Day#5

IPv4 Addressing
IPv4 – Internet protocol Version 4 addressing
- Network layer 🡺 3rd layer
o Purpose : addressing (logical addressing)🡺 ipv4
& ipv6
- IPv4 🡺 32 bits ( bits are 0 &1)
o Divided into 4 octets ( 4 possible digits with
equal length)
o Dotted decimal
o 32/4 🡺 8 bits equal length
o X1.x2.x3.x4
o X1= 8 bits
o X1= 00000000-11111111
▪ 0-255
o X1.x2.x3.x4
o 0.0.0.0 – 255.255.255.255
o Which of the following is/are valid ipv4
addresses
▪ 10.192.200.129
 ▪ 192.176.89.256

▪ 209.209.255.255
- IPv4 addressing
o 5 classes of address
▪ Class A

▪ Class B

▪ Class C

▪ Class D

▪ Class E
o Division of classes are based on the first octet
(Left most significant octet)
▪ X1.x2.x3.x4

▪ Based on the value of x1🡺 5 classes of ipv4

address
▪ Class A 🡺 X1= 0-127

● 0.0.0.0-127.255.255.255

● 00000000.0.0.0 - 01111111.255.255.255
▪ Class B 🡺 x1=128-191

● 128.0.0.0 – 191.255.255.255

● 10000000.0.0.0-10111111.255.255.255

▪ Class C 🡺x1=192-223

● 192.0.0.0 -223.255.255.255

● 11000000.0.0.0-11011111.255.255.255

▪ Class D 🡺 x1= 224=239

● 224.0.0.0-239.255.255.255

● 11100000.0.0.0 – 11101111.255.255.255

▪ Class E 🡺X1= 240-255

● 11110000-11111111

Identify the following ip addresses into their

respective classes (A, B, C, D, and E)
1. 172.17.90.1 – class B
2. 100.192.78.265 – not proper
3. 192.168.178.209 -- c
 4. 10.10.125.255 - a
5. 125.125.278.90 -- not def..
6. 255.255.0.0 -- e
7. 0.0.0.0 -a
8. 239.239.239.239 -d
⇨ Among the 5 classes of iPv4 addresses 🡪 we are
going to assign / assigned only class A, B & C
o Class D – is multi-cast IPv4 addresses
o Class E – reserved ipv4 addresses 🡪 research
purpose
o Class A, B & C are the only useable ipv4 addresses
o From class A
▪ 0.0.0.0 🡺 default route

▪ 127.0.0.0/8 (127.0.0.0 – 127.255.255.255) – loopback

ipv4 addresses
▪ 10.0.0.0/8 private ipv4 addresses
o From class B
▪ 172.16.0.0/12 ( 172.16.0.0- 172.31.255.255) –
private ipv4 address
▪ 169.254.0.0/16 (169.254.0.0 – 169.254.255.255) –
link-local address
 ● If there is DHCP failure 🡪 machines they can
assigned this range of ipv4 address automatically
o From Class C
▪ 192.168.0.0/16 (192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255) 🡺
private ipv4 address
⇨ IPv4 addressing 🡺 32 bits of addresses
o 232 possible addresses
o == 4.29 billion Ipv4 addresses
▪ Class D, Class E are not usable by individual
organizations
▪ 0.0.0.0 🡺 default route

▪ 127.0.0.0/8 (127.0.0.1 – 127.255.255.255) – loopback

ipv4 addresses 🡺 tcp/ip

▪ 10.0.0.0/8 private ipv4 addresses

▪ 172.16.0.0/12 ( 172.16.0.0- 172.31.255.255) –

private ipv4 address
▪ 169.254.0.0/16 (169.254.0.0 – 169.254.255.255) –
link-local address
● If there is DHCP failure 🡪 machines they can
assigned this range of ipv4 address automatically
 ▪ 192.168.0.0/16 (192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255) 🡺
private ipv4 address
⇨ We do have around 3.7 billion public ipv4 addresses
o It is insufficient to create connectivity among devices
o So that the concept of private ipv4 address were emerged
o Organizations they can use private ipv4 address within their
autonomous system /admin. Region but when they want to
connect to the outside network they can use public IPv4
address at edge device and they can apply NAT

▪ 10.0.0.0/8 private ipv4 addresses (10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255)

▪ 172.16.0.0/12 ( 172.16.0.0- 172.31.255.255) –

private ipv4 address
▪ 192.168.0.0/16 (192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255) 🡺
private ipv4 address
▪

