Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 351 views

    Data Communication Notes Class 12 CS by Nitin Paliwal

    Uploaded by

    shlok0485

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Data Communication Notes Class 12 CS by Nitin Paliwal

    Uploaded by

    shlok0485
    351 views7 pages

    Original Title

    Data Communication Notes Class 12 CS by Nitin Paliwal (1)

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    351 views7 pages

    Data Communication Notes Class 12 CS by Nitin Paliwal

    Uploaded by

    shlok0485

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 7

    Page 1

    NITIN PALIWAL
    Page 2

    DATA COMMUNICATION:

    Concept:

     Definition: Data Communication = Data + Communication.


     Data: Refers to any text, image, audio, video, or multimedia files.
     Communication: Act of sending or receiving data.
     Data Communication: Exchange of data between networked devices.
     Devices: Personal computers, mobile phones, laptops, etc.

    Components of Data Communication:

     Sender: Device capable of sending data over a network (e.g., computers,


    mobile phones).
     Receiver: Device capable of receiving data from the network (e.g., computers,
    printers).
     Message: Data or information exchanged between sender and receiver (e.g.,
    text, image, audio).
     Communication Media: Path through which the message travels (e.g., wired
    or wireless mediums like cables, satellite links).
     Protocols: Rules followed for successful data communication (e.g., Ethernet,
    HTTP).

    MEASURING CAPACITY OF COMMUNICATION MEDIA

    Bandwidth:

     Definition: Range of frequencies available for data transmission.


     Relation to Data Transfer Rate: Higher bandwidth leads to higher data
    transfer rate.
     Measurement: In Hertz (Hz).
     1 KHz = 1000 Hz
     1 MHz = 1000 KHz = 1,000,000 Hz

    Data Transfer Rate:

     Definition: Number of bits transmitted per second between source and


    destination.
     Also Known As: Bit rate.
     Measurement: In bits per second (bps).
     Units:
     1 Kbps = 2^10 bps = 1024 bps
     1 Mbps = 2^20 bps = 1024 Kbps
     1 Gbps = 2^30 bps = 1024 Mbps
     1 Tbps = 2^40 bps = 1024 Gbps

    NITIN PALIWAL
    Page 3

    SWITCHING TECHNIQUES

    Switching Overview:
     In a network with multiple devices, establishing one-to-one
    communication is vital.
     Dedicated connections for each device pair (mesh or star topology) are
    costly for large networks.
     Switching offers an alternative by routing data through various network
    nodes.

    Circuit Switching:
     Definition: Establishes a dedicated path between sender and receiver
    before communication.
     Process: Identifies a connected sequence of links between network
    nodes.
     Example: Traditional telephone calls where a physical path is
    established from sender to receiver.
     Characteristic: All packets follow the same path set during connection.

    Advantages of Circuit Switching:


     Guaranteed bandwidth: Circuit switching provides a dedicated path for
    communication, ensuring that bandwidth is guaranteed for the duration of
    the call.
     Low latency: Circuit switching provides low latency because the path is
    predetermined, and there is no need to establish a connection for each
    packet.
     Predictable performance: Circuit switching provides predictable
    performance because the bandwidth is reserved, and there is no
    competition for resources.
     Suitable for real-time communication: Circuit switching is suitable for real-
    time communication, such as voice and video, because it provides low
    latency and predictable performance.

    Disadvantages of Circuit Switching:


     Inefficient use of bandwidth: Circuit switching is inefficient because the
    bandwidth is reserved for the entire duration of the call, even when no data
    is being transmitted.
     Limited scalability: Circuit switching is limited in its scalability because the
    number of circuits that can be established is finite, which can limit the
    number of simultaneous calls that can be made.
     High cost: Circuit switching is expensive because it requires dedicated
    resources, such as hardware and bandwidth, for the duration of the call.

