Physics Gravitation SHM Elasticity Fluid Mechanics Complete Module

XI MODULE - IV
GRAVITATION
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION,
ELASTICITY & FLUID MECHANICS
Modus Operandi for Practice

(Suggested Ideal Approach)
Step – I CatalyseR 's Practice Sheets & NCERT

{while Chapter is running in Class-Room}
(Mandatory)
Step – II CatalyseR 's Module & Exercise of Concepts of Physics

by Dr. HC verma
(Mandatory)
Step – III Previous Years’ JEE Subjective & Objective Questions,

Fundamentals of Physics by Rensnick, Halliday & Walker
(Mandatory)
Step – IV After Completion of Step – III, if time permits, students can solve
questions from previous year’s INPHO, IPHO papers, Physics books by
(Optional) DC Pandey sir, General Problems in physics by I.E. Irodov etc.
This Study Package is Prepared by

d`fr
lyseR
of Cata
t Wing
Conten
GRAVITATION
INDEX
 CONCEPTS IN BRIEF (GRAVITATION) 01 – 09

 SOLVED EXAMPLES 10 – 16
 EXERCISE # 01 OBJECTIVE EXERCISE (LEVEL # 01) 17 – 20
 EXERCISE # 04 SUBJECTIVE EXERCISE (LEVEL # 01) 33 – 35
 EXERCISE # 07 KVPY, OLYMPIADS QUESTIONS 41
 EXERCISE # 08 JEE (MAIN) CORNER 42 – 43
 EXERCISE # 09 JEE (ADVANCED) CORNER 44 – 46
 ANSWER KEYS 47 – 49
WEIGHTAGE OF ‘GRAVITATION’ IN JEE (MAIN & ADVANCED) in Last Three Years
JEE (MAIN) Formely known as AIEEE
MARK /
YEAR No. Of Qs.
PHYSICS TOTAL MARKS
2015 1 4/120
2016 1 4/120
2017 1 4/120
JEE (ADVANCED)
MARK /
YEAR No. Of Qs.
PHYSICS TOTAL MARKS
2015 2 8/168
2016 0 0/124
2017 1 3/120
GRAVITATION 1
GRAVITATION
1. UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION
According to this law "Each particle attracts every other particle. The force of attraction
between them is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to
square of the distance between them".
m m
F  1 2 2 or F = G m1 m 2
r r2
–11 2 –2
where G = 6.67 × 10 Nm kg is the universal gravitational constant.
Dimensional formula of G :
Fr 2 [MLT 2 ] [L2 ]
G= = = [M–1 L3 T–2 ]
m1 m 2 [M2 ]
Newton's Law of gravitation in vector form :

 Gm1m 2  Gm1m 2
F12 = 2
r̂12 & F2 1 = r̂21
r r2

Where F12 is the force on mass m1 exerted by mass m2 and vice-versa.
  G m1 m2  
Now rˆ12   rˆ21 , Thus F21  2
rˆ12 . Comparing above, we get F12   F21
r
Some Important Points:

 Applicable for point masses
 Gravitational force is conservative in nature
 Gravitational force is always attractive and central
 Gravitational force describes the teresterial phenomena
 Gravitational force between two bodies is due to exchange of a elementary particle known as
graviton
 It is a long range and weakest force
2. GRAVITATIONAL FIELD
The space surrounding the body within which its gravitational force of attraction is experienced by
other bodies is called gravitational field. The intensity of gravitational field at a points is defined as
the force experienced by a unit mass placed at that point.
F GM
E= = 2
m r
 GM
The unit of the intensity of gravitational field is N kg–1. In vector form E   2 rˆ
r
F [MLT 2 ]
Dimensional formula of intensity of gravitational field =   [M0 LT 2 ]
m [M ]
Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

2 GRAVITATION
3. GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL
The gravitational potential at a point in the gravitational field of a body is defined as the amount of
work done by an external agent in bringing a body of unit mass from infinity to that point, slowly
(no change in kinetic energy).
Let the unit mass be displaced through a distance dr towards mass M, then work done is given by
GM
dW = F dr = dr
r2
r GM GM
=  dW   2
dr  .  . Thus gravitational potential V   GM , .
 r r r
The unit of gravitational potential is J kg–1. Dimensional Formula of gravitational potential
Work [ML2 T 2 ]
=  = [M°L2 T–2].
mass [M]
4. RELATION BETWEEN GRAVITATIONAL FIELD AND POTENTIAL

The work done by an external agent to move unit mass from a point to another point in the
direction of the field E, slowly through an infinitesimal distance dr = Force by external agent ×
distance moved = – Edr.
Thus dV = – Edr
dV
 E=– .
dr
Therefore, gravitational field at any point is equal to the negative gradient at that point.
5. GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL & FIELD FOR DIFFERENT OBJECTS
OBJECT FIGURE GRAVITATION FIELD & POTENTIAL

 GMr
E = r̂
(a 2  r 2 )3/ 2
OR
GM cos 
E = –
x2
Gravitational field is maximum at a distance,
RING
a
r=± and it is –
2
2GM
Emax  
3 3 a2
 GM
V =
x or (a2  r 2 )1/ 2
CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

GRAVITATION 3
GM GM
E = – SIN  0 =
Ld d L2  d2
A linear mass GM
V = –  n (SEC  0 + TAN  0 )
of finite length L
on its axis : L  L2  d2 
GM
= – n  
L  d 
An infinite 2G
E =
uniform linear d
mass d 
distribution of  V12  2G  n  2 
 d1 
linear mass
density , here
0 = 90  .
(A) POINT P INSIDE THE SHELL.

R < A, THEN
GMr
E = –
a3
GM
V =  (3a 2  r 2 )
2a3
UNIFORM
SOLID (B) AT THE CENTRE
SPHERE E = 0
3GM
V = –
2a
(C) POINT P OUTSIDE THE SHELL.
R > A,
GM
E = –
r2
GM
V =
r

4 GRAVITATION
(A) POINT P INSIDE THE SHELL.

R < A,
E=0
UNIFORM
 GM
THIN V=
a
SPHERICAL
(B) POINT P OUTSIDE SHELL. R > A,
SHELL
GM
E = –
r2
 GM
V =
r
(A) Point outside the shell

M M
V=–G ; E=–G 2
r r
(B) Point inside the Shell

UNIFORM 3  R  R1 
V = –. GM  2 2 2 
THICK 2.  R 2  R1R 2  R1 
SPHERICAL E=0
SHELL
(C) Point between the two surface
GM  3rR 22  r 3  2R13 
V = –   ;
2r  R 32  R13 
GM r 3  R13
E = –
r 2 R 32  R13
6. GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY
Gravitational potential energy of two mass system is equal to the work done by an external agent
in assembling them, while their initial separation was infinity.
GMm
dW = F dr = dr
r2
r
GMm
  dW   r2
dr
GMm
 Gravitational potential energy U   ,
r

GRAVITATION 5
Special Cases:
 From above equation, it is clear that gravitational potential energy of two mass system increases
with increase in separation (r) (i.e. it becomes less negative).
 Gravitational P.E. becomes maximum (or zero) at r = .
1 1
  U  GMe m   
 r1 r2 
7. GRAVITATIONAL SELF-ENERGY
The gravitational self-energy of a body (or a system of particles) is defined as the workdone by an
external agent in assembling the body (or system of particles) from infinitesimal elements (or
particles) that are initially an infinite distance apart.
Gravitational Self energy of a Uniform Sphere (star)

4 3 
 2
 3 r   4r dr 
 
 M
dUshell = – G , where  =
r 4
  3
  R
3
1
dUshell = – G (4)2 r4 dr,
3 R
4
1 2 r dr
Ustar = – G (4) 
3 0
3 GM2
 Ustar = –
5 R
8. ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY:
The gravitational field intensity on the surface of earth is therefore numerically

equal to the acceleration due to gravity (g), there. Thus we get,
GMe
g where , Me = Mass of earth
Re 2
Re = Radius of earth
Note : Here the distribution of mass in the earth is taken to be spherical
symmetrical so that its entire mass can be assumed to be concentrated at its center for the
purpose of calculation of g.
9. VARIATION OF ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY

(a) Effect of Altitude
GMe
Acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the earth is given by, g =
R 2e
2
GMe  h   2h 
gh = 2
= g 1  ~ g 1   when h << R.
R e  h   Re   Re 

6 GRAVITATION
(b) Effect of depth
 R 
At the center of the earth, d = Re, so gcentre = g  1  e  = 0.
 Re 
(c) Effect of the shape of Earth

The equatorial radius is about 21 km longer than its polar radius.
GMe
We know, g = Hence gpole > gequator.
R 2e
(d) Effect of rotation of the Earth

The earth rotates around its axis with angular velocity . Consider a particle of mass m at
latitude . The angular velocity of the particle is also .
Feff  mg  m2Re cos2  geff  g  2Re cos2 

GRAVITATION 7
10. ESCAPE SPEED

The minimum speed required to project a body from the surface of the earth so that it never
returns to the surface of the earth is called escape speed.
To escape a body its mechanical energy should be greater than or equal to zero.
1  GMe m  2GMe
mv 2e   0  ve   2gR e  11.2 k m s 1
2  Re  Re
IMPORTANT POINTS
 Escape speed depends on the mass and size of the planet.
 Escape speed is independent of the mass of the body to be projected.
 Escape velocity is independent of direction of projection.
11. MOTION OF SATELLITES SPEED (OR ORBITAL SPEED)
Satellite speed (or Orbital speed)
The speed required to put the satellite into its orbit around the earth is
called orbital speed.
The gravitational attraction between satellite and the earth provides the
necessary centripetal force.
GMm mv 02 GM
  v0 
r2 r r
Time period of Satellite

2 r r r3 Circumference of the orbit 2 R e  h 
Time period, T   2 r  2 T = 
v0 GM GM orbital speed v0
For a satellite orbiting close to the earth’s surface (r ~ Re), the time period is minimum and is
given by
R 3e Re
Tmin  2   2
GM g
For earth Re = 6400 km, g = 9.8 m/s2 Tmin = 84.6 min.
Energy of a Satellite
P.E. of a satellite of mass m revolving around the earth in a circular orbit of the earth is given by
 GMe m GMem GMem
Total Energy E = U + K.E. = + or E=–
r 2r 2r
Potential Energy (U), Kinetic Energy (K) and Total Energy (E) of satellite
GMm GMm GMm
U K E [K = –E & U = 2E]
r 2r 2r

8 GRAVITATION
(a) Orbits and Speed of artificial satellites around the earth:

For a body on the earth’s surface, projected horizontally with a speed v, the trajectory depends on
the value of its speed v.
Velocity (v) Trajectory
(i) Less than the orbital speed v < gRe (i) Body returns to the earth
(ii) Equal to orbital speed v = gRe (ii) Body acquires a near the earth circular orbit
(iii) Between orbital and escape speed (iii) Body acquires an eiliptical orbit with
gRe < v < 2gRe the earth as the near focus.
(iv) Equal to escape speed v = 2gRe (iv) Body just escapes the earth’s gravity
along in a parabolic path.
(v) Greater then escape speed v > 2gRe (v) Body escape’s the earth’s gravity in a
hyperbolic path.
Bound and Unbound Trajectories
Imagine a very tall building on the surface of the earth from where a projectile is fired with a
velocity v parallel to the surface of the earth. The trajectory of the projectile depends on its
velocity.
v <v 0
Hyperbola
Earth v > ve
ve
v0 Parabola
v0 < v < ve
Circle
Ellipse
(ve = escape velocity) (v0 = orbital velocity)

GRAVITATION 9
12. KEPLER’S LAWS

I. Law of Orbit: Each Planet moves around the sun in an elliptical orbit with the sun at
one of the foci as shown in figure.
vp
ea rp Perigee
Apogee ra
a
Sun
va
2a
II . Law of Areas: The line joining the sun and a planet sweeps
out equal areas in equal intervals of time. A planet takes
the same time to travel from A to B as from C to D as
shown in figure. (The shaded areas are equal). Naturally
the planet has to move faster from C to D. The law of areas
is identical with the law of conservation of angular momentum.
Angular momentum about the Sun ‘L’ of all planets and satellites is constant
III. Law of Periods: The square of the time for the planet to complete a revolution about the
sun is proportional to the cube of semi major axis of the elliptical orbit.
BINARY STAR SYSTEM
Two stars of mass M1 and M2 form a stable system when they move in
circular orbit about their centre of mass under their mutual gravitational V2
M1 M2
attraction. V1 r1
cm
r2
SOME IMPORTANT POINTS :

 M 1r 1 = M 2r 2
GM1M2 M1V12
 
r2 r1
GM1M2 M2 V22
 
r2 r2
M2r M1r G G
 r1  , r2   V1  M2 , V2  M1
M1  M2 M1  M2 (M1  M2 )r (M1  M2 )r
GM r
when M1 = M2 V1  V2  r1 = r2 =
2r 2