⇨ IPv4 addresses => in all classes of A, B & C every ipv4

address has two sections
o Host bits 🡺 Are right side
o Network bits 🡺 are left side
⇨ In any representation x1.x2.x3.x4/n ( n indicates number of
network bits)
o Number of Network bits (#NB )+ Number of host bits ( #HB) = 32
o Example : 192.168.15.0/24 ( #NB=24 & #HB=8)
 o 172.39.250.10/23 (#NB=23 & #HB=9)
⇨ Types of ipv4 addresses
o Network Address or Subnet Address or Subnets or Network-Id
or Subnet-Id
▪ This indicates an address used by all hosts within the
same network.
▪ Cannot be assigned for a single machine within a given
network
▪ All hosts bits are zero and network bits are remain
constant (unchanging )
example :
● 192.168.19.250/24

● 192.168.19.250/24 ( 24 NB, 8 HB)

● 192.168.19.0/24 – network address

o Broadcast Address
▪ It is an address used by all hosts within a given network.

▪ Can be used as a destination address to send same copy

of information for all hosts/uses from a single user within
a given network
▪ All hosts bits are one and network bits are remain
constant (unchanging )
● 192.168.19.250/24
 ● 192.168.19.255/24 - BA
o Valid Host Addresses (VHA)
▪ Addresses that can be assigned for individual users/hosts
within a given network
▪ #VHA = (2#HB)-2

▪ Example 192.168.19.250/24

● 28-2 = 256-2 = 254 VHA

● 192.168.19.0000 0000 = NA 192.168.19.0

● 192.168.19.0000 0001 = 1st VHA 192.168.19.1

● 192.168.19.0000 0010 = 2nd VHA 192.168.19.2

● …

● 192.168.19.11111110 = last VHA 192.168.19.254

● 192.168.19.1111 1111 = BA 192.168.19.255

o Subnet Mask
▪ It indicates the length of the network (tell us how many
network bits and hosts bits are existing )
▪ All hosts bits are Zero and all network bits are one

▪ Example: 192.168.19.250/24

▪ Subnet mask = 1111 1111.11111111.11111111.0

● 255.255.255.0 = >/24
 ▪

Example: calculate
1.#VHA
2.NA
3.BA
4.Subnet mask
For the following addresses
A>192.168.250.15/24
a. #VHA = (2^8)-2 = 254
i. 192.168.250.1 – 192.168.250.254
b. NA = 192.168.250.0/24 – NA
c. BA= 192.168.250.255/24
d. SM= 255.255.255.0
2^0= 1
2^1 =2
2^2 = 4
2^3= 8
2^4= 16
2^5 =32
2^6 =64
2^7= 128
2^8 =256
2^9 = 512
2^10= 1024
2^11= 2048
2^12= 4096
2^13= 8192
2^14= 16384
 2^15 – 32768..

B>192.168.127.197/25 ( #NB= 25, & #HB= 7)

a. #VHA= (2^7)-2= 128-2=126
i. 192.168.127.11000101
NA= 192.168.127.11000101
NA= 192.168.127.10000000
192.168.127.128/25
BA = 192.168.127.11111111
= 192.168.127.255
1st VHA = NA +1
NA= 192.168.127.10000001
= 192.168.127.129/25

Last VHA = BA-1

= 192.168.127.11111110
= 192.168.127.254/25

SM = 255.255.255.1000 0000= 255.255.255.128

C>172.17.224.240/22
#VHA =(2^10)-2 = 1022
172.17.11100000.240/22
NA = 172.17.111000hh.H/22
172.17.11100000. 00000000/22
= 172.17.224.0/22
BA = 172.17.11100011.11111111/22
 = 172.17.227.255/22
1st VHA = 172.17.11100000.0000 0001/22
= 172.17.224.1/22
Last VHA = 172.17.11100011.11111110/22
= 172.17.227.254
255.255.11111100.0 = 255.255.252.0

D>10.10.10.0/8 (#NB=8, #HB=24)

NA = 10.0.0.0/8
BA=10.255.255.255/8
SM= 255.0.0.0
#VHA= (2^24)-2= 16,777,216-2 = 16,777,214

Default Subnet Mask

Class A= /8 = 255.0.0.0 ( 0.0.0.0- 127.255.255.255) = 16 million
VHA
Class B= /16 = 255.255.0.0 (128.0.0.0 – 191.255.255.255)
==65K VHA
Class C= /24 = 255.255.255.0 ( 192.0.0.0 – 223.255.255.255) =
254 VHS

