DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ME 2306 / THERMAL ENGINEERING LAB - I

LAB MANUAL

PREPARED BY

Mr. R. ARIVAZHAGAN – Assistant Professor

Mr.V.GOPINATH – Assistant Professor

Mr.T.ARUN KUMAR – Assistant Professor

Mr. M.BOOBALAN – Assistant Professor

Mrs.T.SHARMALI DEVI – Assistant Professor

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2012 – 13

SEMESTER / YEAR: V / III

 TABLE OF CONTENT

Sl no Name of the Experiment Page no

1. VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM OF FOUR STOKE DIESEL ENGINE. 3

2. PORT TIMING DIAGRAM OF TWO STROKE CYCLE PERTROL ENGINE. 5

PERFORMANCE TEST ON 4-STROKE DIESEL ENGINE WITH

3. 7
MECHANICAL LOADING.
PERFORMANCE TEST ON 4-STROKE DIESEL ENGINE WITH
4. 11
ELECTRICAL LOADING.

5. HEAT BALANCE TEST ON 4-STROKE DIESEL ENGINE. 15

DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY OF LUBRICATING OIL BY

6. 19
REDWOOD VISCOMETER
DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY OF LUBRICATING OIL BY SAYBOLT
7. 20
VISCOMETER
DETERMINATION OF FLASH AND FIRE POINT OF OIL BY PENSKY
8. 21
MARTEN CLOSED CUP APPARATUS
DETERMINATION OF FLASH AND FIRE POINT OF OIL BY CLEVELAND
9. 22
OPEN CUP APPARATUS
RETARDATION TEST TO FIND FRICTIONAL POWER OF A DIESEL
10. 23
ENGINE.

11. MORSE TEST ON MULTICYLINDER PETROL ENGINE. 25

12. DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM 27

13. STUDY OF STEAM GENERATORS 29

14. STUDY OF STEAM TURBINES 32

PERFORMANCE AND ENERGY BALANCE TEST ON A STEAM

15. 34
GENERATOR.

16. PERFORMANCE AND ENERGY BALANCE TEST ON STEAM TURBINE. 38

Page: 2
 VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM OF FOUR STOKE DIESEL ENGINE

Ex No: Date:

AIM:

To draw the valve timing diagram of the given four stroke cycle diesel engine.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Four stroke cycle diesel engine

2. Measuring tape
3. Chalk

PROCEDURE:

1. Mark the direction of rotation of the flywheel. Always rotate only in clockwise direction when viewing in
front of the flywheel.

2. Mark the Bottom Dead Center (BDC) position on the flywheel with the reference point when the piston
reaches the lowermost position during rotation of the flywheel.

3. Mark the Top Dead Center (TDC) position on the flywheel with the reference point when the piston
reaches the top most position during the rotation of flywheel.

4. Identify the four strokes by the rotation of the flywheel and observe the movement of inlet and exhaust
valves.

5. Mark the opening and closing events of the inlet and exhaust valves on the flywheel.

6. Measure the circumferential distance of the above events either from TDC or from BDC whichever is
nearer and calculate their respective angles.

7. Draw the valve timing diagram and indicate the valve opening and closing periods.

FORMULAS:

𝐿
Angle = x 360 degrees
𝑋
Where, L – Distance from nearest dead center in mm

X- Circumference of the Flywheel in mm = 123cm

Page: 3
TABULATION:

Angle in
Position from Distance
Sl. No Description degrees
dead centre in mm
1.0 Intel Valve Opening (IVO) After TDC 8.0 23°24’

2.0 Intel Valve Closing (IVC) After BDC 3.3 9°39’

3.0 Exhaust Valve Opening (EVO) Before BDC 12.1 35°24’

4.0 Exhaust Valve Closing (IVC) After TDC 6.9 20°11’

Time Duration for Exhaust valve opening

θe = 180+35°24’+20°11’= 235°35’ (Assume engine speed = 1500rpm)

te = 235°35’ x 60/ (360x1500) = 0.0262 sec

Time Duration for Inlet valve opening

θz = 180-23°24’+9°39’= 166°15’
tz = 166°15’ x 60/ (360x1500) = 0.0185 sec

RESULT:
Thus the valve timing diagram is drawn for the given diesel engine
Time Duration for Exhaust valve opening = 0.0262 sec
Time Duration for Inlet valve opening = 0.0185 sec

Page: 4
 PORT TIMING DIAGRAM OF TWO STROKE PERTROL ENGINE

Ex No: Date:

AIM:

To draw the port timing diagram of given two stroke petrol engine.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Two stroke petrol engine

2. Measuring tape
3. Chalk

PROCEDURE:

1. Mark the direction of rotation of the flywheel. Always rotate only in clockwise direction when viewing in
front of the flywheel.

2. Mark the Bottom Dead Center (BDC) position on the flywheel with the reference point when the piston
reaches the lowermost position during rotation of the flywheel. Mark the Top Dead Center (TDC) position
on the flywheel with the reference point when the piston reaches the top most position during the rotation of
flywheel.

