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Cheating Sheet

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41 views13 pages

Cheating Sheet

Uploaded by

johnkim7972
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 1.

- SSH
- Make .out file step by step

Login to ssh in Shell:


Type “ssh [email protected]”
How to Change password: command “passwd”

Copying Files Between Machines with “scp” command


How to Download file from lab machine to your laptop:
Command: “scp [email protected]: $(file path) .”

How to Upload file to the lab machine


“scp $(file path) [email protected] : $(optional path)”

Copying many files:


“scp *.c [email protected] : $(dir path)”

Useful commands
Building a C Program
Command to build in one line: gcc209 hello.c -o hello
Command to build step by step:

Commands:
Preprocessor: “gcc209 -E hello.c > hello.i”
Compiler: “gcc209 -S hello.i”
Assembler: “gcc209 -c hello.s”
Linker: “gcc209 hello.o -lc -o hello”
Lecture 2. Shells and Commands
Super user (root) VS Normal user
Command “whoami” : get the username
Command “hostname” : get the host name

sudo, su, man


$sudo [command] : superuser-do, runs a command as root
$su [user-to-be-switched-to] : Switches the current user to “user-to-be-switched-to”.
Ex) $su yjwon: switches to user “yjwon”.
$su: Switches to “root”
$man [command]: Shows the manual of command

Directory Layout
Common directories:
- /: root directory. (different from root user) The starting point for all files.
- /bin: binaries and other executable programs
- /etc: system configuration files
- /home: home directories
- /opt: optional or third party software
- /tmp: temporary space, typically cleared on reboot
- /var: variable data, most notably log files
Commands Related to Directories/Files
$ls List directory contents
$ls -l List files with detailed attributes per
each file
$ls -al -a means “all files”
$cd [dir] Switch to dir, if dir missing then home
(~)
$pwd Current working directory
$cat [files] Display the file content
$mkdir / rmdir [dir] Create/remove [dir] (dir must be empty
before rmdir
$rm [files] Remove files
$rm -r dir -r option: Recursively removes all files
under dir if it is a directory
$mv [A] [B] Move file A to file B (Or rename)

Ex)
$mv a.txt ~/tmp/ Relocate a.txt to ~/tmp/
$mv a.txt b.txt Rename a.txt to b.txt
$mv a.txt ~/tmp/b.txt Relocate and rename
$mv ./tmp tmp2 Rename a directory from ./tmp to tmp2
$cp [A] [B] Copy file A to file B
Same as mv except it doesn’t remove
the original one.
$echo [argument] Displays arguments to the screen
$exit/logout/ctrl-d Exits shell or current session
Environment Variables
- A number of variables that are used to run the program
1. $PATH: a colon-seperated list ofdirectories that the shell searches for
commands.
Ex) When we type “$ls”, shell searches ‘ls’ in /bin first, and runs it if /bin/ls is
found. If not, search the next directory (separated by colon “:”).

2. $HOME: The location of user’s home directory


3. $PWD: The current directory
4. $DISPLAY: The identifier for the display that X11 should use by default
5. $LD_LIBRARY_PATH: a colon-separated list of directories that the dynamic
linker should search for shared objects when building a process image after
exec, before searching in any other directories

“which” and -h option


$which [command]: displays the location of command
Ex) $which ls
/bin/ls
-h option: hints, many commands provide hints for how to use them.

Working with Directories


. This directory
.. Parent directory
- Previous Directory
/ Directory separator. Optional for
the last dir.
$cd /var/tmp is same as
$cd /var/tmp/
$cd .. Go to parent dir
$cd -
Go to previous dir (Environment
variable ‘OLDPWD’ has the
previous directory.)

Executing a Program in Current Dir


$program -> if program is not in the $PATH, the shell says “program: command not
found”
$./program -> Right answer
$ /mnt/home/kyoungsoo/program -> Full path is also possible

Creating/Removing Directories
$mkdir/rmdir
Option: -p removes, creates all intermediate directories in dir.

Ex)
$mkdir newdir/product/reviews -> error
$mkdir -p newdir/product/reviews -> OK!
$rmdir newdir -> Not empty, error!
$rmidr -p newdir -> OK!

Listing Files with ls


$ls Options
-a All files including hidden files
-t Sort by last modified time
-d Displays only directory names and not
contents
-R List files recursively
-r Reverse alphabetical order of the file
names
Dealing with Spaces in File Names
$ rm a file -> can’t remove file name “a file”
$ rm ‘a file’ -> GOOD!
$ rm a* -> a*: name starting with ‘a’, followed by zero or more char.

File Permissions
Represented by ten characters
- First character + (3 char for User) + (3 char for Groups) + (3 char for Others)
Changing File Permissions

Default File Creation Mode


Base permission for newly created file:
- 777 for a directory (all can read/write/enter)
- 666 for a file (all can read and write)
How to change the behavior above?
- $umask [-S] [mode]
o Sets file creation mode
o Applied permission = base permission – [mode]
o Mode: 3 octal numbers
o EX) $umask 022
§ Dir: 777 – 022 = 755
§ File: 666 – 022 = 644
o -S displays or sets symbolic notation
Finding Files
$find [path…] [Expression]
- Recursively finds files in the path and match the expression
- If no arguments? List all files in current directory and sub directories

Comparing Files
- $diff [file1] [file2]

Searching in Files
- $grep pattern file: Show the lines in file that match the pattern
- $grep -v pattern file: Shows the lines in file that DO NOT match the pattern
- Other options:
o $ -i: case insensitive
o $ -c: count the number of occurences
o $ -n: precede the output with line numbers in the file
I/O Redirection
- >, < symblols
- >> : appends at the end of the file

Pipe
- |

Other commands

Lecture 3. Pass
Lecture 4. Compiler
Building a C program
1. Short cut: “gcc209 hello.c -o hello”
2. Step by step
a. Cpp: gcc209 -E hello.c > hello.i
b. Compiler: gcc209 -S hello.i
c. Assembler: gcc209 -c hello.s
d. Linker: gcc209 hello.o -lc -o hello

Basics
$gcc -help
Lecture 5. Debugging

1. Build with -g option


a. $gcc -g insertsort.c -o insertsort
2. Run gdb with .out file:
a. $gdb insertsort
3. Set breakpoints if needed.
4. Run:
a. (gdb) run [options: input for .out file]
5. “n”: next, “c”: continue, “step”: step into the function
6. Printing
a. (gdb) print i
7. To examine the function call stack, (gdb) where
8. Quit: (gdb) quit

Running with redirection


(gdb) run < somefile1 > somefile2

(gdb) list/where/up/down
(gdb) list: show the source code
(gdb) list func: show the source code of func( )

Lecture 6. Debugging Techniques

Pass
Lecture 7. Makefile

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