of tasks. The guide is available
for helping kids with the learning process.

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VIPER: Wonderville introduced a game, Viper, to make machine learning interesting for
kids. In this game, the kids program a robot for exploring Europe.
 Azure Machine Learning: This cloud-based service provides tools for organizing predictive
models as analytic solutions. It can also be used to test machine learning models, run
algorithms, and create recommender systems.

OR
Caffe: It is an open-source framework for deep learning that supports various types of
software architectures that were designed with image segmentation and image classification
in mind.
 CNTK: CNTK (Computational Network Toolkit) is a deep learning toolkit developed by
Microsoft that “describes neural networks as a series of computational steps via
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a directed graph.”
IBM Watson: IBM Watson is called a question answering machine. It uses analytical
 “ ”


are free.
powers and artificial intelligence to replicate human-like abilities to respond to questions.
Pybrain: PyBrain is an open-source, modular machine learning library. A completely
Python-based framework, PyBrain aims to be a tool that can be used by developers ranging
from students who are just beginning to explore the world of Python, as well as computer
science researchers in the world of deep learning and neural networks.


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Scikit-Learn: Scikit-learn is an open-source machine learning framework for Python that
is useful for data mining, data analysis, and data visualization.
 Swift AI: Swift AI is a deep learning and neural network library for Swift, with support
for Mac machines. This library is made up of various tools that allow developers to create
neural networks, create deep learning algorithms, and work with signal processing.
 Tensorflow: It is originally developed by members of Google’s Machine Intelligence research
division to conduct deep learning neural networks and machine learning research along
with numerical computing.

About AI
Machine learning is an artificial intelligence technique, that is newly developed by creating
new algorithms which imitate or support human behaviour or decision-making capabilities like
Apple’s Siri, or the email ser vers which eliminate junk or spam emails. Before talking about the
facts of AI, Let us watch some videos to understand ‘What is Artificial intelligence?’

 
1. https://youtu.be/kWmX3pd1f10
2. https://youtu.be/2ePf9rue1Ao
3. https://youtu.be/Bg_tJvCA8zw
4. https://youtu.be/S5t6K9iwcdw
5. https://youtu.be/WSbgixdC9g8

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    
1. Google’s AI-Powered Predictions: Using unknown location data from smartphones, Google
Maps (Maps) can analyze the speed of movement of traffic at any given time. And, with its
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acquisition of crowd sourced traffic app Waze in 2013, Maps can more easily incorporate
user-reported traffic incidents like construction and accidents. Check the Waze app on
https://youtu.be/66jehpnKoUA. (Waze is a community driven GPS navigation app).
2. With Machine learning and language recognition, it is expected that 85% of telephonic
customer service jobs will be performed by computers and will not need human interaction
in future.

OR
3. It is a fact that with increased intelligence and ability to perform tasks with accuracy, it is
predicted that over the next few years around three million workers will be reporting to
or will be supervised by “Robot-bosses”.
4. Sony created a robotic dog called Aibo. It is one of its first toys that could be bought and
played with. It could express emotions and could also recognise its owner.
5. IBM has created a supercomputer based on AI, called Watson. Watson could understand
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questions in most of the common languages and has the ability to attend to the questions

6. Autonomous vehicles will be in market soon. The knight rider can become a reality

recognise the driving conditionsare free.

in the next 2-3 years or less. These cars are based on the artificial intelligence that can
and adapt the behaviour. These cars are under testing
and make be launched soon.
7. Researchers at the University of Stanford have built a machine learning algorithm that
can predict your death with 90% accuracy.
8. Nautilus, a self-learning supercomputer can foretell your future. This is the same robot
Continue for Free
that located Osama Bin Laden and gained popularity. It can make predictions from the
information provided to him.
9. A new methodology has been developed by roboticists that can create an image of your
thoughts using an FMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scanner. The AI is
designed to construct an image from your brain and compare it with other pictures,
received from volunteers.
10. Sophia, a lifelike humanoid has gained guaranteed citizenship of Saudi Arabia. She
was created by Dr. David Hanson, founder of Hanson Robotics. Sophia uses artificial
intelligence, visual data processing and facial recognition. Sophia also imitates human
gestures, facial expressions, answer certain questions and can make simple conversations
on predefined topics.

