PRACTICALS ASSISTANCE

CE 342 TRANSPORTATION ENGG-II

Spring 2024

INDEX
Experiment No 1 Aggregate Gradation Test

Experiment No 2 Impact Value of Aggregates

Experiment No 3 Los Angles Abrasion Test

Experiment No 4 S G & Absorption Test of Coarse Aggregates

Experiment No 5 Shape Test of Aggregates

Experiment No 6 Lab CBR Test

Experiment No 7 Penetration test of bitumen

Experiment No 8 Ductility test of bitumen

Experiment No 9 Softening point test of bitumen

Experiment No 10 Flash and fire point test of bitumen.

Experiment No 11 Viscosity test for bituminous materials

Experiment No 12 Marshall stability and flow test

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EXPERIMENT-1
AGGREGATE GRADATION TEST
(AASHTO T 27 and ASTM C 136)
1. Scope. The gradation and size test is used to determine
aggregate particle size distribution. Size distribution is
perhaps the single most important aggregate quality
associated with the control of hot mix asphalt (HMA)
mixtures. Aggregate gradation and size affect HMA
volumetric properties as well as mixture permeability and
workability. In a gradation and size analysis, a sample of
dry aggregate of known weight is separated through a
series of sieves with progressively smaller openings. Once
separated, the weight of particles retained on each sieve is measured and compared to the
total sample weight. Particle size distribution is then expressed as a percent retained by
weight on each sieve size. Results are usually expressed in tabular or graphical format.
2. Apparatus
Sieves
Sieve Shaker
Balance (accurate to 0.01 g)
3. Procedure
1. Dry and obtain the mass of the test sample.
2. Split on a 4.75 mm sieve.
3. Sieve the coarse sizes, adding the material that passes 4.75 mm to the fine fraction
obtained in step 2.
4. Split the fine fraction to about 500-600g. Measure the mass.
5. Wash the sample over a 75 μm sieve. Dry and obtain the mass.
6. Sieve through fine sieves.
4. observation and Calculations
To obtain the corrected percent retained on each of the fine sieves, multiply the percent
retained on each size by the percent of the total sample that passes 4.75 mm, for example,
if 62% passes 4.75 mm, multiply all values for percent retained in the fine aggregate sieve
analysis
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Sieve no Size(mm) Mass Cummulative Percent

retain(g) masss(g) passing
1 25 24.3 24.3 97.57
¾ 19 122.1 146.4 85.32
½ 12.5 192.4 338.8 66.08
3/8 9.5 81.5 420.3 57.93
4 4.75 125.1 545.4 45.42
10 3.36 164.0 709.4 29.02
16 1.18 125.3 834.7 16.49
30 .600 32.1 866.8 13.28
40 .436 10.5 877.3 12.23
50 .3 19.7 897 10.26
150 .15 33.2 930.2 6.94
200 .075 48.5 978.7 2.09
pan 20.4 1000 00

Sieve analysis curve :

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Cu= D60/D10 = 101

Cc=D30^2/(D10*D60) = 6.188
Advantages
Particle Size Distribution: Sieve analysis provides valuable information about the distribution
of particle sizes within a given material
Standardization: Sieve analysis is a standardized test method that is widely accepted in the
transportation engineering field
Cost-Effective: Sieve analysis is relatively inexpensive compared to other testing methods

Disadvantages :
Time-Consuming: Sieve analysis can be time-consuming, especially when testing large
quantities of materials or when using fine-grained samples that require prolonged sieving time
Particle Shape: Sieve analysis does not provide information about particle shape or angularity,
which can significantly influence the engineering properties of granular materials
Limited Accuracy for Fine Particles: Sieve analysis may not be suitable for accurately
determining the particle size distribution of very fine materials, such as clay or silt fractions
Conclusion:
A coefficient of uniformity (Cu) of 101 indicates a relatively wide range of particle sizes within
the material sample. This suggests that the material contains a diverse mixture of particle sizes
And Mean while, the coefficient of curvature (Cc) of 6.188 suggests a moderately well-graded
material. A Cc value greater than 1 indicates a soil or aggregate with a more uniform particle size
distribution
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EXPERIMENT 2
IMPACT VALUE OF AGGREGATE (BS: 812 & IS: 383)
1 Scope.
Aggregate impact value gives the relative strength of aggregates against impact loading.
Toughness is the property of material to resist impact due to traffic loads. The road stones
are subjected to the pounding action or impact and there is possibility of aggregate stone
breaking into smaller pieces. The road aggregate should therefore be tough enough to resist
fracture under impact.
2 Apparatus
2.1. List of Apparatus
2.1.1. Impact testing Machine
2.1.2. Weighing Balance
2.1.3. Sieve 14mm, 10 mm ,and 2.36mm
2.1.4. Oven
2.1.5. Cup of dia 10.2cm and depth 5cm
2.1.6. Temping rod of dia 1.0cm and 23 cm long.
2.2. Aggregate Impact Tester
2.2.1. Use. It is used to determine the aggregate impact value.
2.2.2. Salient Features. The instrument consists of a circular base with two vertical
guides. The hammer of weight 13.75 ±0.25 kg can be raised to fall freely down
the vertical guides. The height of fall can be adjusted through 380 ± 5mm. The
hammer is provided with a locking arrangement. The hammer falls freely to the
base and is removable for emptying. Supplied complete with metal measures
75mm dia x 50mm high (for specimen preparation) and tamping rod 230mm long
x 10mm dia.
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3 Procedure
3.1. About 350 grams of aggregate passing 14mm sieve and retained on 10mm sieve are
selected.
3.2. Place the aggregate in three layers in the Impact testing Machine Cup and each layer
may be tamped 25 blows with a tamping rod.
3.3. The aggregate is subjected to 15 blows from a standard rammer of weight 14Kg falling
from 38cm.
3.4. After the application of specified number of blows the aggregate are taken out from
the cup and sieved through 2.36mm sieve and %age of passing material is calculated.
3.5. Results are reported as percentage fines passing 2.36 mm sieve. 4
Observations and Calculations
4.1. Wt of aggregate passing 14mm
4.2. and retained on 10mm sieve (W1) = 350 gm

