Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Developments

ISSN: 1024-1752
CODEN: JERDFO
Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 75-89
Published Year 2021

Investigation Of Heat Transfer Enhancement For Different Shapes

Pin-Fin Heat Sink
Hadeel Abdulhadi Jasim †, Muna S. Kassim†, Ammar A. Hussain†, Laith Jaafer Habeeb‡*
†
Mechanical Engineering Department, Mustansiriyah University, Al-Bab AL-Muatham, Baghdad, Iraq
‡
Training and Workshop Centre, University of Technology – Iraq, Baghdad, Iraq

*Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The advantages of utilizing cylindrical pin fins with multiple circular stenosis’s on the surface of the fin have
been investigated using experimentally and Computationally Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods. The empirical
heat sink was designed and manufactured with multiple circular stenosis on the fin surface and studies the
influence of the stenosis’s on pin fin designing on enhance heat transition and decrease pressure drop across heat
sinks. Air assumed to use as a working fluid subjected to heat flux 25000 w/m 2. The study was carried out for
Reynolds number ranging 1797.2 to 5391.7. The empirical data be found to be well consistent with the
predictions from the (CFD) model for coupled heat transition to the cooling air stream. The results explained that
pin fins heat sinks with multiple circular stenosis on the fin surface have inferior pressure drop and high heat
transition, contrast to normal fins heat sinks. The heat transfer improvement of the newly designed heat
dispersants is about 100% to 223.9% higher compared to normal fins. These benefits arise not only due to
augmented surface area but also due to enhanced heat transition close to stenosis’s due to airflow between the
stenosing fins that form secondary flow paths.

KEYWORDS

Heat sink, Numerical simulation, Thermal performance, cubic pin fin, cylindrical pin fin

INTRODUCTION

Fin heat sinks are classification into two principal kinds, plate fin heat sink as well as pin fin heat sink. A group
of materials of higher thermal conductivity, such as copper besides aluminium, using for manufacture heat sinks
depended on their price and ease of making. For breaking the growing of the boundary layer and improve air
disturbances to upsurge heat removal amount, pin heat sinks are suggested. Pin fin designing consist of a grid
of hard nails connected straight on surface of the heat sink. Energy dissipation leads to heat generation as a
secondary product may lead to scheme failure in these apparatuses due to the extremely high temperature in
numerous manufacturing applications. Applications of principal manufacturing of thermal sinks are the
refrigeration of minor electric mechanisms, unit of central processing for personal computers; computer energy
supply, sub converters and refrigeration of fuel Items in nuclear-powered reactors [1–5]. Because hard to
predication the performance of heat transmission of pin fin canals. For of the difficult nature of the distribution
of flow, many investigators participated in the studying of heat transmission using pin fins through a numerical
and empirical study. experimental and numerical systems have been adapted to study the heat transfer
characteristics for several configurations to enhance the heat transfer. Also, study all variables which have effect
on heat transfer phenomena.
The results showed that the increasing of air velocity would improve the outside heat transfer coefficient. It was
found that the Darcy number, Rayleigh number, aspect ratio, and porosity considerably influenced characteristics
of flow and heat transfer mechanisms [6-11]. The heat transfer enhancement by using fins have been investigated
experimentally and numerically with different configurations for the fins. Results of the flow structure, velocity
vector, and temperature field are reported. The results indicate that the heat transfer rate becomes more remarkable
when employing fins. It is also found that heat transfer enhancement increases with an increase in the particle
volume concentration and Reynolds number [12-16]. Guan et al. [17] Analyse the effect of the heating load on
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 Investigation Of Heat Transfer Enhancement For Different Shapes Pin-Fin Heat Sink