10 GRAVITATION
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex-1 Two particles of masses m1 and m2, initially at rest at infinite distance from each other, move
under the action of mutual gravitational pull. Show that at any instant their relative velocity of
approach is , where R is their separation at that instant.
Gm1m 2
Sol. The gravitational force of attraction on m1 due to m2 at a separation r is F1 =
r2
F1 Gm2
Therefore, the acceleration of m1 is a1 =  2
m1 r
Gm1
Similarly, the acceleration of m2 due to m1 is a2 = –
r2
the negative sign being put as a2 is directed opposite to a1. The relative acceleration of approach
is
G(m1  m 2 )
a = a1 – a2 = .... (1)
r2
dv dv dr
If v is the relative velocity, then a = = .
dt dr dt
dr
But – = v (negative sign shows that r decreases with increaing t ).
dt
dv
 a =– v. .... (2)
dr
G(m1  m 2 )
From (1) and (2), we have v dv = – dr
r2
Integrating, we get
v2 G(m1  m 2 )
= +C
2 r
At r = , v = 0 (given), and so C = 0.
2G(m1  m2 )
 v2 =
r
 2G(m1  m2 ) 
Let v = vR when r = R. Then vR =  
 R 
Ex-2 Three identical bodies of mass M are located at the vertices of an equilateral triangle with side L.
At what speed must they move if they all revolve under the influence of one another's gravity in a
circular orbit circumscribing the triangle while still preserving the equilateral triangle ?
Sol. Let A, B and C be the three masses and O the centre of the circumscribing circle. The radius of
this circle is
L L 2 L
R= sec 30° =  = .
2 2 3 3

GRAVITATION 11
Let v be the speed of each mass M along the circle. Let us consider the motion of the mass at A.
The force of gravitational attraction on it due to the masses at B and C are
GM2 GM2
along AB and along AC
L2 L2
The resultant force is therefore
GM2 3 GM2
2 cos30° = along AD.
L2 L2
This, for preserving the triangle, must be equal to the necessary centripetal force.
That is ,
3 GM2 Mv 2 3 Mv 2 GM
=  [ R = L/ 3 ] or v =
L2 R L L
Ex-3 Find the relation between the gravitational field on the surface of two planets A & B of masses
mA, mB & radius RA & RB respectively if
(i) they have equal mass (ii) they have equal (uniform) density
Let EA & EB be the gravitational field intensities on the surface of planets A & B.
4 3
GmA G 3 R A A 4G
then, EA = 2  =  RA
RA R2A 3 A
GmB 4G
Similarly, EB  =  B RB
RB2 3
EA R2
(i) for mA = mB = B2
EB RA
EA R A
(ii) For & A = B 
EB RB
Ex.4 Calculate the gravitational field intensity at the center of the base of a hollow hemisphere of mass
M and radius R. (Assume the base of hemisphere to be open)
Sol. We consider the shaded elemental ring of mass,

M
dm = 2  R sin (Rd)
(2R2 )
Field due to this ring at 0,
GdmR cos 
dE = (see formulae for field due to a ring)
R3
GM
or, dE = sin  cos  d
R2
/2 / 2
GM GM
Hence, E =  dE =  sin  cos  d or, E=
0 0 R2 2R 2

12 GRAVITATION
Ex.5. Calculate the gravitational field intensity and potential at the centre of the base of a solid
hemisphere of mass m, radius R.
Sol. We consider the shaded elemental disc of radius R sin and thickness Rd
M 2 3M 3
Its mass, dM =  (R sin ) (Rd sin ) or dM = sin  d
2 2
 R3
3
Field due to this plate at O,
2GdM(1  cos )
dE = (see field due to a uniform disc)
(R sin )2
3GMsin  (1  cos  )d

or dE =
R2
/2 /2 / 2
3GM sin (1  cos  ) 3GM  cos2   3GM
 E=  dE =  d = 2   cos    or E =
0 0 R 2
R  2 0 2R 2
Now potential due to the element under consideration at the centre of the base of the
hemisphere,
2GdM
dV = (cosec  – cot ) (see potential due to a circular plate)
r
3GMsin3 (cosec  cot )d
or, dV =
(R sin )
/2 / 2
3GM 3GM  cos2   3GM
V=–  (sin   cos  sin ) d = –   cos    or, v=–
R 0
R  2 0 2R
Aliter : Consider a hemispherical shell of radius r and thickness dr
M 3Mr 2 dr
Its mass,dm = (2r 2 dr) or, dm =
2 R3
 R3
3
Since all points of this hemispherical shell are at the same distance r from O. Hence potential at
O due to it is,
R
Gdm 3GMrdr 3GM
dV = =  V =  dv =
r R3 0
2R

GRAVITATION 13
Ex.6. Calculate the velocity with which a body must be thrown vertically upward from the surface of the
earth so that it may reach a height of 10 R, where R is the radius of the earth and is equal to 6.4
× 108 m. (Earth's mass = 6 × 1024 kg, Gravitational constant G = 6.7 × 10–11 Nt-m2/kg2)
Sol. The gravitational potential energy of a body of mass m on earth's surface is

GMm
U (R) = –
R
where M is the mass of the earth (supposed to be concentrated at its centre) and R is the radius
of the earth (distance of the particle from the centre of the earth). The gravitational energy of the
same body at a height 10 R from earth's surface, i.e. at a distance 11R from earth's centre is
GMm
U (11 R) = –
R
GMm GMm  10 GMm
 change in potential energy U (11 R) – U(R) = – –   =
11R  R  11 R
This difference must come from the initial kinetic energy given to the body in sending it to that
height. Now, supose the body is thrown up with a vertical speed v, so that its initial kinetic energy
1 1 10 GMm 20 GMm 
is mv2. Then mv2 = or v =   .
2 2 11 R  11 R 
 20  (6.7  10 11nt  m2 / kg2 )  (6  10 24 kg)  4

Putting the given values : v =  6  = 1.07 × 10 m/s.
 11(6.4  10 m) 
Ex.7. Distance between centres of two stars is 10 a. The masses of these stars are M and 16 M and
their radii are a & 2a resp. A body is fired straight from the surface of the larger star towards the
smaller star. What should be its minimum initial speed to reach the surface of the smaller star?
Sol. Let P be the point on the line joining the centres of the two planets s.t. the net field at it is zero
GM G.16M
Then, 2
 =0  
r (10a  r)2
 (10 a–r)2 = 16 r2   
   10a – r = 4r   r = 2a
GM G.16M GM 2GM 5 GM
Potential at point P, VP =  =   .
r (10a  r) 2a a 2a
Now if the particle projected from the larger planet has enough energy to cross this point, it will
reach the smaller planet.
For this, the K.E. imparted to the body must be just enough to raise its total mechanical energy to
a value which is equal to P.E. at point P.
1 G(16M)m GMm v 2 8GM GM 5GMm
i.e. mv 2   = mVP or,   
2 2a 8a 2 a 8a 2a
45GM 3 5GM
or, v2 = or, vmin =
4a 2 a

14 GRAVITATION
Ex.8. A rocket starts vertically upward with speed v 0. Shown that its speed v at height h is given by
2hg
v20  v2 = . .,
1 h
R
where R is the radius of the earth and g is acceleration due to gravity at earth's surface. Hence
deduce an expression for maximum height reached by a rocket fired with speed 0.9 times the
escape velocity.
Sol. The gravitational potential energy of a mass m on earth's surface and that a height h is given by
GMm
U (R) = –
R
and
GMm
U (R + h) = –
Rh
1 1
 U(R + h) – U(R) = – GMm   
R h R
GMmh mhg
= = [ GM = gR2]
(R  h)R 1 h
R
This increase in potential energy occurs at the cost of kinetic energy which correspondingly
decreases. If v is the velocity of the rocket at height h, then the decrease in kinetic energy is
1 mv 2  1 mv 2 .
0
2 2
Thus, 1 mv 2  1 mv 2 = mhg ,
0
2 2 1 h
R
2gh
or v20  v2 =
1 h
R
Let hmax be the maximum height reached by the rocket, at which its velocity has been reduced to
zero. Thus, substituting v = 0 and h = hmax in the last expression, we have
2ghmax
v 20 
h
1  max
R
 h 
or v 20  1  max  = 2 ghmax
 R 
2  v2 
or v0 = hmax  2g  0 
 R
v 20
or hmax =
v 20
2g 
R
Now, it is given that v0 = 0.9 × escape velocity = 0.9 × (2gR)
(09  0.9)2 gR 1.62 gR 1.62R
 hmax = = = = 4.26 R
(09  0.9)2 gR 2g  1.62R 0.38
2g 
R

GRAVITATION 15
Ex.9. A satellite is launched into a circular orbit 1600 km above the surface of the earth. Find the period
of revolution if the radius of the earth is R = 6400 km and the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8
2
m/sec . At what height from the ground should it be launched so that it may appear stationary
over a point on the earth's equator ?
2r 3/ 2
Sol. The orbiting period of a satellite at a height h from earth's surface is T = where r = R + h
gR2
2  (R  h)  R  h 
then, T=  
R  g 
Here, R = 6400 km, h = 1600 km = R/4.
2 R  R
  R R 
Then T = 4  4
R  g 
 
R
= 2(1 – 2J)3/2 g
Putting the given values :

 6.4  10 6 m 
T = 2 × 3.14 ×  2 
(1.25)3/2 = 7092 sec = 1.97 hours
 9.8 m / s 
Now, a satellite will appear stationary in the sky over a point on the earth's equator if its period of
revolution round the earth is equal to the period of revolution of the earth round its own axis which
is 24 hours. Let us find the height h of such a satellite above the earth's surface in terms of the
earth's radius. Let it be nR. then
2  (R  nR)  R  nR 
T=  
R  g 
R  6.4  10 6 m / s 
= 2   (1 + n)3./2 = 2 × 3.14  2  (1 + n)
3/2
 g  9.8 m / s 
= (5075 sec) (1 + n)3/2 = (1.41hours) (1 + n)3/2
For T = 24 hours, we have

3/2
(24 hours) = (1.41) hours) (1 + n)
24
or (1 + n)3/2 = = 17
1.41
or 1 + n = (17)2/3 = 6.61
or n = 5.61
The height of the geo-stationary satellite above the earth's surface is
nR = 5.61 × 6400 km = 3.59 × 104 km.

16 GRAVITATION
Ex.10 In a double star, two stars (one of mass m and the other of 2m) distant d apart rotate about their
common centre of mass. Deduce an expression for the period of revolution. Show that the ratio of
their angular momenta about the centre of mass is the same as the ratio of their kinetic energies.
Sol. The centre of mass C will be at distances d/3 and 2d/3 from the masses 2m and m respectively.
Both the stars rotate round C in their respective orbits with the same angular velocity . The
gravitational force acting on each star due to the other supplies the necessary centripetal force.
G(2m)m
The gravitational force on either star is . If we consider the rotation of the smaller star,
d2
2   2d    2md 2 
the centripetal force (m r  ) is m   2  and for bigger star   i.e. same
  3    3 
G(2m)m 2d
 2
= m   2
d  3 
 3 Gm 
or =  3 
 d 
2  d3 
Therefore, the period of revolution is given by T = = 2  
  3 Gm 
2
 d
(2m)  
( )big big 3 1
The ratio of the angular momenta is  = 2
= ,
(  )small  small 2d
  2
m 
 3 
( 12 2 )big big 1
since  is same for both. The ratio of their kinetic energies is  = ,
( 21 2 )small  small 2
which is the same as the ratio of their angular momenta.

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GRAVITATION 17
EXERCISE # 01 OBJECTIVE EXERCISE (LEVEL # 01)

1. At what altitude will the acceleration due to gravity be 25% of that at the earth’s surface (given
radius of earth is R)?
(A) R/4 (B) R (C) 3R/8 (D) R/2
2. At what distance from the centre of the moon is the point at which the strength of the resultant
field of earth's and moon's gravitational field is equal to zero. The earth's mass is 81 times that
of moon and the distance between centres of these planets is 60R where R is the radius of the
earth
(A) 6 R (B) 4 R (C) 3 R (D) 5 R
3. If the radius of the earth be increased by a factor of 5, by what factor its density be changed to
keep the value of g the same?
(A) 1/25 (B) 1/5 (C) 1/ 5 (D) 5
4. An infinite number of masses, each of one kg are placed on the +ve X axis at 1m, 2m, 4m,
______ from the origin. The magnitude of the gravitational field at origin due to this distribution of
masses is:
4G 3G
(A) 2G (B) (C) (D) 
3 4
5. Two concentric shells of uniform density of mass M1 and M2 are situated as shown in the figure.
The forces experienced by a particle of mass m when placed at positions A, B and C respectively
are (given OA = p, OB = q and OC = r)
M1m (M + M ) m
(A) zero, G 2
and G 1 2 2
q p
(M1 + M2 ) m (M + M ) m Mm
(B) G 2
, G 1 22 and G 12
p q r
M1 m (M + M )m
(C) G , G 1 22 and zero
q2 p
(M1 + M2 )m Mm
(D) G 2
, G 12 and zero
p q
6. A satellite of the earth is revolving in circular orbit with a uniform velocity V. If the gravitational
force suddenly disappears, the satellite will
(A) continue to move with the same velocity in the same orbit.
(B) move tangentially to the original orbit with velocity V.
(C) fall down with increasing velocity.
(D) come to a stop somewhere in its original orbit.