172.17.0.0/16 – Network address

You do have 5 departments with requirement of (D1= 1000
hosts, D2= 200, D3= 510, D4= 64, D5 = 8)
⇨ 100 KG bread ( p1 = 20Kg, p2 =10kg, p3= 20kg, p4=
5kg, p5= 1kg)
⇨ 100/5 (p1=20kg, p2=20kg, p3=20 kg, p4=20
kg,p5=20kg)
⇨ Classful addressing
o Assignment is based on equal length
o Same subnet mask
o But it is too traditional
⇨ Division /allocation based on need
o Start to satisfy first the maximum need
o So divide it based on P1 or p3
o 20kg/20kg/20kg/20kg/20kg
o P1= 20kg
o P2= 20kg
▪ Next max. need p2 = 10kg

▪ 10kg/10kg/20kg/20kg

▪ Next max. need p5= 5kg

▪ 5kg/5kg/20kg/20kg
 ▪ Next max. need p4= 1kg

▪ 1kg/1kg/1kg/1kg/1kg/20kg/20kg
o We called it Classless addressing or variable length
subnet mask or Modern Subnetting

Classful Addressing

⇨ 172.17.0.0/16 – Network address

⇨ You do have 5 departments with requirement of (D1=

1000 hosts, D2= 200, D3= 510, D4= 64, D5 = 8)
⇨ 2 ways to allocate using classful IPv4 addressing
o Method #1: counting number of subnets and
create those subnets
▪ All subnets will have same length

▪ We do have 5 subnets or Network Address

▪ Number of Subnets = 2#Borrowed-bits(BB)

▪ 5= 2#Borrowed-bits(BB)
▪ #BB= 3

▪ 172.17.0.0/16 -/19

▪ 172.17.bbbhhhhh.H

▪ 172.17.000 00000.0 - subnet 0

● 172.17.0.0/19 –D1

▪ 172.17.001 00000.0 - Subnet 1

● 172.17.32.0/19 –D2

▪ 172.17.010 00000.0 -- Subnet 2

● 172.17.64.0/19-D3

▪ 172.17.011 00000.0 -- subnet 3

● 172.17.96.0/19-d4

▪ 172.17.100 00000.0 - subnet 4

● 172.17.128.0/19 –D5

▪ 172.17.101 00000.0 - subnet 5

 ● 172.17.160.0/19

▪ 172.17.110 00000.0 - subnet 6

● 172.17.192.0/19

▪ 172.17.111 00000.0 - subnet 7

● 172.17.224.0/19

▪ In all the above 8 subnets

● We do have equal length (subnet mask

255.255.224.0, #VHA= (2^13)-2= 8190
o Method #2 : allocate /create subnets based on the
maximum need only one at a time
▪ Max. 1000

● #VHA = (2^#HB)-2

● 1000=(2^#HB)-2

● 1002= (2^#HB) 🡺 #HB= 10

● 32-10 = 22
 ● 172.17.0.0/16 -/22

● #BB= 6, total Number subnets = 2^6= 64

● 172.17.bbbbbb00.0

● 172.17.00000000.0 = 172.17.0.0/22 –d1

● 172.17.00000100.0 = 172.17.4.0/22 –d2

● 172.17.00001000.0 = 172.17.8.0/22-d3

● 172.17.00001100.0 = 172.17.12.0/22-d3

●…

● 172.17.11111100.0 = 172.17.252.0/22-d3

● All subnets will have same length (sub net

mask)
o 255.255.252.0
o (2^10)-2 = 1022 VHA

Day#6
Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM)
 - Modern subnetting approach
- Allocating ip addresses based on need
- The principle is first allocate the maximum need
- Next maximum need
- … next max. need
Example:

⇨ 172.17.0.0/16 – Network address. You do have 5

departments with requirement of (D1= 1000 hosts, D2=
200, D3= 510, D4= 64, D5 = 8)
⇨ Start allocating from D1= 1000 hosts

⇨ #VHA = (2#HB)-2

⇨ 1000= 2#HB

⇨ #HB = 10
o 32- 10 = 22
▪ 172.17.0.0/16 --/22

▪ #BB= 6 -🡪 #subnets= 2#BB

▪ 2^6 = 64 (/22)
o 172.17.bbbbbbhh.H
 o 172.17.000000 00.0 == 172.17.0.0/22 – subnet 0
o 172.17.000001 00.0 == 172.17.4.0/22 – subnet 1
o 172.17.000010 00.0 ==172.17.8.0/22--- subnet 2
o 172.17.000011 00.0 == 172.17.12.0/22 – subnet 3
o 172.17.000100 00.0 == 172.17.16.0/22 --- subnet 4
o 172.17.000101 00.0 ===
o 172.17.000110 00.0
o 172.17.000111 00.0
o 172.17.001000 00.0
o 172.17.001001 00.0
o ---
o 172.17.111111 00.0 === 172.17.252.0/22--- subnet 63
o Subnet mask= 255.255.252.0