4.3. Wt of fines passing 2.36mm sieve (W2) = 88.3 gm

4.4. Impact value of aggregate (W2/W1) X100 (%) = 25.22 %

5 Specification
5.1. Impact Value < 10 % Exceptionally strong
5.2. Impact Value 10 % to 20 % Strong
5.3. Impact Value 20 % to 30 % Satisfactory for road construction
6 Advantages
.1) It provides insights into the ability of aggregates to withstand sudden loads
2) By conducting impact value tests on aggregates, engineers can implement quality control
measures to ensure that only high-quality materials are used in road construction.
3) The results of the impact value test aid engineers in selecting suitable aggregates for specific
road construction applications
7 disadvantages :
Conducting impact value tests requires specialized equipment, including impact testing
machines and standardized hammers.
The preparation of aggregate samples for impact value testing can influence the test results.
Conclusion:
The impact value of 25.22 suggests that the tested material exhibits a moderate resistance to
sudden impact forces. A higher impact value indicates greater toughness and resistance to
fracture under dynamic loading conditions
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EXPERIMENT-3
LOS ANGELES ABRASION TEST
1 Scope.
This test is to determine the hardness of road aggregate. Aggregate used in road construction
should be strong enough to resist the wear due the heavy traffic load. If the aggregate have
high abrasion value the stability of road pavement is likely to be adversely affected.
Aggregates with distinctly different origins should be expected to perform differently in
this test machine.
2 Apparatus
2.1. Loss Angeles abrasion machine
2.2. Balance
2.3. Oven (maintaining a uniform temperature of 230 ±9°F )
2.4. Set of sieves and sieve No.12
2.5. Steel balls/Charge (390-445gm) approx127/32 inches in dia. 2.6.
Shelf/trays

Table 1 Charge for Selected Methods

and Grading

96 -- A 12 5000 ±25
T 96 -- B 11 4584 ±25
T 96 -- C 8 3330 ±20
T 96 -- D 6 2500 ±15
C 535 -- 12 5000 ±25
All
Grading
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3 Sample Preparation
3.1. The disturbed representative test sample shall consist of clean washed aggregate that
has been oven-dried to constant mass at a temperature of 230 ±9° F.
3.2. Separate the sample into individual size fractions by sieving, and recombine to the
grading of Table 2 or Table 3 that most nearly corresponds to the range of sizes in the
aggregate as furnished for testing. The sample mass shall be recorded to the nearest 1
g.

Table 2 AASHTO T-96 Sample Grading

Sieve Size Mass of Indicated Sizes, g.

Passing Retained Grading

A B C D
mm inch mm inch

37.5 1.5 25.0 1.0 1250 ±25

25.0 1.0 19.0 3/4 1250 ±25
19.0 3/4 12.5 1/2 1250 ±25 2500 ±10
12.5 1/2 9.5 3/8 1250 ±25 2500 ±10
9.5 3/8 6.3 1/4 2500 ±10
6.3 1/4 4.75 #4 2500 ±10
4.75 #4 2.63 #8 5000 ±10
Total 5000 ±10 5000 ±10 5000 ±10 5000 ±10
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4 Procedure
4.1. The test sample should be thoroughly washed, and oven dried and is taken according
to gradation in tables.
4.2. The test sample and abrasive charges shall be placed in the Los Angeles abrasion
machine and the machine is rotated at a speed of 30 to 33 Rpm for 500 revolutions for
test method AASHTO T 96: 1000 revolutions for test method ASTM C 535.
4.3. After the prescribed number of revolutions, the material shall be discharged carefully
from the machine and shall be sieved on 1.7mm (#12) sieve.
4.4. Wash the material coarser than the No. 12 sieve, dry to constant mass at 230 ±9 0F, and
record mass to the nearest 1 g
5.Observations and Calculations
Grade A
5.1. Total weight of sample before test (W1) = 5000 (gm)

5.2. Weight of sample passing sieve #12 (W2) = 987.6 (gm)

(Or W2 =original sample mass –final sample mass)

5.3. Abrasion value of Aggregate (W2/W1 x100 (%) = 19.75%

Grade B

5.1. Total weight of sample before test (W1) = 5000 (gm)

5.2. Weight of sample passing sieve #12 (W2) = 679.7 (gm)

5.3. Abrasion value of Aggregate (W2/W1 x100 (%) = 13.58%

6 Advantages

Predictive of Wear Resistance: The test provides a reliable indication of the abrasion resistance of
aggregates, which is essential for assessing their durability and longevity in transportation infrastructure
subjected to traffic and environmental conditions.