18 GRAVITATION
7. A newly discovered planet has a density eight times the density of the earth and a radius twice
the radius of the earth. The time taken by 2 kg mass to fall freely through a distance S near the
surface of the earth is 1 second. Then the time taken for a 4 kg mass to fall freely through the
same distance S near the surface of the new planet is
(A) 0.25 sec. (B) 0.5 sec (C) 1 sec. (D) 4 sec.
8. At what height above the earth’s surface does the acceleration due to gravity fall to 1% of its
value at the earth’s surface?
(A) 9R (B) 10R (C) 99R (D) 100R
9. The mass and diameter of a planet are twice those of earth. What will be the period of oscillation
of a pendulum on this planet if it is a seconds pendulum on earth?
1 1
(A) 2 second (B) 2 2 seconds (C) second (D) second
2 2 2
10. A satellite revolves in the geostationary orbit but in a direction east to west. The time interval
between its successive passing about a point on the equator is :
(A) 48 hrs (B) 24 hrs (C) 12 hrs (D) never
11. A particle starts from rest at a distance R from the centre and along the axis of a fixed ring of
radius R & mass M. Its velocity at the centre of the ring is:
2GM 1  GM
(A)
2 GM
R
(B)
R
(C)

1 


2 R
(D)  2  2  GM
R
12. Two point masses of mass 4m and m respectively separated by d distance are revolving under
mutual force of attraction. Ratio of their kinetic energies will be :
(A) 1 : 4 (B) 1 : 5 (C) 1 : 1 (D) 1:2
13. Two planets A and B have the same material density. If the radius of A is twice that of B, then the
vA
ratio of the escape velocity is
vB
(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) 1/ 2 (D) 12
14. A ball 'A' of mass m falls to the surface of the earth from infinity. Another ball 'B' of mass 2m falls
to the earth from the height equal to six times radius of the earth then ratio of velocities of 'A' and
'B' on reaching the earth is
6 5 7
(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 1 (D) 6
     

GRAVITATION 19
15. The ratio of gravitational acceleration at height 3R to that at height 4R from the surface of the
earth is : (where R is the radius of the earth)
(A) 9/16 (B) 25/16 (C) 16/25 (D) 16/9
16. A satellite of mass m, initially at rest on the earth, is launched into a circular orbit at a height equal
to the radius of the earth. The minimum energy required is
3 1 1 3
(A) mgR (B) mgR (C) mgR (D) mgR
4 2 4 4
17. Consider two configurations of a system of three particles of masses m, 2m and 3m. The work
done by external agent in changing the configuration of the system from figure (i) to figure (ii) is
6Gm2  1 
(A) zero (B)   1 
a  2
6Gm2  1  6Gm2  1 
(C)   1  (D)  2  
a  2 a  2
18. A uniform spherical planet (Radius R) has acceleration due to gravity at its surface g. Points P
g
and Q located inside and outside the planet have acceleration due to gravity . Maximum
4
possible separation between P and Q is
7R 3R 9R
(A) (B) (C) (D) none
4 2 4
19. A body of mass m is lifted up from the surface of the earth to a height three times the radius of
the earth. The change in potential energy of the body is
(A) 3mgR (B) 3/4 mgR
(C) 1/3 mgR (D) 2/3 mgR
where g is acceleration due to gravity at the surface of earth.
20. When a satellite moves around the earth in a certain orbit, the quantity which remains constant is:
(A) angular velocity (B) kinetic energy
(C) aerial velocity (D) potential energy
21. A satellite is launched into a circular orbit of radius R around the earth. A second satellite is
launched into an orbit of radius 1.02R. The period of second satellite is larger than the first one by
approximately
(A) 1.5% (B) 3% (C) 1% (D) 2%

20 GRAVITATION
22. A satellite can be in a geostationary orbit around a planet at a distance r from the centre of the
planet. If the angular velocity of the planet about its axis doubles, a satellite can now be in a
geostationary orbit around the planet if its distance from the centre of the planet is
r r r r
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 (4)1/3 (2)1/3
Question No. 23 to 24 (2 questions)
Figure shows the orbit of a planet P round the sun S. AB and CD are the minor and major axes of
the ellipse.
23. If t1 is the time taken by the planet to travel along ACB and t 2 the time along BDA, then
(A) t1  t 2 (B) t1  t 2
(C) t1  t 2 (D) nothing can be concluded
24. If U is the potential energy and K kinetic energy then |U| > |K| at
(A) Only D (B) Only C (C) both D & C (D) neither D nor C

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GRAVITATION 21

1. Two masses m1 & m2 are initially at rest and are separated by a very large distance. If the
masses approach each other subsequently, due to gravitational attraction between them, their
relative velocity of approach at a separation distance of d is :
2Gd m1  m2  G
(A) (B)
m1  m2  2d
1/2
 2G  1/2
(C)  m1  m2  d  (D)  m1  m2  2Gd
 
2. Let  be the angular velocity of the earth’s rotation about its axis. Assume that the acceleration
due to gravity on the earth’s surface has the same value at the equator and the poles. An object
weighed at the equator gives the same reading as a reading taken at a depth d below earth’s
surface at a pole (d<<R) The value of d is
2R2 2R2 22R2 Rg
(A) (B) (C) (D)
g 2g g g
3. A spherical hole of radius R/2 is excavated from the asteroid of mass M as shown in fig. The
gravitational acceleration at a point on the surface of the asteroid just above the excavation is
(A) GM/R2 (B) GM/2R2 (C) GM/8R2 (D) 7GM/8R2
4. A man of mass m starts falling towards a planet of mass M and radius R. As he reaches near to
the surface, he realizes that he will pass through a small hole in the planet. As he enters the hole,
he sees that the planet is really made of two pieces a spherical shell of negligible thickness of
2M M
mass and a point mass at the centre. Change in the force of gravity experienced by the
3 3
man is
2 GMm 1 GMm 4 GMm
(A) (B) 0 (C) (D)
3 R2 3 R2 3 R2
5. The radius of a planet is R. A satellite revolves around it in a circle of radius r with angular
velocity 0 . The acceleration due to the gravity on planet’s surface is
r 3 0 r 3 30
(A) (B)
R R2
r 3 20 r 3 20
(C) (D)
R R2

22 GRAVITATION
6. A particle of mass M is at a distance a from surface of a thin spherical shell of equal mass and
having radius a.
(A) Gravitational field and potential both are zero at centre of the shell.
(B) Gravitational field is zero not only inside the shell but at a point outside the shell also.
(C) Inside the shell, gravitational field alone is zero.
(D) Neither gravitational field nor gravitational potential is zero inside the shell.
7. A spherical uniform planet is rotating about its axis. The velocity of a point on its equator is V.
Due to the rotation of planet about its axis the acceleration due to gravity g at equator is 1/2 of g
at poles. The escape velocity of a particle on the planet in terms of V.
(A) Ve  2 V (B) Ve  V (C) Ve  V 2 (D) Ve  3 V
8. A rocket is launched straight up from the surface of the earth. When its altitude is one fourth of
the radius of the earth, its fuel runs out and therefore it coasts. The minimum velocity which the
rocket must have when it starts to coast if it is to escape from the gravitational pull of the earth is
[escape velocity on surface of earth is 11.2km/s]
(A) 1km/s (B) 5km/s (C) 10km/s (D) 15km/s
9. Select the correct choice(s):

(A) The gravitational field inside a spherical cavity, within a spherical planet must be non zero
and uniform.
(B) When a body is projected horizontally at an appreciable large height above the earth, with a
velocity less than for a circular orbit, it will fall to the earth along a parabolic path.
(C) A body of zero total mechanical energy placed in a gravitational field will escape the field
(D) Earth’s satellite must be in equatorial plane .
10. The figure shows the variation of energy with the orbit radius of a body in circular planetary
motion. Find the correct statement about the curves A, B and C
(A) A shows the kinetic energy, B the total energy and C the potential energy of the system.
(B) C shows the total energy, B the kinetic energy and A the potential energy of the system.
(C) C and A are kinetic and potential energies respectively and B is the total energy of the
system.
(D) A and B are kinetic and potential energies and C is the total energy of the system.

GRAVITATION 23
11. A particle is projected from the mid-point of the line joining two fixed particles each of mass m. If
the distance of separation between the fixed particles is l, the minimum velocity of projection of
the particle so as to escape is equal to
GM GM 2GM 2GM
(A) (B) (C) (D) 2
l 2l l l
12. The escape velocity for a planet is v e . A tunnel is dug along a diameter of the planet and a small
body is dropped into it at the surface. When the body reaches the centre of the planet, its speed
will be
ve ve
(A) ve (B) (C) (D) zero
2 2
13. A small ball of mass ‘m’ is released at a height ‘R’ above the earth surface, as shown in the figure
above. If the maximum depth of the ball to which it goes is R/2 inside the earth through a narrow
grove before coming to rest momentarily. The grove, contain an ideal spring of spring constant K
and natural length R, find the value of K if R is radius of earth and M mass of earth
3GMm 6GMm 9GMm 7GMm

(A) (B) (C) (D)
R3 R3 R3 R3
14. A hollow spherical shell is compressed to half its radius. The gravitational potential at the centre
(A) increases
(B) decreases
(C) remains same
(D) during the compression increases then returns at the previous value.
15. A particle is dropped on Earth from height R (radius of Earth) and it bounces back to a height R/2
the coefficient of restitution for collision is (ignore air resistance and rotation of Earth)
2 2 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 2
16. A satellite of mass 5M orbits the earth in a circular orbit. At one point in its orbit, the satellite
explodes into two pieces, one of mass M and the other of mass 4M. After the explosion the mass
M ends up travelling in the same circular orbit, but in opposite direction. After explosion the mass
4M is in
(A) bound orbit
(B) unbound orbit
(C) partially bound orbit
(D) data is insufficient to determine the nature of the orbit.

24 GRAVITATION
17. A planet of mass m is in an elliptical orbit about the sun (m << Msun) with an orbital period T. If A
be the area of orbit, then its angular momentum would be:
2mA
(A) (B) mAT
T
mA
(C) (D) 2mAT
2T
18. Suppose the gravitational force varies inversely as the nth power of distance. Then the time
period of a planet in circular orbit of radius R around the sun will be proportional to
 n1  n1  n 2 
 2   2   2 
n
(A) R  
(B) R  
(C) R (D) R  
19. If a tunnel is cut at any orientation through earth, then a ball released from one end will reach the
other end in time(neglect earth rotation)
(A) 84.6 minutes (B) 42.3 minutes
(C) 8 minutes (D) depends on orientation
Questions 20 to 24 (5 questions)
Two stars bound together by gravity orbit each other because of their mutual attraction. Such a
pair of stars is referred to as a binary star system. One type of binary system is that of a black
hole and a companion star. The black hole is a star that has collapsed on itself and is so massive
that not even light rays can escape its gravitational pull. Therefore, when describing the relative
motion of a black hole and a companion star, the motion of the black hole can be assumed
negligible compared to that of the companion.
The orbit of the companion star is either elliptical with the black hole at one of the foci or circular
with the black hole at the centre. The gravitational potential energy is given by U = – GmM/r,
where G is the universal gravitational constant, m is the mass of the companion star, M is the
mass of the black hole, and r is the distance between the centre of the companion star and the
centre of the black hole. Since the gravitational force is conservative, the companion star’s total
mechanical energy is a constant of the motion. Because of the periodic nature of the orbit, there
is a simple relation between the average kinetic energy <K> of the companion star and its
average potential energy <U>. In particular, <K> = –<U/2>
Two special points along the orbit are singled out by astronomers. Perigee is the point at which
the companion star is closest to the black hole, and apogee is the point at which it is furthest from
the black hole.
20. At which point in the elliptical orbit does the companion star attain its maximum kinetic energy?
(A) Apogee
(B) Perigee
(C) The point midway from apogee to perigee
(D) All points in the orbit, since the kinetic energy is a constant of the motion.

GRAVITATION 25
21. For circular orbits, the potential energy of the companion star is constant throughout the orbit. If
the radius of the orbit doubles, what is the new value of the velocity of the companion star?
(A) It is 1/2 of the old value (B) It is 1 2 of the old value
(C) It is the same as the old value. (D) It is double the old value
22. The work done on the companion star in one complete orbit by the gravitational force of the black
hole equals
(A) the difference in the kinetic energy of the companion star between apogee and perigee.
(B) the total mechanical energy of the companion star
(C) zero
(D) the gravitational force on the companion star times the distance that it travels in one orbit.
23. For a circular orbit, which of the following gives the correct expression for the total energy?
(A)  1/ 2  mv 2 (B) mv 2 (C) – (GmM) / r (D) (GmM) / 2r
24. What is the ratio of the acceleration of the black hole to that of the companion star?
(A) M / m (B) m / M (C) mM / r (D) 1 / 1


26 GRAVITATION

ASSERTION AND REASON
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for
statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for
statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
1. Statement-1 : Escape velocity is independent of the angle of projection.

Statement-2 : Escape velocity from the surface of earth is 2gR where R is radius of earth.
2. Statement-1 : Gravitational potential is zero inside a shell.