1.17 TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Artificial Intelligence is divided into two categories, out of which one is based on capabilities and
other one is based on functionally of AI. We can understand this division using the following flow
diagram:

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     

1. Weak AI or Narrow AI

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 Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a particular task with intelligence where
limited part of mind is involved. The AI which is common and currently available is the
Narrow AI. Narrow AI can only perform within its boundary, as it is only trained for one
specific task. This is the reason Narrow AI is also known as Weak AI. Narrow AI is bounded
within the limit.
Apple Siri, Cortana, and Google Assistant are all examples of narrow AI, but they operate
OR


within a limited pre-defined range of functions.

 IBM’s Watson supercomputer is also an example of Narrow AI as it uses an Expert system
approach together with Machine learning and natural language processing.
 Some more examples of Narrow AI are playing chess, purchasing suggestions on
e-commerce site, self-driving cars, speech recognition, and image recognition where a
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2. General AI
 are free.
General AI is a type of intelligence which could perform any intelligent task with efficiency
like a human.
 The concept behind the general AI is to make such devices or system which can act and
think smartly like a human on its own.

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 Till now we have no such system which can actually be called an example of general AI and
can act or behave like a human. The system with general AI are still going through under
research work, and it will take lots of efforts and time to develop such systems as this would
be a major step towards AI.
3. Super AI
 Super AI is that type of Intelligence where devices or systems will behave in more intelligent
manner than humans or we can say that AI machines will beat human intelligence, and can
perform any task better than human with cognitive thinking.
 The characteristics of strong AI will include the ability to think, reason, solve the puzzle,
make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate by its own. In other way we can say that
a machine having the brain of human but performing better in all the cognitive properties.
 Super AI is still an imaginary concept of Artificial Intelligence as designing such system is
much beyond out-of-box task.

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      

1. Reactive Machines

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Reactive machines are the basic types of Artificial Intelligence. These AI systems do not store
memories or past experiences for future actions. These machines only focus on present scenarios
and react on it as per best possible action available.
IBM’s Deep Blue system and Google ’s AlphaGo is an example of reactive machines.
Reactive machines became famous with Deep Blue that was created to play chess against a
human competitor with the perception that it will defeat the competitor. Deep Blue defeated Gary
OR
Kasparov (world chess champion). Deep Blue was programmed such that it can identify a chess
board and its pieces and the moves each piece can do. Deep Blue was able to make predictions that
“which moves it should make and what moves its opponent might make.” This prediction
helped him select, move and win.
2. Limited Memory

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Limited memory is made up of machine learning models that develop knowledge from
previously-learned information, stored data, or events. Unlike reactive machines, limited memory
learns from the past by observing actions or data fed to them. These machines can store past
are free.
experiences or some data for a limited period of time only.
Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory systems. These cars can store
recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other cars, speed limit, and other information to navigate
the road and travel as per the route, direction and traffic they find currently.
3. Theory of Mind
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Theory of Mind AI can make a machine understand the human emotions, people, beliefs, and
be able to interact socially like humans. Such type of machines are yet to be developed and so
researchers are making lots of efforts and improvement for making such AI machines.
4. Self-Awareness
 Self-awareness AI will be the future of Artificial Intelligence. These machines will be super
intelligent, and will have their own consciousness, feelings, emotions, and self-awareness.
These machines will be ahead of human intelligence. Self-Awareness AI is an concept and
does not exist in reality.

ACTIVITY–3
Title: Relate Approach: Become a chatbot
Demonstration: Students will play a games that involve AI technology and computer
applications. The students will be divided into groups of 5 student each and then one of them
will act as a machine like a chatbot. The other students will act as a user and will ask questions.
For example:
Group 1: User 1 : Hello
Chatbot user : hi, how can I help you ?
User 2 : I am looking for a flight ticket.
Chatbot user : Can You please specify the date and place?
The chatbot replies on the basis of interpretation of the keywords. (Like in line no 3 : Looking,
flight ticket are keywords)

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Objectives
1. Students get their first taste of what problems Artificial Intelligence can solve and become
excited about learning the technology behind it.
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2. Gain the habit of solving problems by practicing critical thinking and self-directed learning.
3. To discover more about themselves and their friends.