Comparative Analysis: The test allows for the comparative analysis of different aggregate sources and
types, enabling engineers to make informed decisions regarding material selection.

7 Disadvantages:

The test primarily evaluates the abrasion resistance of aggregate surface particles and may not capture the
degradation mechanisms occurring within the bulk of the material, which can impact long-term
performance.
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Conclusion
In conclusion, the loss angle abrasion test, commonly known as the Los Angeles Abrasion Test,
provides crucial insights into the abrasion resistance and durability of aggregates utilized in
transportation infrastructure, particularly in road construction and pavement materials

NHA Specifications
6.1. Item 201 Granular Sub Base. The coarse aggregate material retained on sieve No. 4
shall have a percentage of wear by Los Angeles abrasion test (AASHTO T-96) of not
more than 50 %.
6.2. Item 202 Aggregate Base Course. The coarse aggregate material retained on sieve
No. 4 shall have a percentage of wear by Los Angeles abrasion test (AASHTO T-96)
of not more than 40%.
6.3. Item 206 Water Bound Macadam. The coarse aggregate material retained on sieve
No. 4 shall have a percentage of wear by Los Angeles abrasion test (AASHTO T-96)
of not more than 45%.
(Note: there are other specifications of other types of bases and sub bases also
mentioned in NHA specifications but above are most commonly used)
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EXPERIMENT-4
SP GRAVITY & ABSORPTION TEST OF COARSE AGGREGATE
(AASHTO T:85-88 & ASTM C 127-88 & C 128-88)

1 Scope.
Specific Gravity is the ratio of the
weight of a given volume of
aggregate to the weight of an equal
volume of water at a temperature of
73.4°F (23°C). A material, whose unit weight of solids equals the unit weight of water, has
a specific gravity of 1.0. Apparent Specific Gravity is the ratio of the weight in air of a unit
volume of the impermeable portion of aggregate (does not include the permeable pores in
aggregate) to the weight in air of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at a stated
temperature.
2 Apparatus
2.1. A balance having a capacity of at least 5500g sensitive to 1 g or less.
2.2. A wire mesh basket made of 2.36 mm mesh, and of sufficient capacity for samples
weighing up to 5500 g.
2.3. Immersion tank of sufficient size to allow the wire mesh basket to be completely
immersed. The immersion tank and balance shall be arranged in a manner that will
allow weighing the wire mesh basket and test sample while immersed.
2.4. Corrosion-resistant containers with a capacity of approximately 8 L.

3 Procedure

3.1. Place sample in 8 L container, cover with water at a temperature of 15 to 25°C, and
soak for a minimum period of 15 h.
3.2. Transfer the sample to the wire basket and rinse clean with fresh water.
3.3. Suspend the wire basket from the balance immersing the basket and sample completely
in water and weigh to the nearest gram.
3.4. Transfer the sample onto a large absorbent cloth and remove all visible films of water.
Surface water can be removed by rolling the sample gently with a towel.
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3.5. Weigh the sample to the nearest gram and record the mass as “Mass of saturated
surface-dry sample in air.” Avoid loss of absorbed water by drying the sample to
surface dry condition as rapidly as possible and then weighing immediately.
3.6. Transfer the sample to a suitable container and dry to constant mass at 110 ± 5°C.Cool
to room temperature and weigh to nearest gram and Record the mass as
“Oven-dry mass.”
4 Observations and Calculations
4.1. G sb = A / (B - C) = 2.78

4.2. Gs,SSD = B / (B - C) = 3.14

4.3. Gsa = A / (A - C) = 4.33

4.4. Absorption % = [(B - A) / A] *100 = 0.12%

Where

A = mass oven dry =1950 gram

B = mass SSD =2200 gram

C = mass under water =1500 gram

5 Advantages
1) Specific gravity helps to determine the density of aggregates
2) It also helps to tell us absorption of water by aggregates.
3) It also helps to tell us about durability of aggregates.
Limitations
1) The specific gravity assumes the particles of uniform size but actually there are also
elongated particles
Conclusion
The specific gravity test is a simple and effective method for evaluating the quality and properties
of aggregates, ensuring that they meet the required standards for different construction projects.
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EXPERIMENT-5
SHAPE TEST OF AGGREGATE
(ASTM D 4791- 99)

1 Scope.
This test method covers the
determination of the percentages of
flaky and elongated particles, and in
case of gravel determine by its
Angularity No. Rounded aggregate is
preferred in concrete pavements for
their higher workability and crushing,
Angular shape aggregates in flexible pavement for their better interlocking and friction.
2 Definitions
2.1. Flaky Particles. The particles whose least dimension is less than 0.6 times their mean
size (dimension).
2.2. Elongated Particles. The particles whose greatest dimension is greater than 1.8 times
their mean size (dimension).
2.3. Angularity Number. The angularity number of an aggregate is the amount (to the
nearest whole number) by which the % age voids in it after compacting in a prescribed
manner, exceeds 33. 3 Apparatus
3.1. Flaky sieves
3.2. Elongation gauges
3.3. Set of sieves
3.4. Balance
3.5. Cylinder 3 Liter capacity
3.6. Tamping rod
3.7. Scoop
3.8. Oven
4 Procedure
4.1. Flakiness and Elongation Index
4.1.1. If determination by mass is required, oven dries the sample to constant mass at a
temperature (105◦c). If determination is by particle count, drying is not necessary.
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4.1.2. The given sample is sieved through square opening sieves; the retained particles
are weighed and denoted as W1, W2, W3 ------------Wn.