Statement-2 : Gravitational potential is equal to the work done in bringing a unit mass from
infinity to a point inside gravitational field.
3. Statement-1 : In its elliptical orbit around the Sun, the Earth is closer to the Sun during summer
then during winter in northern hemisphere.
Statement-2 : The angular momentum of the Earth about the Sun is conserved.
4. Statement-1 : When a planet approaches the point which is farthest from the Sun, its orbital
speed decreases.
Statement-2 : Work done on the planet by the gravitational force exerted by the Sun is
negative.
5. Statement-1 : For the planets orbiting around the Sun, angular speed, linear speed, KE
changes with time, but angular momentum remains constant.
Statement-2 : No torque is acting on the rotating planet, so its angular momentum is constant.
6. Statement-1 : If an object is projected from earth surface with escape velocity path of object will
be parabola.
Statement-2 : When object is projected with velocity less than escape velocity from horizontal
surface and greater than orbital velocity. Path of object will be ellipse.
7. Statement-1 : Two particles are to be projected from the surface of earth so that particles just
leave the gravitational field of earth. One particle is projected vertically upward
and another is at an angle of 45º with vertical. Speed given to both particles is
same.
Statement-2 : Escape speed does not depend upon angle of projection.
8. Statement-1 : For the planets orbiting around the sun, angular speed, linear speed K.E.
changes with time, but angular momentum remains constant.
Statement-2 : No torque is acting on the rotating planet. So its angular momentum is constant
9. Statement-1 : For a satellite revolving very near to earth’s surface the time period of revolution
is given by 1 hour 24 minutes.
Statement-2 : The period of revolution of a satellite depends only upon its height above the
earth’s surface.

GRAVITATION 27
10. Statement-1 : Kepler’s 2nd law can be understood by conservation of angular momentum
principle.
Statement-2 : Kepler’s 2nd law is related with areal velocity which can further be proved to be
dA   1 2 
based on conservation of angular momentum as     r  .
 dt   2 
11. Statement-1 : If earth suddenly stops rotating about its axis, then the acceleration due to
gravity will become same at all the places.
Statement-2 : The value of acceleration due to gravity is independent of rotation of earth.
12. Statement-1 : Orbital velocity of a satellite is greater than its escape velocity.
Statement-2 : Orbit of a satellite is within the gravitational field of earth where as escaping is
beyond the gravitational field of earth.
13. Statement-1 : Satellite is put in an orbit at a height where air resistance is present. Then orbital
velocity of the satellite will decrease.
Statement-2 : Due to air resistance a lot of heat will be produced which may burn satellite.
14. Statement-1 : Smaller the orbit of a planet around the sun, shorter is the time if takes to
complete.
Statement-2 : According to Kepler’s Third Law of planetary motion, square of time period is
proportional to cube of mean distance from sun.
15. Statement-1 : The value of acceleration due to gravity does not depend upon mass of the body.
Statement-2 : Acceleration due to gravity is a constant quantity.
MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS TYPE
16. Assuming the earth to be a sphere of uniform density the acceleration due to gravity
(A) at a point outside the earth is inversely proportional to the square of its distance from
the centre
(B) at a point outside the earth is inversely proportional to its distance from the centre
(C) at a point inside is zero
(D) at a point inside is proportional to its distance from the centre.
17. Mark the correct statement/s

(A) Gravitational potential at curvature centre of a thin hemispherical shell of radius R and
GM
mass M is equal to .
R
(B) Gravitational field strength at a point lying on the axis of a thin, uniform circular ring of
GMx
radius R and mass M is equal to where x is distance of that point from centre
(R  x 2 )3 / 2
2
of the ring.
(C) Newton’s law of gravitation for gravitational force between two bodies is applicable only
when bodies have spherically symmetric distribution of mass.
(D) None of these.

28 GRAVITATION
18. Three particles are projected vertically upward from a point on the surface of the earth with
velocities  2gR / 3 ,  gR ,  4gR / 3  respectively where R is the radius of the earth and g is
the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the earth. The maximum heights attained are
respectively h1,h2 ,h3 .
(A) h1 : h2  2 : 3 (B) h2 : h3  3 : 4 (C) h1 : h3  1: 4 (D) h2  R
19. A geostationary satellite is at a height h above the surface of earth. If earth radius is R
(A) The minimum colatitude q on earth upto which the satellite can be used for communication
is sin1 R R  h  .
(B) The maximum colatitudes q on earth upto which the satellite can be used for
communication is sin1 R R  h  .
(C) The area on earth escaped from this satellite is given as 2pR 2 1  sinq 
(D) The area on earth escaped from this satellite is given as 2pR 2 1  cos q 
20. Gravitational potential at the centre of curvature of a hemispherical bowl of radius R and mass M
is V.
(A) gravitational potential at the centre of curvature of a thin uniform wire of mass M, bent into
a semicircle of radius R, is also equal to V.
(B) In part (A) if the same wire is bent into a quarter of a circle then also the gravitational
potential at the centre of curvature will be V.
(C) In part (A) if the same wire mass is nonuniformly distributed along its length and it is bent
into a semicircle of radius R, gravitational potential at the centre is V.
(D) None of these
21. In a solid sphere two small symmetrical cavities are created whose centres lie on a diameter AB
of sphere on opposite sides of the centre.
(A) The gravitational field at the centre of the sphere is zero.
(B) The gravitational potential at the centre remains unaffected if cavitiesare not present
(C) A circle at which all points have same potential is in the plane of diameter AB.
(D) A circle at which all points have same potential is in the plane perpendicular to the diameter AB.
22. The spherical planets have the same mass but densities in the ratio 1 : 8. For these planets, the
(A) acceleration due to gravity will be in the ratio 4 : 1
(B) acceleration due to gravity will be in the ratio 1 : 4
(C) escape velocities from their surfaces will be in the ratio 2 :1
(D) escape velocities from their surfaces will be in the ratio 1 : 2
23. When a satellite in a circular orbit around the earth enters the atmospheric region, it encounters
small air resistance to its motion. Then
(A) its kinetic energy increases (B) its kinetic energy decreases
(C) its angular momentum about the earth decreases
(D) its period of revolution around the earth increases

GRAVITATION 29
24. A communications Earth satellite

(A) goes round the earth from east to west
(B) can be in the equatorial plane only
(C) can be vertically above any place on the earth
(D) goes round the earth from west to east
25. Two satellites of same mass of a planet in circular orbits have periods of revolution 32 days and
256 days. If the radius of the orbit of the first is x, then the
(A) radius of the orbit of the second is 8x
(B) radius of the orbit of the second is 4x
(C) total mechanical energy of the second is greater than that of the first
(D) kinetic energy of the second is greater than that of the first.
26. Two satellites s1 & s2 of equal masses revolve in the same sense around a heavy planet in
coplanar circular orbit of radii R & 4R
(A) the ratio of period of revolution s1 & s2 is 1 : 8.
(B) their velocities are in the ratio 2 : 1
(C) their angular momentum about the planet are in the ratio 2 : 1
(D) the ratio of angular velocities of s2 w.r.t. s1 when all three are in the same line is 9 : 5.
27. If a satellite orbits as close to the earth's surface as possible,

(A) its speed is maximum
(B) time period of its rotation is minimum
(C) the total energy of the 'earth plus satellite' system is minimum
(D) the total energy of the 'earth plus satellite'system is maximum
28. For a satellite to orbit around the earth, which of the following must be true?
(A) It must be above the equator at some time
(B) It cannot pass over the poles at any time
(C) Its height above the surface cannot exceed 36,000 km
(D) Its period of rotation must be > 2 R / g where R is radius of earth
29. Two spherical planets have the same mass but densities in the ratio 1 : 8. For these planets, the -
(A) Acceleration due to gravity will be in the ratio 4 : 1
(B) Acceleration due to gravity will be in the ration 1 : 4
(C) Escape velocities from their surfaces will be in the ratio 2 :1
(D) Escape velocities from their surfaces will be in the ratio 1: 2
30. A double star is a system of two stars of masses m and 2m, rotating about their centre of mass
only under their mutual gravitational attraction. If r is the separation between these two stars then
their time period of rotation about their centre of mass will be proportional to
(A) r 3/ 2 (B) r
1/ 2
(C) m (D) m 1/ 2

30 GRAVITATION
31. Two masses m1 and m2 m1  m 2  are released from rest from a finite distance. They start
under their mutual gravitational attraction
(A) Acceleration of m1 is more than that of m2
(B) Acceleration of m2 is more than that of m1
(C) Centre of mass of system will remain at rest in all the reference frame
(D) Total energy of system remain constant
32. The magnitudes of the gravitational field at distance r1 and r2 from the centre of a uniform sphere
of radius R and mass m and F1 and F2 respectively. Then:
F1 r1 F1 r22
(A)  if r1 < R and r2  R (B)  if r1  R and r2  R
F2 r2 F2 r12
F1 r1 F1 r12
(C)  if r1  R and r2  R (D)  if r1  R and r2  R
F2 r2 F2 r22
33. Two objects of masses m and 4 m are at rest at an infinite separation. They move towards each
other under mutual gravitational attraction. G is the universal gravitational constant. Then at
separation r:
(A) The total energy of the two objects is zero
1/2
 10Gm 
(B) Their relative velocity of approach is   in magnitude
 r 
4Gm2
(C) The total kinetic energy of the objects is
r
(D) Net angular momentum of both the particles is zero about any point
34. Due to a solid sphere magnitude of :

(A) Gravitational potential is maximum at centre
(B) Gravitational potential is minimum at centre
(C) Field strength is maximum at centre (D) Field strength is minimum at centre
35. A satellite is launched and attains a velocity of 304000 km/hr relative to the centre of the earth at
a height of 320 km from the earth’s surface. It has been guided into a path that is parallel to the
earth’s surface at burnout. Choose the correct options -
(A) Satellite moves along an elliptical orbit
(B) Longest distanct from the earth’s surface is 3550 km.
(C) The period of revolution for the satellite is 2.09 hrs.
(D) The minimum escape velocity for this position of launching is 10930.08 m/s
36. For a satellite to orbit around the earth, which of the following must be true ?
(A) It can not pass over the poles at any time (B) It must be above the equator at some time
(C) Its period of rotation must be  2 R / g
(D) Its height above the surface of earth can not exceed 36000 km.

GRAVITATION 31
COMPREHENSION TYPE
COMPREHENSION # 01
Let us assume that angular momentum of a binary star system is quantised and is equal to n J0
where n is + ve integer. A binary star system is consist of two identical stars of mass 'm'.
37. Permissible value of distance b/w the stars in the system -

J0 2
(A) zero (B)
2Gm 3
2J0 2
(C) (D) None
Gm3
38. Lowest energy of the binary star system is -

3 m5a2
(A) zero (B) –
16 J02
1 m5G2
(C) – (D) None
8 J02
39. Binding energy of above system is -

1 m5 G 2 3 m5 G 2 3 m5G2
(A) (B) (C) (D) None
8 J0 2 8 J0 2 32 J02
COMPREHENSION # 02
You’re involved in the design of a mission carrying humans to the surface of the planet Mars,
which has a radius rM  3.40  106 m and a mass mM  6.42  1023 kg. The earth weight of the
mars lander is 39,200 N.
In solving the following questions neglect the gravitational effects of the (very small) moons of
Mars.
40. Calculate its acceleration gm due to the gravity of Mars, 6.0  10 6 m above the surface of Mars–
(A) 0.48m / s2 (B) 5.8m / s2 (C) 7.2m / s2 (D) 0.32m / s2
41. Calculate its weight Fg approximately due to gravity of Mars at the surface of Mars–
(A) 15000 N (B) 1500 N
(C) 20000 N (D) 25000 N
42. Calculate the acceleration gm due to the gravity of Mars at the surface of Mars–
(A) 2.2m / s2 (B) 3.7m / s2
(C) 7.2m / s2 (D) 9.3m / s2

32 GRAVITATION
MATRIX MATCH TYPE
43. Column I shows various mass distribution and Column II contains magnitude of gravitation field vs
'r' and magnitude of gravitation potential vs 'r' graphs. Where 'r' is distance from centre 'C'.
Column-I Column-II
R P E
C r
(A) r (i)
Solid sphere of radius 'R' from
which sphere of radius 'R/2' is
removed
R P E
C
(B) r (ii) r
Cross section of long solid cylinder

from which a cylinder of radius 'R/2' is
removed
R
P v
C
(C) r (iii) r
Ring of radius 'R', point 'P' is at the

axis of ring perpendicular to ring and
passing through its centre
P
r v
C (iv) r
(D) R
There identical masses placed at the
corner of equilateral triangle, Point 'P'
lies of a line perpendicular to plane of
triangle and passing through its centroid
44. In elliptical orbit of a planet, as the planet moves from apogee position to perigee position, match
the following table :
Column-I Column-II
(A) speed of planet (i) remains same
(B) distance of planet from centre of sun (ii) decreases
(C) potential energy (iii) increases
(D) angular momentum about centre of sun (iv) can not say


GRAVITATION 33
EXERCISE # 04 SUBJECTIVE EXERCISE (LEVEL # 01)

1. A remote sensing satellite is revolving in an orbit of radius x the equator of earth. Find the area on
earth surface in which satellite can not send message.
2. Four masses (each of m)are placed at the vertices of a regular pyramid

(triangular base) of side 'a'. Find the work done by the system while taking
them apart so that they form the pyramid of side '2a'.
3. A small mass and a thin uniform rod each of mass ' m ' are positioned along the same straight
line as shown. Find the force of gravitational attraction exerted by the rod on the small mass.
4. An object is projected vertically upward from the surface of the earth of mass M with a velocity
such that the maximum height reached is eight times the radius R of the earth. Calculate:
(i) the initial speed of projection
(ii) the speed at half the maximum height.
5. A satellite close to the earth is in orbit above the equator with a period of rotation of 1.5 hours. If it
is above a point P on the equator at some time, it will be above P again after time________.
6. A satellite is moving in a circular orbit around the earth. The total energy of the satellite is
E  2 105 J . The amount of energy to be imparted to the satellite to transfer it to a circular
orbit where its potential energy is U  2 105 J is equal to ________.
7. A rocket starts vertically upwards with speed v 0. Show that its speed v at a height h is given by
(2 gh)
v02  v 2 
 h
1  
 r
where R is the radius of the earth. Hence deduce the maximum height reached by a rocket fired
with speed equal to 90% of escape velocity.
8. Find the gravitational field strength and potential at the centre of arc of linear mass density 
subtending an angle 2 at the centre.
2
R
9. A point P lies on the axis of a fixed ring of mass M and radius a, at a distance a from its centre C.
A small particle starts from P and reaches C under gravitational attraction only. Its speed at C will
be _______.

