Mastering Python

A Comprehensive Guide to Hardcore Programming, Data Analysis, and Coding Projects

Vera Poe
Copyright © [2024] by [vera poe] all rights reserved.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCON

Chapter 1: Python Programming Basics

Chapter 2: Learning python programming language and how to read the code

Chapter 3: How to read errors and troubleshoong your code

Chapter 4: Learn the hard core of python computer programming

Chapter 5: How coding works

Chapter 7 Drawing With Turtles

Chapter 8 Asking the Right Ques ons

Chapter 9 Secrets and hacks of python programming

Conclusion
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BbeingA BrecA BfiedA BorA BinstrumentedA BtoA BnoteA BdownA BtheirA BreturnA

BtoA BaA BdocumentA BcaseA BprocessA BtoA BcaptureA BanyA BessenA BalA
Berrors.A BWhenA BstarA Bng,A BitA BisA BadvisedA BtoA BuseA BotherA
BmethodsA BlikeA BIDELA BandA BsystemA BorderA BlinesA BtoA BenableA BaA

BpersonA BtoA BseeA BtheA BcreatedA BerrorA BtextsA BandA BperceiveA Bhis/herA

BreturnA BwithoutA BturningA BtoA BanotherA BextraA Bcoding.A B

ChapterA B6A BSpecialA BfuncA BonsA BandA BexcepA BonA BhandlingA
BduringA BdataA Banalysis

SomeA BmesA BthereA BisA BaA BpieceA BofA BcodeA BthatA BneedsA BtoA BbeA
BusedA BaA BlargeA BnumberA BofA Bmes.A BForA Bexample,A BweA BwantA BtoA

BcalculateA BtheA BcumulaA BveA BGPAA BofA BstudentsA BinA BaA Bbatch.A

BNowA Bif

thereA BareA BtwoA BhundredA BstudentsA BinA BaA BbatchA BitA BwillA BbeA
BextremelyA BcumbersomeA BandA BuselessA BtoA BwriteA BtheA BsameA BcodeA

BforA BtheA BwholeA BbatchA BofA BstudentsA BagainA BandA Bagain.A BThatA

BisA BwhereA Bthe

conceptA BofA BfuncA BonsA BcomeA Balong.A BInA BfuncA BonsA BweA BwriteA
BaA BpieceA BofA BcodeA BthatA BperformsA BaA BspecificA Btask.A BWheneverA

BweA BneedA BtoA BdoA BthatA BtaskA BweA BcallA BtheA BsameA Bcode.A BWeA

Bgive

aA BspecialA BnameA BtoA BtheA BpieceA BofA BcodeA BcalledA BtheA BfuncA
BonA Bname,A BsoA BwheneverA BweA BneedA BtoA BperformA BthatA BspecificA

BfuncA BonA BweA BcallA BtheA BsameA BcodeA BbyA BitsA BfuncA BonA Bname.

ThereA BareA BaA BnumberA BofA BfuncA BonsA BalreadyA BwriA BenA BinA
BPythonA BandA BsavedA BinA BitsA Blibrary.A BWeA BcanA BuseA BthemA BforA

BourA BeaseA BinA BorderA BtoA BavoidA BwriA BngA BnewA BcodeA BweA

BreuseA BtheA BcodeA BthatA Bis

alreadyA BwriA BenA BandA BtestedA BforA Bbugs.A BFuncA BonsA BcanA BtakeA
BinA BvaluesA BasA BinputA BandA BreturnA BsomeA BoutputA BthatA BisA BtheA

BresultA BofA BtheA BcomputaA BonA BorA BfuncA BonalityA BthatA BtheA BfuncA

BonA Bperforms.
FirstA BweA BgiveA BsomeA BexamplesA BofA BbuiltA BinA BfuncA BonsA BandA
BthenA BweA BwillA BmoveA BonA BtoA BhowA BweA BcanA BwriteA BourA BownA

BfuncA Bons.A BThereA BisA BalwaysA BaA BneedA BtoA BwriteA BnewA BfuncA

BonsA BforA BourA Bspecific

purposesA BandA BonceA ByouA BstartA BproperA BcodingA ByouA BwillA BfindA
ByourselfA BwriA BngA BfuncA BonsA BallA BtheA Bme.

BuiltA BInA BFuncA Bons

OneA BofA BtheA BmostA BcommonA BexamplesA BofA BaA BbuiltA BinA BfuncA
BonA BisA BtheA BtypeA BfuncA BonA BthatA BwillA BtellA BtheA BtypeA BofA BtheA

BvariableA BorA BvalueA BbeingA Bused.A BForA Bexample

>>>A Btype(32)

<typeA B'int'>

TheA BsameA BcanA BbeA BdoneA BwithA BanyA Bvariable.A BForA Bexample,

>>>varA B=A B32A Btype(var)

<typeA B'int'>

HereA BtheA BnameA BofA BtheA BfuncA BonA BisA BtypeA BsoA BtheA BfuncA
BonA BcallA BwillA BbeA Btype.A BWithinA BtheA BbracketsA BtheA BfuncA BonA

BtakesA BinputA BofA BaA BvariableA BorA Bvalue.A BThisA BisA BknownA BasA

BtheA Bargument.A BManyA BfuncA BonsA BtakeA BanA BargumentA BbutA BnotA

Ball.A BThereA BcanA BbeA BfuncA BonsA BthatA BdoA BnotA BtakeA BanyA
Barguments.A BHereA BtheA BtypeA BfuncA BonA BnotA BonlyA BtakeA BinA BanA
BargumentA BbutA BitA BalsoA BgivesA BoutA BaA BresultA BorA BreturnA Bvalue.A

BItA BtellsA BusA BtheA BtypeA BofA BtheA Bvariable.A BJustA BlikeA BtheA

Barguments,A BitA BisA BnotA BmandatoryA BthatA BeveryA BfuncA BonA

BshouldA BreturnA BaA Bvalue.A BAA BfuncA BonA BmayA BorA BmayA BnotA

BreturnA BaA Bvalue.

WithA BtheA BtypeA BfuncA BonA BtheA BtypeA BcastA BfuncA BonA BcanA BalsoA
BbeA Bused.A BTheA BcastA BchangesA BtheA BtypeA BofA BoneA BvariableA BtoA

BtheA BotherA Bvariable.A BSomeA BmesA BusersA BenterA BvaluesA BasA

Binput.A BWeA BdoA BnotA BknowA BwhichA BtypeA BofA BdataA BtheA BuserA

BisA BenteringA BsoA BweA BexplicitlyA BtypeA BcastA BitA BaccordingA BtoA

BourA BneedsA BsoA BthatA BweA BcanA BstoreA BitA BforA BlaterA BuseA BinA

BourA BdatabaseA BandA BuseA BitA Baccordingly.