4.1.3. The sample is placed in separate plates, passing and retained sieve size for each
fraction is written on the plate.
4.1.4. The sample is passed by its least dimension through the corresponding opening
of the flaky sieves. Weigh separately and record as F1, F2, F3-------------Fn.
4.1.5. Collect all the material passing and retained and pass through the Elongation
gauge, retained material on elongation gauge are weighted and recorded as E1,
E2-------En.
4.2. Angularity Number
4.2.1. Take at least 10 Kg of aggregate sample and sieve with specified sieves.
4.2.2. The sample should be placed in cylinder in three equal layers.
4.2.3. Each layer should be tamped 100 times by means of tamping rod.
4.2.4. Weigh the cylinder with aggregate and determine the weight of aggregate (W).
4.2.5. At least three readings are made.
4.2.6. Find the volume of cylinder with water at 27C.
5 Observations and Calculations
Size of sieves Wt. of fraction Wt. of Flaky Wt. of Elongated
Passing Retained Sieve (gm) Particles (gm) Particle (gm)
Sieves (In) (in) (mm)
(mm)
2-1/2 63.0 2.0 50.0 W1= 50 F1= 12 E1=11
2.0 50.0 1-1/2 37.5 W2= 180 F2= 60 E2= 43
1-1/2 37.5 1.0 28.0 W3= 234 F3= 34 E3= 21
1.0 28.0 ¾ 20.0 W4= 245 F4= 92 E4= 11
¾ 20.0 ½ 14.0 W5= 98 F5= 32 E5= 9
½ 14.0 3/8 10.0 W6=300 F6= 12 E6= 21
3/8 10.0 #4 6.3 W7= 97 F7= 6 E7= 12

W= 1204 F= 248 E= 128

5.1. Flakiness Index (FI) (F / W x 100) = = 20.59 %

5.2. Elongation Index (EI) (E / W x 100) = = 10.63 %
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6 Specification
6.1. Flakiness Index ≤ 15 %
6.2. Elongation Index ≤ 15 %
7 Advantages
1) The flakiness and elongation indices provide a accurate representation of the shape and
dimensions of aggregate particles.
2) The test helps ensure that aggregates used in construction are safe and do not pose a risk
to the structure or users
Limitation
1) The test requires a significant amount of time and effort to prepare and analyze the
samples.
2) The test is typically conducted in a laboratory setting, which may not accurately represent
field conditions
conclusion
This test provides crucial information for ensuring the quality and performance of aggregates
in various construction applications. By understanding the advantages and limitations of the
test, engineers and researchers can make informed decisions and develop strategies
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EXPERIMENT - 6
LAB CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO
(CBR) TEST
AASHTO T 193 – 81)
1. Scope.
This test which is a measure of the quality of sub grade,
subbase and base coarse for flexible pavements. The C.B.R is
a measure of shearing resistance of soil under controlled
density and moisture conditions. This method of test is
intended for determining the bearing values of soil and soil
aggregate when they are compacted in the laboratory at
optimum moisture content to varying degrees. CBR test is
carried out with two methods, Unsoaked CBR and Soaked
CBR. For Unsoaked CBR the samples are prepared and tested on that time, While for
Soaked CBR the samples are prepared and immersed in water for 96 hours, after soaking
the swelling is noted and the samples are tested to determine CBR value. The aim of
soaked CBR is to check the behavior of material in worst condition.
2. Apparatus
2.1. Mold with complete accessories Dai 6", Height 7," and
4.584” (152.4,177.8&115.6mm)
2.2. Spacer disk 2.416"(61.4) thick
2.3. C.B.R testing machine
2.4. Rammer weight 5.5 lb or 10 lb. (2.49&4.54kg) and drop.
12" and18" (305&457mm) respectively
2.5. Filter papers
2.6. Surcharge weights 5 lbs. Each(2.26kg)
2.7. Swelling apparatus
2.8. Oven
2.9. Balance
2.10. Straight edge
2.11. Soaking tub
3. Procedure.
3.1. Collect about 20 kg of samples from site.
3.2. Mix the sample thoroughly and take the representative sample about 7kg.
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3.3. Sieve the sample from 3/4"(19mm) sieve and replace the retained material by
passing ¾" and retained on #4. Add optimum moisture in the sample and mix
thoroughly.
3.4. Set the mold and fill it in specified layers, compact each layer with specified
rammer in specified Nos. (for standard test 3 Layers, 56 blows and for modified
test 5 Layers, 56 blows)
3.5. After compaction there are two methods one is soaked, and the other is unsoaked.
3.6. A. If the sample is tested in soaked condition, place the mold in the water for 96
hours and measure the swelling after completion.
3.7. If the sample is unsoaked, test the sample in that time.
3.8. Completion of above procedure starts the penetration test at a rate of
0.05"(1.3mm) per min.
3.9. After penetration test draw graphs and determine the C.B.R value at 0.1" and
0.2"(2.54&5.08mm)
3.10. If the 0.2"(5.0mm) penetration value is greater than 0.1"(2.54MM) rerun the test.
If the check test gives a similar result the ratio at 0.2" "(5.0mm) penetration should
be used.
4. Observation & Calculation.
The CBR values at 2.5 mm is .229kpa
while at 5 mm is .237kpa