34 GRAVITATION
10. Calculate the distance from the surface of the earth at which above and below the surface
acceleration due to gravity is the same.
11. Consider two satellites A and B of equal mass m, moving in the same circular orbit of radius r
around the earth E but in opposite sense of rotation and therefore on a collision course (see
figure).
(a) In terms of G, M e , m and r find the total mechanical energy EA  EB of the two satellite
plus earth system before collision.
(b) If the collision is completely inelastic so that wreckage remains as one piece of tangled
material
(mass = 2m), find the total mechanical energy immediately after collision.
(c) Describe the subsequent motion of the wreckage.
12. A particle is fired vertically from the surface of the earth with a velocity ke , where e is the
escape velocity and k < 1. Neglecting air resistance and assuming earth's radius as Re .
Calculate the height to which it will rise from the surface of the earth.
13. A satellite of mass m is orbiting the earth in a circular orbit of radius r. It starts losing energy due
to small air resistance at the rate of C J/ s. Then the time taken for the satellite to reach the earth
is _______.
14. Find the potential energy of a system of eight particles placed at the vertices of a cube of side L.
Neglect the self energy of the particles.
15. A hypothetical planet of mass M has three moons each of equal mass ‘m’ each revolving in the
same circular orbit of radius R. The masses are equally spaced and thus form an equilateral
triangle. Find:
(i) the total P.E. of the system

(ii) the orbital speed of each moon such that they maintain this configuration.

GRAVITATION 35
16. Two small dense stars rotate about their common centre of mass as a binary system with the
period 1year for each. One star is of double the mass of the other and the mass of the lighter one
1
is of the mass of the sun. Find the distance between the stars if distance between the earth &
3
the sun is R.
17. A sphere of radius R has its centre at the origin. It has a uniform mass density 0 except that
there is a spherical hole of radius r=R/2 whose centre is at x=R/2 as in fig. (a) Find gravitational
field at points on the axis for x > R (ii) Show that the gravitational field inside the hole is uniform,
find its magnitude and direction.
18. A body moving radially away from a planet of mass M, when at distance r from planet, explodes
in such a way that two of its many fragments move in mutually perpendicular circular orbits
around the planet. What will be
(a) then velocity in circular orbits.
(b) maximum distance between the two fragments before collision and
(c) magnitude of their relative velocity just before they collide.
19. The fastest possible rate of rotation of a planet is that for which the gravitational force on material
at the equator barely provides the centripetal force needed for the rotation. (Why?)
(a) Show then that the corresponding shortest period of rotation is given by
3
T=
G
Where r is the density of the planet, assumed to be homogeneous.
2
(b) Evaluate the rotation period assuming a density of 3.0 gm / cm , typical of many planets,
satellites, and asteroids. No such object is found to be spinning with a period shorter than found
by this analysis.
20. A thin spherical shell of total mass M and radius R is held fixed. There is a small hole in the shell.
A mass m is released from rest a distance R from the hole along a line that passes through the
hole and also through the centre of the shell. This mass subsequently moves under the
gravitational force of the shell. How long does the mass take to travel from the hole to the point
diametrically opposite.


36 GRAVITATION

1. A satellite P is revolving around the earth at a height h = radius of earth (R) above equator.
Another satellite Q is at a height 2h revolving in opposite direction. At an instant the two are at
same vertical line passing through centre of sphere. Find the least time of after which again they
are in this situation.
2. A certain triple-star system consists of two stars, each of mass m, revolving about a central star,
mass M, in the same circular orbit. The two stars stay at opposite ends of a diameter of the
circular orbit, see figure. Derive an expression for the period of revolution of the stars; the radius
of the orbit is r.
3. Find the gravitational force of interaction between the mass m and an infinite rod of

varying mass density  such that   x   , where x is the distance from mass m. Given that
x
mass m is placed at a distance d from the end of the rod on its axis as shown in figure.
4. Inside an isolated fixed sphere of radius R and uniform density r, there is a spherical cavity of
radius R/2 such that the surface of the cavity passes through the centre of the sphere as in figure.
A particle of mass m is released from rest at centre B of the cavity. Calculate velocity with which
particle strikes the centre A of the sphere.

GRAVITATION 37
5. In a certain double star system the two stars rotate in circular orbits about their common centre of
mass. The stars are spherical , they have same density  and their radii arc R and 2 R . Their
centres are 5 R apart. Find the period T of stars in terms of  , R & G .
6. A ring of radius R is made from a thin wire of radius r. If  is the density of the material of wire
then what will be the gravitational force exerted by the ring on the material particle of mass m
placed on the axis of ring at a distance x from its centre. Show that the force will be maximum
R
when x  and the maximum value of force will be given as
2
42Gr 2m
Fmax 
(3)3/ 2 R
7. In a particular double star system, two stars of mass 3.22  1030 kg each revolve about their
common center of mass, 1.12  10 11 m away.
(a) Calculate their common period of revolution, in years.
(b) Suppose that a meteoroid (small solid particle in space) passes through this centre of mass
moving at right angles to the orbital plane of the stars. What must its speed be if it is to escape
from the gravitational field of the double star?
8. A man can jump over b=4m wide trench on earth. If mean density of an imaginary planet is twice
that of the earth, calculate its maximum possible radius so that he may escape from it by jumping.
Given radius of earth = 6400 km.
9. A launching pad with a spaceship is moving along a circular orbit of the moon , whose radius R is
triple that of moon Rm. The ship leaves the launching pad with a relative velocity equal to the

launching pad's initial orbital velocity v 0 and the launching pad then falls to the moon . Determine
the angle  with the horizontal at which the launching pad crashes into the surface if its mass is
twice that of the spaceship m.
10. small satellite revolves around a heavy planet in a circular orbit. At certain point in its orbit a sharp
impulse acts on it and instantaneously increases its kinetic energy to 'k' (< 2) times without
change in its direction of motion. Show that in its subsequent motion the ratio of its maximum and
k
minimum distances from the planet is , assuming the mass of the satellite is negligibly
2k
small as compared to that of the planet.
11. A satellite of mass m is in an elliptical orbit around the earth of mass M (M>>m) The speed of the
6GM
satellite at its nearest point to the earth (perigee) is where R=its closest distance to the
5R
earth. It is desired to transfer this satellite into a circular orbit around the earth of radius equal its
largest distance from the earth. Find the increase in its speed to be imparted at the apogee
(farthest point on the elliptical orbit).

38 GRAVITATION
12. A body is launched from the earth’s surface a an angle   30  to the horizontal at a speed
1.5GM
v0  . Neglecting air resistance and earth’s rotation, find (a) the height to which the body
R
will rise. (ii) The radius of curvature of trajectory at its top point.
13. Assume that a tunnel is dug across the earth (radius = R) passing through its centre. Find the
time a particle takes to reach centre of earth if it is projected into the tunnel from surface of earth
with speed needed for it to escape the gravitational field of earth.


GRAVITATION 39

1. A particle of mass m was transferred from the centre of the base of a uniform hemisphere of
mass M and radius R into infinity. What work was performed in the process by the gravitational
force exerted on the particle by the hemisphere?
2. A uniform sphere has a mass M and radius R. Find the pressure p inside the sphere, caused by
gravitational compression, as a function of the distance r from its centre. Evaluate p at the centre
of the Earth, assuming it to be a uniform sphere.
3. Find the proper potential energy of gravitational interaction of matter forming -

(A) A thin uniform spherical layer of mass m and radius R.
(B) A uniform sphere of mass m and radius R
4. Two Earth’s satellites move in a common plane along circular orbits. The orbital radius of one
satellite r = 7000 km while that of the other satellite is r  70 km less. What time interval
separated the periodic approaches of the satellites to each other over the minimum distance?
5. Calculate the ratios of the following accelerations: the acceleration w1 due to the gravitational
force on the Earth’s surface, the acceleration w2 due to the centrifugal force of inertia on the
Earth’s equator, and the acceleration w3 caused by the Sun to the bodies on the Earth.
6. At what height over the Earth’s pole the free-fall acceleration decreases by one per cent; by half?
7. A satellite revolving in a circular equatorial orbit of radius R  2.00  10 4 km from west to east
appears over a certain point at the equator every   11.6 hours. Using these data, calculate the
mass of the Earth. The gravitational constant is supposed to be known.
8. A satellite revolves from east to west in a circular equatorial orbit of radius R  1.00  10 4 km
around the Earth. Find the velocity and the acceleration of the satellite in the reference frame
fixed to the Earth.
9. A satellite must move in the equatorial plane of the Earth close to its surface either in the Earth’s
rotation direction or against it. Find how many times the kinetic energy of the satellite in the latter
case exceeds that in the former case (in the reference frame fixed to the Earth).
10. An artificial satellite of the Moon revolves in a circular orbit whose radius exceeds the radius of
the Moon  times. In the process of motion the satellite experiences a slight resistance due the
cosmic dust. Assuming the resistance force to depend on the velocity of the satellite as F   v 2 ,
where  is a constant, find how long the satellite will stay in orbit until it falls onto the Moon’s
surface.
11. A spaceship approaches the Moon along a parabolic trajectory which is almost tangent to the
Moon’s surface. At the moment of the maximum approach the brake rocket was fired for a short
time interval, and the spaceship was transferred into a circular orbit of a Moon satellite. Find how
the spaceship velocity modulus increased in the process of braking.

40 GRAVITATION
12. A planet of mass M moves along a circle around the Sun with velocity  = 34.9 km/s (relative to
the heliocentric reference frame). Find the period of revolution of this planet around the Sun.
13. The jupiter’s period of evolution around the Sun is 12 times that of the Earth. Assuming the
planetary orbits to be circular, find:
(a) How many times the distane between Jupiter and the Sun exceeds that between the
Earth and the Sun;
(b) The velocity and the acceleration of Jupiter in the heliocentric reference frame.
14. A planet of mass M moves around the Sun along an ellipse so that its minimum distance from the
Sun is equal to r and the maximum distance to R. Making use of Kepler’s laws, find its period of
revolution around the Sun.
15. A planet of mass m moves along an ellipse around the Sun so that its maximum and minimum
distances from the Sun are equal to r1 and r2 respectively. Find the angular momentum M of this
planet relative to the centre of the Sun.
16. A planet A moves along an elliptical orbita around the Sun. At the moment when it was at the
distance r0 from the Sun its velocity was equal to 0 and the angle between the radius vector r0
and the velocity vector v0 was equal to α. Find the maximum and minimum distances that will
separate this planet from the Sun during its orbital motion.
17. A cosmic body A moves to the Sun with velocity 0 (when far from the Sun) and aiming
parameter l the arm of the vector v0 relative to the centre of the Sun. Find the minimum distance
by which this body will get to the Sun.