Learning Outcomes

OR
1. Describe application of AI in their daily lives that uses chatbot.
2. Identify the use of natural language processing

Pre-requisites: Basic computer literacy Key-concepts: Interpreting Natural language processing

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2. https://youtu.be/byXa6tIgyKY

are free.
1.18 TASK CLASSIFICATION OF AI

The domain of AI is classified into Formal tasks, mundane tasks, and Expert tasks.
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    

Mundane (Ordinary) tasks Formal tasks Expert tasks


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Based on common sense,
reasoning and planning
and theorem proving
to download.
Based on verification
 Based on Financial
analysis, Medical


diagnosis, Scientific
analysis and
creativity
Perception·
 Computer vision  OR
Mathematics  Engineering
 Speech, voice  Geometry  Fault/ Error finding
 Logic  Manufacturing
 Integration and  Monitoring
differentiation
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Understanding

member
Language Processing for full access. Your first 30 days
Games
Go 

Language Generation


Language Translation

are free.
Chess (Deep Blue)
Checkers·


Robotics·
 Locomotive
Humans learn mundane (ordinary) tasks since their birth. They learn by perception, speaking,
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using language, and locomotives. The brain develops with age and so does the cognitive capabilities
and this is why the ordinary tasks are normally done through observation. The humans learn Formal
Tasks and Expert Tasks later, in that order.
For humans, the mundane tasks are easiest to learn. But since the machine cannot observe, so
these ordinary task are not easy for machines. Later, it was concluded that the machine requires more
knowledge, complex knowledge representation, and complicated algorithms for handling mundane
tasks. This is the reason why AI work is more successful in the Expert Tasks domain now,
as the expert task domain needs expert knowledge without observation or common sense, which
can be easier to represent and handle.
An AI system is composed of an agent and its environment. Here the agent is anything that
can perceive its environment through sensors and acts upon that environment through effectors.
For example :
A human agent has sensory organs such as eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin parallel to


the sensors, and other organs such as hands, legs, mouth, for effectors.
A robotic agent replaces cameras and infrared range finders for the sensors, and various


motors and actuators* for effectors**.

A software agent has encoded bit strings as its programs and actions.


The environment on the other hand can sometimes be entirely artificial that can be confined
to keyboard input, database, computer file systems and character output on a screen.
The most famous artificial environment is the Turing Test environment, in which one real
and other artificial agents are tested on same grounds.
* actuator is the actual mechanism that enables the effector to execute an action like electric motors, pneumatic
cylinders.
** effector is any device that affects the environment.

168  – 9th

ACTIVITY –4
Title: Relate Approach: Story writing
Demonstration: Students will play a games that will relate how a machine can understand the
words we speak. The students will be asked to write the synonyms of the words given by the
teacher. The teacher will then ask the students to write a story using these synonyms.
For example:
Teacher : forest
Student1: jungle, woods, woodland
Teacher : nature
Student : environment, scenery
Objectives
1. Students will understand the logic behind the Artificial Intelligence application and will become
excited about learning the technology behind it.
2. Gain the knowledge of using vocabulary for creating AI machines.
3. To discover more about themselves and their knowledge of language usage.
Learning Outcomes
1. Describe application of AI that can help you on story writing.
2. Identify the use of English language for speaking.
Pre-requisites: Basic computer literacy Key-concepts: Interpreting Natural language processing
Watch Videos
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2. https://youtu.be/dj3EvdOJXMc

  

Turing test is a measure to find the success of the system built using Artificial Intelligence. In this
test, two persons and a machine are used to participate in the test for evaluation. Out of the two
persons, one plays the role of the tester. One person and the machine sits in different rooms. The
tester is unaware of who is machine and who is a human. He interrogates through the questions
by typing and sending them to both and in return it receives typed responses.
This test aims at fooling the tester. If the tester fails to determine machine ’s response from the
human response, then the machine is said to be intelligent. Alan Turing introduced this test in 1950.

1.19 THREATS TO AI
AI is developing at a very fast speed which at times appear more magical. Some of the researchers
and developers think that AI can grow so s

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