⇨ D1 = 1000 hosts 🡺 subnet Address = 172.17.0.0/22 - NA

⇨ 172.17.000000 00.00000001 = 172.17.0.1 – 1st VHA

⇨ 172.17.00000 00 000000010= 172.17.0.2 – 2nd VHA

⇨…

⇨ 172.17.000000 11.1111 1110 = 172.17.3.254 – last VHA

⇨ 172.17. 00000011.11111111= 172.17.3.255 – BA

Next 🡪 Consider the next max. Need which is D3 = 510

⇨ #VHA= #VHA = (2#HB)-2

⇨ 510 = (2#HB)-2

⇨ 512 = (2#HB) 🡺 #HB= 9

⇨ 🡺 #NB = 32-9 = 23

⇨ /23
o 172.17.000001 00.0 == 172.17.4.0/22 – subnet 1 –
further subneting considering next max. need
o 172.17.4.0/22 --/23
o 172.17.00000100.0/22 --/23
o 172.17.000001b0.0/22 --/23
o #Subnets = 2#BB 🡺 2^1 = 2
▪ 172.17.000001 0 0.0 🡺 172.17.4.0/23

▪ 172.17.000001 1 0.0 🡪 172.17.6.0/23

▪
⇨ D3= 510, can be 172.17.4.0/23

▪ 172.17.0000 0100.0
▪ 172.17.0000 010 0.0000 0000=> 172.17.4.0/23 – NA

▪ 172.17.0000 010 0.0000 0001=> 172.17.4.1/23 – 1st VHA

▪ 172.17.0000 010 0.0000 0010=> 172.17.4.2/23 – 2nd VHA

▪ …172.17.0000 010 1.1111 1110=> 172.17.5.254/23 – Last

VHA
▪ 172.17.0000 010 1.1111 1111=> 172.17.5.255/23 – BA

▪ Subnet Mask == 255.255.254.0

o
▪

▪
Next max. need = d2= 200 hosts
#VHA = 2#HB-2
202= 2#HB
#HB = 8

⇨ #NB= 32- 8= 24 ,,,, /24

 ⇨ 172.17.6.0/23 -/24

⇨172.17.0000 0110.0/23 🡪

⇨172.17.0000 011b.0

⇨172.17.0000 0110.0 == 172.17.6.0/24

⇨ 172.17.0000 0111.0 = 172.17.7.0/24

D2= 172.17.6.0/24

⇨ 172.17.6.hhhh hhhh

⇨ 172.17.6.0000 0000= 172.17.6.0/24 – NA

⇨ 172.17.6 00000001 = 172.17.6.1 /24- 1st VHA

⇨ 172.17.6.00000010 = 172.17.6.2/24 – 2nd vha

⇨ ---

⇨ 172.17.6.11111110 = 172.17.6.254/24 – last VHA

⇨ 172.17.6.1111 1111 = 172.17.6.255/24 – BA

⇨ Subnet mask = 255.255.255.0

⇨
 Consider next max. need 🡺 D4= 64
#VHA = (2^#HB)-2
66 = 2^#HB
#HB= 7 🡺 #NB= 25 --/25
172.17.7.0/24 ===/25
172.17.7.b 0000000/25