GRAVITATION 41
EXERCISE # 07 KVPY, OLYMPIADS QUESTIONS

1. A ball is launched from the top of Mt. Everest which is at elevation of 9000 m. Then ball moves in
circular orbit around earth. Acceleration due to gravity near the earth’s surface is g. The
magnitude of the ball’s acceleration while in orbit is [KVPY 2015]
(A) Close to g/2 (B) Zero
(C) Much greater than g. (D) Nearly equal to g.
2. A planet is orbiting the sun in an elliptical orbit. Let U denote the potential energy and K denote
the kinetic energy of the planet at an arbitrary point on the orbit. [KVPY 2015]
Choose the correct statement.
(A) K < |U| always. (B) K > |U| always.
(C) K = |U| always.
(D) K = |U| for two positions of the planet in the orbit.
3. The international space station is maintained in a nearly circular orbit with a mean altitude of 330
km and a maximum of 410 km. An astronaut is floating in the space station’s cabin. The
acceleration of astronaut as measured from the earth is [KVPY 2015]
(A) Zero
(B) Nearly zero and directed towards the earth
(C) Nearly g and directed along the line of travel of the station.
(D) Nearly g and directed towards the earth.
4. Two stars of masses m1 and m2 distance r apart revolve about their centre of mass. The period of
revolution is. [NSEP 2014]
r3 r 3  m1  m 2 
(A) 2 (B) 2
2G  m1  m 2  2G  m1m 2 
2r 3 r3
(C) 2 (D) 2
G  m1  m 2  G  m1  m 2 
5. Let a body be placed at a point on the earth’s surface at a latitude  where the radius of the earth
is R. Then, the body experiences an effective acceleration [NSEP 2014]
2 2 2 2 R2
(A) g  R cos  (B) g  R sin  (C) g  R cos  (D) g
cos2 


42 GRAVITATION
EXERCISE # 08 JEE (MAIN) CORNER

g
1. The height at which the acceleration due to gravity becomes (where g = the acceleration due to
g
gravity on the surface of the earth) in terms of R, the radius of the earth is [2009]
R R
(A) 2R (B) (C) (D) 2R
2 2
2. Two bodies of masses m and 4 m are placed at a distance r. The gravitational potential at a point
on the line joining them where the gravitational field is zero is: [2011]
4GM 6GM 9GM
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) zero
r r r
3. The mass of a spaceship is 1000 kg. It is to be launched from the earth's surface out into free
space. The value of 'g 'and 'R '(radius of earth) are 10m / s2 and 6400 km respectively. The
required energy for this work will be; [2012]
(A) 6.4  1011 Joules (B) 6.4  108 Joules (C) 6.4  109 Joules (D) 6.4  1010 Joules
4. What is the minimum energy required o launch a satellite of mass m from the surface of a planet
of mass M and radius R in a circular orbit at an altitude of 2R? [2013]
5GmM 2GmM GmM GmM
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6R 3R 2R 3R
5. Four particles, each of mass M and equidistant from each other, move along a circle of radius R
under the action of their mutual gravitational attraction. The speed of each particle is: [2014]
1 GM GM GM GM
(A)
2 R

1 2 2  (B)
R
(C) 2 2
R
(D)
R

1 2 2 
R
6. From a solid sphere of mass M and radius R, a spherical portion of radius is
2
removed, as shown in the figure. Taking gravitational potential V = 0 at r   ,
the potential at the centre of the cavity thus formed is : (G = gravitational
constant) [2015]
GM GM
(A) (B)
2R R
2GM 2GM
(C) (D)
3R R
7. A satellite is revolving in a circular orbit at a height ‘h’ from the earth’s surface (radius of earth R;
h < < R). The minimum increase in its orbital velocity required, so that the satellite could escape
from the earth’s gravitational field, is close to : (Neglect the effect of atmosphere). [2016]
(A) 2gR (B) gR (C) gR / 2 (D) gR  
2 1

GRAVITATION 43
8. The variation of acceleration due to gravity g with distance d from centre of the earth is best
represented by (R = Earth’s radius) : [2017]
(A) (B)
(C) (D)


44 GRAVITATION
EXERCISE # 09 JEE (ADVANCED) CORNER

1. Double star system consists of two stars A and B which have time period TA and TB. Radius RA
and RB and mass MA and MB. Choose the correct option. [2006]
(A) If TA > TB then RA > RB (B) If TA > TB then MA > MB
2 3
 TA   RA 
(C)     (D) TA = TB
 TB   RB 
2. A thin uniform annular disc (see figure) of mass M has outer radius 4R and inner radius 3R. The
work required to take a unit mass from point P on its axis to infinity is [2010]
2GM 2GM
(A)
7R

4 2 5  (B) 
7R

4 2 5 
GM 2GM
(C)
4R
(D)
5R
 
2 1
3. A binary star consists of two A  mass 2.2 M s  and B  mass 11 M s  , where M s is the mass of
the sun. They are separated by distance d and are rotating about their centre of mass, which is
stationary. The ratio of the total angular momentum of the binary star to the angular momentum of
star B about the centre of mass is [2010]
6
4. Gravitational acceleration on the surface of a planet is g , where g is the gravitational
11
2
acceleration on the surface of the earth. The average mass density of the planet is times, that
3
of the earth. If the escape speed on the surface of the earth is taken to be 11 kms 1 , the escape
speed on the surface of the planet in kms1 will be [2010]
5. A satellite is moving with a constant speed ‘V’ in a circular orbit about the earth. An object of
mass ‘m’ is ejected from the satellite such that it just escapes from the gravitational pull of the
earth. At the time of its ejection, the kinetic energy of the object is [2011]
1
(A) mV 2 (B) mV 2
2
3
(C) mV 2 (D) 2mV 2
2

GRAVITATION 45
6. Two bodies, each of mass M, are kept fixed with a seperation 2L. A particle of mass m is
projected from the midpoint of the joining their centres, perpendicular to the line. The gravitational
constant is G. The correct statement(s) is (are) [2013]
(A) The minimum initial velocity of mass m to escape the gravitational field of the two bodies is
GM
4 .
L
(B) The minimum initial velocity of mass m to escape the gravitational field of the two bodies is
GM
4 .
L
(C) The minimum initial velocity of mass m to escape the gravitational field of the two bodies is
GM
4 .
L
(D) The energy of the mass m remains constant.
1
7. A planet of radiy R   radius of Earth  has the same mass density as Earth. Scientists dig
10
R
a well of depth on it and lower a wire of the same length and of linear mass density
5
103 kgm 1 into it. If the wire is not touching anywhere, the force applied at the top of the wire by
a person holding it in place is (take the radius of Earth  6 106 m and the acceleration due to
2
gravity on Earth is 10 ms ) [2014]
(A) 96 N (B) 108 N (C) 120 N (D) 150 N
8. A bullet is fired vertically upwards with velocity v from the surface of a spherical planet. When it
reaches its maximum height, its acceleration due to the planet’s gravity is 1/4th of its value at the
surface of the planet. If the escape velocity from the planet is vesc  v N , then the value of N is
(ignore energy loss due to atmosphere) [2015]
9. A large spherical mass M is fixed at one position and two identical point masses m are kept on a
line passing through the centre of M (see figure). The point masses are connected by a rigid
massless rod of length  and this assembly is free to move along the line connecting them. All
three masses interact only through their mutual gravitational interaction. When the point mass
nearer to M is at a distance r  3 from M, the tension in the rod is zero for m  k 

 M  . The

 288 
value of k is [2015]

46 GRAVITATION
10. A rocket is launched normal to the surface of the Earth, away from the Sun, along the line joining
5
the Sun and the Earth. The Sun is 3  10 times heavier than the Earth and is at a distance
2.5  104 times larger than the radius of the Earth. The escape velocity from Earth’s gravitational
1
field is ve  11.2kms . The minimuminitial velocity  vs  required for the rocket to be able to
leave the Sun-Earth system is closest to
(Ignore the rotation and revolution of the Earth and the presence of any other planet) [2017]
(A) vs  62 kms 1 (B) vs  42 kms 1 (C) vs  72 kms 1 (D) vs  22 kms 1


GRAVITATION 47
ANSWER KEYS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B A B B D B A A B C
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
D A A D B D C C B C
21 22 23 24
B C B C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
C A B A D D A C C D
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
D B D B B B A A B B
21 22 23 24
B C A B
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A D D A A B A A A A
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
C D B A C AD BC CD AC AC
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
AD BD AC BD BC ABD ABC AD BD AD
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
AD AB ABCD AD ABCD BC C D B A
41 42 43 44
A B A-P,S ; B-P ; C-Q,R ; D-Q,R A-R;B-Q;C-Q;D-P

48 GRAVITATION
 x 2  R2  3Gm 2 G m2
Q.1 1   4R2 Q.2  Q.3

 x 
 a 3 L2
4 Gm 2 2Gm
Q.4 (i) , (ii)
3 R 3 5R
Q.5 1.6 hours if it is rotating from west to east, 24/17 hours if it is rotating from west to east
81 2G
Q.6 1 × 105J Q.7 R Q.8 (sin a), ( – Gl 2a)
19 R
2GM  1 
Q.9 1  
a  2
5 1 Rek 2
Q.10 h = R Q.11 (a) – GmMe/r, (b) – 2GmMe/r Q.12
2 1 k2
GMm  1 1  4GM2  3 1 
Q.13 t=    Q.14
L 3   
2C  R e r   2 3
3Gm  m  G m 
Q.15 (i) –   M  , (ii)   M Q.16 R
R  3  R 3 
 
 
 G0R  1 3
8  2 G  0 R
Q.17 g =  2
 2 
î , g =  î
6  R x 3
 x   
  2 
GM 2GM
Q.18 (a) ; (b) r 2 ; (c)
r r
Q.19 (b) 1.9 h Q.20 2  R3 / GM
2R 3 / 2 (6 6 ) 4 r 3 2
Q.1 Q.2
GM (2 2  3 3 ) G(4M  m)
Gm  2
Q.3 Q.4 GR2
2d2 3
5 r3 4Gm
Q.5 T= 5 Q.7 (a) T= 4 , (b) v =
3G Gm r
3
Q.8 6.4km Q.9 cos  
10
GM  2 8   7 
Q.11    Q.12 (a) h =   1 R, (b) 1.13R
R  3 15   2 
 
 1  Re
Q.13 T = sin–1  
 3 g

GRAVITATION 49
1. A   3 vmM / R
2
8
2. p3 1  r 2 / R 2  vM 2 /  R 4 . About 1.8  10 6 atmospheres.
3. (a) Let us subdivide the spherical layer into small elements, each of mass  m. In this case the energy of
interaction of each element with all others is  U  vm  m / R. Summing over all elements and taking into
account that each pair of interacting elements appears twice in the result, we obtain U  vm 2 / 2R;
(b) U  3vm 2 / 5R.
4.
2 r 3/ 2  4.5 days   0
t  
vM 3r / 2r   0.84 hour   2
5. w1 : w2 : w3  1: 0.0034 : 0.0006 s
6. 32 km; 2650 km.
2
7. M   4 2 R 3 / vT 2  1  T /    6 1024 kg , where T is the period of revolution of the Earth about its own
axis.
2 R vM vM 2 R R  2
8. v    7.0 km / s , w   1     4.9m / s . Here M is the mass of the
T R R2 T vM 
Earth, T is its period of revolution about its own axis.
9. 1.27 times.
10. The decrease in the total energy E of the satellite over the time interval dt is is equal to  dE  Fv dt.
Respesenting E and v as functions of the distance r between the satellite and the centre of the Moon, we can
reduce this equation to the form convenient for integration.
11.  
v  vM / R 1  2  0.70 km / s, where M and R are the mass and the radius of the Moon.
EXERCISE # 07 KVPY, OLYMPIAD QUESTIONS

1 2 3 4 5
D A D D C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A C D A A B D A

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D A 6 3 B BD B 2 7 B

SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
INDEX
 CONCEPTS IN BRIEF (SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION) 51 – 63

 EXERCISE # 07 KVPY, OLYMPIADS QUESTIONS 91 – 93
 EXERCISE # 08 JEE (MAIN) CORNER 94 – 96
WEIGHTAGE OF ‘SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION’ IN JEE (MAIN & ADVANCED)

in Last Three Years
MARK /
YEAR No. Of Qs.
PHYSICS TOTAL MARKS
2015 1 4/120
2016 1 4/120
2017 1 4/120
JEE (ADVANCED)
MARK /
YEAR No. Of Qs.
PHYSICS TOTAL MARKS
2015 0 0/168
2016 1 4/124
2017 0 0/120
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION 51
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

1. PERIODIC MOTION
When a body or a moving particle repeats its motion along a definite path after regular intervals of
time, its motion is said to be Periodic Motion.
2. OSCILLATORY MOTION
If a particle moves back and forth (or to and fro) over the same path periodically then its motion is
said to be oscillatory or vibratory e.g., motion of a pendulum.
Note : Every oscillatory motion is periodic but every periodic motion is not oscillatory. For
example, motion of earth around the sun is periodic but not oscillatory, and the motion
of pendulum is oscillatory as well as periodic.
3. SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
If the restoring force/ torque acting on the body in oscillatory motion is directly proportional to the
displacement of body/particle and is always directed towards equilibrium position then the motion
is called simple Harmonic Motion (SHM).
3.1 TYPES OF SHM

(a) Linear SHM : When a particle moves to and fro about an equilibrium point, along
a straight line. A and B are extreme positions. M is mean position. AM = MB =
Amplitude
(b) Angular SHM : When body/particle is free to rotate about a given axis executing
angular oscillations.
3.2 EQUATION OF SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM) :

The necessary and sufficient condition for SHM is
F = – kx
where k = positive constant for a SHM = Force constant
x = displacement from mean position.
2
or m d 2x = – kx
dt
d2x k
 + x=0 [differential equation of SHM]
dt 2 m
d2x 2 k
 2
+x=0 where  =
dt m
This equation represents S.H.M. It’s solution is
x = A sin (t + )

52 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
3.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF SHM