TheA BtypeA BconversionA BfuncA Bons

TheA BtypeA BconversionA BfuncA BonsA BareA BnamedA BaA BerA BvariableA
Bnames.A BTheyA BtakeA BinA BanA BargumentA BasA BtheA BvalueA BthatA

BneedsA BtoA BbeA Bconverted.A BTheA BintA BfuncA BonA BtakesA BinA BanyA

BvalueA BandA BconvertsA BitA BintoA BanA Binteger.

>>>int(3.4556)

>>>int(4.980)

HereA BtheA BfloaA BngA BpointA BnumbersA BareA BconvertedA BintoA

BintegersA BbutA BthereA BisA BnoA BroundingA BoffA BasA BoneA BwouldA

BlogicallyA Bassume.A BTheA BdecimalA BpartA BisA BsimplyA BtruncatedA

BandA BtheA BremainingA BnumberA BisA BstoredA BasA BanA Binteger.A BIfA
BweA BtryA BtoA BconvertA BanA BinvalidA BvalueA BintoA BanA BintegerA BitA

BwillA BnotA BworkA Bout.

>>>A Bint('Hello')

ValueError:A BinvalidA BliteralA BforA Bint():A BHello

FloatA BfuncA BonA BconvertsA BtheA BargumentsA BpassedA BintoA BfloaA BngA
BpointA Bformat.

>>>floatA B(3)

3.0

>>>float(‘3.234’)

3.234

HereA BagainA BanA BerrorA BwillA BbeA BthrownA BoutA BifA BanA BinvalidA
BargumentA BisA BpassedA BtoA BtheA BfuncA Bon.A BTheA BstrA BfuncA BonA

BwillA BconvertA BtheA BvalueA BpassedA BintoA BaA Bstring.A BThisA BisA

BreallyA BhelpfulA BbecauseA BweA BcanA BthenA BapplyA BtheA BstringA

BconcatenaA BonA BoperaA BonsA BinA BtheA Barguments.

max,A BminA BandA BlenA BfuncA Bons

LetA BusA BnowA BstateA BsomeA BveryA BcommonlyA BusedA BfuncA BonsA
BwhoseA BdefiniA BonsA BareA BinternallyA BprovidedA BbyA BPythonA BsoA

BweA BcanA BfreelyA BuseA BthemA BwheneverA BrequiredA BwithoutA BhavingA

BtoA BdefineA Bthem.

TheA BmaxA BfuncA BonA BisA BusedA BtoA BfindA BtheA BmaximumA BvalueA
BfromA BaA BgroupA BofA BvaluesA Bgiven.A BAndA BtheA BminA BfuncA BonA
BisA BusedA BtoA BdefineA BtheA BminimumA BvalueA BfromA BaA BgroupA BofA
Bvalues.

>>>max(34,A B45,A B54,20,A B13)

54

>>>min(34,A B45,A B54,20,A B13)

13

MaxA BandA BminA BfuncA BonsA BcanA BbeA BusedA BwithA BstringA BvaluesA
Balso.A BInA BtheA BstringA BfuncA BonA BtheA BlowerA BtheA BfuncA BonA BinA

BalphabeA BcalA BorderA BtheA BgreaterA BisA BitsA BvalueA BsoA BforA BtheA

BmaxA BfuncA Bon:

>>>max(‘HelloA BWorld’)

>>>min(‘Good’)A Bd

HereA BoneA BthingA BtoA BnoteA BisA BthatA BifA BthereA BisA BaA BblankA
BspaceA BinA BtheA BstringA BprovidedA BtheA BminimalA BvalueA BwillA BbeA

BtheA BblankA Bspace.

>>>min(‘HelloA BWorld’)

‘A B‘

AnotherA BfuncA BonA BcommonlyA BusedA BwithA BstringA BisA BtheA BlenA
BfuncA BonA BwhichA BtellsA BusA BtheA BlengthA BofA BtheA Bstring.

>>>len(‘HELLOA BWORLD’)

11
BlankA BspaceA BisA BalsoA BconsideredA BasA BaA BcharacterA BsoA BitA BisA
BalsoA BincludedA BinA BtheA Blength.A BTheA BlenA BfuncA BonA BcanA BonlyA

BbeA BusedA BtoA BfindA BlengthA BofA Bstrings.A BSoA BevenA BifA BthereA BisA

BanA BintegerA BconvertA BitA BtoA BstringA BandA BthenA BfindA BitsA Blength

>>>len(‘345’)

SomeA BmesA BinA BorderA BtoA BaccessA BaA BbuiltA BinA BfuncA BonA BweA
BneedA BtoA BimportA BitsA BmoduleA BinA BtoA Bprogram.A BForA Bexample,A

BtoA BimportA BaA BrandomA BnumberA BgeneraA BonA BfuncA BonA BweA

BwouldA BhaveA BtoA BimportA BaA BrandomA Blibrary.A BWhenA BweA BcallA

BtheA BfuncA BonA BfromA BthisA BlibraryA BweA BuseA BtheA BdotA BnotaA BonA

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BfuncA BonA BisA BthenA BtheA BfuncA BonA BnameA BandA BlastlyA BinA BtheA

BbracesA BargumentsA BifA BthereA BareA BanyA BotherwiseA BthereA BwillA

BbeA BemptyA Bbrackets.A B>>>importA BrandomA Bx=random.random()

PrintA Bx

AnyA BrandomA BnumberA BwouldA BbeA BprintedA BonA BtheA Bscreen.A BWeA
BgetA BaA BfloaA BngA BpointA BvalueA BbetweenA B0.0A BandA B1.0.A BweA

BcanA BthenA BconvertA BitA BintoA BanA BintegerA BifA BweA Bwant.A BAsA

BweA BareA BdiscussingA BtheA BrandomA BnumberA BfuncA BonA BhereA BitA

BisA BmandatoryA BthatA BweA BmenA BonA BanotherA BconceptA BofA

BdeterminisA BcA BandA BnondeterminisA BcA BfuncA Bons.A BInA Bcoding,A

BtheseA BexcepA BonsA BareA BaA BbitA BmoreA Bcomplicated,A BbutA BitA BisA

BimportantA BthatA ByouA BlearnA BexactlyA BhowA ByouA BcanA BworkA BwithA

BthemA BsoA BthatA ByourA BcodeA BwillA BbehaveA BtheA BwayA BthatA ByouA

BwantA Bit.A BSomeA BofA BtheseA BexcepA BonsA BcanA BbeA BfoundA BinA

BtheA BPythonA BlibraryA BandA BthisA BsomethingA Bthat’sA BraisedA BautomaA

BcallyA BbyA BtheA Bprogram.A BThenA BthereA BareA BtheA BexcepA BonsA
BthatA BwillA BbeA BraisedA BbyA ByouA BbecauseA BthatA BisA BhowA ByouA
BwantA ByourA BprogramA BtoA Bwork.

