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Volume 1
Series of Faber Polynomials
P.K. Suetin
Volume 2
Inverse Spectral Problems for Differential Operators and Their Applications
V.A. Yurko
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Orthogonal Polynomials in Two Variables
P.K. Suetin
Volume 4
Fourier Transforms and Their Approximations
A.M. Sedletskii
Volume 5
Hypersingular Integrals and Their Applications
S.G. Samko
Volume 6
Methods of the Theory of Generalized Functions
V.S. Vladimirov
Volume 7
Distribution, Integral Transforms and Applications
W. Kierat and U. Sztaba
Volume 8
Bessel Functions and Their Applications
B.G. Korenev
Forthcoming:
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A.A. Kilbas and M. Saigo
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Bessel Functions and their Applications
B.G. Korenev
Preface vii
Introduction 1
P a r t 1. F o u n d a t i o n of t h e t h e o r y of B e s s e l f u n c t i o n s 5
V
Vl CONTENTS
P a r t 2. A p p l i c a t i o n s of B e s s e l f u n c t i o n s 131
Bibliography 271
Index 275
Preface
vii
Viii PREFACE
T h e book is intended for the reader who is, basically, interested in the appli-
cations of the theory, not the theory itself. This fact determined the choice of the
topics as well as the style of the presentation. T h e a u t h o r ' s intention was t o give the
reader the opportunities to find the most necessary information so t h a t afterwards
the reader can consciously use the reference literature and can, all by himself or
herself, apply the Bessel functions to the solution of applied problems.
Applying the m e t h o d s of the theory of Bessel functions, an engineer-researcher
must have a general notion of the foundation of the theory and clearly represent
the m u t u a l connections between its different areas. This is the reason why the
deduction of the formulae, given in this book in a large number, are i m p o r t a n t for
the reader who is interested in applications. For the same reason, when choosing the
schemes of the deduction, we prefer those which use some properties of the Bessel
functions in order to clarify other properties. T h e m u t u a l connections between
different parts of the theory can be seen more clearly by this approach.
Some short remarks or introductory sections of an heuristic n a t u r e are also
intended to clarify the connections of the theory with physical applications. This is
the viewpoint t h a t should be used when considering some conclusions related, for
example, with the addition formulae, the Bessel integral, improper integrals and
others, as well as the applications of the Bessel functions considered in the second
part of the book.
T h e book consists of two parts.
T h e first part of the book contains the presentation of the foundation of the
theory of Bessel functions, the second part contains the applications. For the sake
of convenience of reading, the first part is divided into two chapters.
In the first chapter, which contains comparatively simple material, we first
consider the m a i n properties of the solutions of the homogeneous Bessel equation,
which are based on the representation of the solutions in the form of series in
increasing powers of the argument. T h e n we give the Bessel integral, the Poisson
integral and, in Section 19, some their generalizations (which can be skipped in the
first reading because of their complexity). T h e N e u m a n n addition theorems a n d the
foundation of the theory of products of Bessel functions are considered. Questions
concerning differential equations which can be reduced to the Bessel equation and
the inhomogeneous Bessel equations are considered in detail. In this connection we
consider here, in particular, the functions contiguous to Bessel functions. Moreover,
we consider some integrals here whose deduction immediately follows from the
properties of Bessel functions which are investigated in this chapter.
The second chapter can be skipped in the first reading. In this case one should
return to this chapter only as the case m a y require. It contains the theory of
definite and improper integrals as well as the elements of the theory of dual integral
equations. Then the representation of the functions by the series of Fourier-Bessel,
Dini and Schlomilch is presented. Before this group of sections we consider the roots
of Bessel functions. Then we consider problems concerning the inhomogeneous
Bessel equations which are more complicated t h a n those considered in the first
chapter, which lead to Lommel functions in two variables. From the same viewpoint
we briefly discuss some facts concerning the partial cylindrical functions. In the
conclusion of the chapter, we consider very briefly the asymptotic expansions of
Bessel functions.
T h e second part of the book devoted to the applications also consists of two
chapters. In the first one we consider problems concerning plates and shells of
PREFACE ix
rotation. Among them some problems on the oscillations of a circular plate and
on the equilibrium of a plate on a Winkler-type foundation are considered, as
well as problems which can be reduced to the use of the method of compensating
loadings. The method of initial parameters is considered in detail in the context of
the problem of the axially symmetrical deformation of a circular conic shell.
In the second chapter we collected comparatively different problems concern-
ing questions of the theory of oscillations, hydrodynamics, heat theory and others.