3. Mark the TPO, TPC, EPO and EPC on the flywheel observing the following conditions.

4. Transfer port open (TPO) when the top edge of the piston just open the top most part of the transfer port
during its downward movement.

5. Transfer port close (TPC) when the top edge of the piston fully reaches the upper most part of the transfer
port during its upward movement

6. Exhaust port open (EPO) when the top edge of the piston just opens the top most part of the exhaust port
during its downward movement.

7. Exhaust port close (EPC) when the top edge of the piston fully reaches the upper most part of the exhaust
port during its up ward movement

8. Measure the circumferential distance of the above events either from TDC or from BDC whichever is
nearer and calculate their respective angles.

9. Draw a circle and mark the angles.

FORMULAS:

𝐿
Angle = x 360 degrees
𝑋
Where, L – Distance from nearest dead center in mm

X- Circumference of the Flywheel in mm = 51cm

Page: 5
TABULATION:

Angle in
Position from Distance in
Sl. No Description degrees
dead centre mm
1.0 Exhaust Port closing (EPC) After BDC 8.3 58°35’

2.0 Exhaust Port Opening (EPO) Before BDC 9.3 65°38’

3.0 Transfer Port Closing (TPC) After BDC 8.1 57°10’

4.0 Transfer Port Opening (TPO) Before BDC 9.0 63°31’

Time Duration for Exhaust Port Opening

θe = 65°38’+63°31’= 128°59’ (Assume engine speed = 2000rpm)

te = 128°59’ x 60/ (360x2000) = 0.011 sec
Time Duration for Transfer Port opening

θz = 58°35’+53°10’= 111°45’
tz = 111°45’ x 60/ (360x2000) = 0.00928 sec TDC
Port Timing Diagram

TPC TPO
57°10’ 63°31’
EPC EPO
58°35’
65°38’

RESULT: BDC
Thus the Port timing diagram is drawn for the given petrol engine
Time Duration for Exhaust port opening = 0.011 sec
Time Duration for Transfer Port opening = 0.00922 sec

Page: 6
 PERFORMANCE TEST ON 4-STROKE DIESEL ENGINE WITH MECHANICAL LOADING

Ex No: Date:

AIM:

To perform a load test on the given engine and to draw the performance characteristic curves.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Diesel engine with mechanical loading arrangement

2. Stop watch
3. Tachometer

ENGINE DETAILS:

BHP = 12HP
Bore (d) = 12.7cm
Stroke (Ls) = 20.32cm
Type = Single Cylinder 4 Stroke
Cooling = Water
PROCEDURE:

1. From the name plate details calculate the maximum load that can be applied on the given engine.
2. Check the engine for fuel availability, lubricant and cooling water connection.
3. Release the load on the engine and start the engine with no load condition. Allow the engine to run for few
minute to attain rated speed.
4. Note the speed of the engine and time taken for consumption of 25 cc of fuel.
5. Gradually the engine is loaded by mechanical brake method and note the speed of the engine and time taken
for consumption of 25 cc of fuel.
6. Repeat the procedure “5” up to 75% of the maximum load and tabulate the readings.
7. After taking the readings, unload the engine, allow it to run for few minutes and then stop the engine.
FORMULAS:
 Maximum load

𝐵𝑃𝑋60𝑋1000
Wmax = Kg
2𝜋𝑁𝑅𝑒

 Break power:

The useful power available at the crank shaft of the engine is called brake power (BP ) .

2𝜋𝑁𝑇
Rope brake dynamometer ( T = WRe ), Re = 0.366m BP = Kw
60𝑋1000
Page: 7
 Indicated power:

The power actually developed inside the cylinder due to the combustion of fuel are called indicated power
(IP)
IP = F.P + B.P
Where F.P = Frictional Power = 4.8 KW

 Total Fuel Consumption:

It is the mass of fuel consumed at particular load consumed at particular load per hour.

25 𝑋𝑆𝑝 .𝑔 𝑋 3600
TFC = Kg/hr
𝑇𝑠 𝑋1000

 Specific Fuel Consumption:

It is defined as the mass of the fuel consumed per hour per brake power of the engine.

𝑇𝐹𝐶
SFC = Kg / KW – hr
𝐵𝑃

 Mechanical Efficiency:

It is defined as the ratio of Brake power to indicated power.

𝐵𝑃
ηmech = 𝐼𝑃 x 100
 Brake thermal efficiency or overall efficiency:

It is defined as the ratio of brake power to heat supplied by the combustion of fuel.

𝐵𝑃 𝑋 3600
ηBTE = 𝑇𝐹𝑆 𝑋 𝐶𝑉
x 100

Calorific value of fuel (CV) = 43350 KJ / Kg.

 Indicated thermal efficiency or Thermal efficiency:

It is defined as the ratio of indicated power to heat supplied by the combustion of fuel.