MostA BofA BtheA BfuncA BonsA BinA BcomputerA BscienceA BwillA BalwaysA
BgiveA BtheA BsameA BvalueA BeveryA BmeA BtheyA BareA BgivenA BtheA BsameA

Binput.A BForA Bexample,A BtheA BsumA BfuncA Bon,A Bmin,A BmaxA BandA

BlenA BfuncA Bons.A BTheseA BareA BcalledA BtheA BdeterminisA BcA BfuncA

BonsA BbecauseA BonceA BweA BhaveA BseenA BtheA BanswerA BeveryA BmeA

BweA BenterA BtheA BsameA BvaluesA BtheA BresultA BwouldA BbeA Bsame.A

BTheseA BareA BknownA BasA BtheA BdeterminisA BcA BfuncA Bons.A BOnA BtheA

BotherA Bhand,A BtheA BfuncA BonsA BthatA BdoA BnotA BgiveA BtheA BsameA

BvalueA BevenA BwhenA BtheA BinputA BisA BsameA BareA BknownA BasA Bnon-

determinisA BcA BbecauseA BtheirA BoutcomeA BisA BnotA BdeterminedA Blater.A

BAsA BallA BprogramsA BareA BbasedA BonA BalgorithmsA BsoA BtheA BnumbersA

BgeneratedA BareA BnotA BreallyA BrandomA BbutA BthatA BworkA BlikeA Bthis.A

BSuchA BalgorithmsA BareA BcalledA BPseudorandomA Balgorithm.

MathA BfuncA Bons

OneA BgroupA BofA BfuncA BonsA BthatA BisA BfrequentlyA BrequiredA BbyA
BbasicA BmathA BfuncA BonsA BlikeA Blog,A Bsin,A Bcos,A Bsqrt.A BAllA BofA

BtheseA BcanA BbeA BusedA BbyA BimporA BngA BtheA BmathA BlibraryA BintoA

BtheA Bprogram.A BOnceA BtheA BmathA BlibraryA BisA BimportedA BintoA BtheA

Bprogram,A BitA BbecomesA BveryA BeasyA BtoA BuseA BcomplexA BmathemaA

BcalA BoperaA BonsA BandA BsolveA BcomplicatedA BequaA Bons.A BHereA BisA

BaA BdemonstraA BonA BofA BsomeA BofA BtheA BbasicA BmathA BfuncA BonsA

BusingA BtheA BdotA BnotaA Bon.

>>>importA Bmath

>>>math.sqrt(2)/2.0
0.70710678

TheA BtrigonometricA BfuncA BonsA BofA Bsin,A Bcos,A BtanA BetcA BcanA BbeA
BperformedA BusingA BtrigonometricA BmathA BoperaA Bons.A BTheseA BfuncA

BonsA BtakeA BradiansA BinA BtheA BargumentsA BandA BgiveA BtheA Bresults.

>>>A BradiansA B=A B0.7

>>>A BheightA B=A Bmath.sin(radians)

IfA BweA BhaveA Bdegrees,A BweA BcanA BfirstA BconvertA BthemA BintoA
BradiansA BbyA BdividingA BitA BwithA B360A BandA BmulA BplyingA BitA BwithA

BtwiceA BofA Bpi.A BTheA BvalueA BofA BpiA BcanA BbeA BachievedA BbyA BwriA

BngA Bmath.pi.A BNowA BpiA BisA BaA BvariableA BandA BnotA BaA BfuncA BonA

BsoA BitA BisA BwriA BenA BwithoutA BtheA B()A Bbrackets.

>>>A BdegreesA B=A B45

>>>radians=A Bdegrees/360A B*2*math.pi

>>>math.sin(radians)

0.70710678

ThereA BareA BaA BnumberA BofA BotherA BfuncA BonsA BavailableA BinA BtheA
BmathA Blibrary.A BWeA BcanA BexploreA BitA BthroughA BlearnPython.comA

BandA BotherA BwebA Bresources.

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BandA BwhileA BnamingA BvariablesA BweA BshouldA BavoidA BusingA BthemA

BasA BvariableA Bnames.

WriA BngA ByourA BownA BfuncA Bons

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BfuncA BonA BletA BusA BfirstA BdiscussA BwhatA BtheA BbenefitsA BofA BwriA

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BdissectA BtheA BprogramA BinA BaA BdisjointedA BsequenceA BofA BstatementsA

BandA BdisturbA BtheA BflowA BofA BexecuA Bon.

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BfuncA Bon:

It
A B A B makesA BtheA BprogramA BmoreA BreadableA BandA Bunderstandable.A
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Bcalled.
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BhaveA BtoA BwriteA BtheA BrecitaA BveA BcodeA BagainA BandA Bagain.A BWeA

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BcallA BrepeA Bvely.

A BIfA BaA BprogramA BisA BwiselyA BdividedA BintoA Bparts,A BitA BisA BmuchA
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BthatA BpartA BandA BupdateA BitA BwheneverA BtheA BneedA Barises.

A BIfA BaA BprogramA BisA BwellA BwriA BenA BandA BproperlyA BdebuggedA BitA
BcanA BbeA BsavedA BandA BthenA BimportedA BtoA BbeA BusedA BinA BotherA

Bprograms.

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BconveyA BtheA BmeaningA BasA BtoA BwhatA BtheA BfuncA BonA Bdoes.A BItA

BshouldA BbeA BconciseA BandA BhaveA BproperA Bmeaning.A BForA Bexample,A

BifA BthereA BisA BaA BfuncA BonA BthatA BcalculatesA BtheA BsumA BofA BsomeA

Bnumber,A BnameA BitA BsumA BorA BcalcSum.A BAnotherA BimportantA

BthingA BisA BtoA BdecideA BwhenA BtoA BdivideA BaA BprogramA BintoA BaA

BfuncA Bon.A BIdeallyA BaA BfuncA BonA BisA BaA BunitA BofA BaA BprogramA

BsoA BitA BisA BsupposedA BtoA BdoA BaA BsingleA Btask.A BWhenA ByouA BaA

BgeneraA BngA BaA BstudentA BtranscriptA BthereA BshouldA BbeA BoneA BfuncA

BonA BthatA BcalculatesA BtheA BgradeA BforA BindividualA Bcourses,A BonA

BthatA BcalculatesA BsemesterA BGPAsA BandA BhaveA BanotherA BthatA

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BwhenA BtoA BdivideA BaA BprogramA BintoA BaA BfuncA BonA BandA BmakeA

BitA Bwork.

