Capacitor ➢ Capacitor is a device that can store charge in its electric field. ➢ The ability of a capacitor to store charge is called capacitance. 𝑄∝𝑉 or 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉 𝑄 so 𝐶= 𝑉 Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor Capacitance of a capacitor depends upon dimensions of the capacitor and medium inserted between the plates. 𝐴𝜖0 𝐶𝑣𝑎𝑐 = 𝑑 When a medium is inserted between the plated then the capacitance increases by a factor 𝜖𝑟 . 𝐴𝜖0 𝜖𝑟 𝐶𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 𝑑 Capacitance of a Sphere The relation for the capacitance of a sphere is:
𝐶 = (4𝜋𝜖0 𝜖𝑟 )(𝑟)
It means that when size of a sphere increases then its
capacitance also increases. Relative Permittivity 𝐶𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝜖𝑟 = 𝐶𝑣𝑎𝑐
Or
𝐹 𝜖𝑟 = 𝐹𝑚𝑒𝑑 Electric Polarization of Dielectrics Electric Polarization of Dielectrics When a dielectric material is inserted in the plates of a capacitor, then: 𝑄 ➢Surface charge density σ= of capacitor plate decreases. 𝐴 𝜎 ➢Due to decrease in σ, Electric field 𝐸 = also decreases. 𝜖0
➢Due to decrease in E, the voltages between the plated 𝑉 = 𝐸𝑑
also decreases. 𝑄 ➢Ultimately the capacitance 𝐶 = increases. 𝑉 Energy Stored in a Capacitor Energy is stored in a capacitor in its electric field. 𝐶𝑉 2 𝑄2 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = = 2 2𝐶 The energy stored in terms of electric field is: 1 𝐴𝜖𝑟 𝜖0 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝐸𝑑 2 2 𝑑 1 2 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝐸 𝜖𝑟 𝜖0 𝐴𝑑 2 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 1 Or 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = 𝐸 2 𝜖𝑟 𝜖0 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 2 So due to the insertion of dielectric ‘E’ decreases so electric energy also decreases. Charging and Discharging of a Capacitor Charging and Discharging of a Capacitor Time constant: The time required by the capacitor to deposit 0.63 times the equilibrium charge 𝑞0 . ➢A capacitor with small value of time constant will be charged and discharged fast as compared to a capacitor with large time constant. Charging and Discharging of a Capacitor Charging Equation: −𝑡 𝑞 = 𝑞0 1 − 𝑒 𝑅𝐶
Discharging Equation: −𝑡 𝑞= 𝑞0 𝑒 𝑅𝐶 ➢In 𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶, 63% of capacitor is charged and discharged. ➢Ideally an infinite time is required by the capacitor to completely charged and discharged. ➢Practically a capacitor will be charged approximately in 5 time constants. Charging and Discharging of a Capacitor Charging Equation: Discharging Equation: −𝑡 −𝑡 𝑞 = 𝑞0 1 − 𝑒 𝑅𝐶 𝑞= 𝑞0 𝑒 𝑅𝐶 When When 𝑡=0⇒𝑞=0 𝑡 = 0 ⇒ 𝑞 = 𝑞0 𝑡 = 𝑅𝐶 ⇒ 𝑞 = 0.63 𝑞0 𝑡 = 𝑅𝐶 ⇒ 𝑞 = 0.37 𝑞0 𝑡 = 2𝑅𝐶 ⇒ 𝑞 = 0.86 𝑞0 𝑡 = 2𝑅𝐶 ⇒ 𝑞 = 0.14 𝑞0 𝑡 = 3𝑅𝐶 ⇒ 𝑞 = 0.95 𝑞0 𝑡 = 3𝑅𝐶 ⇒ 𝑞 = 0.05 𝑞0 𝑡 = 4𝑅𝐶 ⇒ 𝑞 = 0.98 𝑞0 𝑡 = 4𝑅𝐶 ⇒ 𝑞 = 0.02 𝑞0
𝑡 = 5𝑅𝐶 ⇒ 𝑞 = 0.99 𝑞0 𝑡 = 5𝑅𝐶 ⇒ 𝑞 = 0.01 𝑞0
A charge Q is placed at the corner of a cube. The electric flux through all the six faces of the cube is: 𝑄 (a) 3𝜖0
𝑄 (b) 6𝜖0
𝑄 (c) 8𝜖0
𝑄 (d) 𝜖0 A charge Q is placed at the corner of a cube. The electric flux through all the six faces of the cube is: 𝑄 (a) 3𝜖0
𝑄 (b) 6𝜖0
𝑄 (c) 8𝜖0
𝑄 (d) 𝜖0 The work done in placing a charge of 8 10−18 C on a condenser of capacity 100 µF is:
(a) 32 10−32 J (b) 16 10−32 J (c) 3.1 10−26 J (d) 4 10−10 J The work done in placing a charge of 8 10−18 C on a condenser of capacity 100 µF is:
(a) 32 10−32 J (b) 16 10−32 J (c) 3.1 10−26 J (d) 4 10−10 J The capacitance of a metallic sphere will be 1 µF, if its radius is nearly:
(a) 9 km (b) 10 m (c) 1.11 m (d) 1.11 cm The capacitance of a metallic sphere will be 1 µF, if its radius is nearly:
(a) 9 km (b) 10 m (c) 1.11 m (d) 1.11 cm Three identical capacitors are combined differently. For same voltage to each combination, the one that stores maximum energy is:
(a) Two in parallel and third in series with it
(b) Three in series (c) Three in parallel (d) Two in series and third in parallel with it Three identical capacitors are combined differently. For same voltage to each combination, the one that stores maximum energy is:
(a) Two in parallel and third in series with it
(b) Three in series (c) Three in parallel (d) Two in series and third in parallel with it