the resistance and heat transmission properties of the small pin fins of various shapes such as ring, rhombus and
triangular at number of Reynolds (10 to 10000). They found that the decrease pressure in the all-pin fins It
becomes big with the upsurge in the load of heating, and that the change in decrease pressure in the
trigonometric fins is bigger than that in the other fins. Ndao et al. [18] experimental study toward examine the
influence of pin fin form and arrangement on the single-phase heat transmission properties of jet impingement for
Small pinned fins such as cylindrical shaped, rectangular in addition elliptic shaped pin fins. It was found that the
Rounded fins and square fins exhibited the higher heat transmission coefficients for specific circumstances.
Yang et al. [19] Empirical and numerical of the heat transmission performance of the small channel heat sink with
fins of dissimilar pins pinned fins selected such as Triangular, circular, hexagonal and pentagonal. The indication
of the r results that the triangular fins signified highest decrease in pressure, whereas the circle fin s signified the
lowest level decrease in pressure. Ismail et al. [20] experimentally and numerically implemented the influence of
spherical and rectangular holes over panel fins on the performance of heat and turbulent air flow. The resulting
showed that the heat transmission rate for perforated fins is approximately alike for together spherical and
rectangular holes, whereas, the lower pressure is less for the fin with spherical holes. Adding, the more holes
number as of two towards three the efficiency of the fin is roughly the similar nonetheless the pressure drops
reductions. Sallami et al [21] Conducted a numerically study to investigation the influence of forms of the holes
on the hydraulic thermal performance of the pin fins. The resulting indicated that the increase of the cross section
of the punching area improving the thermally and hydraulic performances of the tested fins.
Wong et al. [22] empirical study the influence of fillet profile for heat sink performance. They reporting that
addition profile of fillet at lowest of plate fin heat sinks increasing total thermally performances of heat sinks by
about 14%. Li and Chao [23] Investigate the heat sink performance with changing fin height and width the fin by
variable the number of Reynolds. Empirical results showing that for a constant fin width the greatest thermal
performance of the sink is providing by the highest fins while for constant fin height, the greatest performance of
the heat sink is providing by the growing fin width with increasing in the number of Reynolds. Chin et al. [24]
Conducted research on promoting convection by forced pregnancy through punctured fins. The punctured pin fin
has the number of Nusselt of 55% greater than normal pin fins and 20% pressure drop Lesser than normal pin fins.
They expected that as the number of holes increased, the number of Nusselt increased, and the pressure drop
decreased.
This research provides the first inclusive empirically and computationally exploration into the advantages of using
a new design of pin fin heat sinks with multiple circular stenosis on fin surface on the heat transition and pressure
drop-in pin fin heat sinks. Empirical data are given, on the benefits of using multiple circular stenosis on fin surface
and the data utilized to authenticate a matching Computational Fluid Dynamics of the conjugate heat transition
trouble. Conclusions of this investigation are useful to engineers working on electronic cooling systems. in section
two, Empirical methods are described, followed by development of a conjugate heat transfer model section
three, while in section 4 Results are presented. conclusions are Drawn in section five.

THE EMPIRICAL TEST SETUP

A photographic view of components of the experimental apparatus is showing in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Photo of empirical testing rig

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 Investigation Of Heat Transfer Enhancement For Different Shapes Pin-Fin Heat Sink

The device consists of a centrifugal blower, a control valve, an aperture plate and measuring devices. The
instruments are measuring temperatures, pressure drop, rate of air mass flow, and electrical power input. A
centrifugal blower equipped with a tube connected to the rectangular channel which the heat sink positioned in,
used to provide air flow within the rectangular channel over the heat sink. At a distance of 50 mm from the
centrifugal blower a control valve it is placed which controls the rate of air flow to get the appropriate value for
number of Reynolds.

A rectangular channel

Air is passed into the test section which is a rectangular channel, in which the heat sink test section can be
placed in the middle, as shown in figure 2. The channel is 100 mm wide, 60 mm high and 800 mm long, made
of 8 mm thick clear Perspex

Figure 2. The empirical arrangement drawing

Designing and manufacturing of pin fin heat sink

Three kinds of pin fin heat sink are designed by Solid Works, where the three kinds of heat sink sharing the
same square base (50×50) mm, thickness (5) mm and number of pin fins (25), towards facilitating comparison
of performance between the three different models of fin pin heat sink. The pin fin heat sinks were fabricating
from aluminum with high thermal conductivity that are selected as heat sink material, by a Computer Numerical
Control (CNC) milling machine. The pin fins arranged in an embedded pattern at an equal distance from each
other with five in each row or column. The first kind of heat sink consisting of 25 cylindrical pin fins of radius
(r) 2mm, height (h) 47mm and a number of stenosis (n) 15 on the surface of the fin. The optimal radius of
stenosis is 0.75mm considered at a distance 1.5mm from high surface of the heat sink base. Fig .3a. showing
designing of the pin fin heat sink with multiple circular stenosis's on fin surface.