DefiningA BaA BfuncA Bon

NowA BletA BusA BcomeA BtoA BtheA BmainA BpartA BofA BdefiningA BaA BfuncA
Bon.A BTheA BfuncA BonA BdefiniA BonA BconsistsA BofA BtheA BnameA BofA

BtheA BfuncA BonA BandA BtheA BargumentsA BitA BtakesA BasA BwellA BasA BtheA

BsequenceA BofA BstatementsA BthatA BtheA BfuncA BonA Bexecutes.A BTheA

BfirstA BlineA BofA BtheA BfuncA BonA BisA BknownA BasA BtheA BheaderA BandA

BtheA BrestA BofA BtheA BfuncA BonA BisA BcalledA BtheA Bbody.

ThisA BfuncA Bon,A BwheneverA Bcalled,A BprintsA BtheA BnurseryA BrhymeA

BHumptyA BDumpty.A BTheA BfirstA BlineA BofA BtheA BfuncA BonA B‘defA

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BmustA BendA BinA BaA BsemiA Bcolon.A BTheA BnameA BofA BtheA BfuncA BonA

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BsameA BasA BthoseA BofA BvariableA Bnames,A BonlyA BcapitalA BandA BsmallA

BleA BersA BandA BnumbersA BorA Bunderscores.A BTheA BnameA BcannotA

BbeginA BwithA BaA BnumberA BandA BavoidA BusingA BreservedA BwordsA BasA

BaA Bname.A BWheneverA ByouA BhaveA BusedA BaA BnameA BforA BaA BfuncA

Bon,A BavoidA BusingA BtheA BsameA BnameA BforA BaA Bvariable.

HereA ByouA BseeA BtheA BfirstA BtwoA BprintA BstatementsA BhaveA BquotesA
BwhileA BtheA BlastA BtwoA BlinesA BhaveA BdoubleA Bquotes.A BAlthoughA

BsingleA BandA BdoubleA BquotesA BcanA BbothA BbeA BusedA BandA BitA BisA

BupA BtoA BusA BtoA BchooseA BwhicheverA BbutA BifA BthereA BisA BaA BsingleA

BquoteA BorA BapostropheA BwithinA BaA BsentenceA BthenA BweA BshouldA

BuseA BdoubleA BquotesA Boutside.

WhenA BtheA BfuncA BonA BendsA BgiveA BanA BemptyA Bline.A BTheA
BstatementsA BinA BaA BfuncA BonA BareA BindentedA BtoA BbeA BgroupedA

Btogether.A BItA BisA BfourA BblankA BspacesA BbeforeA BbeginningA BtheA

BlineA BofA Bcode.A BTheA BinterpreterA BwillA BkeepA BonA BgivingA BanA

B(…)A BellipA BcalA BunA BlA BitA BreceivesA BanA BemptyA Bline.
WhenA BweA BdefineA BaA BfuncA Bon,A BaA BfuncA BonA BobjectA BisA
BcreatedA BwithA BtheA BnameA BweA BhaveA BgivenA BtoA Bit.A BIfA BweA

BprintA BtheA BobjectA BitA BgivesA BusA BfollowingA BinformaA BonA BaboutA

BtheA BfuncA Bon.

>>>A BprintA Bprint_poem

<funcA BonA Bprint_poemA BatA B0xb7e99e9c>

>>>A BprintA Btype(print_poem)

<typeA B'funcA Bon'>

TheA BtypeA BfuncA BonA BisA BusedA BtoA BknowA BtheA BtypeA BofA
Bprint_poemA BandA BasA BitA BstatesA BitA BisA BaA BtypeA BofA BfuncA BonA

Bobject.A BTheA BemptyA BparenthesisA BinA BthisA BfuncA BonA BdefiniA BonA

BindicatesA BthatA BthisA BfuncA BonA BtakesA BnoA Barguments.A BNowA BletA

BusA BtakeA BaA BlookA BatA BaA BfuncA BonA BthatA BtakesA BargumentsA BandA

BreturnsA BaA Bvalue.

VoidA BfuncA Bons,A BargumentsA BandA Bparameters

AsA BmenA BonedA BearlierA BsomeA BfuncA BonsA BgiveA BaA BresultA BorA
BanA Boutput.A BTheA BoutputA BisA BknownA BasA BaA BreturnA Bvalue.A BButA

BnotA BallA BfuncA BonsA BreturnA BaA BvalueA BlikeA BtheA BfuncA BonA

Bprint_poem.A BSoA BtheA BfuncA BonA Bprint_poemA BisA BaA BvoidA BfuncA

Bon.A BAA BfuncA BonA BthatA BdoesA BnotA BgiveA BaA BreturnA BvalueA BisA

BknownA BasA BaA BvoidA BfuncA Bon.

NowA BletA BusA BcomeA BtoA BargumentsA BandA Bparameters.A BConsiderA

BaA BfuncA BonA BthatA BtakesA BinA BthreeA BintegersA BasA BargumentsA BandA

BreturnsA BtheA BaverageA BofA BtheseA Bnumbers.

>>>defA Bcalc_average(val1,A Bval2,A Bval3):

SumA B=A Bval1+val2+val3A BAvg=Sum/3A BprintA BAvgA BreturnA BAvg

InA BthisA BfuncA BonA BthreeA BargumentsA BareA BpassedA BandA BwithinA
BtheA BfuncA BonA BtheA BargumentsA BareA BassignedA BtoA BvariablesA

Bval1,A Bval2A BandA Bval3.A BTheseA BthreeA BvariablesA BareA BcalledA

Bparameters.A BHereA BfirstA BtheA BaverageA BisA BprintedA BonA BscreenA

BandA BthenA BitA BisA BreturnedA BtoA BtheA BmainA BflowA BalsoA BwhereA

BitA BisA BassignedA BtoA BsomeA Bvariable.A BTheA BcallA BwillA BlookA BlikeA

Bthis

>>>averageA B=A Bcalc_average(34,45,35)

TheA BresultA BofA BtheA BfuncA BonA BorA BreturnA BvalueA BisA BassignedA
BtoA BtheA BvariableA BaverageA BandA BthatA BvalueA BcanA BthenA BbeA

BusedA BtoA BcomputeA BotherA Bresults.

WriA BngA BfuncA BonA BwithinA BfuncA Bons

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WhenA BtheA BturtleA BturnsA BtowardsA BtheA BleA B,A BitA BwillA BchangeA
BdirecA BonsA BandA BfaceA BaA BnewA Bone.A BItA BwillA BlookA BlikeA ByouA

BhaveA BturnedA ByourA BbodyA BtoA BfaceA ByourA BleA BarmA BpoinA BngA

BtowardsA B90A Bdegrees.A BTheA Bt.leA B(90)A BcommandA BwillA BensureA

BthatA BtheA BarrowA BwillA BpointA Bupward.

