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ES M1-Note1

embedded system note for polytechnic

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14 views3 pages

ES M1-Note1

embedded system note for polytechnic

Uploaded by

kannankarthi3002
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODULE 1: EMBEDDED SYSTEMS & AVR MICROCONTROLLER ARCHITECTURE

A microcontroller is a single chip computer. In addition to the CPU, it contains RAM, ROM, I/O
ports, Timers etc. It is mostly used in embedded systems. Examples of 8 bit microcontrollers are:
Intel 8051, Atmel’s AVR, Zilog’s Z8, Microchip’s PIC. These are different from each other in their
architecture, registers, instruction set etc. So programs written for one microcontroller will not run
on the others. So for selecting a microcontroller, three factors are commonly considered.

1. It must fulfil the task efficiently and cost effectively, which includes
• Speed, Packaging, Power consumption, capacity of RAM and ROM, I/O pins and timers
2. Availability of software and hardware development tools such as compilers, assemblers,
debuggers, and emulators.
3. Availability of the microcontroller in required quantity.

Comparison of Microcontroller with Microprocessor:

Microcontroller Microprocessor
Special purpose General purpose
Contains RAM, ROM and IO ports in the chip RAM, ROM and I/O ports are to be added
externally
Not able to add extra memory or I/O ports Flexible to add extra memory or I/O ports
Used in Embedded systems Generally used in Computers
(appliances like Printer, TV, Camera, Security
systems etc.)
Use single voltage power Use many levels of voltage power
Use more number of registers Use less number
Generally based on Harvard architecture based on Von Neumann model

AVR Microcontroller Architecture:


The basic architecture of AVR was designed by two students of Norwegian Institute of Technology
(NTH), Alf-Egil Bogen and Vegard Wollan, and then was bought and developed by Atmel in 1996.
AVR stands of Advanced Virtual RISC or Alf and Vegard RISC.
AVR Family
▪ AVRs are generally classified into four broad groups:
1. Classic AVR
2. Mega AVR
3. Tiny AVR
4. Special purpose AVR (Used for specific applications, such as USB controller, LCD
controller, Ethernet controller etc.)

Simplified Block diagram of an AVR microcontroller:

AVR ATMega32

ATmega32 is 8 bit AVR microcontroller and its major features are:


• 32 General Purpose Registers
• 32 KB Code ROM (Flash)
• 2 KB SRAM
• 1 KB EEPROM
• Four I/O ports
• 8 channel 10 bit ADC
• Three Timers

ATmega32 Data Memory


Atmega32 Data memory is divided in to three parts:
1. General Purpose Registers (GPRs)
2. I/O registers
3. General Purpose RAM

General Purpose Registers:


There are 32 general-purpose registers. These are called R0,R1...,R31. Size of each register is
one byte. These registers are located in the lowest addresses of the data memory, ranging the
address from 00 to 1F. These registers can be used for arithmetic and logic operations

I/O registers:
The I/O registers are used for special functions such as port operations, timer control, serial
communication etc.. It is also called Special Function Registers (SFRs). The I/O memory of
Atmega32 is 64 Bytes.
General Purpose RAM:
This memory is used to store data and parameters. Its size varies from one AVR microcontroller
to other. ATmega32 has 2KB General Purpose RAM. The total data memory of ATmega32 is 2144
Bytes (32 B GPR + 64 B I/O registers and 2044 B RAM). Following figure illustrate the structure
of Data memory.

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