Advantages

 Simple and Easy to Perform: The CBR test is a simple and easy-to-perform test that requires
minimal equipment and expertise.
 Quick Results: The test provides quick results, allowing for rapid assessment of soil strength.
 Cost-Effective: The CBR test is a cost-effective method for evaluating soil strength

Limitations

 Limited Applicability: The CBR test is limited to soils with a maximum particle size of 20mm.
 Inaccurate for Cohesive Soils: The CBR test is not suitable for cohesive soils, as it does not
account for the soil's cohesion.
 Operator Dependence: The test results may be influenced by the operator's skill and experience.

conclusion

The CBR test is a widely used method for evaluating the strength of soils and aggregates. While it has
several advantages, including simplicity and cost-effectivenes
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EXPERIMENT-7
PENETRATION TEST OF BITUMEN
(ASTM D: 5-06)

1. Scope. This test is used to determine the penetration

grade of bitumen. The behavior of bituminous materials
varies significantly with change in temperature. It is
therefore important to use the appropriate grade of
bitumen that is best suitable for the climatic conditions
of the project area. The penetration of bitumen is
defined as the distance in tenths of millimeter that a
standard needle vertically penetrates in a sample of
bitumen under known conditions of loading, time and
temperature. (A load of 100 grams applied for 5seconds
at 25C is standardized for the test) A small penetration value indicates that the bitumen is
hard, while the high penetration value indicates that the bitumen is soft.

2. Apparatus
2.1. Penetrometer with control box.
2.2. Container. 55 mm diameter and 35 / 70 mm internal height.
Should have flat bottom.
2.3. Water bath with at least 10 liter capacity.
2.4. Heater

2.5. Thermometer

2.6. Specified needle

2.7. Transfer tray
3. Procedure
3.1. Soften the bitumen by heating it up to 90C to bring it to pouring consistency. Stir
the bitumen while heating to avoid local overheating and to make it homogenous.
3.2. Pour the bitumen into container to a level that when
cooled to testing temperature, depth of bitumen should be at least 10 mm more than the
expected depth of penetration.
3.3. Place the prepared sample at room temperature (15C - 30C) for one hour.
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3.4. Place the container below the needle of penetrometer and gradually lower the needle
to make a contact with the bitumen. Ensure that the needle is just in contact with the
sample and no penetration is affected. Place a lamp on one side of the needle in such
a way that it creates a sharp shadow of needle on the sample. This will help in correct
positioning of the needle.
3.5. Press the push button of the control box to release the needle. The needle will penetrate
the sample under its own weight for 5 seconds and after that it will stop automatically.
Note down the reading.
3.6. Take at least three readings.
3.7. At least two samples should be tested for grade determination.
4. Calculation And Observation
4.1. Pouring temperature =
4.2. Period of cooling in room = 1 hour 4.3.
Room temperature =
4.4. Water bath temperature = 25o C
4.5. Period in water bath = 1 hour
Penetration in 10th of (mm) Penetration Grade*
(*Other tests also required)
S No. Reading Reading Reading
1. 4.28 4.62 4.67 45

5. Precautions
5.1. Overheating of bitumen should be avoided. Under no condition bitumen should be heated to
60o C above the expected softening point.
5.2. The sample is covered loosely against dust
5.3. The weight of needle and spindle assembly should be accurate i.e, 100 ± 0.05 grams.
5.4. Verticality of the needle should be ensured.
5.5. Readings taken on a single sample should be at least 10 mm apart.
Advantages
1. Easy to perform: The penetration test is a simple and easy-to-perform test that requires minimal
equipment and training.
2. Quick results: The test provides quick results, which can help in timely decision-making during road
construction projects

Limitations
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Temperature sensitivity: The test is sensitive to temperature, and small variations in temperature can
affect the results.

Conclusion
The penetration test is a widely used and accepted test for evaluating the consistency of
bitumen. And also the grades of bitumen’s is based on penetration
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EXPERIMENT-8
DUCTILITY TEST OF BITUMEN
(ASTM-113-99)