LetA BusA BnowA BdrawA BaA Bsquare.A BYouA BshouldA BaddA BtheA
BfollowingA BlinesA BofA BcodeA BtoA BtheA BonesA BthatA ByouA BhaveA

BenteredA BiniA Bally.

>>>A Bt.forward(50)

>>>A Bt.leA B(90)

>>>A Bt.forward(50)

>>>A Bt.leA B(90)

>>>A Bt.forward(50)

>>>A Bt.leA B(90)

TheA BturtleA BwouldA BnowA BhaveA BdrawnA BaA BsquareA BonA ByourA
BcanvasA BandA BfacedA BtheA BdirecA BonA BthatA BitA BfirstA BstartedA Bin.

IfA ByouA BwantA BtoA BeraseA BtheA BcanvasA Bfully,A ByouA BcanA BuseA BtheA
BresetA BfuncA Bon.A BThisA BwillA BclearA BtheA BcanvasA BandA BshiA BtheA

BturtleA BtoA BitsA BstarA BngA BposiA Bon.

>>>A Bt.reset()
IfA ByouA BwantA BtoA BclearA BtheA BscreenA BandA BinstructA BtheA BturtleA
BtoA BremainA BwhereA BitA Bis,A BenterA BtheA BfollowingA Bcode:

>>>A Bt.clear()

ItA BisA BimportantA BtoA BrememberA BthatA BweA BcanA BinstructA BtheA
BturtleA BtoA BmoveA BbackwardA BorA BtoA BtheA Bright.A BTheA BcommandA

BupA BwillA BallowA ByouA BtoA BliA BtheA BpenA BoffA BtheA Bcanvas,A

BwhichA BmeansA BthatA BtheA BturtleA BwillA BstopA Bdrawing.A BIfA ByouA

BuseA BtheA BcommandA Bdown,A BtheA BturtleA BwillA BbeginA BdrawingA

Bagain.A BYouA BwillA BneedA BtoA BwriteA BtheseA BfuncA BonsA BinA BtheA

BsameA BwayA BthatA BweA BwroteA BtheA BotherA BfuncA Bons.A BLetA BusA

BtryA BtoA BdrawA BanotherA BshapeA BusingA BtheseA BcommandsA BandA

BinstructA BtheA BturtleA BtoA BdrawA BtwoA BlinesA BonA BtheA Bcanvas.

>>>A Bt.reset()

>>>A Bt.backward(100)

>>>A Bt.up()

>>>A Bt.right(90)

>>>A Bt.forward(20)

>>>A Bt.leA B(90)

>>>A Bt.down()

>>>A Bt.forward(100)

WeA BwillA BfirstA BresetA BtheA BcanvasA BthatA BisA BopenA BandA BinstructA
BtheA BturtleA BtoA BmoveA BtoA BtheA BstarA BngA BposiA Bon.A BThisA BisA

BdoneA BbyA BusingA BtheA BcommandA Bt.reset().A BWeA BwillA BthenA

BmoveA BtheA BturtleA BbackA BbyA BaA B100A BpixelsA BusingA BtheA
BcommandA Bt.backward(100)A BandA BpointA BtheA BturtleA BupwardA
BusingA BtheA BcommandA Bt.up().A BUsingA BtheA BcommandA Bt.right(90),A

BweA BwillA BmoveA BtheA BturtleA BtoA BtheA BrightA BandA BshiA BitA BbyA

B90A BdegreesA BandA BmakeA BitA BpointA Bdownward.A BThereA BisA

BnothingA BdrawnA BonA ByourA BscreenA BusingA BtheA BthirdA BlineA BofA

BcodeA BsinceA ByouA BareA BonlyA BshiA BingA BtheA BangleA BofA BtheA

Bturtle.A BWeA BthenA BinstructA BtheA BturtleA BtoA BfaceA BtheA BrightA BbyA

BusingA BtheA BcommandA Bt.leA B(90)A BandA BinstructA BitA BtoA BdrawA

BagainA BbyA BusingA BtheA Bcommand

t.down().A BWeA BthenA BdrawA BaA BlineA BthatA BisA BparallelA BtoA BtheA
BfirstA BlineA BdrawnA BusingA BtheA BcommandA Bt.forward(100).

WhatA BYouA BLearned

ThisA BchapterA BhasA BshedA BsomeA BlightA BonA BhowA ByouA BcanA BuseA
BtheA BturtleA BmoduleA BinA BPython.A BWeA BlearnedA BtoA BdrawA BsomeA

BshapesA BusingA BtheA BrightA BandA BleA BturnsA BandA BforwardA BandA

BbackwardA Bcommands.A BYouA BhaveA BalsoA BlearnedA BhowA ByouA BcanA

BinstructA BtheA BturtleA BtoA BstartA BdrawingA BusingA BdownA BandA BstopA

BdrawingA BusingA Bup.A BFinally,A ByouA BunderstoodA BthatA BtheA BturtleA

BusesA BdegreesA BtoA BidenA BfyA BwhichA BdirecA BonA BtoA BturnA Bin.
 CHAPTER 8 ASKING THE A B A B A B A

RIGHT QUES ONS

B A B A B

MostA BoA Ben,A BweA BtendA BtoA BaskA ByesA BorA BnoA BquesA BonsA BinA
Bprogramming,A BandA BtheA BacA BonA BperformedA BisA BbasedA BonA BtheA

BanswerA Bgiven.A BTheseA BquesA BonsA BareA BcalledA BcondiA Bons.A BAA

BcondiA BonA BandA BaA BresponseA BareA BcombinedA BtoA BformA BtheA BifA

Bstatement.A BAA BcondiA BonA BcanA BalwaysA BbeA BmoreA BcomplicatedA

BthanA BoneA BsingleA BquesA Bon;A BanA BifA BstatementA BcanA BalsoA BbeA

BcombinedA BwithA BnumerousA BquesA BonsA BandA BresponsesA BtoA BthoseA

BquesA Bons.A BItA BisA BimportantA BtoA BrememberA BthatA BoneA BquesA

BonA BcanA BhaveA BmulA BpleA Bresponses.

ThisA BchapterA BwillA BhelpA ByouA BlearnA BmoreA BaboutA BhowA ByouA
BcanA BuseA BtheA BifA BstatementA BtoA BbuildA BaA Bprogram.