⇨ 172.17.7.0 0000000/25 == 172.17.7.0/25

⇨ 172.17.7.1 0000000/25 == 172.17.7.128/25

D4= 172.17.7.0/25

⇨ 172.17.7.0 hhhhhhh/25

⇨ 172.17.7.0 0000000/25 🡺 172.17.7.0/25 – NA

⇨ 172.17.7.0 0000001/25 🡺 172.17.7.1/25 – 1st VHA

⇨ 172.17.7.0 0000010/25 => 172.17.7.2/25—2nd VHA

⇨…

⇨ -- 172.17.7.01111110/25 – 172.17.7.126/25 – last VHA

⇨ 172.17.7.0 1111111/25 🡺 172.17.7.127/25 -- BA

⇨ Subnet Mask =255.255.255.128

⇨ Last 🡺 D5 = 5 hosts

⇨ 5= (2#HB)-2

⇨ 7= 2^#HB 🡺 #HB= 3

⇨ =🡺 32-3 == 29

⇨ /29

⇨ 172.17.7.128/25 --/29

⇨ #BB= 4, #subnets = 16

⇨ 172.17.7.1 bbbb hhh/29

⇨ 172.17.7.1 0000 000/29 == 172.17.7.128/29

⇨ 172.17.7.1 0001 000/29 == 172.17.7.136/29

⇨ 172.17.7.1 0010 000/29 === 172.17.7.144/29

⇨ 172.17.7.1 0011 000/29

⇨ 172.17.7.1 0100 000/29

⇨ 172.17.7.1 0101 000/29

⇨…

⇨ 172.17.7.11111 000/29 -- 172.17.7.248/29

⇨
D5= 172.17.7.128/29
172.17.7.10000 hhh/29 == >
172.17.7.10000 000/29 == NA (172.17.7.128/29)
.. 172.17.7.10000 001/29 == 172.17.7.129/29 – 1 st VHA
…
172.17.7.10000 110/29 == 172.17.7.134/29 –2nd VHA
172.17.7.10000 111/29 ---172.17.7.135/29 -- BA

Subnet Mask 255.255.255.248

 172.16.128.0/17

✔ 1st – HQ- 16,000 Hosts=#HB= 14 --/18

⇨ 172.16.128.0/17 --/18 🡪 #BB= 1, #subnets= 21=2 🡺 /18 (2)

o 172.16.10000000.0 /17
o 172.16.1B000000.0 /18
o 172.16.10000000.0/18 – subnet 0
▪ 172.16.128.0/18 ---- HQ-16,000 Hosts

● 172.16.10000000.0 🡪 NA

● 172.16.10000000.00000001 🡪 172.16.128.1/18 ---1st VHA

● 172.16.10000000.00000010 🡪 172.16.128.2/18—2nd vha

●…

● 172.16.10111111.00000000🡺 172.16.191.0/18

●…
 ● 172.16.10111111.11111110🡺 172.16.191.254/18- Last VHA

● 172.16.10111111.111111111🡺 172.16.191.255/18—BA

● 255.255.192.0
o 172.16.11000000.0/18- subnet 1
▪ 17.16.192.0/18
o
o
o 172.16.128.0/17 (172.16.128.0/18, 172.16.192.0/18)

✔ 2nd – HQ- 8,000 Hosts - #HB = 13- /19

o 172.16.192.0/18 --- subnet 1
o 8000= (2^#hb)-2
o 8002= 2^#hb
o #hb= 13-🡪 #NB= 19
o 172.16.11000000.0/18
o 172.16.11B00000.0/19 (#subnets = 2^1= 2
o 172.16.11000000.0/19—subnet 1(subnet 0)

▪ 172.16.192.0/19 – subnet 1(subnet 0)

● 172.16.192.0/19 ---can be assigned HQ-8000 hosts

● 172.16.110 00000.0 – 172.16.192.0/19- NA

● 172.16.110 00000.00000001= 172.16.192.1/19 – 1st VHA

● 172.16.110 00000.00000010= 172.16.192.2/19 – 1st VHA

● ..

● 172.16.110 00000.11111111= 172.16.192.255/19 – 255th VHA

● …

● 172.16.110 00001.00000000= 172.16.192.1/19 – 256th VHA

o 172.17.193.0 --- 256th VHA
● 172.16.110 11111.00000000 – 172.16.223.0

● …

● 172.16.110 11111.11111110 –

● 172.16.223.254- LAST VHA

● 172.16.223.255 – BA

● Subnet Mask ==255.255.224.0

o 172.16.11100000.0/19 –subnet 1(subnet 1)

▪ 172.16.224.0/19 –subnet 1(Subnet 1)

✔ 3rd – BR1- 4,000 hosts - #HB= 12- /20

▪ 172.16.224.0/19 –subnet 1(Subnet 1)

o 172.16.224.0/19 --/20
o 172.16.11100000.0/19 – subnet 1(subnet 1)
o 172.16.111B0000.0/20
o 172.16.11100000.0/20—subnet1(Subnet1)(Subnet0)
▪ 172.16.224.0/20-- subnet1(Subnet1)(Subnet1)
o For BR1-4000 hosts
 ▪ 172.16.224.0/20

▪ 172.16.1110 0000.0000 0000/20 --NA

▪ 172.16.1110 0000.0000 0001/20-172.16.224.1/20 –1st VHA

▪ 172.16.1110 0000.0000 0010/20-172.16.224.2/20 –1st VHA

▪ ..