The second kind consisting of 25 cubic pin fin of size (4×4) mm is considered as a normal pin heat sink, height
of the pin (h) is 35 mm, and the third kind consisting of 25 cylindrical pin fins of radius (rs) 2 mm and 35mm
height also considered as a normal pin heat sink as showing in fig.3. (b, c). Moreover, the heights of the fin vary
as visible in Fig (3a) and Fig 3 (b, c) and are 35 mm and 47 mm. The variance in height is owing to
compensation the volume of solids was removed from the cylindrical surface of the pin fins to generate stenosis
and additives to the top. For all studied configurations heat sink is fitted in the rectangular flow canal as
showing in Fig 4. The dimensions for the studied configurations are presented in table 1.

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 Investigation Of Heat Transfer Enhancement For Different Shapes Pin-Fin Heat Sink

Figure 3a. Pin fin heat sink with multiple circular stenosis's on fin surface arranged in an embedded pattern
(kind a)

Figure 3b. Normal cubic pin fin heat sink in an embedded pattern (kind b)

Figure 3c. Normal cylindrical pin fins heat sink in an embedded pattern (kind c)

Figure 4. The Location of heat sink in the rectangular flow canal

Table 1. Dimensions of the configurations

Kind (a) Kind(b) Kind(c)

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 Investigation Of Heat Transfer Enhancement For Different Shapes Pin-Fin Heat Sink

pin fin heat Cylindrical pin fins heat Normal cubic pin Normal
sink shape sink with multiple fins heat sink cylindrical
circular stenosis’s on the pin fins
fin surface heat sink
Height of pin 47 35 35
fin mm
pin fin 25 25 25
number
spacing of pin 10 10 10
fin (mm)

Measuring devices

Rate of air mass flow

An aperture plate to find the rate of air mass flow by measuring the difference in pressure across the aperture
plate It is placed 500 mm away from the centrifugal blower. an aperture plate designed in accordance with
B.S.1042, diameter (1.23) cm, as shown in Fig. 5. Aperture plate was calibrated with a pitot tube with an
accuracy of 2% of the full-scale air volume measurement.

Pressure

two pressure taps prior and next the heat sink test section and an aperture plate.
U-shaped pressure gauge using to indicating the difference in pressure between aperture plates by which the air
flow rate to the test device is measured .by using readings of Pressure which is taking from a two digital
pressure gauge to measure the pressure drop across the heat sink test section with an accuracy of (±0.02) as
shown in Fig. 6.

Temperature

K-type copper thermocouples with an accuracy of 0.2% of the full range as shown in Fig.7, are placed attached
to the base of the heat sink to allow the measurement of heat sink base temperatures. Toward to determine the
mean of upper surface temperature in order to calculate the rate of heat transition and the number of Nusselt,
additional thermocouples are attached to the upper surface of the heat sink. Be linked every one of
thermocouples by means of the holes drilling that carries thermocouples end, and a thermally conductive epoxy
for returning the shape of heat sink.

Power Supply

The stainless-steel foil used to heat the heat sink in the experiments, placed between two copper plates, with
dimensions similar to the size of the heat sink base. Electric power output is controlling via the Variac converter
to getting fixed heat flow along the heat sink.

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 Investigation Of Heat Transfer Enhancement For Different Shapes Pin-Fin Heat Sink

Figure 5. A schematic diagram for orifice meter design

Figure 6. Calibration of Aperture plate

Figure 7. Calibration of thermocouples

Experimental measurements and data analysis

The blower and the heater are turned on, airflow can be controlled with the help of a control valve to get the
appropriate value for Reynolds no. When temperature of the base plate reaching stability, afterward a period of
time, the temperature is measured at the bottom and upper side of each pin, and the base plate temperature and
Inlet temperature of air and outlet temperature of air at entrance and out duct. Besides then with pressure taps
positioned in forward and behindhand from the heat sink, drop of pressure across heat sink is measuring and the
drop of pressure across the aperture plate is measured with the help of u-shaped pressure gauge.

Heat sink performance can be calculated by the number of Nusselt and can be calculated from [25].