𝐼𝑃 𝑋 3600
ηITE = 𝑇𝐹𝑆 𝑋 𝐶𝑉 x 100

 Brake mean effective pressure

BMEP = (BP x 60) / (100 x A x Ls x N/2) bar

 Indicated mean effective pressure

IMEP = (BP x 60) / (100 x A x Ls x N/2) bar

Page: 8
Page: 9
GRAPH:

The following graphs has to be drawn

1. B.P Vs TFC
2. B.P Vs ηmech
3. B.P Vs ηB.T
4. B.P Vs ηI.T
5. B.P Vs BMEP
6. B.P Vs IMEP

90.00

80.00

70.00

60.00 TFC

50.00 mech
BTE
40.00
ITE
30.00 BMEP

20.00 IMEP

10.00

0.00
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50

RESULT:

Thus the perform test was conducted on the given engine and the performance characteristic curves are drawn.

Page: 10
 PERFORMANCE TEST ON 4-STROKE DIESEL ENGINE WITH ELECTRICAL LOADING

Ex No: Date:

AIM:

To perform a load test on the given engine and to draw the performance characteristic curves.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Diesel engine with electrical loading arrangement

2. Stop watch
3. Tachometer

ENGINE DETAILS:

BHP = 5HP
Bore (d) = 15cm
Stroke (Ls) = 15cm
Type = Single Cylinder 4 Stroke with Electrical loading
Cooling = Water
PROCEDURE:

1. From the name plate details calculate the maximum load that can be applied on the given engine.
2. Check the engine for fuel availability, lubricant and cooling water connection.
3. Release the load on the engine and start the engine with no load condition. Allow the engine to run for few
minute to attain rated speed.
4. Note the speed of the engine and time taken for consumption of 25 cc of fuel.
5. Gradually the engine is loaded by electrical dynamometer and note the speed of the engine and time taken
for consumption of 25 cc of fuel.
6. Repeat the procedure “5” up to 75% of the maximum load and tabulate the readings.
7. After taking the readings, unload the engine, allow it to run for few minutes and then stop the engine.

FORMULAS:
 Maximum load

𝐵𝑃𝑋60𝑋1000
Wmax = Kg
2𝜋𝑁𝑅𝑒

 Break power:
The useful power available at the crank shaft of the engine is called brake power (BP ) .
𝑉𝑋𝐼
BP = KW
1000
Page: 11
 Indicated power:

The power actually developed inside the cylinder due to the combustion of fuel are called indicated power
(IP)
IP = F.P + B.P
Where F.P = Frictional Power = 2.5 KW

 Total Fuel Consumption:

It is the mass of fuel consumed at particular load consumed at particular load per hour.

25 𝑋𝑆𝑝 .𝑔 𝑋 3600
TFC = Kg/hr
𝑇𝑠 𝑋1000

 Specific Fuel Consumption:

It is defined as the mass of the fuel consumed per hour per brake power of the engine.

𝑇𝐹𝐶
SFC = Kg / KW – hr
𝐵𝑃

 Mechanical Efficiency:

It is defined as the ratio of Brake power to indicated power.

𝐵𝑃
ηmech = 𝐼𝑃 x 100
 Brake thermal efficiency or overall efficiency:

It is defined as the ratio of brake power to heat supplied by the combustion of fuel.

𝐵𝑃 𝑋 3600
ηBTE = 𝑇𝐹𝑆 𝑋 𝐶𝑉
x 100

Calorific value of fuel (CV) = 43350 KJ / Kg.

 Indicated thermal efficiency or Thermal efficiency:

It is defined as the ratio of indicated power to heat supplied by the combustion of fuel.

𝐼𝑃 𝑋 3600
ηITE = 𝑇𝐹𝑆 𝑋 𝐶𝑉 x 100

 Brake mean effective pressure

BMEP = (BP x 60) / (100 x A x Ls x N/2) bar

 Indicated mean effective pressure

IMEP = (BP x 60) / (100 x A x Ls x N/2) bar

Page: 12
Page: 13
GRAPH:

The following graphs has to be drawn

1. B.P Vs TFC
2. B.P Vs ηmech
3. B.P Vs ηB.T
4. B.P Vs ηI.T
5. B.P Vs BMEP
6. B.P Vs IMEP

60

50

40 TFC
mech
30 BTE
ITE
20 BMEP
IMEP
10

0
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50

RESULT:

Thus the perform test was conducted on the given engine and the performance characteristic curves are drawn.
Page: 14
 HEAT BALANCE TEST ON 4-STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

Ex No: Date:

AIM:

To conduct a heat balance test on single cylinder four stroke diesel engine and to draw the characteristic curves.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Diesel engine with mechanical loading arrangement

2. Stop watch
3. Tachometer

ENGINE DETAILS:

BHP = 12HP
Bore (d) = 12.7cm
Stroke (Ls) = 20.32cm
Type = Single Cylinder 4 Stroke
Cooling = Water
PROCEDURE:

1. From the name plate details, calculate the maximum load that can be applied on the given engine.

2. Check the engine for fuel availability , lubricant and cooling water connection

3. Release the load on engine completely and start the engine with no load condition. Allow the engine to run
for few minute to attain the rated speed

4. Adjust the cooling water flow and maintain steady flow of water.

5. Apply the load, from no load to required load slowly. At required load note the following.
i) Load on the engine
ii) Speed of the engine in Rpm
iii) Time taken for 25 cc of fuel consumption
iv) Manometer readings
v) Temperature of cooling water at engine inlet and engine outlet in °C
vi) Time taken for collection of 1 lit of cooling water
vii) Room temperature and temperature of exhaust gases

Page: 15
FORMULAS:

 Heat equivalent to B.P:

The brake power in KW is converted into KJ/min

QB.P = B.P x 60 = _________ KJ/min

 Heat carried away by the cooling water : (Qw)

Qw = Mw x CPw (Two – Twi ) in KJ/min

Where, Mw = mass of cooling water circulated in kg/min

CPw = Specific heat of cooling water = 4.186 KJ/kgK
Twi = Temperature of cooling water at inlet in °C
Two = Temperature of cooling water at outlet of the engine in °C

 Heat carried away by the exhaust gases : (Qg)

Qg = mg CPg (Tg – TR )

Where, mg = mass flow rate of air (ma)+ mass flow rate of fuel (FC)
ma = vol. flow rate of air ( Qa) x density of air (ρa)
ρa = atm pressure (P)/(Gas constant (R) x Room temperature (Tr))
Qa = coefficient of discharge (Cd) x area of orifice (ao) x velocity of air (Va)
Va= √(2g x height of air column (ha))
ha = (density of water(ρw) x manometer reading (ΔH) )/density of air (ρa)
Diameter of orifice = 16mm
Coefficient of discharge = 0.62
Cpg = Specific heat of exhaust gases = 1.005 KJ/kgK
Tg = Temperature of exhaust gases in °C
TR = Room temperature in °C = 32 °C

 Unaccounted heat losses :

Qun = Qs - (Q.B.P + Qw + Qg ) in KJ / min

Page: 16
Page: 17
GRAPHS

100%
90%
80%
70%
60% Quna
50% Qfl
40% Qcw
30% QBP
20%
10%
0%
379.31 436.97 462.89 557.36 674.33

RESULT:

Thus the heat balance test was conducted on the given diesel engine and the characteristic curves are drawn.

Page: 18
 DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY OF LUBRICATING OIL BY
REDWOOD VISCOMETER

Ex No: Date:

AIM:

To determine the viscosity of given lubrication oil by using Redwood viscometer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Redwood viscometer
2. Thermometer
3. Conical flask
4. Stop watch

PROCEDURE:

1. Check up the water level and heater condition in the instrument.

2. Fill up the given sample of oil in the viscometer cup up to the required level.

3. Place the thermometer inside the oil to measure its temperature.

4. Switch on the heater to increase the oil temperature to 50°C, and note the time taken for 50 cc of oil
collection by opening the ball valve.

5. Repeat the step 4 when temperature was 58°C and 66°C.

6. Switch off the heater in the viscometer.

FORMULAS:

 Kinematic viscosity
ν = At - B/t x 10
Where, A = 0.28 , B = 171.5

TABULATION:

Temperature of oil Time for collecting Kinetic viscosity

Sl No
°C 50cc of oil sec centistokes
1 52 162.2 41.11

2 58 124.5 31

3 66 94.28 22.7

RESULTS:

Thus the viscosity of the lubrication oil is found out using Redwood viscometer.
Page: 19
 DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY OF LUBRICATING OIL BY
SAYBOLT VISCOMETER

Ex No: Date:

AIM:

To determine the viscosity of given lubrication oil by using Saybolt Viscometer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Saybolt viscometer
2. Thermometer
3. Conical flask
4. Stop watch

PROCEDURE:

1. Check up the water level and heater condition in the instrument.

2. Fill up the given sample of oil in the viscometer cup up to the required level.
3. Place the thermometer inside the oil to measure its temperature.
4. Switch on the heater to increase the oil temperature to 40°C, and note the time taken for 60 cc of oil
collection by opening the bottom valve.
5. Repeat the step 4 when temperature was 45°C and 50°C.
6. Switch off the heater in the viscometer.