IfA BStatements

AnA BifA BstatementA BhasA BtheA B‘if’A Bkeyword,A BaA BcondiA Bon,A BandA
BaA Bcolon.A BTheA BlinesA BofA BcodeA BthatA BfollowA BtheA BcolonA

BshouldA BalwaysA BbeA BwithinA BaA Bblock;A BifA BtheA BanswerA BisA Byes,A

BtheA BcommandsA BthatA BareA BwithinA BtheA BblockA BofA BcodeA BwillA

Brun.A BLetA BusA BnowA BlookA BatA BhowA BweA BcanA BwriteA BcommandsA

BandA Bblocks.

BlockA BofA BStatements

AA BblockA BisA BaA BcollecA BonA BofA BprogrammingA Bstatements,A BandA

BaA BblockA BofA BcodeA BisA BaA BcollecA BonA BofA BprogrammingA

Bstatements.
ThereA BareA BthreeA BprintA BstatementsA BinA BtheA BaboveA BblockA BofA
Bcode,A BandA BtheseA BstatementsA BrunA BifA BtheA BcondiA BonA BholdsA

Btrue.A BThereA BwillA BalwaysA BbeA BfourA BspacesA B(shownA BbyA

B▯▯▯▯)A BbeforeA BtheA BbeginningA BofA BeveryA BlineA BofA BcodeA BaA

BerA BtheA BifA Bstatement.

YouA BcanA BenterA BaA BwhitespaceA BinA BPythonA BeitherA BbyA BpressingA
BtheA BspaceA BorA BtabA Bkey.A BTheseA BspacesA BareA BmeaningfulA BandA

BhelpA ByouA BdifferenA BateA BbetweenA BdifferentA BsecA BonsA BofA BtheA

Bcode.A BWhenA ByouA BenterA BtheA BcodeA BwithoutA BanyA BindentaA Bon,A

ByouA BcanA BneverA BidenA BfyA BwhenA BaA BspecificA BblockA BofA BcodeA

Bstarts.A BIfA ByouA BdoA BuseA BindentaA Bon,A BitA BwillA BbeA BeasierA BforA

ByouA BtoA BunderstandA BtheA BprogramA ByouA BhaveA BwriA BenA BbeA Ber.

ItA BisA BimportantA BtoA BrememberA BthatA BweA BonlyA BgroupA

BstatementsA BintoA BaA BblockA BifA BtheyA BareA Brelated.A BThisA BisA

BbecauseA BtheseA BstatementsA BwillA BallA BneedA BtoA BbeA BrunA

Btogether.A BIfA ByouA BchangeA BtheA BindentaA Bon,A ByouA BareA BcreaA

BngA BaA BnewA Bblock.A BForA BthatA BmaA Ber,A BwhenA ByouA BstartA BaA

BblockA BwithA BfourA BspacesA BonA BtheA BfirstA BlineA BandA BuseA BsixA

BspacesA BonA BtheA BsecondA Bline,A BitA BwillA BthrowA BanA BindentaA BonA

BerrorA BsinceA BPythonA BneedsA ByouA BtoA BuseA BtheA BsameA BindentaA

BonA BacrossA BallA BlinesA BofA BcodeA BinA BtheA Bblock.A BWhenA ByouA

BstartA BaA BblockA BwithA BfourA Bspaces,A ByouA BshouldA BconA BnueA BtoA

BuseA BfourA BspacesA BacrossA BtheA Bblock.

TheA BspacesA BinA BthisA BcodeA BareA BvisibleA BtoA BhelpA ByouA
BunderstandA BtheA Bdifference.A BIfA ByouA BlookA BatA BtheA BthirdA BlineA

BinA BtheA Bcode,A ByouA BwillA BnoA BceA BthatA BthereA BareA BsixA BspacesA

BinsteadA BofA Bfour.A BWhenA ByouA BrunA BthisA BcodeA BinA BPython,A

BtheA BIDLEA BwillA BhighlightA BtheA BthirdA BlineA BinA BtheA BcodeA BwithA

BaA BredA Bblock,A BandA BdisplayA BtheA BSyntaxErrorA Bmessage.

ThereA BisA BanA BerrorA BsinceA BPythonA BdidA BnotA BwantA BtoA BseeA
BtwoA BextraA BspacesA BatA BtheA BstartA BofA BtheA BsecondA BprintA Bline.

CondiA BonsA BHelpA BUsA BCompareA BThings

AA BcondiA BonA BisA BaA BstatementA BinA BaA BprogramA BthatA BwillA
BallowA ByouA BtoA BcompareA BtwoA BvariablesA BandA BdecideA BbasedA

BonA BtheA BcriteriaA BprovidedA BifA BtheA BcondiA BonA BholdsA BtrueA BorA

Bnot.A BForA Binstance,A BifA BtheA BcondiA BonA BisA Bage>10,A BweA BareA

BtryingA BtoA BverifyA BifA BtheA BvalueA BofA BtheA BvariableA BageA BisA

BgreaterA BthanA B10A BorA Bnot.A BHair_colorA B=A B=A B‘Black’A BisA BalsoA

BaA BcondiA Bon,A BwhichA BisA BtryingA BtoA BverifyA BifA BtheA BvariableA

Bhair_colorA BholdsA BtheA BvalueA Bblack.

ThereA BareA BnumerousA BoperatorsA BandA BsymbolsA BusedA BinA BPython,A

BandA BtheseA BareA BcalledA Boperators.A BTheyA BareA BusedA BtoA BcreateA

BdifferentA BcondiA Bons.A B

ForA Binstance,A BifA ByouA BareA BonlyA BtenA ByearsA Bold,A BtheA BcondiA
BonA Byour_age==0A BwillA BholdA Btrue,A BandA BtheA BvalueA BreturnedA

BwouldA BbeA Btrue.A BOtherwise,A ByouA BwillA BreceiveA BtheA BvalueA

BFalse.A BSimilarly,A BifA ByourA BageA BisA BgreaterA BthanA B10,A BtheA

BvalueA BreturnedA BwillA BbeA Btrue.

LetA BusA BnowA BtryA BtoA BlookA BatA BaA BfewA BmoreA Bexamples.A BInA
BthisA Bexample,A BweA BwillA BassignA BtheA BvalueA B10A BtoA BtheA

BvariableA BageA BandA BwriteA BaA BcondiA BonalA BstatementA BthatA BwillA

BprintA BaA BstatementA BifA BtheA BvalueA BofA BtheA BvariableA BageA BisA

BgreaterA BthanA B10.

