UNIT – V

SWING - I
In Java programming, Swing is a GUI (Graphical User Interface) toolkit and framework used to
create and manage graphical user interfaces for desktop applications. Swing provides a rich set
of components, layout managers, and utilities for building interactive and visually appealing
GUIs. The "I" in Swing stands for "interactive," reflecting its focus on creating user-friendly and
responsive interfaces. Here's an overview of Swing and its key features:

1. Components: Swing provides a wide range of GUI components, including buttons, text
fields, labels, checkboxes, radio buttons, sliders, lists, tables, trees, and more. These
components are lightweight, customizable, and highly extensible, allowing developers to
create complex and versatile user interfaces.
2. Pluggable Look and Feel: Swing supports pluggable look and feel (PLAF), allowing
developers to change the appearance and behavior of GUI components dynamically.
Swing provides several built-in look and feel options, such as Metal, Nimbus, and
Windows, as well as the ability to create custom look and feel implementations.
3. Layout Managers: Swing includes a variety of layout managers for arranging and
positioning components within containers. Layout managers help ensure that GUIs adapt
to different screen sizes and resolutions, providing a consistent and visually pleasing user
experience. Common layout managers in Swing include BorderLayout, FlowLayout,
GridLayout, GridBagLayout, and BoxLayout.
4. Event Handling: Like AWT, Swing follows an event-driven programming model, where
event listeners and adapter classes are used to handle user interactions and system events.
Swing components support a wide range of events, including mouse events, keyboard
events, focus events, and action events. Developers can register event listeners to respond
to these events and update the GUI accordingly.
5. Concurrency Utilities: Swing provides concurrency utilities for creating responsive and
thread-safe GUI applications. The SwingWorker class, for example, allows developers to
perform background tasks asynchronously while updating the GUI on the Event Dispatch
Thread (EDT) to ensure responsiveness.
6. Accessibility: Swing is designed to support accessibility features for users with
disabilities. It includes built-in support for screen readers, keyboard navigation, and high-
contrast mode, making GUIs accessible to a wider audience.
7. Integration with AWT: Swing components are built on top of AWT (Abstract Window
Toolkit) and seamlessly integrate with AWT components and APIs. This allows
developers to mix Swing and AWT components within the same GUI and leverage
existing AWT functionality when needed.

Overall, Swing is a powerful and flexible GUI toolkit for Java programming, offering a
comprehensive set of features for building interactive and visually appealing desktop
applications. Its support for pluggable look and feel, layout managers, event handling,
concurrency, and accessibility makes it a popular choice for developing cross-platform GUI
applications in Java.
JAPPLET:
JApplet is a class in Java that is used to create applets - small, dynamic, and interactive
applications that run within a web browser. Applets were widely used in the early days of the
internet to provide dynamic content on web pages before technologies like Flash and later
JavaScript became more popular for similar purposes.

Here are some key points about JApplet:

1. Extends Applet: The JApplet class is a subclass of the Applet class, which is a part of
the Java AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit) package. While Applet is the base class for
creating applets, JApplet is a Swing-based enhancement of Applet, providing richer
functionality and a more modern approach to GUI development.
2. Swing-based GUI Components: Unlike Applet, which primarily uses AWT-based
components, JApplet uses Swing components for creating the user interface. Swing
offers a wider range of components and more advanced features for creating interactive
and visually appealing GUIs.
3. Lifecycle Methods: Like Applet, JApplet provides a set of lifecycle methods that are
invoked at different stages of the applet's life, such as initialization, starting, stopping,
and destroying. These methods (init(), start(), stop(), destroy(), etc.) allow
developers to perform initialization tasks, start and stop applet execution, and clean up
resources when the applet is no longer needed.
4. Integration with Web Browsers: JApplet applets can be embedded within HTML
documents and run within web browsers that support Java applets. To embed a JApplet
in an HTML page, developers use the <applet> tag, specifying attributes such as the
applet's class name, width, height, and any parameters that need to be passed to the
applet.
5. Security Restrictions: Due to security concerns related to Java applets, modern web
browsers have deprecated or entirely removed support for Java applets. This is primarily
due to security vulnerabilities associated with running untrusted Java code within the
browser environment. As a result, the use of JApplet and other Java applet technologies
has significantly declined in recent years.

Despite the decline in usage, JApplet remains a part of the Java API and can still be used for
educational purposes, legacy systems, or within controlled environments where Java applets are
still supported. However, for developing modern web applications, other technologies such as
HTML5, CSS, JavaScript, and server-side frameworks are typically preferred.