FORMULAS:

 Kinematic viscosity

ν = 0.22t -180 / t Centistokes

 Dynamic viscosity
μ=ρxν Ns/m2 Where, ρ= 890 Kg/m3

TABULATION:

Temperature of Time for collecting Kinetic viscosity Dynamic viscosity

Sl No
oil °C 60cc of oil sec centistokes x 10-3 Ns/m2
1 40 335 73.16 65.18

2 45 241 52.2 46.51

3 50 197 42.43 37.81

RESULTS:

Thus the viscosity of the lubrication oil is found out using Saybolt viscometer.
Page: 20
DETERMINATION OF FLASH AND FIRE POINT OF OIL BY PENSKY MARTEN CLOSED CUP
APPARATUS

Ex No: Date:

AIM:

To determine the flash and fire point of the given oil by using Pensky Marten closed cup apparatus.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Pensky Marten closed cup apparatus
2. Thermometer

PROCEDURE:

1. Check up the heater working condition of Pensky Marten closed-cup apparatus.

2. Fill up the given sample of oil up to the required level.
3. Place the thermometer and stirrer inside the oil. Switch on the heater and stirrer.
4. Initially regulate the heater to rise in temperature of oil 10° per minute
5. Place the flame just above the surface of the oil.
6. At one point, a bluish flame appears and it will last for only a fraction of a second. This is the FLASH point
temperature of the given sample of oil.
7. Increase the temperature of the oil further and again place the flame just above the surface of the oil.
8. At one point, a reddish or yellowish flame will appear and it will burn continuously. This is the FIRE point
temperature of the oil.
9. Remove the stirrer from the Pensky Marten apparatus.

TABULATION:

Flash Point Fire Point

Sl No Fuel
°C °C
1 20/40 oil 215 232

2 30/40 oil 213 225

RESULT:
Thus the flash and fire point of the given fuels are found put.

Page: 21
 DETERMINATION OF FLASH AND FIRE POINT OF OIL BY CLEVELAND OPEN CUP
APPARATUS

Ex No: Date:

AIM:

To determine the flash and fire point of the given oil by using Cleaveland open cup apparatus.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Cleaveland apparatus
2. Thermometer

PROCEDURE:

1. Check up the heater working condition of Cleaveland open-cup apparatus.

2. Fill up the given sample of oil up to the required level.
3. Place the thermometer and stirrer inside the oil. Switch on the heater and stirrer.
4. Initially regulate the heater to rise in temperature of oil 10° per minute
5. Place the flame just above the surface of the oil.
6. At one point, a bluish flame appears and it will last for only a fraction of a second. This is the FLASH point
temperature of the given sample of oil.
7. Increase the temperature of the oil further and again place the flame just above the surface of the oil.
8. At one point, a reddish or yellowish flame will appear and it will burn continuously. This is the FIRE point
temperature of the oil.
9. Remove the stirrer from the Cleaveland apparatus.

TABULATION:
Fuel – kerosene

Temperature °C Flash Point Fire Point

40 No No

50 No No

60 No No

70 Yes No

72 Yes Yes

RESULT:
Thus the flash and fire-point of the given fuel is founded.

Flash Point = 70°C

Fire point = 72°C

Page: 22
 RETARDATION TEST TO FIND FRICTIONAL POWER OF A DIESEL ENGINE

Ex No: Date:

AIM:

To determine the frictional power of a four stroke single cylinder diesel engine by retardation method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Diesel engine
2. Tachometer
3. Stop watch

ENGINE DETAILS:

BHP = 12HP
Bore (d) = 12.7cm
Stroke (Ls) = 20.32cm
Type = Single Cylinder 4 Stroke
Cooling = Water

PROCEDURE:

1. Remove the brake load by removing dead weight and rope.

2. Start the engine and allow it to stabilize the speed.

3. Cut-off the fuel supply completely by pressing the rack of the fuel pump to stop position.

4. Note down the time taken (T1) in seconds for the speed to come down from maximum sped to 760
rpm.

5. Now load the engine by half of the maximum weight and note down the time taken (T2) in seconds for
the speed to come down from maximum speed to 760 rpm.

6. In both the cases, the engine speed come down only due to frictional power of the engine. From these,
it is observed that the time T1 is greater than T2 because of load applied on the engine.

Page: 23
TABULATION:

Time taken
Sl No Speed rpm
No load t1 Half load t2

1. 760 6.81 3.65

2. 760.5 13.68 6.6

3. 76.4 19.55 9.65

4. 760 25.15 12.3

FORMULAS:

𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑋 𝑅𝑒
tb = sec where, Max load = 32.61 kg, Re = 0.366m
2

𝑡𝑏 𝑋 𝑡2
t7 = sec
𝑡1−𝑡2

2𝜋𝑁𝐭𝟕
FP = Kw
60000

RESULT:

Thus the retardation test was carried on the given four stroke multi cylinder petrol engine.

Frictional Power = 5.2 Kw

Page: 24
 MORSE TEST ON MULTICYLINDER PETROL ENGINE

Ex No: Date:

AIM:

To conduct Morse test on the multicylinder four stroke diesel engine.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Multi cylinder petrol engine with ignition cut off arrangement

2. Loading arrangements
3. Tachometer

ENGINE DETAILS:

BHP = 10HP
Bore (d) = 7.3cm
Stroke (Ls) = 9cm
Type = Four Cylinder 4 Stroke
Cooling = Water

PROCEDURE:

1. Check the engine for fuel availability, lubricant and cooling water connections.

2. Start the engine and load with ful load of 15kg and maintain the speed at 1000rpm by throttle valve.

3. Cut off the first cylinder as a result the speed decreases and maintain the speed by removing the load
approximately and note the spring balance reading.

