Scribd
Upload
6 views

Vectors Spaces

Uploaded by

Oum Houssem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
6 views

Vectors Spaces

Uploaded by

Oum Houssem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

Vectors spaces Univeristé Abdelhamid Mehri

In the following, 𝕂 is a commutative field (𝕂 = ℝ 𝑜𝑟 ℂ)


Let 𝐸 a non-empty set with :
- The internal composition law ⨁ ‘’vector addition’’ :
∀(𝑢, 𝑣 ) ∈ 𝐸 2 : 𝑢 ⨁ 𝑣 ∈ 𝐸
- The external composition law ⨂ ‘’multiplication by a scalar’’ :
∀𝑢 ∈ 𝐸, ∀𝜆 ∈ 𝕂, 𝜆 ⨂ 𝑢 ∈ 𝐸
1.1. Vectors spaces
Definition
We say that (𝐸, ⨁,⨂) is a vector space on 𝕂 if :
1. (𝐸, ⨁) in an abelian group :
▪ ⨁ is associative.
▪ ⨁ is commutative.
▪ ∃0𝐸 ∈ 𝐸, ∀𝑢 ∈ 𝐸, 𝑢 ⨁ 0𝐸 = 𝑢
▪ ∀𝑢 ∈ 𝐸, ∃𝑢−1 ∈ 𝐸/ 𝑢 ⨁ 𝑢−1 = 0𝐸 .

2. The external law ⨂ must check :


▪ ∀𝜆, 𝜇 ∈ 𝕂, ∀𝑢 ∈ 𝐸 ∶ (𝜆𝜇)⨂𝑢 = 𝜆⨂(𝜇⨂𝑢)
▪ ∀𝑢 ∈ 𝐸, 1𝕂 ⨂𝑢 = 𝑢 / 1𝕂 is the neutral element of the multiplication of 𝕂.
▪ ∀𝜆, 𝜇 ∈ 𝕂, ∀𝑢 ∈ 𝐸 ∶ (𝜆 + 𝜇)⨂𝑢 = (𝜆⨂𝑢)⨁(𝜇⨂𝑢)
▪ ∀𝜆 ∈ 𝕂, ∀(𝑢, 𝑣) ∈ 𝐸 2 ∶ 𝜆 ⊗ (𝑢 ⨁ 𝑣 ) = (𝜆 ⨂ 𝑢)⨁(𝜆 ⨂ 𝑢)
Example
Let 𝕂 = ℝ and 𝐸 = ℝ𝑛
1- The internal law ‘’+’’ : ∀𝑢 = (𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , … , 𝑢𝑛 ) ∈ ℝ𝑛 , ∀𝑣 = (𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , … , 𝑣𝑛 ) ∈ ℝ𝑛
𝑢 + 𝑣 = (𝑢1 + 𝑣1 , 𝑢2 + 𝑣2 , … , 𝑢𝑛 + 𝑣𝑛 )
2- The external law ‘’.’’ : ∀𝑢 = (𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , … , 𝑢𝑛 ) ∈ ℝ𝑛 , ∀𝜆 ∈ ℝ, 𝜆 ∙ 𝑢 = (𝜆𝑢1 , 𝜆𝑢2 , … , 𝜆𝑢𝑛 ).

(ℝ𝑛 , +, ∙ ) is a vector space on ℝ.

Remark
- 𝕂 is a vector space on 𝕂.
- Elements of the field are called scalars.
1
Vectors spaces Univeristé Abdelhamid Mehri
- Elements of the vector space are called vectors.
- If 𝜆 ⊗ 𝑢 = 0𝐸 ⟹ (𝜆 = 0 ∨ 𝑢 = 0𝐸 ).

1.2 Sub-space
1.2.1 Definition
Let (𝐸, ⨁,⨂) a vector space on 𝕂 and 𝐹 a non-empty subset of 𝐸.
𝐹 is a subspace of 𝐸 if :
1) ∀(𝑢, 𝑣 ) ∈ 𝐹 2 : 𝑢 ⨁ 𝑣 ∈ 𝐹
2) ∀𝑢 ∈ 𝐹, ∀𝜆 ∈ 𝕂 ∶ 𝜆 ⨂ 𝑢 ∈ 𝐹
Which is equivalent to :
∀(𝑢, 𝑣 ) ∈ 𝐹 2 , ∀𝜆, 𝜇 ∈ 𝕂 ∶ (𝜆⨂𝑢)⨁(𝜇⨂𝑣) ∈ 𝐹

