Brayton Cycle Reservoir Carnot Efficiency

𝑇𝐿 𝑄𝐿
𝜂𝑡ℎ = 1 − =1−
1-2: 𝑊12 = −𝑚̇(𝑐𝑝 𝑇2 − 𝑐𝑝 𝑇1 ) = −𝑚̇(ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) 𝑇𝐻 𝑄𝐻

3-4: 𝑊34 = −𝑚̇(𝑐𝑝 𝑇4 − 𝑐𝑝 𝑇3 ) = −𝑚̇(ℎ4 − ℎ3 )

ℎ = 𝑐𝑝 Δ𝑇 only for IGL

Entropy Balance

Turbojet

Closed System
Isentropic efficiency
𝑄𝑘
Σ( ) + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = Δ𝑆𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
𝑇𝑘
Turbine

2 𝛿𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑣
Entropy 𝑆2 − 𝑆1 = ∫1 𝑇

𝑄
Isothermal 𝑇 𝑤
0
Compressor 𝑤 𝑠
𝑎
 Work Heat Otto Cycle

𝑊 = ∫ 𝐹𝑠 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑞𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇

Work with torque Work (Piston)

Internal energy
𝜏 𝛿𝑣
𝐹 = , 𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃 𝐹 = 𝑝𝐴, 𝛿𝑠 =
𝑟 𝐴 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝑊 = 2𝜋𝑁𝜏 𝑊 = ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑣
1-2
Energy Balances
Area (Piston)
𝑄12 = 0
𝜋𝑑2 Enthalpy Ideal Gas
𝐴= 4 𝑘−1
𝑉 𝑉
𝐻 = 𝑈 + 𝑝𝑉 𝑄 = Δ𝐻 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 Δ𝑇 𝑇2 = 𝑇1 (𝑉1 ) = 𝑇1 𝑟 𝑘−1, 𝑟 = 𝑉1
2 2

Ideal Gas 2-3

Specific Heats
1005𝐽
𝑊23 = 0 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄23 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 (𝑇3 − 𝑇2 )
Ratio 𝑐𝑝 = , 𝑐𝑣 = 718, 𝑅 = 287
𝐾𝑔𝐾
3-4
𝑐𝑝
𝐾= 𝑐𝑣
, 𝑐𝑝 = 𝑐𝑣 + 𝑅 𝑘−1
𝑉
𝑄34 = 0 𝑇3 = 𝑇4 (𝑉4 ) = 𝑇4 𝑟 𝑘−1
𝑘𝑅 𝑅 3
𝑐𝑝 = 𝑘−1 , 𝑐𝑣 = 𝑘−1
𝑉
𝑟 = 𝑉4
3
Moving Boundary work Isothermal Efficiency definition
4-1
𝑃
NFEE 𝑊𝑏 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛 (𝑃1 ) 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 −𝑊𝑖𝑛
2 𝜂= = 𝑊41 = 0 𝑄41 = Δ𝑈41 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 (𝑇1 − 𝑇4 )
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑄𝑖𝑛
Δ𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊
Closed Cycle
Quasi-Equilibrium Steady Flow energy Equation
𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 |𝑇4 −𝑇1 |
𝑉 𝜂 =1− = 1 − |𝑇
𝑊𝑏 = ∫𝑉 2 𝑝𝑑𝑉 𝑄𝑖𝑛 3 −𝑇2 |
1
1
𝜂 = 1 − 𝑟𝑘−1

Properties of Pure Substances

Nozzles (accelerate) and Diffusers (decelerate)
Quality of Saturated mixture
𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝐴 𝑚𝐵
𝑥=𝑚 𝑈𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 𝑚 𝑈𝐴 + (𝑚 𝑈𝐵
𝑔 +𝑚𝑓 𝐴 +𝑚𝐵 𝐴 +𝑚𝐵 )

SFEE for multiple inlets and exits.

𝑚̇ = 𝜌𝐴𝑐 Throttle valves ℎ2 = ℎ1

Turbines and compressors 𝑄 = 0

Wet Property Relationship
1
𝑢 = 𝑢𝑓 + 𝑥(𝑢𝑔 − 𝑢𝑓 ) , 𝑉 = 𝑣𝑔 𝑚, 𝑣𝑓 = 𝜌