4. Connect the first cylinder and cut off the second cylinder and note the reading.

5. Repeat the same for all the four cylinders and calculate brake power, indicated power and friction
power.

6. Note the following readings each time,

- Load in the hanger
- Spring balance load
- Speed of the engine.

Page: 25
FORMULAS:

 Break power:
2𝜋𝑁 𝑊1−𝑊2 𝑅𝑒
BP1234 = Kw
60𝑋1000

Re = 0.2 m Rim radius

 Indicated power:

IP1 = BP1234 – BP234

IP2 = BP1234 – BP134
IP3 = BP1234 – BP124
IP4 = BP1234 – BP123

IP1234 = IP1+IP2+IP3+IP4

 Frictional Power:

FP =IP1234 - BP1234

 Mechanical Efficiency:

𝐵𝑃
ηmech = 𝐼𝑃 x 100
TABULATION:

No of cylinders cut off

Sl
Particulars All
no 1st Cylinder 2nd Cylinder 3rd Cylinder 4th Cylinder
Cylinders
1. Load (W1) Kg 15 8 8 8 8

2. Spring Balance (W2) Kg 0.9 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45

3. Speed rpm 1000 1016 1000 1003 1017

4. Break Power Kw 2.895 1.575 1.551 1.555 1.577

5. Indicated Power Kw - 1.32 1.34 1.34 1.318

RESULT:

Thus the Morse test was conducted on the given petrol engine,

o Brake Power = 2.9Kw

o Indicated Power = 5.32 Kw
o Friction power = 2.43Kw
o Mechanical Efficiency = 54.38%
Page: 26
 DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM

Ex No: Date:

AIM:

To perform a load test on the given diesel engine using data acquisition system.

DESCRIPTION:

A central unit which accept signal steam sensor to digital input to computer. A personal computer loaded with
necessary software along with a printer.

DETAIL OF SENSOR:

 This balance sensor consists of a fuel contains connected to the engine.

 Air flow rate sensor
 Cooling water flow rate sensor
 Voltage measurement sensor
 Current measurement sensor
 Air temperature sensor
 Exhaust temperature sensor
 Water inlet and outlet temperature sensor
 Speed Sensor

CHANNELS:

Channel 1 - Fuel flow rate

Channel 2 - Air flow rate
Channel 3 - Water flow rate
Channel 4 - Voltage
Channel 5 - Current
Channel 6 - Air temperature
Channel 7 - Exhaust temperature
Channel 8 - Water inlet temperature
Channel 9 - Water outlet temperature
Channel 10 - Speed

Setting up - Power supply to 230V 50Hz is made to the control

Conduct the Experiment

 Start
 Selecting data acquisition system
 File menu
 Naming and saving file
 Optional menu
 Options - Record test
 Options - Sampling internal
 Options - Part Setting

Page: 27
  While experiment
 Exit

RESULT:

Thus the Performance test was conducted on the given high speed engine using data
acquisition system.

Page: 28
 STUDY OF STEAM GENERATORS

Ex No: Date:

AIM:

To study the working of various types of steam boilers.

STUDY OF STEAM GENERATORS:

 Introduction:

A steam boiler is a closed vessel which boiler generator steam by transferring heat produced by burning of
fuel to water. The steam boiler produced is used for power generation or process heating.

 Selection of steam generators:

The selection of type & size of a steam generator depends on the following factors.
1. The power required & working pressure.
2. The geographical position of power house.
3. The fuel & water available.
4. The probable load factor.

 Classification of Boilers:

The steam boilers are classified according to the following basic:

1. Flow of water & heat gases
a. Fire tube boiler
b. Water Tube boiler

2. Method of firing
a. Internally fired
b. Externally fired

3. Method of water circulation

a. Natural circulation
b. Forced circulation

4. Pressure developed
a. Low pressure boiler
b. High pressure boiler

5. Nature of service
a. Stationary boiler
b. Mobile boiler

6. Design of gas passage

a. Single phase
b. Multi phase

Page: 29
 Boiler Operation
Energy is continuously added to water in a closed system (vessel or piping) array and the water evaporates to steam
and the pressure and temperature increases as long as the strength of the containment is not exceeded. The
relationships between temperature, pressure and volume of the contained fluid are shown in steam tables. There
will be a point where the energy supplied is just sufficient to maintain steam conditions and evaporation will stop.