▪ 172.16.1110 1111.11111110/20-172.16.239.254/20 –last VHA

▪ Subnet Mask= 255.255.240.0

▪
o 172.16.11110000.0/20 -- subnet1(Subnet1)(Subnet1)
▪ 172.16.240.0/20 -- subnet1(Subnet1)(Subnet1)

o
✔ 4th – BR1- 2,000 Hosts - #HB = 11 - /21
▪ 172.16.240.0/20 -- subnet1(Subnet1)(Subnet1)

▪ 172.16.11110000.0/20

▪ 172.16.1111B000.0/21

▪ 172.16.11110000.0/21

● 172.16.240.0/21 -- subnet1(Subnet1)(Subnet1) (Subnet0)

▪ Br1-2000 hosts

● 172.16.11110000.00000000 /21—NA

● 172.16.11110000.00000001 /21—172.16.240.1/21- 1st VHA

●
● ..

● 172.16.11110111.11111110 /21— 172.16.247.254/21- Last VHA

● BA = 172.16.247.255/21

● SM= 255.255.248.0

▪ 172.16.11111000.0/21

● 172.16.248.0/21-- subnet1(Subnet1)(Subnet1) (Subnet1)

✔ 5th- Br2- 1,000 hosts = #HB= 10 --/22

● 172.16.248.0/21-- subnet1(Subnet1)(Subnet1) (Subnet1)

o 172.16.11111000.0/21
o 172.16.11111B00.0/22
o 172.16.11111000.0/22
● 172.16.248.0/22 --- Br2- 1,000 hosts
● subnet1(Subnet1)(Subnet1) (Subnet1) (SUBnet0)

● BA= 172.16.251.255/22

●
o 172.16.11111100.0/22
● 172.16.252.0/22 subnet1(Subnet1)(Subnet1) (Subnet1)
(SUBnet1)

●
o
 o
✔ 6th – Br2 – 500 hosts -- #HB= 9 --/23
● 172.16.252.0/22 subnet1(Subnet1)(Subnet1) (Subnet1)
(SUBnet1)
o 172.16.252.0/22
o 172.16.11111100.0/22
o 172.16.111111B0.0/23
o 172.16.11111100.0/23
● 172.16.252.0/23 -- subnet1(Subnet1)(Subnet1) (Subnet1)
(SUBnet1) (Subnet 0)
● Br2 – 500 hosts
● 172.16.252.0/23—NA
172.16.11111100.0/23
● 172.16.11111100.0000 0001/23 --- 172.16.252.1/23---1st vha

● 172.16.11111100.0000 0010/23 --- 172.16.252.2/23---2nd vha

● ---

● 172.16.11111101.0000 0000/23 --- 172.16.253.0/23---256th

vha

● 172.16.11111101.0000 0001/23 – 172.16.253.1/23

●…

● 172.16.11111101.11111110/23
 o 172.16.253.254/23 --- last Vha

● BA= 172.16.253.255/23
o 172.16.11111110.0/23
● 172.16.254.0/23 --- subnet1(Subnet1)(Subnet1) (Subnet1)
(SUBnet1) (Subnet 1)
o
o
✔ HQ-br1– 2 hosts --#HB = 2 --/30
o 172.16.254.0/23 --- subnet1(Subnet1)(Subnet1) (Subnet1)
(SUBnet1) (Subnet 1)
o 172.16.11111110.0000 0000/23
o 172.16.1111111b.bbbbbb00/30
o 172.16.11111110.000000 00/30
o 172.16.254.0/30 -- subnet1(Subnet1)(Subnet1) (Subnet1)
(SUBnet1) (Subnet 0) --- HQ-BR1

▪
o 172.16.11111110.000001 00/30
▪ 172.16.254.4/30 --- HQ-BR2

▪ 172.16.254.4 --NA

▪ 172.16.254.5 –1st VHA

▪ 172.16.254.6 – Last VHa

 ▪ 172.16.254.7 -- BA
o 172.16.11111110.000010 00/30
o 172.16.11111110.000011 00/30
o --
o 172.16.11111111.111111 00/30
o 172.16.255.252/30 --- subnet1(Subnet1)(Subnet1)
(Subnet1) (SUBnet1) (Subnet 1) (subnet 126)

▪
o
o
o
✔ HQ-Br2- 2 hosts= #HB=2--/30

✔ Br1-br2 – 2 hosts =#HB =2 --/30