Remark
Let 𝐸 a vector space on 𝕂 then :
1- 𝐸 and {0𝐸 } are subspace of 𝐸.
2- If 𝐹 is a subspace of 𝐸, then 0𝐸 ∈ 𝐹.
Example
Let the sets 𝐸 and 𝐹 defined on ℝ3 by :
𝐸 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ ℝ3 : 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 2} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ ℝ3 : 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0}
𝐹 is a subspace of ℝ3 .
But 𝐸 is not a subspace of ℝ3 because 0ℝ3 ∉ 𝐸.
Proposition
- The intersection of two subspaces of a vector space is a subspace.
Example
On vector space ℝ2 , we define :
𝐹 = {(𝑥, 0), 𝑥 ∈ ℝ} and 𝐸 = {(0, 𝑦), 𝑦 ∈ ℝ}
two subspaces of ℝ2 .
We have 𝐹 ∩ 𝐸 = {(0,0)} is a subspace of ℝ2 .
Remark
- In general, the union of two subspaces of a vector space is not a subspace.

2
Vectors spaces Univeristé Abdelhamid Mehri

1.3. Bases, generating set, vectors coordinates


Definition (Linear combination)
Let 𝐸 a vector space on 𝕂, and {𝑢𝑖 }𝑖∈𝐼 a family of elements of 𝐸.
Linear combination is the summation of the product of coefficients and vectors :

∑ 𝜆𝑖 𝑢𝑖 𝑡𝑞 ∶ 𝜆𝑖 ∈ 𝕂
𝑖∈𝐼

- Span is the set of all linear combinations of the vectors.


Example
The vector 𝑢 is it a linear combination of vectors 𝑣𝑖 ?
1- 𝐸 = ℝ2 , 𝑢 = (1,2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣1 = (1, −2), 𝑣2 = (2,3).
2- 𝐸 = ℝ3 , 𝑢 = (2,5,3) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣1 = (1,3,2), 𝑣2 = (1, −1,4).
Definition (generating system)
{𝑢𝑖 }𝑖∈𝐼 is a generating system of a vector space 𝐸, if :

∀𝑣 ∈ 𝐸, ∃𝜆𝑖 ∈ 𝕂 𝑡𝑞 𝑣 = ∑ 𝜆𝑖 𝑢𝑖
𝑖∈𝐼

We also say that the vector space 𝐸 is generated by the system of vectors {𝑢𝑖 }𝑖∈𝐼 , and we
write 𝐸 = 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡({𝑢𝑖 }𝑖∈𝐼 ).
Example
Find a generating system of the following vector subspaces :

𝐹 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ ℝ3 ; 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0}
𝐺 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ ℝ3 ; 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 ∧ 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0}

- In the following, we work on finite-dimensional vector spaces, that is to say vector spaces
which have a finite part of generators.

Definition (linearly independent)


A set of vectors {𝑢𝑖 }𝑖∈𝐼 is said to be linearly independent if :

∑ 𝜆𝑖 𝑢𝑖 = 0𝐸 ⟹ 𝜆𝑖 = 0, ∀𝑖 ∈ 𝐼
𝑖∈𝐼

3
Vectors spaces Univeristé Abdelhamid Mehri
Definition (linearly dependent)
A set of vectors {𝑢𝑖 }𝑖∈𝐼 is said to be linearly dependent, if :

∃(𝜆1 , 𝜆2 , … , 𝜆𝑝 ) ≠ (0,0, … ,0) 𝑡𝑞 ∑ 𝜆𝑖 𝑢𝑖 = 0𝐸


𝑖∈𝐼

Example
{𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 } are they linearly independent in ℝ3 ?
1/ {𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 } avec : 𝑢 = (1,2, −1); 𝑣 = (1,0,1) 𝑒𝑡 𝑤 = (0,0,1).
2/ {𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 } avec : 𝑢 = (1,2, −1); 𝑣 = (1,0,1) 𝑒𝑡 𝑤 = (−1,2, −3).

1.3.4. Bases
Definition
the basis of a vector space, it is a generator system where the vectors are linearly
independent.

Remark
- {𝑒1 , 𝑒2 , … , 𝑒𝑛 } with 𝑒1 = (1,0, … ,0), 𝑒2 = (0,1,0, … ,0), … , 𝑒𝑛 = (0,0, … ,1) is the canonical basis
of ℝ𝑛 .
- For example : {𝑒1 = (1,0), 𝑒2 = (0,1)} is the canonical basis of ℝ2 .
{𝑒1 = (1,0,0), 𝑒2 = (0,1,0), 𝑒3 = (0,0,1)} is the canonical basis of ℝ3 .

Example
Let 𝐹 ans 𝐺 two subspaces of ℝ4 defined by :
𝐹 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) ∈ ℝ4 ; 𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑡 = 0 ∧ 2𝑥 + 𝑡 = 0}
𝐺 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) ∈ ℝ4 ; 𝑥 + 4𝑧 + 2𝑡 = 0 ∧ 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0}
- Find a basis of 𝐹 and 𝐺.

You might also like