(a) Amplitude - It is the maximum value of
displacement of the particle from its
equilibrium position.
1
Amplitude = [distance between extreme points/position]
2
It depends on energy of the system.
Note : In the figure shown, path of the particle is on a straight line.
(b) Time period (T) : Smallest time interval after which the oscillatory motion gets
repeated is called time period,
2 m
T= = 2
 k
(c) Phase constant ( ) : Constant  in equation of SHM is called phase constant
or initial phase. It depends on initial position and direction of velocity.
(d) Velocity(v) : It is the rate of change of particle’s displacemnet w.r.t time at that
instant.
Let the displacemnet from mean position is given by
x = A sin t + 
dx d
Velocity, v= =  Asin( t   ) 
dt dt
v = A cos t + 
2 2
or, v = ω A x 
(e) Acceleration : It is the rate of change of particle’s velocity w.r.t. time at that
instant.
Acceleration,
dv d
a= = [A cos( t   )]
dt dt
a = 2A sin (t + 
2
a =  x

4. GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF DISPLACEMENT, VELOCITY & ACCELERATION
Displacement, x = A sin t
π
Velocity, v = A cos t = Asin t + )
2
or v= A2  x 2
Acceleration, a = 2A sint = 2A sin t + π )
2
or a=–x
These relations are true for any equation of x.
time, t 0 T/4 T/2 3T/4 T

displacement, x 0 A 0 A 0
Velocity, v A 0 A 0 A
acceleration, a 0 2 A 0 2A 0
Variation with Variation with At mean position At extreme

time position t=0 position x = ±A
Displacement
x=0 x = ±A
x = sinA t
Velocity
v = ±   A2 – x2 v = ± A v=0
v = A cos t
Displacement
a = – 2x a=0 a = ± 2A
x = A2 sin t
x
T/4 T/2 3T/4 T 5T/4 3T/2
A
–A
v

5. SHM AS A PROJECTION OF UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
Consider a particle moving on a circle of radius A with a constant angular speed  as shown in
figure.
P 0
Suppose the particle is on the top of the circle P a x(t) vx (t)

(Y-axis) at t = 0. The radius OP make an angle 
= t with the Y-axis at time t. Drop a
O Q x
perpendicular PQ on X-axis.The components of x(t)
position vector, velocity vector and acceleration
vector at time t on the X-axis are
x(t) = A sin t vx(t)
v x(t) = A cos t
-A 0 +A
ax(t) =  2A sin t x(t)
6. ENERGY OF SHM
6.1 Kinetic Energy (KE)
1 1 1
mv2 = m2 (A2 – x2) = k (A2 – x2) (as a function of x)
2 2 2
1 1
= m A22 cos2 (t + ) = KA2 cos2 (t + ) (as a function of t)
2 2
KEmax = 1 kA2 ; KE =
1
kA2
;
KE =
1 2
kA
0 T 0 A
2 4 3
Frequency of KE = 2 (frequency of SHM)
6.2 Potential Energy (PE)
1 1
Kx2 (as a function of x) = kA2 sin2 (t + ) (as a function of time)
2 2
6.3 Total Mechanical Energy (TME)
Total mechanical energy = Kinetic energy + Potential energy

1 2 2 1 2 1 2
=k (A – x ) + Kx = KA
2 2 2
Hence total mechanical energy is constant in SHM.
6.4 Graphical Variation of energy of SHM.
2
1/2m A
2 TE
PE
TE = Constant
2 2
TE = 1/2m A
KE
x x = –A x=A x

Oscillating Time period Frequency
Displacement T f
KE T/2 2f
PE T/2 2f
|KE ~ PE| T/4 4f
Total Energy  0
1 1
KE avg  m 2 A2 ; KEmax = m 2 A2 at mean position ; KEmin = zero at extreme position;
4 2
1 1
PEavg = m 2 A2 ; PEmax = m 2 A2 at extreme position.
4 2
7. SPRING-MASS SYSTEM
7.1 Horizontal Oscillations

The spring is pulled/pushed from x = 0 to x = x0 and released.
The block executes SHM
(1) Amplitude of oscillation = x0 k
M M
M
(2) Time period T  2
k Smooth x=0 x = x0
7.2 Vertical Oscillations
l0 k l0
l0 + y0
Supported and M
A
slowly lowered Equilibrium Pulled and
(mean position) M released
In equilibrium position, extension in the spring is given by,

mg
y0 
k
Now the spring is pulled by A and released, then
(a) Amplitude of oscillation = A
M
(b) Time period T  2
k

7.3 If spring has mass M S then -
Ms
m
T  2 3
k
8. COMBINATION OF SPRINGS
8.1 Series Combination:
Total displacement x = x1 + x2
Tension in both springs = k1 x1 = k2 x2
 Equivalent constant in series combination Keq is given by:
m
1/keq = 1/k1 + 1/k2  T = 2
keq
SOME IMPORTANT POINTS : (Series Combination)

 In series combination, tension is same in all the springs & extension will be different.
x1 k
 Extensions in the two springs may be different.  2
x2 k1
 Spring constant of spring is reciprocal of its natural length
k  1/  k1 1 = k2 2 = k3 3
 If a spring is cut in ‘n’ pieces then spring constant of one piece will be nk.
8.2 Parallel combination :

Extension is same for both springs but force acting will be different.
Force acting on the system = F
 F = – (k1 x + k2 x)  F = – (k1 + k2 ) x  F = – keqx

m
 keq = k1 + k2  T = 2
keq
k1 k
k2 M  M
Smooth Smooth
k1 k2 k
M  M
Smooth Smooth


(Parallel Combination)
 Force developed in two springs may be different.
 Extensions in the springs are same.
 Energy stored may be different.
F1 k1 U 1
 
F2 k2 U 2
9. VARIOUS CASES OF SPRING MASS SYSTEM

Time period of oscillations in various commonly asked cases :
Figure Time Period

m
T  2
k
k m
4m
T  2
k k
4kx m
F T  2
k 4 4k
m
M, I M  I / R2
k T  2 I = Moment of inertia
R k
M
R = Radius
No slipping
M
k T  2
M1 M2 k
1 1 1
 
Smooth M M1 M 2
where M is called reduced mass

10. SIMPLE PENDULUM
If a heavy point-mass is suspended by a weightless, inextensible and

perfectly flexible string from a rigid support, then this arrangement is
called a simple pendulum 
Time period of oscillation of simple pendulum of length l for small angular


amplitude (< 10º) is given by T = 2
g
(some times we can take g = 2 for making calculation simple)
Note : (a) Seconds Pendulum
T = 2s = Time period of seconds pendulum.
l
T  2  l = 99.3 cm  1 m = Length of seconds pendulum.
g
(b) Simple Pendulum of Length Comparable to the Radius of Earth

1
Time period of such a pendulum is given by, T  2
1 1 
g  
 l Re 
(various cases for such pendulum)
(c) When length of the pendulum is very large. That is,

l >> Re i.e. 
Re  1 
T  2
g  l  0  = 1.4 hr. = 84.6 minute
 
(d) If angular amplitude of simple pendulum is more, then time period

   02 
T = 2  1   (For other exams) where 0 is in radians.
g  16 
10.1 Time Period of Simple Pendulum in accelerating Reference Frame :


T = 2 where
geff .
 
geff. = Effective acceleration due to gravity in reference system = g  a
= acceleration of the point of suspension w.r.t. ground.
 
Condition for applying this formula: g  a = constant
10.2 If forces other then m acts then:


  F 
T = 2 where geff. = g  F = constant force acting on ‘m’.
geff . m

Simple Pendulum in Lift

 
Effective g = | g  a |
Figure Time Period

l
a T  2
ga
l
a a T  2
ga
In case of free fall

a=g
T , f = 0
qE
g effective  g 
m
E qE
l
T  2
+q qE
g
m
mg
+ + + + + + + + + +
l
T  2
2
 qE 
g2   
E  m
+q

11. COMPOUND PENDULUM / PHYSICAL PENDULUM
When a rigid body is suspended from an axis and made to oscillate

about that then it is called compound pendulum.
C = Initial position of center of mass
C = Position of center of mass after time t
S = Point of suspension
 = Distance between point of suspension and center of mass (it remains constant during motion)

T = 2  = CM + m2
mg 
 CM  m 2
T = 2 where ICM = mk2
mg 
k = gyration radius (about axis passing from centre of mass)
mk 2  m 2
T = 2
mg 
k 2  2 L
T = 2 = 2 eq
g g
k2
Leq =   = equivalent length of simple pendulum ;

T
T is minimum when  = k.
2K
Tmin = 2
g 2K
g
Graph of T vs     l=k l
 
Example cases : O
1. A rod of mass m and length l suspended about its end
l ml 2  cm
d  ,I 
2 3
mg
2l
 T  2
3g
2. A ring of mass m and radius R, pivoted at a point O on its periphery.

d = R, I = mR2 + mR2 = 2mR2
cm
2R
 T  2 O
g

12. SOME SPECIAL CASES

 Tunnelling the Earth
m
If a body is released in a tunnel along the diameter of earth, then, Re
Re
(1) T  2  84.6 min .    Earth
g C
(2) Amplitude of oscillation  Re.
 Oscillation of a Floating Cylinder
If  = density of cylinder material l

 = density of fluid ( > ) h
L h
then, T = 2  2
g g
Note : L is the total vertical height of the cylinder.
 Oscillation of a Liquid in a Tube

l
T  2
g (sin   sin  )
l = total length of liquid column  
Various cases:
(1)  = 90°
l
T  2
g (1  sin  ) 
(2)  =  = 90°
l
T  2
2g
 TORSIONAL PENDULUM
    
  C where, C = Torsional constant
or,  C where,  = Moment of inertia about the vertical axis.
C 
or,   θ  Time Period, T = 2
 C

13. SUPERPOSITION OF TWO SHMs.

13.1 In same direction and of same frequency.
x1 = A1 sin t
x2 = A2 sin (t + ) , then resultant displacement
x = x1 + x2 = A1 sin t + A2 sin (t + ) = A sin (t + )
 A2 sin  
where A = A12  A22  2 A1 A2 cos  &  = tan–1  
 A1  A2 cos  
13.2 Superposition of SHM’s along the same direction (using phasor diagram)
If two or more SHM’s are along the same line, their resultant can be obtained by vector
addition by making phasor diagram.
1. Amplitude of SHM is taken as length(magnitude) of vector.
2. Phase difference between the vectors is taken as the angle between these
vectors. The magnitude of resultant of vector’s give resultant amplitude of SHM
and angle of resultant vector gives phase constant of resultant SHM.
A2
x1 = A1 sin t
A
x2 = A2 sin (t + )
If equation of resultant SHM is taken as x = A sin (t + ) A1
A= A12  A22  2 A1 A2 cos 
A2 sin 
tan  =
A1  A2 cos 
13.3 In same direction but are of different frequencies.
x1 = A1 sin 1t
x2 = A2 sin 2 t
then resultant displacement x =x1 + x2 = A1 sin 1t + A2 sin 2t
This resultant motion is not SHM.
13.4 In two perpendicular directions.

x = A sin t
y = B sin (t + )
Case (i) : If  = 0 or  then y = ± (B/A) x. So path will be straight line & resultant
displacement will be r = (x2 + y2)½ = (A2 + B2 )½ sint
which is equation of SHM having amplitude A2  B 2


Case (ii) : If  = then. x = A sin t
2
y = B sin (t + /2) = B cos t
2 2
x y
so, resultant will be + = 1.
A2 B2
i.e. equation of an ellipse and if A = B, then superposition will be an equation of circle.

14. FORCED OSCILLATIONS
A body oscillates under action of external force F = F0sint. After some time, body starts
oscillating with frequency . Let 0 = natural frequency of body.
Equation for resultant motion is
x = A sin(t + )
F0
where A is amplitude, given by A  M
1/ 2
 2 2 2  2b 2 
(
 0   ) 
 M 2 
RESONANCE
When  = 0, amplitude of oscillations is maximum. This state is resonance. Energy of the
oscillations is also maximum in this state. Amplitude vs  graph is as shown.
Amplitude
b1
b2
0 
b1 < b2  less resistive forces means sharpness of resonance is more.
DAMPED OSCILLATIONS
Fnet = Restoring Force + Dissipative force x
md 2 x
  kx  bv
dt 2
b
 t
2m
x  A0 e sin( t   ) t
A0 is initial amplitude
t0 A0 t0 A0
A0     2 and so on.
n n


SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex. 1 The equation of particle executing simple harmonic motion is x = (5 m) sin  ( s 1 )t    . Write
 3
down the amplitude, time period and maximum speed. Also find the velocity at t = 1 s.
Sol. Comparing with equation x = A sin (t + ), we see that
2 2
the amplitude = 5 m and time period = = = 2s.
  s 1
The maximum speed = A  = 5 m ×  s–1 = 5 m/s.
dx
The velocity at time t = = A  cos (t + )
dt
At t = 1 s, v = (5 m) ( s–1) cos =      – 5 m/s.

 2
 5 
Ex. 2 A particle executing simple harmonic motion has angular frequency 6.28 s–1 and amplitude 10
cm. Find (a) the time period, (b) the maximum speed, (c) the maximum acceleration, (d) the
speed when the displacement is 6 cm from the mean position, (e) the speed at t = 1/6 s assuming
that the motion starts from rest at t = 0.
2 2
Sol. (a) Time period = =
 6.28
s = 1 s.
(b) Maximum speed = A = (0.1 m) (6.28 s–1)

= 0.628 m/s.
(c) Maximum acceleration = A2

= (0.1 m) (6.28 s–1)2 = 4 m/s2.
(d) v= A2  x 2 = (6.28 s–1) (10 cm) 2  (6 cm) 2

= 50.2 cm/s.
(e) At t = 0, the velocity is zero i.e., the particle is at an extreme. The equation for displacement
may be written as x = A cost.
The velocity is v = – A  sin t.