    NITIN PALIWAL
    Page 4

    Packet Switching:
     Definition: Breaks down information into smaller packets for
    transmission.
     Process: Packets are transmitted independently through the network.
     Route Flexibility: Packets may take different routes depending on
    network conditions.
     Packet Structure: Each packet comprises a header with destination
    address and main message part.
     Reassembly: At the destination, packets are reassembled to retrieve
    the complete message.
     Channel Usage: Channels are occupied only during packet
    transmission, freeing up for other communication afterwards.

    Advantages of Packet Switching:


     Efficient use of bandwidth: Packet switching is efficient because bandwidth
    is shared among multiple users, and resources are allocated only when
    data needs to be transmitted.
     Flexible: Packet switching is flexible and can handle a wide range of data
    rates and packet sizes.
     Scalable: Packet switching is highly scalable and can handle large
    amounts of traffic on a network.
     Lower cost: Packet switching is less expensive than circuit switching
    because resources are shared among multiple users.

    Disadvantages of Packet Switching:


     Higher latency: Packet switching has higher latency than circuit switching
    because packets must be routed through multiple nodes, which can cause
    delay.
     Limited QoS: Packet switching provides limited QoS guarantees, meaning
    that different types of traffic may be treated equally.
     Packet loss: Packet switching can result in packet loss due to congestion
    on the network or errors in transmission.
     Unsuitable for real-time communication: Packet switching is not suitable
    for real-time communication, such as voice and video, because of the
    potential for latency and packet loss

    TRANSMISSION MEDIA

    Definition and Importance:

     Transmission medium: Physical pathway that enables signals or data


    transfer between a source (transmitter) and a destination (receiver).
     Vital for establishing communication networks, facilitating the exchange
    of information across various devices.

    NITIN PALIWAL
    Page 5

    Guided vs Unguided Transmission:

    Guided Transmission:

     Description: Involves physical links, typically wires or cables,


    connecting transmitting and receiving devices.
     Examples: Metallic cables (e.g., twisted pair, coaxial cable),
    fiber-optic cables.
     Characteristics: Provides a stable and controlled path for data
    transmission, offering reliability and security.

    Unguided Transmission:

     Description: Transmission through free space, utilizing


    electromagnetic waves.
     Examples: Radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, and light
    waves.
     Characteristics: Offers mobility and flexibility but may be
    susceptible to interference and attenuation.

    Wired Transmission Media:

     Twisted Pair Cable:


     Structure: Consists of two copper wires twisted together and
    insulated with plastic covers.
     Types: Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) and Shielded twisted-pair
    (STP).
     Applications: Commonly used in telephone lines, LANs due to
    cost-effectiveness and ease of installation.

    NITIN PALIWAL
    Page 6

     Coaxial Cable:
     Structure: Features a copper core surrounded by insulating
    material and an outer conductor (usually copper mesh).
     Characteristics: Offers better shielding and higher bandwidth
    compared to twisted pair cables.
     Applications: Suitable for transmitting signals of higher
    frequencies over longer distances.

     Optical Fiber:
     Structure: Utilizes thin glass fibers to carry data as light signals.
     Advantages: Lightweight, immune to electromagnetic
    interference, capable of high-speed data transmission over long
    distances.
     Applications: Widely used in backbone networks for high-
    performance data transmission.

    Wireless Transmission Media:


     Description: Involves transmission of data through electromagnetic
    signals propagated through the air.
     Frequency Range: Spans from 3 KHz to 900 THz, encompassing
    various types of electromagnetic waves.
     Types of Waves: Includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves,
    and light waves, each with specific characteristics and applications.

    NITIN PALIWAL
    Page 7

    Wireless Technologies:
     Bluetooth:
     Description: Short-range wireless technology operating at the
    2.4 GHz frequency band.
     Applications: Enables wireless connections between devices
    within close proximity, forming personal area networks
    (piconets).

    Wireless LAN (Wi-Fi):


     Description: Utilizes IEEE standard 802.11 to create wireless
    local area networks.
     Features: Access points (APs) are deployed to provide wireless
    connectivity, offering flexibility and increased access for mobile
    devices.

    NITIN PALIWAL

    You might also like