If the contained steam is released to drive a turbine or engine the pressure will tend to fall allowing increased
evaporation. So long as the temperature is maintained constant the pressure will also be constant as it supplies
steam, under steady conditions, to the plant being driven. The operation of the boiler is controlled to ensure a
sufficient supply of water to make up for the steam being supplied and to ensure sufficient energy input to maintain
constant pressure in the steam system.

In modern boilers over 80% of the heating value of the fuel is transmitted to the fluid in the boiler. The rest of the
heating value is lost in the exhaust gases or is lost by conduction radiation and convection on the external surfaces
of the boiler system.

A vital part of any boiler system is the system designed to release the steam pressure to ensure safe conditions are
maintained. The safety system is generally based on using high integrity safety relief valves.

 Fire Tube Boilers

Fire Tube Boilers are widely used in small installations to heat buildings and to provide power for factory
processes. Fire-tube boilers are also used in steam locomotinves. Fire-tube boilers have the advantage of
being easy to install and operate.

Page: 30
 The main disadvantage of the fire tube boiler is that the steam is generated in a large containment vessel
which is at risk of catastrophic failure due to the high stresses developed at high pressures.

 Water Tube Boilers

Water tube boilers were developed to satisfy the demand for large quantities of steam at pressures and
temperatures far exceeding those possible with fire-tube boilers. The tubes are outside the steam drum,
which has no heating surface and is much smaller than in the fire-tube boiler. For this reason, the drum of
the watertube boiler is better able to withstand higher pressures and temperatures. A wide variety of sizes
and designs of watertube boilers are used in power stations, ships and factories.

RESULT:

Thus the working of various types of steam generators was studied.

Page: 31
 STUDY OF STEAM TURBINES

Ex No: Date:

AIM:

To study the working of various types of steam turbines.

STUDY OF STEAM TURBINES:

 Introduction:

A steam turbine is rotary machine which is designed to covert the energy of high temperature steam into
mechanical power. In this the steam is first expanded in a set of nozzles or passages up to exit pressure
where in the pressure energy of steam is converted into kinetic energy.

 Classification of Turbines:

Steam turbines are classified according to:

1. Principle of action of steam
a. Impulse turbine
b. Reaction turbine

2. Direction of steam flow

a. Axial
b. Radial
c. Tangential

3. Number of pressure stages

a. Single stage
b. Multi stage

4. Method of governing
a. Throttle
b. Nozzle
c. By-pass
d. Combination of throttle , nozzle by pass

 Turbine Operation

Velocity compound impulse turbine

Arrangement of velocity compounded impulse turbine is shown in fig. In this type of turbine steam expands in
a set of nozzle from the boiler pressure up to the condenser pressure which converts its pressure energy into
kinetic energy. This high velocity steam is passed over the rings of moving blades, each ring of moving blades
being separated by a ring of fixed blades.

A part of high velocity steam is absorbed in the first ring of moving blades and remaining in the first ring of
moving blades is passed to next ring of fixed blades. The function of fixed blades is to change the direction of
flow of steam so that it can guide over the second ring of moving blades. The velocity of steam while passing
over the fix blades is particularly constant except last for overcoming the friction losses. Again a part of steam

Page: 32
 velocity is absorbed in the second ring of moving blades & the process of absorbing the steam velocity
continues till it finally wasted in exhaust.

Pressure – Velocity compounded Impulse Turbine:

Arrangement of velocity compounded impulse turbine is shown in figure. In this arrangement both the previous
method velocity & pressure compounding are utilized. The total pressure drop of steam is due to expansion in
each stage is also compounded.

Reaction Turbine:

Arrangement of velocity compounded impulse turbine is shown in figure. Unlike impulse turbine nozzle are
not provided in this turbine and also there is a continuous pressure drop in the rings of fixed and moving
blades. The function of fixed blades, which also get nozzle, is to change the direction of steam. So that it can
enter into the ring of moving blades without shock the term reaction is used because the steam expands over
the ring of moving blades giving a reaction on moving blades.

RESULT:

Thus the working of various types of steam turbines was studied.

Page: 33
 PERFORMANCE AND ENERGY BALANCE TEST ON A STEAM GENERATOR

Ex No: Date:

AIM:

To conduct a performance and heat balance test on steam generator.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Steam Boiler
2. Pumps
3. Pressure gauge
4. Digital Temperature indicator
5. Thermocouples

PROCEDURE:

a) Staring

1. Switch on the main MCC power supply.

2. The required water level and oil to be filled in the tank and open the water valve and oil valve.
3. Switch on the water pump in the boiler main board and switch on the burner, when the water reaches
the level.

b) Testing

1. Now the boiler start to produces steam and the pressure gauge will indicate the pressure of the steam.
The boiler pressure will increases and wait till reaches to 12kg/cm2.
2. Open the main steam outlet valve and allow the steam to pass to turbine. Note all the reading required
for calculation.

c) Shutdown

1. Close the steam main outlet valve and open the by pass line valve.
2. Switch off the burner in the main board, and water pump continue to working stage.
3. The boiler temperature will reduce due to continue flow of water, after certain time switch off the
water pump and main MCC power supply.