Section 11 of this chapter stands apart. In this section we consider the boundary
problems whose solution can be reduced to singular equations. Although we for-
mally consider plates and membranes here, the solution has a more general nature
and is less connected with concrete applications. If the reader wishes, he can read
the second part of the book independently of the first one. In this case the reader
can treat the second part as a continuation of the introduction, and look in the first
part only to make inquires.
The author conceives it his pleasant duty to express his deep gratitude to Pro-
fessor S.G. Mikhlin, who has attentively read the manuscript, for his very valuable
notes and, not least measure, for the great attention he dave this work and advice
given when discussing it.
The author sincerely thanks his disciples, A.I. Tseitlin for the notes produced
after reading the manuscript, L.M. Reznikov and M.Ya. Volotski for help during the
preparation of the manuscript for publication and verifying the numerous formulae.
B. Korenev
Introduction
d2u du
z2 2 + z
2 2
+ (z – v )u = 0, (0.1)
dz dz
which is called the Bessel equation, and its solutions are called cylindrical or Bessel
functions.
First, we shall show in some examples what kind of problems results in the
Bessel equation, and then we shall consider different properties of Bessel functions
and their applications.
Consider small free oscillations of a thin homogeneous circular m e m b r a n e . T h e
differential equation of the membrane oscillations has the form
w = u(r)T(t)Φ(φ); (0.3)
then from 0.2 we immediately obtain
where α and A are the circular frequency and initial phase of the oscillations,
respectively; n is the number of nodal diameters: B is a constant which can easily
be expressed via the angle between the first nodal diameter and the polar axis; u(r)
is a function of the variable r to be determined.
After substituting (0.3) into (0.2), we obtain the following equation with respect
to u:
d2u 1 du α2 n2
+ + – u = 0. (0.4)
dr 2
r dr c 2
r2
d2u 1 du n2
+ + 1– u = 0. (0.5)
dξ2 ξ dr ξ2
l
2 INTRODUCTION
In the introduction we denote the function u = un(ξ) and call ξ the argument and
n the index. In the problem under consideration ξ is a real number and the index
n is a natural number; non-integer indices will be denoted by v.
Further, we consider the problem of the oscillations of a membrane which has
the form of a circular sector with a central angle γ under the assumption that the
membrane is inflexibly fixed along the whole contour.
We shall seek the solution of equation (0.2) in the form
π(k+1)
w = uv(r) sin(αt + A) sin φ, k= 0,1,2,...,
γ
where k is the number of nodal radii lying inside the sector. If ν = π(k+1)/γ is a
non-integer, then the problem reduces to solving the Bessel equation
d2uv 1 duv ν2
+ + 1– uv = 0 (0.6)
dξ2 ξ dξ ξ2
with a non-integer index v.
As a next example of an application of the Bessel equation we consider the prob
lem of integration of the Laplace equation in cylindrical coordinates. Such problems
occur very often in mathematical physics. For instance, considering the problem
of heat conduction theory in the case when the temperature field is stationary and
there are no heat sources, the temperature T(r, φ, z) satisfies the equation
∂2T ∂2T 1 ∂T 1 ∂2T
+ + + 2 = 0. (0.7)
∂z2 ∂r2 r ∂r r2 ∂φ
If we seek a partial solution of equation (0.7) in the form
Tn = e–az sin(nφ + B)un(r) , (0.8)
then, substituting (0.8) into (0.7), we obtain for the function un(r) the equation
d2un 1 dun 2 n2
+ + α – un = 0.
dr2 r dr r2
Let us consider the problem of the determination of the displacement w(r, φ)
of a membrane which lies on an elastic Winkler-type foundation (this means that
along with the loading, the membrane is subjected to some reactive forces which
are proportional with a coefficient k0 to its deflections).
The differential equation of the elastic surface of the unloaded part of the
membrane has the form
∇2w – λ2w = 0, λ1 = k0/N, (0.9)
2 2
∂ 1 ∂ 1 ∂
∇2 = + + 2 2 ,
∂r2 r ∂r r ∂φ
where N is the tension of the membrane; k0 is called the bedding constant of the
foundation material. If we write equation (0.9) in the polar coordinate system
and assume that the membrane occupies a circular domain, then, seeking a partial
solution in the form wn = un(ξ) sin(nφ + B), we obtain for the function un the
equation
d2un 1 dun n2
+ + – –1 un = 0, (0.10)
dξ2 ξ dξ ξ2
where ξ = λr.
INTRODUCTION 3
1
This problem in detail will be considered in p. 155.
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