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 Investigation Of Heat Transfer Enhancement For Different Shapes Pin-Fin Heat Sink

hDhc
Nu  (1)
ka

(Dhc) is the inlet air hydraulic diameter, (h) mean heat transmission coefficient ,(Ka) It is the thermal
conductivity of air which can be scheduled based on average temperature, (Tf), which is given by Eq.s (2) as
follows [25].

Tf = (Tin + Tout) /2 (2)

(Tout and Tin) is the air outlet and air inlet temperatures of the channel. The heat transmission coefficient (h) in
equation (1) is described as

h = Q / At (Ts – Tf ) (3)

The rate of heat transmission to the air by convection is (Q) ,(Ts) is surface of pin fin temperature and (AT) the
whole area subjected to air and (Tf) , average air temperature. The total heat transmission rate (Q) can be
described by Eqs. (4), [25]:

Q = ṁaCPa (Tout − Tin)

(4)

Where (ṁa) is overall flow rate of air mass, (CPa) it is the specific heat, ( T out) , (Tin) are entrance and exit air
temperature In terms of the difference of the head across aperture plate, air volume flow rate (Qa) is given by
2 gho
Researcher [26]: Qa  Cd Ao (5)
1  4

(Cd ) is the coefficient of discharge of aperture

.
m a  Qa (6)

The expression of Reynolds number as follows:

Re = (ῥa* Va* Dhc) /μ (7)

Where (ρa) is the density of the fluid, (μ) is the kinematic viscosity of air and (Dhc) is the inlet hydraulic
diameter of canal can be described by Eq.s. (8),
(Dhc)= 2WcHc/(Wc + Hc) (8)

pressure drop, (ΔP) among the inlet and outlet is used to understand the results, it can be calculated from
equation. (9)

ΔP = Pin – Pout (9)

Experimental uncertainty

In this study, Uncertainties be estimated according to the standard procedures reported in the literature [27, 28].
The uncertainty analysis of the non-dimensional parameters of the Nusselt number, pressure drop, and Reynolds
number is found in the value of ±5.17%, ±5.60%, and ±3.94%, respectively.

NUMERICAL COMPUTATION

Now to compare the flow factors and heat sink temperature properties with its cylindrical pin-fins heat sink with
multiple circular stenosis's on the fin surface is discussed by CFD problem. A solid air coupling model using for
predict the heat transmission heat performance.

Geometry

In ANSYS FLUENT R19.1, a 3D model of heat sink is created in preprocessor stage. In this paper, half of the
model is created for engineering because another part is the same as the first half the model is symmetric as
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 Investigation Of Heat Transfer Enhancement For Different Shapes Pin-Fin Heat Sink

showing in the figures 8(a), (b) and (c). In three geometries aluminum alloy determined as the heat sink
material. At three geometries the heat sinks base dimension measures 50 mm×50 mm with thickness of 5 mm.

Figure 8. The geometrical model for dissimilar kinds of heat sink

Mesh generation

For different number of grids, the mesh test was made. As is obvious, the got results accuracy it is not upsurge
by a growing in the number of grid elements used as shown in Fig. 9(a), (b) and (c). So, mesh with minimum
and maximum grid elements applies in all cases studied in table (2).

Figure 9. The mesh of domain for dissimilar kinds of heat sink

Table 2. Mesh Validation

The size of the The skewness of the mesh

mesh
Kind (a) 5014740 0.84

Kind(b) 234567 234567

Kind (c) 508266 0.003

Boundary conditions

Border conditions are similar to current work as the heat load is 25000 W/m2 by suspicion of 1%. Temperature
of inlet air is maintained at about 27 °C, and the flow rate of mass is between (0.00199-0.00597) kg/s leading to
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 Investigation Of Heat Transfer Enhancement For Different Shapes Pin-Fin Heat Sink

numbers of Reynolds numbers in the ranging 1797.2 to 5391.7. The flow of air is supposed to be steady,
unpressed and turbulent.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Validatation of the current work

Fig. 10 illustrates changes in pressure drop with mass flow rate differing between the regular flippers. In this
figure the comparison between the current computational study and numerical and empirical work made by Chin
et al. et al [24] for normal pin heat sink to assess the accuracy of the present results. It was observed the current
results agree well with Chin et al. et al [24] with maximum discrepancy amid numerical and empirical results of
less than 8% and 10%, respectively.

