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Lecture Notes 5.0 Nat DCHP and DNS

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Peterson Tchoutezo Ymele
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28 views6 pages

Lecture Notes 5.0 Nat DCHP and DNS

Uploaded by

Peterson Tchoutezo Ymele
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NAT,DCHP AND DNS


Overview of NAT

 NAT: Network Address Translation


Private Network

 Private IP network is an IP network that is not directly connected to the Internet

 IP addresses in a private network can be assigned arbitrarily.

 Not registered and not guaranteed to be globally unique

 Generally, private networks use addresses from the following experimental address ranges
(non-routable addresses):

 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255

 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255

 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255
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Network Address Translation (NAT)

 NAT is a router function where IP addresses (and possibly port numbers) of IP datagrams
are replaced at the boundary of a private network

 NAT is a method that enables hosts on private networks to communicate with hosts on the
Internet

 NAT is run on routers that connect private networks to the public Internet, to replace the
IP address-port pair of an IP packet with another IP address-port pair.
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Overview of DHCP

 DHCP – Dynamic Host Control Protocol


Overview of DHCP

 DHCP – Dynamic Host Control Protocol


Dynamic Assignment of IP addresses

 Dynamic assignment of IP addresses is desirable for several reasons:

 IP addresses are assigned on-demand

 Avoid manual IP configuration

 Support mobility of laptops


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Message Types

 DHCPDISCOVER: Broadcast by a client to find available DHCP servers.

 DHCPOFFER: Response from a server to a DHCPDISCOVER and offering IP address and


other parameters.

 DHCPREQUEST: Message from a client to servers that does one of the following:

 Requests the parameters offered by one of the servers and declines all other offers.

 Verifies a previously allocated address after a system or network change (a reboot for
example).

 Requests the extension of a lease on a particular address.

 DHCPACK: Acknowledgement from server to client with parameters, including IP address.

 DHCPNACK: Negative acknowledgement from server to client, indicating that the client's
lease has expired or that a requested IP address is incorrect.

 DHCPDECLINE: Message from client to server indicating that the offered address is already
in use.

 DHCPRELEASE: Message from client to server canceling remainder of a lease and


relinquishing network address.

 DHCPINFORM: Message from a client that already has an IP address (manually configured
for example), requesting further configuration parameters from the DHCP server.

Overview of DNS DNS – Domain Name Service


What is DNS?

 DNS is a host name to IP address translation service

 DNS is a distributed database implemented in a hierarchy of name servers

 An application level protocol for message exchange between clients and servers
Why DNS?

 It is easier to remember a host name than it is to remember an IP address.

 A name has more meaning to a user than a 4 byte number.

 Applications such as FTP, HTTP, email, etc., all require the user to input a destination.

 The user generally enters a host name.


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 The application takes the host name supplied by the user and forwards it to DNS for
translation to an IP address.

How does it work?

 DNS works by exchanging messages between client and server machines.

 A client application will pass the destination host name to the DNS process (in Unix
referred to as the gethostbyname() routine) to get the IP address.

 The application then sits and waits for the response to return.

Operation of DNS

 The DNS data is stored in the database in the form of resource records (RR). The RRs are
directly inserted in the DNS messages.

 The RRs are a 4 tuple that consist of: {name, value, type, TTL}.
RRs

 TTL: time to live, used to indicate when an RR can be removed from the DNS cache.
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 Type = A - then NAME is a hostname and Value its IP address

 NS - then NAME is a domain name and Value is the IP address of an authoritative name
server

 CNAME - then NAME is an alias for a host and Value is the canonical name for the host

 MX - then NAME is an alias for an email host and Value is the the canonical name for the
email server

Summary

 DNS provides a mechanism for maintaining the user friendliness of the Internet by hiding
some of the operational details.

 DNS servers have to be created manually. Recently an update protocol was introduced
that allows DNS to exchange data for additions and deletions.

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