1. Scope. The ductility of a bituminous material is measured

by the distance to which it will elongate before breaking
when two ends of a briquette specimen of the material, of
the form described, are pulled apart at a specified speed and
at a specified temperature. Unless otherwise specified, the
test shall be made at a temperature of 77+ 0.90F (25+0.50C)
and with a speed of 5 cm/min + 5.0%. At other
temperatures the speed should be specified.
2. Significant and use. This test method provides one measure of tensile properties of
bituminous materials and may be used to measure ductility for specification requirements.
3. Apparatus
3.1. Mold – Mold shall be similar in design to that shown.
The mold shall be made of brass and ends are known as
clips and sides as „sides‟ of the mold. Specimen made is called „briquette‟.
3.2. Water Bath –Water bath shall be maintained at the specified test temperature, varying
not more than 0.180F (0.10C) from this temperature. The volume of water shall be not
less than 10L and the specimen shall be immersed to a depth of not less than 10 cm
and shall be supported on a perforated shelf not less than 5 cm from the bottom of the
bath.
3.3. Testing Machine – For pulling the briquette of bituminous material
apart, any apparatus may be used which is so constructed that the
specimen will be continuously immersed in water as specified, while
the two clips are pulled apart at uniform speed, as specified, without
undue vibration.
3.4. Thermometer – A thermometer Range 0-44°C and readable up to 0.2°C is required.
4. Procedure
4.1.Assemble the mold on a brass plate. Thoroughly coat the surface of the plate and interior
surfaces of the sides a and a/, Fig, of the mold with a thin layer of a mixture
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of glycerin or talc to prevent the material under test from sticking. The plate upon
which the mold is placed shall be perfectly flat and level so that the bottom surface of
the mold will be in contact throughout.
4.2.Carefully heat the sample to prevent local overheating until it has become
sufficiently fluid to pour. Pass the melted sample through a sieve No 50 (300um)
confirming to specification. After a thorough stirring, pour it into the mold. In
filling the mold, take care not to disarrange the parts and thus distort the briquette.
Let the mold containing the material cool to room temperature for a period of 30 to
40 min and then place it in the water bath maintained at the specified temperature of
test for 30 min, then cut of the excess bitumen with a hot straight edged putty knife
or spatula to make the mold just level full.
4.3.Keeping specimen at standard temperature. Place the brass plate and mold, with
briquette specimen, in the water bath and keep at the specified temperature for a
period of 85 to 95 min. Then remove the briquette from the plate, detach the side
pieces, and immediately test the briquette.
4.4.Testing – Attach the rings at each end of the clips to the pins or hooks in the testing
machine and pull the two clips apart at a uniform speed as specified until the
briquette ruptures. A variation of + 5% from the speed specified will be permissible.
Measure the distance in cm through which the clips have been pulled to produce
rupture. While the test is being made, the water in the tank of the testing machine
shall cover the specimen both above and below it by at least 2.5 cm and shall be kept
continuously to the temperature specified within +0.90F (0.50C).

5. Observations and Calculations

Grade of Bitumen ………70… Pouring
temperature………1200C…………………. Test
temperature…………250C …………………..
Period of cooling in room……………30 minute ………
Water bath temperature……………………
Test Specimen No Mean value

1 2 3
Ductility value (cm) 107cm 99cm 102cm 102cm
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6. Precautions
6.1. Carefully heat the sample to prevent local overheating.
6.2.Take care not to disarrange the parts and thus distort the briquette.
6.3.The water in the tank of the testing machine shall cover the specimen both above and below
it by at least 2.5 cm
6.4.Keep the water bath and the specimen at the specified temperature for the specified period.
6.5.Pulling of the two clips apart should be at a uniform speed.

Advantages

 Measures tensile properties of bituminous materials

 Provides a measure of ductility for specification requirements

Limitations

 Temperature sensitivity
 Speed variation may affect results

Conclusion
The ductility test is a widely used and accepted test for evaluating the tensile properties of bituminous
materials. The test provides a measure of ductility, which is essential for specification requirements
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EXPERIMENT-9
SOFTENING POINT OF BITUMEN
(AASHTO T 53-89 & ASTM D 36 – 95, Reproved 2000)

1. Scope. This test method covers the determination of

the softening point of bitumen in the range from 30 to
157oC (86 to 315oF) using the ring-and-ball apparatus
immersed in distilled water (30 to 80oC), USP glycerin
(above 80 to 157oC), or ethylene glycol (30 to 110oC).
Softening point is actually a consistency test and
consists of heating of bituminous material until they
reach at the given consistency. The softening point is
the temperature at which the substance attains
particular degree of softening under specified
conditions of test.

2. Apparatus
2.1. Rings. Two square-shouldered brass rings conforming to the dimensions
shown in the figure

2.2. Pouring Plate. A flat, smooth, brass plate approximately 50 by 75mm (2 by 3in).

2.3. Balls. Two steel balls, 9.5mm (3/8in) in diameter, each having a mass of 3.50 +
0.05g.

2.4. Ball-Centering Guides. Two brass guides for centering the steel balls, one for each
ring, conforming to the general shape and dimensions.

2.5. Bath. A glass vessel, capable of being heated, not less than 85 mm in inside diameter
and not less than 120 mm in depth from the bottom of the flare.

2.6. Ring Holder and Assembly. A brass holder designed to support the two rings in a
horizontal position, conforming to the shape and dimensions shown in Figure,
supported in the assembly illustrated in Figure. The bottom of the shouldered rings in
the ring holder shall be 25mm (1in) above the upper surface of the bottom plate, and
the lower surface of the bottom plate shall be 16 ± 3mm (5/8 ± 1/8in) from the bottom
of the bath.
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2.7. Thermometers

2.7.1. An ASTM Low Softening Point Thermometer, having a range from -2 to + 80°C
or 30 to 180°F, and conforming to the requirements for Thermometer 15C or 15F
as prescribed in Specification.

2.7.2. The appropriate thermometer shall be suspended in the assembly as shown in

Figure so that the bottom of the bulb is level with the bottom of the rings and within 13mm
(0.5in) of the rings, but not touching them or the ring holder.

Substitution of other thermometers shall not be permitted.

3. Procedure

3.1. Heat the bitumen until it comes to liquid form.

3.2. Fill the rings with bitumen and bring it at room temperature.

3.3. Assemble the apparatus with ring thermometer and balls guide in a position and fill the
bath to a depth of 4 to 4.25in.

3.4. Maintain the bath at a temperature of 4±1ºC for 15 minutes.

3.5. Place the balls on the surface of the specimen

3.6. Start the bath heater at a rate of 5ºC/ min and keep stirring as necessary.

3.7. Record the temperature when the balls pass in the rings and touch the bottom; this is
the softening point in centigrade.