Present work (Numerical)

Numerical Data from [13]
Emperical Data from [13]

1.2
pressure drop(pa)

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006

mass flow rates(kg/s)

Figure 10. Comparison between the current computational study and numerical and empirical work made by
Chin et al. et al [24]

Influence of the stenosis's on pressure drop in pin fins heat sink

A comparison between empirical and numerical results for current study to the influence of stenosis's on the
pressure drop, across pin fin heat sinks in Figures 11(a,b). Data are provided for all kind of heat sinks. Figs
11(a) and (b) indicate that the pressure drop increasing across the ranging of rate of mass flow for all kinds of
heat sink, also that the pin fin with multiple circular stenosis's has a lower pressure drop compared to a normal
heat sink throughout the mass flow rate. This major drop in pressure drop of the pin-fin with multiple circular
stenosis's is perhaps due to the airflow between the circular stenosis fins forming the secondary channels.In
empirical data, the pressure drop with kind a is usually about 95,6% less than kind b and 102.4%smaller than
kind c. while for numerical results this reduction is about 111.6% comparing with kind b and 130.5% in
comparing with kind c. The empirical pressure drop is greater than the numerical forecasts ,this may owing to
the problems of manufacturing heat sinks with multiple circular stenosis's on fin surface. The latter may
include discrepancies due to slight imbalances in the roughness of the stenosis, and this can significantly
increase the pressure drop.

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 Investigation Of Heat Transfer Enhancement For Different Shapes Pin-Fin Heat Sink

Figure 11a. Variance of pressure drop with rate of mass flow for kinds (a) and (b) for heat sink

Figure 11b. Variance of pressure drop with rate of mass flow for kinds (a) and (c) for heat sink

Influencees on the heat

The general designing goalmouth for heat sink is to attain a higher rate for heat transmission on a minimal
cost.Figures 12 and 13 illustrates empirical results and numerical forecasts of the number of nusselt for all types
of heat sink. figures declare that the number of Nusselt increasesing with the number of Reynolds increase for
the three configurations of pin fin heat sink, as the thickness of the thermal boundary layer decreaseing with
increasing velocity of the fluid [28] . also , pin fin with multiple circular stenosis's transfer more heat,
compared to the normal pin fin heat sink and ,the heat sink with multiple circular stenosis's (kind a) achieves
increase in heat transmission between 177.7% and 223.9% greater than normal cubic pin fins (kind b) and
increase in heat transmission between 100% and 109.3% greater than Normal cylindrical pin fins heat sink
(kind c) . This is due to disturbances caused by stenosis's pin fins in the layer of fluid close towards wall, it is
upsurges local heat transmission coefficient then air current carry additional heat far away and thus upsurges
heat transmission rate. Note tthe experimental data again is smaller than numerical forecasts between 9.5% to
14.6% due to the this may owing to the problems of manufacturing heat sinks with multiple circular stenosis's
on fin surface.

Figure 12. Nusselt number against Reynolds number for kinds (a) and (b) for heat sink

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 Investigation Of Heat Transfer Enhancement For Different Shapes Pin-Fin Heat Sink

Figure 13. Nusselt number against Reynolds number for kinds (a) and (c) For heat sink

Performance of Fin

Results for empirical and numerical of fluid flow and heat transmission exposed that the designing of heat sink
with multiple stenosis’s on surface of fin can at the same time decrease pressure drop while improving the
number of Nusselt comparing with the normal heat sink. So, advantages and minuses of new the heat sink with
multiple stenosis’s on surface of fin are assessed by a performance factor (FP) at the same pumping power, as
(10). Where NuS, ΔPS, NuN, ΔPN,
well-defined in [25, 26]: FP=[(NuS/NuN)/(ΔPS/ΔpN)^0,.3333] =ENu /(EΔp ) 0,.3333
represent the Nusselt number, pressure drop of Comparison model of heat sink with multiple circular stenosis’s
on fin surface (kind a) and standard normal pin fins heat sinks (kind b and kind c) respectively. The performance
factor (FP) values are plotted as functions of Reynolds numbers as shown in Figure 14, Which also introduces
the heat transfer improvement parameter (ENu) and pressure drop penalty factor (E Δp) with different Reynolds
numbers for the heat sinks with multiple circular stenosis on the fin surface and the normal pin fins. (ENu) and
(EΔp) It was defined as the mean Nusselt number and total pressure drop induced by heat sinks experiments with
multiple circular stenosis at the fin surface divided by those corresponding to a normal pin-fin, respectively. As
indicated by the line (ENu), as the value is always > 1, this means a heat sink with multiple circular constriction
on the fin surface is better than normal pin-fins in heat transfer performance. For the case of the line (E Δp), it
was found that the value is always less than 1 which means that the heat sink with multiple circular constriction
on the fin surface is less than the normal pin fins at the pressure drop. It should be noted that in higher Reynolds
numbers, the heat transfer performance was improved by about 15% for the heat sink with multiple circular
stenosis’s on the fin surface compare to the normal fins as the total pressure drop decreased by about the third.
This demonstrates that a heat sink with multiple circular stenosis’s on the fin surface can greatly improve energy
efficiency through reduced pumping force.