Page: 34
FORMULAS:

 Mass of steam generated:

𝛥𝑊ℎ 𝑋 1.252 𝑋 0.602 𝑋 1000 𝑋60

ms = kg/hr
1000 𝑋𝑡𝑑

Area of water tank = 1.252 x 0.602 m2

 Mass of fuel supplied:

𝛥𝐷ℎ 𝑋 0.4 𝑋 0.4 𝑋 950 𝑋60

mf = kg/hr
1000 𝑋𝑡𝑑

Area of oil tank = 0.4 x 0.4 m2

 Mass of air supplied:

ma = 2723.52 (ΔAh)0.5 / td kg/hr

 Evaporation rate:

mr = ms/ mf

 Heat from SG (Qin)

Qin = mf x CV/ 1000 MJ/hr

CV= 44500KJ/kg

 Heat Gained by steam (Qsteam)

Qsteam = ms x (h1- hfw) / 1000 MJ/hr

Where, h1= 2782.7/kg, From steam table corresponding to p= 12 bar dry steam
hfw = Form steam table corresponding to Tw valve, enthalpy of fluid (hf).

 Heat loss to flue gas (Qflue

Qflue = ma x CP x (Tf-Ta) / 1000 MJ/hr

Where,CP = specific heat of flue = 1.1 kJ/kg K

Tf = flue gas temperature
Ta = ambient temperature

 Unaccounted (Qunac)

Qunac = Qin – Qsteam – Qflue

 Thermal Efficiency

η = Qsteam x 100/ Qin

Page: 35
Page: 36
GRAPH

100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
Qunac
50%
Qflue
40%
Qsteam
30%
20%
10%
0%
616.8768 634.125 638.9821277

RESULT:

Thus the Performance and Heat Balance test was conducted on the Steam Generator.

Page: 37
 PERFORMANCE AND ENERGY BALANCE TEST ON A STEAM TURBINE

Ex No: Date:

AIM:

To conduct a performance and heat balance test on steam turbine.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Steam turbine
2. Dynamometer
3. Condenser
4. Pumps
5. Steam Boiler

PROCEDURE:

a) Staring

1. Switch on the steam turbine panel which is connect to 3 phase 440V power supply.
2. Switch on the vacuum reciprocating pump.
3. Main switch on the turbine panel based is switched on when sufficient pressure is built in the boiler.
Allow cooling water to circulate through the condenser by switching on the condenser water pump.
Slowly open the boiler main valve and the simultaneously open the main valve.
4. Open the steam valve and adjust so that a pressure of 12kgf/cm2 is maintained on the turbine pressure
gauge.

b) Testing

1. Now the turbine starts picking up start speed when the turbine speed reaches about 2000rpm, load the
turbine by switching on the individual bulbs. Start the engine and load with full load of 15kg and
maintain the speed at 3000rpm by throttle valve.
2. Switch on another bulb on the loading device and after a few minutes note all reading required.

c) Shutdown

1. Close the turbine main steam valve and switch off the steam boiler.
2. Switch off the condenser vacuum pump and condenser cooling pump.
3. After release of all steam slowly open the ball valve under the steam turbine and drains. So that all
water inside the turbine will be drained out to avoid corrosion.

Page: 38
FORMULAS:

 Turbine torque:

9.81 𝑋 𝑟 𝑋 𝑊𝑑
T = Nm
1000

 Power:

2𝜋𝑛𝑇
P= kW
1000 𝑋60

 Total steam consumption:

TSC = 1271/ tc kg/hr

 Mass flow rate of cooling water:

mco = 0.85 (Hm)0.5 kg/sec

 Heat Input for SG (Hin)

Hin = TSC x h1/ 1000 MJ/hr

Where, h1= 2782.7/kg, From steam table corresponding to p= 12 bar dry steam

 Turbine Work done (Hw)

Hw = P x 3600/1000 MJ/hr

 Condensate heat loss (Hcon)

Hcon = TSC x hfc / 1000 MJ/hr

Where, hfc = 419-4.2*(100-Tc)

 Cooling water heat loss (Hcooling)

Hcooling = mco x (hf2 – hf1)x 3600 / 1000 MJ/hr

Where, hf = 419-4.2*(100-Tf)

 Unaccounted (Hunac)

Hunac = Hin – Hw- Hcon - Hcooling

 Ranking Cycle Efficiency

η = (h1-h2) x 100/(h1- hfc)

Where, h2= 2280 kJ/kg - From moiler chart corresponding to p= 500mmHG (S=C)

Page: 39
Page: 40
GRAPH

100%
90%
80%
70%
60% Hunacc
50% Hcooling
40% Hcon
30% Hw
20%
10%
0%
442.10 436.64 442.10

RESULT:

Thus the Performance and Heat Balance test was conducted on the Steam Turbine.

Page: 41