3.8. The softening point to be reported as the mean of the temperatures at which the two
discs soften enough to allow each ball, enveloped in bitumen, to fall a distance of
25mm.

4. Calculations

Bitumen Grade ………60

Period of air cooling = 1 hour

Observation Temperature Mean values

1 750C 72.50C

2 700C
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5. Precautions

5.1. Heat the sample with care.

5.2. The max temperature should not exceed 100oC.

5.3. Note the reading with care and raise the temperature at the rate of 5 oC/minute.

Advantages

1. Indicates thermal stability: The softening point test indicates the thermal stability of
bitumen,
2. which is essential for its performance in high-temperature applications.

Limitation

Temperature sensitivity: The test is sensitive to temperature, and small variations in temperature can
affect the results.

Conclusion

The softening point test is a widely used and accepted test for evaluating the thermal stability
and consistency of bitumen. While it has several advantages, including simplicity, ease of
performance, and wide range of applications, it also has some limitations, including
temperature sensitivity,
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EXPERIMENT-10
FLASH AND FIRE POINT OF BITUMEN
(AASHTO: T 48-89 and ASTM:D-92)

1. Scope. Different bituminous materials have quite different

values of flash and fire point .When any type of bitumen is to
be heated before mixing or application, utmost care is taken to
see that heating is limited to a temperature will below the flash
point.

2. Significance. This flash-point and fire-point test method is a

dynamic method and depends on definite rates of temperature
increases to control the precision of the method. Bitumen is
flammable liquid at high temperature and therefore, there is a risk of catching fire if care
is not exercised during construction. Its primary use is to define the critical temperature
at and above which suitable precautions should be taken to eliminate fire hazards during
its application.
Apparatus
3.1. Cleave open cup
3.2. Heater
3.3. Thermometer
4. Procedure
4.1. Heat the bitumen until it comes in liquid form not exceeding 100C.
4.2. Fill the cup and place it at a room temperature for one hour.
4.3. Heat the bitumen at the rate of 5 1C/minute.
4.4. When the temperature is reached near to flash point or when sparking starts, the
test flame is applied to specimen.

4.5. As the bitumen takes fire momentarily that is the flash point, record the temperature
and when it takes fire for at least 5 seconds completely that is the fire point
temperature.
4.6. The flash point to be taken as the temperature at the time of flame application when
flash appears first at any point on the surface of material .The heating is continued
until the volatile ignite and the bitumen continues to burns for 5seconds.
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5. Observations & Calculation

5.1. Bitumen grade …………………….
5.2. Type of equipment ....…….………………
5.3. Rate of heating …………………………

Test property tests Mean Value

1 2 3
1. Flash point 284 0C 2810C 2880C 284.330C

2. Fire point 340 0C 355 0C 330 0C 3410C

Advantages
The test provides crucial information about the flammability and combustion characteristics of
bitumen,which is essential for ensuring safety in handling and use .
Limitations
The test has limited precision and may not provide accurate results for certain types of bitumen.
Does not evaluate other properties: The test only evaluates the flammability and combustion
characteristics of bitumen and does not provide information about other important properties, such as
viscosity, adhesion, and durability.

Conclusion
The flash and fire point experiment is a crucial test for evaluating the flammability and combustion
characteristics of bitumen.
While it has several advantages, including safety evaluation, quality control,
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EXPERIMENT-11
VISCOSITY OF ASPHALTS
(BS 4693 : 1971 & ASTM D 88 – 94 Reapproved 1999)

Viscosity Measurement Using Rotational Viscometer

1. Designation:-
1.1 ASTM D 4402 – 06
2. Apparatus:-
2.1 Rotational Viscometer
2.2 Oven
2.3 Thermometer
2.4 Balance
2.5 Cylindrical spindles
3. Introduction:-
Viscosity is the ratio between the applied shear stress and rate of shear is called
coefficient of viscosity. This coefficient is a measure of resistance to flow, called
viscosity. This test method outlines the procedure for measuring viscosity of asphalt
binder at elevated temperature from 60 to over 200 0 C. A rotational viscometer uses the
concept of torque. It measures the torque required to rotate an object submerged in fluid.
(Asphalt in this case) and relates it to the viscosity of the fluid.
4. Procedure:-
4.1 Read and understand the information in the rotational viscometer
manufacturer‟s operating manual before proceeding.
4.2 Turn on the rotational viscometer and proportional temperature controller unit.
4.3 Preheat the sample holder with the sample chamber and the selected cylindrical
spindle according to the manufacturer‟s recommendation.
4.4 Set the proportional temperature controller to desired test temperature.
4.5 Heat the required amount of asphalt binder until sufficiently fluid.
4.6 When the proportional temperature controller reads the desired test temperature,
remove the sample holder, and add the required amount of asphalt into the
sample chamber.
4.7 Insert the sample chamber into the proportional temperature controller unit.
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4.8 Insert a preheated spindle and attach it to the viscometer using the necessary
coupling. Gently lower the spindle into the asphalt so that asphalt covers the
upper conical portion of the spindle. This procedure may vary based on the
manufacturer‟s recommendations.
4.9 Bring the asphalt sample to the desired temperature within approximately 30
minutes. Set the viscometer speed at 20 rpm and set the display to read the
viscosity in Pascal seconds (Pa.s). This operation may be done manually or by
using a software program.
4.10 Allow the asphalt sample to equilibrate at the desired test temperature for a
minimum of 10 minutes. Begin the spindle rotation during the 10 minute
temperature equilibration period. Allow the readings to stabilize before
recording any viscosity measurements. If the observed torque is out of range for
the selected spindle and speed, change the spindle and or speed based on the
manufacturer‟s recommendations for the anticipated viscosity. Restart the test
with a new sample.
4.11 Start the test after the asphalt sample has reached the specified temperature and
equilibrated and the viscosity readings have stabilized, as required in Sections
4.9 and 4.10.
4.12 Measure the viscosity at one-minute intervals for a total of three minutes.