JAPPLET, JFRAME, JCOMPONENT, ICONS AND LABELS,

TEXTFIELDS BUTTONS, THE JBUTTON CLASS, CHECK BOXES,
RADIO BUTTONS:

1. JApplet:
o JApplet is a Swing component that serves as the base class for applets in Java.
 o Applets are small Java programs that run within a web browser or applet viewer,
allowing developers to create interactive content for web pages.
o JApplet extends Applet and provides additional functionality and integration
with Swing components.
2. JFrame:
o JFrame is a top-level container in Swing that represents a window with a title bar,
borders, and controls for minimizing, maximizing, and closing the window.
o It serves as the main window of a Swing application and can contain other Swing
components such as panels, buttons, and text fields.
3. JComponent:
o JComponent is the base class for all Swing components.
o It extends java.awt.Component and provides additional functionality specific to
Swing, such as double buffering, tool tips, and pluggable look and feel support.
4. Icons and Labels:
o Icons are graphical images used to represent objects or actions within a GUI.
o JLabel is a Swing component used to display text, images, or both. It can also be
used to create clickable hyperlinks.
o Icons can be set on labels using the setIcon() method, allowing developers to
add graphical elements to their user interfaces.
5. TextFields:
o JTextField is a Swing component used to accept user input as single-line text.
o It provides a text field where users can type alphanumeric characters, numbers, or
symbols.
6. Buttons (JButton class):
o JButton is a Swing component used to create clickable buttons within a GUI.
o It represents a graphical button that users can click to trigger an action or perform
a command.
o Developers can associate actions with buttons using action listeners, which are
notified when the button is clicked.
7. Checkboxes:
o JCheckBox is a Swing component used to create checkboxes within a GUI.
o Checkboxes represent binary options that users can select or deselect
independently of each other.
o They are typically used to enable or disable options or to toggle between two
states.
8. Radio Buttons:
o JRadioButton is a Swing component used to create radio buttons within a GUI.
o Radio buttons represent a group of mutually exclusive options, where only one
option can be selected at a time.
o They are often used in groups to present users with a choice among several
options, allowing them to select only one option from the group.

These components and concepts are fundamental building blocks of Swing GUI applications in
Java. By combining them creatively and handling their events effectively, developers can create
rich and interactive user interfaces for desktop applications.
SWINGS-II
In Java programming, Swing II refers to the continuation of the Swing GUI (Graphical User
Interface) toolkit, which provides a comprehensive set of components and utilities for creating
desktop applications with rich user interfaces. Here's an overview of some advanced features and
components in Swing II:

1. Advanced Components:
o JList: A JList is a Swing component that displays a list of items for the user to
select. It can display items in a single selection or multiple selection mode.
o JTable: A JTable is a Swing component used to display tabular data in rows and
columns. It provides features such as sorting, filtering, and editing of table cells.
o JTree: A JTree is a Swing component used to display hierarchical data in a tree-
like structure. It allows users to expand and collapse nodes to navigate through the
hierarchy.
2. Dialogs and Panes:
o JOptionPane: A JOptionPane is a utility class in Swing used to create standard
dialog boxes for displaying messages, asking for user input, and confirming
actions.
o JDialog: A JDialog is a top-level container similar to a JFrame, but it is typically
used to create modal or non-modal dialog boxes within an application.
o JScrollPane: A JScrollPane is a Swing container used to add scroll bars to
other components such as text areas, tables, or lists. It enables users to scroll
through content that exceeds the visible area of the component.
3. Layout Managers:
o BoxLayout: A BoxLayout is a layout manager in Swing that arranges
components in a single row or column, similar to FlowLayout but with more
flexibility.
o CardLayout: A CardLayout is a layout manager that allows developers to stack
multiple components on top of each other, similar to a deck of cards. It's often
used for creating wizard-style interfaces or multi-step forms.
4. Custom Painting and Graphics:
o Graphics2D: The Graphics2D class in Swing provides advanced 2D rendering
capabilities for drawing shapes, lines, text, and images. It supports
transformations, alpha blending, and antialiasing for creating high-quality
graphics.
o Custom Components: Swing allows developers to create custom components by
extending existing Swing classes or implementing the javax.swing.JComponent
interface. This enables developers to create unique and specialized user interface
elements tailored to their application's needs.
5. Drag-and-Drop Support:
o Swing provides built-in support for drag-and-drop operations, allowing users to
drag data or components from one location and drop them onto another location
within the application.
 o Components such as JList, JTable, and JTree support drag-and-drop
functionality out of the box, and developers can customize the behavior as
needed.
6. Internationalization and Accessibility:
o Swing supports internationalization (i18n) and localization (l10n) by providing
features for displaying text and formatting data according to different languages
and locales.
o Swing also includes accessibility features for users with disabilities, such as
screen readers, keyboard navigation, and high-contrast mode, making GUIs
accessible to a wider audience.