Figure 14. Difference of ENu, EΔp and FP versus dissimilar Reynolds numbers at heat load is 25000 W/m2

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 Investigation Of Heat Transfer Enhancement For Different Shapes Pin-Fin Heat Sink

Afterward examination the influences of stenosises to the thermic performance of heat sinks, the normal heat
sink is compare with heat sink which have multiple circular stenosises on fin surface in term of temperature
difference. Fig. 15 showing the temperature contours for heat sink with multiple circular stenosis’s on fin
surface (kind a) and normal pin fin heat sinks (kind b and kind c) at 0.0059719 kg/s flow rate of mass with
temperature at the entrance of 300 K. As is evident in the pin fin with multiple stenosis’s, because of the
increasing in the heat transmission area, further heat is removing from the hot zone. So, temperature of pin heat
sink base with stenosis lower that of the temperature of normal pin heat sink base.

Kind (a)

Figure 14. Temperature contour of for dissimilar kinds of heat sink at flow rate of 0.0059719kg/s.

Kind (b)

Figure 13. Temperature contour of for dissimilar kinds of heat sink at flow rate of 0.0059719kg/s.

Kind (c)

Figure 15. Temperature contour of for dissimilar kinds of heat sink at flow rate of 0.0059719kg/s.

Towards study the influence of stenosis on fin surface on the efficiency of the pin fin heat sinks, the variation in
the temperature of pin heat sink base of each of the formations with and without stenosis is comparing with
dissimilar values of flow rate of mass in the fig. 16. From this figure can seeing that the heat sink base
temperature reductions with growing mass flow rate in all shapes. At mass flow rate 0.001990625 kg/s the base
temperature for kind (a) reductions by 9% in comparing with kind (b) and 5% in comparing with kind (c). The
Impact for pin fin stenoses to the relation among flow rate of mass and surface temperature of heat sink is
provided in Figure 17. the pin fin kind (a) decreases the heat sink surface temperature by 20% compared to the
kind (b) and 17% compared to the kind (c) at mass flow rate 0.001990625 kg/s.

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 Investigation Of Heat Transfer Enhancement For Different Shapes Pin-Fin Heat Sink

Figure 16. Variance of base Temperature with rate of mass flow for dissimilar kinds of heat sink

Figure 17. Variance of surface temperature with rate of mass flow for dissimilar kinds of heat sink

CONCLUSIONS

 Application of stenosis’s on fin surface showed a large decreasing in pressure drop with improvement
of the heat transmission coefficient and fin performance compared to a regular pin heat sink. Results
of this investigation beneficial for engineers work on electronic refrigeration systems
 Heat sink (kind a) achieves an increase in heat transmission of about 68% greater than (kind b) and an
increase in heat transmission of about 52% greater than (kind c).
 The performance factor increasing with increasing Reynolds number. The maximum performance
factor is 4.04247165 and 1.529972175 at 5391.661889 Reynolds number for heat sink with multiple
circular stenosis’s on the surface of fin (kind a) when competition with normal heat sink of cubic and
cylindrical pin fin (kind b and kind c) respectively.
 The pressure drop increasing with increasing the flow rate of mass for all kinds of heat sink and the
pressure drop with kind a is usually about 50% less than kind b and 48% lesser than kind c.
 Results of this study showing that the heat sink surface temperature is lower for the heat sink with
multiple circular stenosis on the fin surface (type a), the pin fin type (a) reduces the heat sink surface
temperature by 20% compared to the type B and 17% compared Type C with a mass flow rate of
0.001990625 kg / s.

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