>>>A BageA B=A B10A B>>>A BifA BageA B>A B10:A Bprint('YouA BareA BtooA
BoldA BforA BmyA Bjokes!')
So,A BwhatA BdoA ByouA BthinkA BwillA BhappenA BwhenA ByouA BenterA BthisA
BcodeA BintoA BtheA BIDLEA BandA BpressA BEnter?A BAbsolutelyA Bnothing.A

BThisA BisA BbecauseA BtheA BvalueA BreturnedA BbyA BtheA BvariableA BageA

BdoesA BnotA BmeetA BtheA BcondiA Bon.A BSo,A BPythonA BdoesA BnotA BprintA

BtheA Bstatements.A BIfA ByouA BsetA BtheA BvalueA BofA BtheA BvariableA BageA

BtoA B20,A BtheA BmessageA BwillA BbeA BprintedA BonA BtheA Bscreen.A BLetA

BusA BnowA BchangeA BtheA BcondiA BonA BandA BuseA BtheA BgreaterA BthanA

BequalA BtoA Bsymbol.

>>>A BageA B=A B10A B>>>A BifA BageA B>=A B10:A Bprint('YouA BareA BtooA
BoldA BforA BmyA Bjokes!')

TheA BmessageA B“YouA BareA BtooA BoldA BforA BmyA Bjokes!”A BisA
BprintedA BonA BtheA BscreenA BsinceA BtheA BvalueA BofA BtheA BvariableA

BageA BisA BequalA BtoA B10.A BLetA BusA BnowA BtryA BtoA BuseA BtheA

BequaltoA BoperatorA BinA BtheA BcondiA Bon.

>>>A BageA B=A B10A B>>>A BifA BageA B==A B10:

print('What'sA BbrownA BandA BsA Bcky?A BAA BsA Bck!!')

TheA BfollowingA BmessageA BisA BprintedA BonA BtheA Bscreen:A B“What’sA

BbrownA BandA BsA Bcky?

AA BsA Bck!!”

If-Then-ElseA BStatements

ApartA BfromA BusingA BtheA BifA BstatementsA BtoA BperformA BspecificA BacA
BonsA BifA BtheA BcondiA BonA BisA Btrue,A BweA BcanA BalsoA BuseA BtheseA

BstatementsA BtoA BperformA BaA BspecificA BacA BonA BifA BtheA BcondiA BonA

BdoesA BnotA BholdA Btrue.A BForA Binstance,A ByouA BcanA BprintA BaA

BmessageA BonA BtheA BscreenA BifA BtheA BageA BenteredA BisA B12,A BandA

BanotherA BstatementA BifA BtheA BageA BisA BnotA B12.A BInA BthisA Binstance,A
ByouA BshouldA BuseA BtheA Bif-then-elseA Bstatement.A BItA BstatesA BthatA
BifA BtheA BcondiA BonA BisA Btrue,A BPythonA BshouldA BperformA BspecificA

BfuncA Bon;A BifA BtheA BcondiA BonA BisA Bfalse,A BPythonA BshouldA

BperformA BotherA BfuncA Bons.

>>>A Bprint("WantA BtoA BhearA BaA BdirtyA Bjoke?")

WantA BtoA BhearA BaA BdirtyA Bjoke?

>>>A BageA B=A B12

>>>A BifA BageA B==A B12:

print("AA BpigA BfellA BinA BtheA Bmud!")A Belse:

print("Shh.A BIt'sA BaA Bsecret.")

AA BpigA BfellA BinA BtheA Bmud!

SinceA BtheA BvalueA BofA BtheA BageA BvariableA BisA B12A BandA BtheA
BcondiA BonA BisA BtoA BcheckA BifA BtheA BvalueA BofA BtheA BageA BvariableA

BisA BequalA BtoA B12,A ByouA BwillA BseeA BtheA BfirstA BprintA BmessageA

BonA ByourA Bscreen.A BYouA BshouldA BnowA BtryA BtoA BchangeA BtheA

BvalueA BofA BtheA BageA BtoA BanyA BnumberA BotherA BthanA B12.

>>>A Bprint("WantA BtoA BhearA BaA BdirtyA Bjoke?")

WantA BtoA BhearA BaA BdirtyA Bjoke?

>>>A BageA B=A B8A B>>>A BifA BageA B==A B12:

print("AA BpigA BfellA BinA BtheA Bmud!")A Belse:

print("Shh.A BIt'sA BaA Bsecret.")

Shh.A BIt'sA BaA Bsecret.

YouA BwillA BnowA BseeA BtheA BsecondA BprintA BonA ByourA Bsystem.

IfA BandA BElifA BStatements

YouA BcanA BextendA BtheA BifA BstatementA BusingA BanA BelifA Bstatement.A
BElifA BisA BshortA BforA Belse-if.A BForA Binstance,A ByouA BcanA BcheckA BifA

BaA Bperson’sA BageA BisA B10,A B11A BorA B12.A BYouA BcanA BalsoA BmakeA

BtheA BsystemA BperformA BdifferentA BacA BonsA BbasedA BonA BtheA BanswerA

Bprovided.A BItA BisA BimportantA BtoA BrememberA BthatA BtheA BifA BandA

BelifA BstatementsA BareA BdifferentA BfromA BtheA Bif-then-elseA BstatementsA

BsinceA ByouA BcanA BincludeA BnumerousA BelifsA BwithinA BtheA Bcode.

>>>A BageA B=A B12A B>>>A BifA BageA B==A B10:A Bprint("WhatA BdoA ByouA
BcallA BanA BunhappyA Bcranberry?")A Bprint("AA Bblueberry!")A BelifA BageA

B==A B11:

print("WhatA BdidA BtheA BgreenA BgrapeA BsayA BtoA BtheA BblueA Bgrape?")A
Bprint("Breathe!A BBreathe!")A BelifA BageA B==A B12:A Bprint("WhatA BdidA

B0A BsayA BtoA B8?")A Bprint("HiA Bguys!")A BelifA BageA B==A B13:

print("WhyA Bwasn'tA B10A BafraidA BofA B7?")A Bprint("BecauseA BratherA

BthanA BeaA BngA B9,A B7A B8A Bpi.")A Belse:

print("Huh?")

WhatA BdidA B0A BsayA BtoA B8?A BHiA Bguys!