These advanced features and components in Swing II build upon the foundation laid by Swing I,
enabling developers to create sophisticated and interactive desktop applications with powerful
user interfaces in Java. By leveraging these features effectively, developers can design GUIs that
meet the requirements of modern desktop applications and provide a seamless user experience.

COMBO BOXES, TABBED PANES, SCROLL PANES,TREES AND

TABLES:

1. Combo Boxes:
o A combo box, represented by the JComboBox class in Swing, is a GUI component
that combines a drop-down list with an editable text field.
o Users can either select an item from the drop-down list or type into the text field
to enter a custom value.
o Combo boxes are commonly used for selecting items from a list of options or
entering free-form text when a predefined option is not available.
o Developers can populate a combo box with items using a data model, such as an
array, a collection, or a custom model implementation.
2. Tabbed Panes:
o A tabbed pane, represented by the JTabbedPane class in Swing, is a GUI
component that organizes multiple panels or components into a set of tabs.
o Each tab represents a different view or section of the content, allowing users to
switch between them by clicking on the corresponding tab.
o Tabbed panes are commonly used for organizing and presenting information in a
compact and organized manner, such as in preference dialogs, document editors,
or multi-tab interfaces.
3. Scroll Panes:
o A scroll pane, represented by the JScrollPane class in Swing, is a container
component that adds scroll bars to its content when the content exceeds the visible
area of the pane.
o Scroll panes are commonly used to display large amounts of content, such as text,
images, tables, or other components, within a limited space.
o Developers can add any Swing component to a scroll pane, and the scroll bars
will automatically appear when necessary to allow users to scroll through the
content.
4. Trees:
 o A tree, represented by the JTree class in Swing, is a GUI component used to
display hierarchical data in a tree-like structure.
o Each node in the tree represents a data item, and nodes can have child nodes to
represent sub-items or hierarchical relationships.
o Users can expand and collapse nodes to navigate through the hierarchy, making
trees useful for displaying file systems, organizational charts, or other hierarchical
data structures.
5. Tables:
o A table, represented by the JTable class in Swing, is a GUI component used to
display tabular data in rows and columns.
o Each cell in the table represents a data value, and users can interact with the table
to view, edit, or manipulate the data.
o Tables support features such as sorting, filtering, column reordering, cell editing,
and custom cell rendering, making them versatile for displaying and managing
structured data.

These components are essential building blocks of desktop applications developed using Java
Swing. By leveraging combo boxes, tabbed panes, scroll panes, trees, and tables effectively,
developers can create intuitive, organized, and interactive user interfaces for a wide range of
applications.

JDBC CONNECTIVITY
JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) is a Java API that provides a standard interface for accessing
relational databases from Java programs. It allows Java applications to interact with databases
using SQL (Structured Query Language) queries, enabling tasks such as querying data, updating
records, and executing stored procedures. JDBC connectivity involves several key components
and steps:

1. Driver Manager:
o The DriverManager class in Java manages the available JDBC drivers. It
maintains a list of registered drivers and provides methods for loading and
selecting the appropriate driver for connecting to a specific database.
2. JDBC Drivers:
o JDBC drivers are software components that implement the JDBC API and
provide connectivity to different types of databases. There are four types of JDBC
drivers:
 Type 1 (JDBC-ODBC Bridge Driver): This driver uses the ODBC
(Open Database Connectivity) API to connect to databases. It relies on a
native ODBC driver installed on the system.
 Type 2 (Native API-Partly Java Driver): This driver converts JDBC
calls into database-specific calls using native API libraries provided by the
database vendor. It requires native libraries to be installed on the client
machine.
  Type 3 (Network Protocol-All Java Driver): This driver communicates
with the database server using a middleware server that converts JDBC
calls into a database-independent network protocol.
 Type 4 (Thin Driver or Direct-to-Database Pure Java Driver): This
driver communicates directly with the database server using a protocol
specific to the database. It doesn't require any native libraries and is
platform-independent.
3. Connection:
o A Connection object represents a connection to a specific database. It is obtained
by calling the getConnection() method of the DriverManager class, passing the
URL of the database, username, and password as parameters.
o Once established, the connection allows the application to interact with the
database by executing SQL statements, such as querying data, inserting records,
updating data, and deleting records.
4. Statements:
o Statement objects are used to execute SQL queries and updates against the
database. There are three types of statements:
 Statement: Used for executing static SQL queries.
 Prepared Statement: Used for executing parameterized SQL queries with
precompiled SQL statements.
 Callable Statement: Used for executing stored procedures or functions in
the database.
5. Result Sets:
o ResultSet objects represent the result of a SQL query executed against the
database. They provide methods for iterating over the rows of the result set,
accessing column values, and navigating through the data.
6. Exception Handling:
o JDBC methods can throw checked exceptions such as SQLException, which must
be handled appropriately in the application code. Common error handling
practices include logging exceptions, displaying error messages to users, and
gracefully handling database connection failures.
7. Closing Resources:
o It's important to release JDBC resources such as connections, statements, and
result sets after they are no longer needed. This is typically done in a finally
block or using try-with-resources statements to ensure proper cleanup and avoid
resource leaks.

By following these steps and using JDBC API methods, Java applications can establish
connections to databases, execute SQL queries and updates, process query results, and handle
database operations efficiently and reliably. JDBC provides a powerful and flexible mechanism
for integrating Java applications with relational databases, making it a fundamental technology
for data-driven applications.

JDBC CONNECTIVITY, TYPES OF JDBC DRIVERS, CONNECTING TO

DATABASE, JDBC STATEMENTS, JDBC EXCEPTIONS,
MANIPULATIONS ON DATABASE AND METADATA:
1. JDBC Connectivity:
o JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) is a Java API that provides a standard
interface for accessing relational databases from Java applications.
o It enables Java programs to interact with databases by sending SQL (Structured
Query Language) queries and receiving results.
2. Types of JDBC Drivers:
o There are four types of JDBC drivers:
1. Type 1 (JDBC-ODBC Bridge Driver): It bridges JDBC calls to the
ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) API. It relies on a native ODBC
driver installed on the system.
2. Type 2 (Native API-Partly Java Driver): It converts JDBC calls into
database-specific calls using native API libraries provided by the database
vendor. It requires native libraries to be installed on the client machine.
3. Type 3 (Network Protocol-All Java Driver): It communicates with the
database server using a middleware server that converts JDBC calls into a
database-independent network protocol.
4. Type 4 (Thin Driver or Direct-to-Database Pure Java Driver): It
communicates directly with the database server using a protocol specific
to the database. It doesn't require any native libraries and is platform-
independent.
3. Connecting to Database:
o To connect to a database using JDBC, you need to follow these steps:
1. Load the appropriate JDBC driver using Class.forName() or
DriverManager.registerDriver().
2. Obtain a Connection object by calling
DriverManager.getConnection() with the database URL, username,
and password.
3. Use the Connection object to create Statement, PreparedStatement, or
CallableStatement objects for executing SQL queries and updates.
4. JDBC Statements:
o JDBC provides three types of statements:
1. Statement: Used for executing static SQL queries.
2. Prepared Statement: Used for executing parameterized SQL queries with
precompiled SQL statements.
3. Callable Statement: Used for executing stored procedures or functions in
the database.
5. JDBC Exceptions:
o JDBC methods can throw checked exceptions, primarily SQLException, which
must be handled appropriately in the application code.
o Common error handling practices include logging exceptions, displaying error
messages to users, and gracefully handling database connection failures.
6. Manipulations on Database:
o JDBC allows you to perform various operations on databases, including:

 Inserting new records using INSERT statements.

 Updating existing records using UPDATE statements.
 
Deleting records using DELETE statements.

Querying data using SELECT statements to retrieve records from the
database.
7. Metadata Operations:
o JDBC provides methods for obtaining metadata about databases, tables, columns,
and result sets.
o You can retrieve metadata information such as database product name, version,
supported SQL syntax, table names, column names, data types, and more using
methods provided by DatabaseMetaData and ResultSetMetaData interfaces.

By understanding and utilizing these JDBC features effectively, Java applications can establish
robust connections to databases, execute SQL queries and updates, handle exceptions gracefully,
and perform various manipulations on databases and metadata with ease and efficiency.