Observation of this experiment

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trail3 Mean viscosity

9.7 cp 7.8cp 11cp 9.5cp

5. Precautions:-
5.1 The best results are obtained if bob is allowed to rotate several turns before timing
begins in order to be certain that the system is running in a steady state.
5.2 At a high speed, the flow pattern may not be laminar due to presence of Tayler
turbulence, thus lower speeds are generally preferable than higher speeds.
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EXPERIMENT NO.12
MARSHALL FLOW AND STABILITY TEST FOR JOB MIX
(AASHTO: T166-88, T245-90, T269-90, T228-90, T 84-88 & 85-88 )
1. Scope. This test covers the measurement of stability and flow of cylindrical specimen of
bituminous pavement mixture loaded on lateral surface by means of marshal machine.
2. Apparatus
1.1. Marshall machine
1.2. Water bath
1.3. Oven
1.4. Thermometer (0 to 200 C)
1.5. Rubber and canvas Gloves
1.6. Write other equipment utilized
2. Procedure
2.1. Selection of aggregate proportions to
meet the specifications requirements.
2.2. Conducting trial mixes at a range of
asphalt contents and measuring the resulting physical properties of the sample.
2.3. Analyzing the results to obtain the optimum asphalt contents and to determine if the
specifications can be met.
2.4. Repeating with the additional trial mixes using different aggregate blends until a
suitable design is found.
2.5. Aggregates for Asphalt Concrete classified as
2.5.1. Coarse aggregates (Rock). Retained #8
2.5.2. Fine aggregates (Sand). Passing #8
2.5.3. Mineral Filler (Filler). Passing #200, predominantly mineral dust.
2.5.4. All material proposed should meet the project specifications
2.5.5. Blend combinations should meet gradation requirements of project
specifications.
2.6. For density and void analysis Bulk SG of all aggregates, asphalt absorption and SG of
asphalt cement is determined.

2.7. Expected asphalt %value is based upon experience and computational formula
2.8. Planned on basis ½” increment asphalt, min two above and two below the expected
design asphalt value. Generally six
2.9. Batch weights are worked out.
2.9.1. 1.2 Kg per specimen
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2.9.2. Three for each asphalt value

2.9.3. 18 specimens
2.9.4. 23 Kg aggregates + 4 lit asphalt
2.10. Mixing and compaction temperatures are determined.
2.11. Aggregates and asphalt heated to required temperature and thoroughly mixed, all
particles coated.
2.12. Placed in heated mold
2.13. Compacted with blows each side as specified
2.14. Briquettes are prepared Briquette size 4” (101.6 mm) dia, 60 – 65 mm (2.5”) height.
2.15. Bulk specific gravity of each sample is determined.
2.16. Specimens heated to 60 degrees C in water bath. Damp dried, placed in Marshall
apparatus
2.17. Test load applied at constant rate 2 inches per minute. Stability value is a measurement
of load at failure. The stability values obtained or corrected when the height of the
specimen tested is other than 2-1/2 in using correction factors.
2.18. Flow is recorded at failure. (1/100 of an inch). Deformation is a decrease in vertical
diameter of specimen.
2.19. One of the each % asphalt sample is used to determine Max Theoretical SG of Mix.
2.20. Volumetric properties worked out.
2.21. Six plots are drawn , Asphalt in the mix vs
2.21.1. Stability
2.21.2. Flow
2.21.3. Density
2.21.4. Air voids
2.21.5. VMA
2.21.6. VFB
2.22. Initially designed for 4% VA and checked for other requirements
2.23. Each group will be informed of % bitumen to be used and bitumen specific gravity.
3. Observation & Calculation
 `

Table

Bitumen% Bulk Gsp Gmax Air void VMA VFA Marshall flow

4% 2.21 2.41 8.29% 99.966 .917 8.4KN 1.40mm

4.5% 2.28 2.39 4.6% 99.961 0.953 30.052KN 1.461mm

5% 2.303 2.37 2.82% 99.956 0.977 35.789KN 1.890mm

5.5% 2.292 2.35 2% 99.952 0.979 23.48KN 2.160mm

6% 2.94 2.33 1.54% 99.948 0.984 15.59KN 2.837mm

GRAPH OF ASPHALT CONTENT VS FLOW

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GRAPH OF ASPHALT CONTENT VS STABILITY

GRAPH OF ASPHALT CONTENT VS VMA

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GRAPH OF ASPHALT CONTENT VS VFA

BASED ON ABOVE GRAPH OUR OPTIMUIM BITUMEN CONTENT IS

=( 5.6+5.4+4.8)/3 = 5.26 %

LABORTARY WORK PICTURES

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