InA BtheA BaboveA Bexample,A BtheA BifA BstatementA BinA BtheA BsecondA
BlineA BofA BtheA BcodeA BwillA BcheckA BifA BtheA BvalueA BofA BtheA BageA

BvariableA BisA BequalA BtoA B10A BinA BtheA BfirstA BlineA BofA BtheA Bcode.A

BTheA BprintA BstatementA BthatA BfollowsA BthatA BifA BstatementA BwillA

BrunA BifA BtheA BcondiA BonA BholdsA Btrue.A BSinceA BtheA BageA BisA B12,A

BtheA BcodeA BwillA BmoveA BtoA BtheA BnextA BifA BstatementA BandA BcheckA

BifA BtheA BageA BisA BequalA BtoA B11.A BItA BisA BdefinitelyA BnotA BequalA
BtoA B11.A BTheA BcomputerA BwillA BthenA BjumpA BtoA BtheA BnextA
BstatementA BandA BverifyA BifA BtheA BageA BisA B12.A BSinceA BthisA BcondiA

BonA BholdsA Btrue,A BtheA BcomputerA BwillA BprintA BtheA BstatementA BthatA

BfollowsA BthatA BcondiA Bon.A BOnceA ByouA BenterA BthisA BcodeA BintoA

BtheA BIDLE,A BitA BwillA BindentA BautomaA Bcally,A BsoA ByouA BmustA

BensureA BthatA ByouA BpressA BtheA BDeleteA BorA BBackspaceA BbuA BonA

BonceA ByouA BenterA BtheA BlinesA BofA Bcode.A BItA BisA BimportantA BthatA

ByourA BcodeA BfollowsA BtheA BrulesA BofA BindentaA Bon.

CombiningA BCondiA Bons

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BtheA BlogicalA BkeywordsA BANDA BandA BOR.A BThisA BwillA BhelpA ByouA

BproduceA BaA BsmallerA BandA BsimplerA Bcode.A BLetA BusA BlookA BatA BtheA

BfollowingA Bexample:

>>>A BifA BageA B==A B10A BorA BageA B==A B11A BorA BageA B==A B12A BorA
BageA B==A B13:A Bprint('WhatA BisA B13A B+A B49A B+A B84A B+A B155A B+A

B97?A BAA Bheadache!')A Belse:

print('Huh?')

IfA BtheA BcondiA BonsA BinA BtheA BcodeA BaboveA BareA Btrue,A BtheA
BstatementsA BbelowA BthatA BcodeA BwillA Brun.A BThatA BisA BifA BtheA BageA

BisA BbetweenA B10A BandA B13,A BtheA BblockA BofA BcodeA BbelowA BtheA

BcondiA BonA BwillA Brun.A BIfA BtheA BcondiA BonsA BinA BtheA BfirstA BlineA

BdoA BnotA BholdA Btrue,A BPythonA BwillA BmoveA BtoA BtheA BelseA BbitA BofA

BtheA Bcode.A BTheA BoutputA BwillA BthenA BbeA BHuh?

IfA ByouA BwantA BtoA BreduceA BtheA BsizeA BofA BtheA Bprogram,A ByouA
BcanA BalsoA BuseA BtheA BANDA BkeywordA BtoA BensureA BthatA BthereA BisA

BonlyA BoneA BcondiA BonA BatA BtheA BtopA BofA BtheA Bcode.
ThisA BcanA BbeA BdoneA BinA BtheA BfollowingA Bmanner:

>>>A BifA BageA B>=A B10A BandA BageA B<=A B13:A Bprint('WhatA BisA B13A
B+A B49A B+A B84A B+A B155A B+A B97?A BAA Bheadache!')A Belse:

print('Huh?')
InA BtheA BaboveA Bexample,A BifA BtheA BageA BofA BtheA BpersonA BisA
BgreaterA BthanA BorA BequalA BtoA BtenA BandA BlessA BthanA BorA BequalA BtoA

B13,A BtheA BstatementsA BbelowA BthatA BcondiA BonA BwillA BrunA BsinceA

BtheA BcondiA BonA BisA Btrue.A BForA Binstance,A BifA BtheA BvalueA BofA BtheA

BageA BisA B12,A BthenA BtheA BoutputA BwouldA BbeA BWhatA BisA B13A B+A

B49A B+A B84A B+A B155A B+A B97?A BAA Bheadache!.A BThisA BstringA BwillA

BshowA BupA BonA BtheA BscreenA BsinceA B12A BisA BgreaterA BthanA B10A

BandA BlessA BthanA B13.

NoneA B–A BVariablesA BWithA BNoA BValue

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BvariableA BinA BanyA BprogrammingA Blanguage.A BThatA BbeingA Bsaid,A

ByouA BcanA BalsoA BassignA BanA BemptyA BvalueA BorA BnoA BvalueA BtoA BaA

Bvariable.A BThisA BvalueA BisA BcalledA BNone;A BitA BmeansA BthatA BthereA

BisA BnoA BvalueA BassignedA BtoA BtheA Bvariable.A BItA BisA BimportantA BtoA

BunderstandA BthatA BtheA BNoneA BvalueA BisA BdifferentA BfromA BzeroA

BsinceA BtheA BformerA BrepresentsA BtheA BabsenceA BofA BaA BvalueA BwhileA

BtheA BlaA BerA BisA BaA BnumberA BthatA BhasA BaA BvalueA Bzero.A BWhenA

ByouA BassignA BaA BvariableA BwithA BNone,A ByouA BwillA BbeA BgivingA BitA

BanA BemptyA Bvalue.A BLetA BusA BlookA BatA BtheA BfollowingA Bexample:A

B>>>A BmyvalA B=A BNone

>>>A Bprint(myval)

None

WhenA ByouA BdoA BnotA BassignA BanyA BvalueA BtoA BaA Bvariable,A ByouA
BassignA BNoneA BtoA BtheA BvariableA BandA BresetA BitsA BvalueA BtoA BtheA

BoriginalA Bstate.A BYouA BcanA BalsoA BsetA BtheA BvalueA BofA BaA BvariableA

BasA BNoneA BifA ByouA BwantA BtoA BdeclareA BorA BdefineA BaA BvariableA

BbutA BnotA BassignA BaA BvalueA BtoA Bit.A BYouA BcanA BdoA BthisA BwhenA

ByouA BknowA BthatA ByouA BwillA BbeA BusingA BthisA BvariableA BlaterA BinA
BtheA Bprogram.A BMostA BprogrammersA BchooseA BtoA BdefineA BtheA
BvariablesA BinA BadvanceA BsinceA BitA BmakesA BitA BeasierA BforA BthemA

BtoA BviewA BtheA BnamesA BofA BtheA BvariablesA BthatA BareA BbeingA BusedA

BbyA BaA BblockA BofA Bcode.A BYouA BcanA BalwaysA BlookA BforA BaA BNoneA

BinA BtheA BcodeA BusingA BtheA BfollowingA Bexample:

>>>A BmyvalA B=A BNoneA B>>>A BifA BmyvalA B==A BNone:A Bprint("TheA
BvariableA BmyvalA Bdoesn'tA BhaveA BaA Bvalue")

TheA BvariableA BmyvalA Bdoesn'tA BhaveA BaA Bvalue

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----------------------------------------------------------------------

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----------------------------------------------------------------------

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