1
At t= s, v = – (0.1 m) (6.28 s–1) sin  6.28 
6  6 

= ( – 0.628 m/s) sin
3
= 54.4 cm/s.
Ex. 3 A particle starts from mean position and moves towards positive extreme as shown. Find the
equation of the SHM. Amplitude of SHM is A.
t=0
-A 0 A

Sol. General equation of SHM can be written as x = A sin (t + )

At t = 0, x = 0
 0 = A sin  
   = 0, 
Also; at t = 0, v = ve
 A cos = ve
or, = 0
Hence, if the particle is at mean position at t = 0 and is moving towards +ve extreme, then the
equation of SHM is given by x = A sint
Similarly t=0
for -A 0 A
 = 
  equation of SHM is x = A sin(t + )
or, x = A sint
NOTE: If mean position is not at the origin, then we can replace x by x  x0 and the eqn. becomes
x  x0 = A sint, where x0 is the position co-ordinate of the mean position.
Ex. 4 A particle is performing SHM of amplitude “A” and time period “T”. Find the time taken by the
particle to go from 0 to A/2.
Sol. Let equation of SHM be x = A sin t
when x=0,t=0
when x = A/2 ; A/2 = A sin t
or sin t = 1/2 t = /6
2
t = /6 t = T/12
T
Hence , time taken is T/12, where T is time period of SHM.
Ex. 5 A particle of mass 0.50 kg executes a simple harmonic motion under a force F = – (50 N/m)x. If it
crosses the centre of oscillation with a speed of 10 m/s, find the amplitude of the motion.
Sol. The kinetic energy of the particle when it is at the centre of oscillation is
1 1
E= mv2 = (0.50 kg) (10 m/s)2
2 2
= 25 J.
The potential energy is zero here. At the maximum displacement x = A, the speed is zero and
1 2
hence the kinetic energy is zero. The potential energy here is kA . As there is no loss of energy,
2
1 2
kA = 25 J .............(i)
2
The force on the particle is given by F = –(50 N/m)x.
Thus, the spring constant is k = 50 N/m.
1
Equation (i) gives (50 N/m) A2 = 25 J or, A = 1 m.
2

Ex. 6 The system is in equilibrium and at rest. Now mass m1 is removed from m2. Find the time period
and amplitude of resultant motion. Spring constant is K.
//////////////////////////
m1
m2
(m1  m2 ) g
Sol. Initial extension in the spring x=
K
Now, if we remove m1, equilibrium position(E.P.) of m2 will be below natural length of spring.
////////////////////////// //////////////////////////
N.L
m2g
(m1+m2)g K
K E.P
m1g
K
At the initial position, since velocity is zero i.e. it is the extreme position.
m1 g m2
Hence, Amplitude = & Time period = 2
K K
Ex. 7 The friction coefficient between the two blocks shown in figure is µ and
the horizontal plane is smooth. (a) If the system is slightly displaced and
released, find the time period. (b) Find the magnitude of the frictional force
between the blocks when the displacement from the mean position is x. (c) What can be the
maximum amplitude if the upper block does not slip relative to the lower block ?
Sol. (a) For small amplitude, the two blocks oscillate together. The angular frequency is
k M m
= and so the time period T = 2 .
M m k
 kx 
The acceleration of the blocks at displacement x from the mean position is a = –  x = 
2
(b) 
M m
The resultant force on the upper block is, therefore, ma =   mkx 

M m
This force is provided by the friction of the lower block.
Hence, the magnitude of the frictional force is  mk | x | 

M m
(c) Maximum force of friction required for simple harmonic motion of the upper block is
mk A
at the extreme positions. But the maximum frictional force can only be µ mg.
M m
mk A µ( M  m ) g
Hence = µ mg or, A=
M m k

Ex. 8 Two blocks of mass m1 and m2 are connected with a spring of natural length l and spring constant
k. The system is lying on a smooth horizontal surface. Initially spring is compressed by x0 as
shown in figure. Show that the two blocks will perform SHM about their equilibrium position. Also
(a) find the time period, (b) find amplitude of each block and (c) length of spring as a function of
time.
 – x0
Sol. Here both the blocks will be in equilibrium at the same EP1  EP2
time when spring is in its natural length. Let EP1 and EP2
be equilibrium positions of block A and B as shown in
figure.
Let at any time during oscillations, blocks are at EP1 EP2
x1 x2
a distance of x1 and x2 from their equilibrium
positions.
As no external force is acting on the spring block system

 (m1 + m2)xcm = m1x1  m2x2 = 0 or m1x1 = m2x2
For 1st particle, force equation can be written as
d 2 x1 m1
k(x1 + x2) =  m1 or, k(x1 + x1) =  m1a1
dt 2 m2
k(m1  m 2 ) k(m1  m 2 )
or, a1 =  x1  2 =
m1 m 2 m1 m 2
m1 m 2  m1m 2
Hence, T = 2  2  where  = which is known as reduced mass
k(m1  m 2 ) K (m1  m 2 )
Similarly time period of 2nd particle can be found. Both will be having the same time period.
(b) Let the amplitude of blocks be A1 and A2.

m 1A 1 = m 2A 2
By energy conservation;
1 2 1 2
k(A1 + A2) = k x0 or, A1 + A2 = x 0
2 2
m1
or, A1 + A2 = x 0 or, A1 + A1 = x 0
m2
m2 x 0 m1 x 0
or, A1 = Similarly, A2 =
m1  m 2 m1  m 2
(c) Let equilibrium position of 1st particle as origin, i.e. x = 0. EP1 l EP2
x co-ordinate of particles can be written as
x1 = A1cost and x2 =  A2cost
Hence, length of spring can be written as; x=0
length = x2  x1 =  (A1 + A2)cost

Ex. 9 The string, the spring and the pulley shown in figure are light.
Find the time period of the mass m.
/////////////////////////
m
k
////////////////////////////
Sol, (a) Force Method

Let in equilibrium position of the block, extension in spring is ///////////////////////// x0.
kx0 = mg -- (1)
Now if we displace the block by x in the Natural length
downward direction, net force on the x0
m Equilibrium position
k x
block towards mean position is m
F = k(x + x0)  mg = kx using (1) ////////////////////////////
Hence the net force is acting towards mean position and is also proportional to x.So, the
m
particle will perform S.H.M. and its time period would be T= 2
k
(b) Energy Method
Let gravitational potential energy to be zero at the level of the block when spring is in its
natural length. Now at a distance x below that level, let speed of the block be v.
Since total mechanical energy is conserved in S.H.M.
 mgx + 1/2kx2 + 1/2mv2 = constant
Differentiating w.r.t. time, we get  mgv + kxv + mva = 0
where a is acceleration. F = ma =  kx + mg or F =  k(x  mg/K)
This shows that for the motion, force constant is k and equilibrium position is x = mg/K.
m
So, the particle will perform S.H.M. and its time period would be T = 2
k
Ex. 10 A simple pendulum of length 40 cm oscillates with an angular amplitude of 0.04 rad. Find (a) the
time period, (b) the linear amplitude of the bob, (c) the speed of the bob when the string makes
0.02 rad with the vertical and (d) the angular acceleration when the bob is in momentary rest.
Take g = 10 m/s2.
10 m / s 2
Sol. (a) The angular frequency is  = g /  = = 5 s–1
0.4 m
2 2
the time period is = = 1.26 s.
 5 s 1
(b) Linear amplitude = 40 cm × 0.04 = 1.6 cm
2 2
(c) Angular speed at displacement 0.02 rad is  = (5 s–1) (0.04)  (0.02) rad = 0.17 rad/s.
where speed of the bob at this instant = (40 cm) × 0.175–1 = 6.8 cm/s.
(d) At momentary rest, the bob is in extreme position.
–2 2
Thus, the angular acceleration  = (0.04 rad) (25 s ) = 1 rad/s .

Ex. 11 x1 = 5 sin (t + 30º)

x2 = 10 cos (t)
Find amplitude of resultant SHM.
Sol. x1 = 5 sin (t + 30º)
x2 = 10 sin (t + )
Phasor diagram 10
A= 5 2  10 2  2  5  10 cos 60º 60º

25  100  50 = 175 = 5 7 5
=
Ex. 12 A particle is subjected to two simple harmonic motions x1 = A1 sin t and x2 = A2 sin (t +
/3).
Find (a) the displacement at t = 0, (b) the maximum speed of the particle and (c) the maximum
acceleration of the particle.
Sol. (a) At t = 0, x1 = A1 sin t = 0

A2 3
and x2 = A2 sin (t + /3) = A2 sin (/3) = .
2
Thus, the resultant displacement at t = 0 is
x = x 1 + x 2 = A2 3
2
(b) The resultant of the two motions is a simple harmonic motion of the same angular
frequency . The amplitude of the resultant motion is
A= A12  A22  2 A1 A2 cos( / 3) = A12  A22  A1 A2 .
The maximum speed is
umax = A  =  A12  A22  A1 A2
(c) The maximum acceleration is amax = A 2 = 2 A12  A22  A1 A2 .



1. A simple harmonic motion having an amplitude A and time period T is represented by the
equation : y  5sin   t  4  m
(A) A = 5; T = 2 (B) A = 10 ; T = 1
(C) A=5;T=1 (D) A = 10 ; T = 2
 
2. The displacement of a body executing SHM is given by x  A sin  2 t   . The first time from t =
 3
0 when the velocity is maximum is
(A) 0.33 sec (B) 0.16 sec
(C) 0.25 sec (D) 0.5 sec
3. The maximum acceleration of a particle in SHM is made two times keeping the maximum speed
to be constant. It is possible when
(A) amplitude of oscillation is doubled while frequency remains constant
(B) amplitude is doubled while frequency is halved
(C) frequency is doubled while amplitude is halved
(D) frequency is doubled while amplitude remains constant
4. The potential energy of a simple harmonic oscillator of mass 2 kg in its mean position is 5 J. If its
total energy is 9J and its amplitude is 0.01 m, its time period would be
   
(A) sec (B) sec (C) sec (D) sec
10 20 50 100
5. A plank with a small block on top of it is under going vertical SHM. Its period is 2 sec. The
minimum amplitude at which the block will separate from plank is :
10 2 20 
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 10 2 10
d2 y
6. The angular frequency of motion whose equation is 4  9y  0 is (y = displacement and
dt 
t = time)
9 4 3 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 9 2 3
7. Two particles are in SHM in a straight line. Amplitude A and time period T of both the particles are
A
equal. At time t=0, one particle is at displacement y1   A and the other at y 2  , and they
2
are approaching towards each other. After what time they cross each other ?
T T 5T T
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 4 6 6

8. Two particles execute SHM of same amplitude of 20 cm with same period along the same line
about the same equilibrium position. The maximum distance between the two is 20 cm. Their
phase difference in radians is
2   
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 2 3 4
9. A particle performs SHM with a period T and amplitude a. The mean velocity of the particle over
the time interval during which it travels a distance a/2 from the extreme position is
(A) a/T (B) 2a/T (C) 3a/T (D) a/2T
10. A body performs simple harmonic oscillations along the straight line ABCDE with C as the
midpoint of AE. Its kinetic energies at B and D are each one fourth of its
maximum value. If AE = 2R, the distance between B and D is
3R R
(A) (B) (C) 3R (D) 2R
2 2
11. A graph of the square of the velocity against the square of the acceleration of a given simple
harmonic motion is
(A) (B) (C) (D)
12. A small mass executes linear SHM about O with amplitude a and period T. Its displacement from
T
O at time after passing through O is:
8
a a a a
(A) (B) (C) (D)
8 2 2 2 2
13. A stone is swinging in a horizontal circle 0.8 m in diameter at 30 rev / min. A distant horizontal
light beam causes a shadow of the stone to be formed on a nearly vertical wall. The amplitude
and period of the simple harmonic motion for the shadow of the stone are
(A) 0.4 m, 4 s (B) 0.2 m. 2 s (C) 0.4 m, 2 s (D) 0.8 m, 2 s
14. Find the ratio of time periods of two identical springs if they are first joined in series & then in
parallel & a mass m is suspended from them :
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 3
15. Two bodies P & Q of equal mass are suspended from two separate massless springs of force
constants k1 & k 2 respectively. If the maximum velocity of them are equal during their motion,
the ratio of amplitude of P to Q is :
k1 k2 k2 k1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
k2 k1 k1 k2

16. A ring of diameter 2m oscillates as a compound pendulum about a horizontal axis passing
through a point at its rim. It oscillates such that its centre move in a plane which is perpendicular
to the plane of the ring. The equivalent length of the simple pendulum is
(A) 2m (B) 4m (C) 1.5m (D) 3m
17. A particle starts oscillating simple harmonically from its equilibrium position then, the ratio of
T
kinetic energy and potential energy of the particle at the time is : (T = time period)
12
(A) 2:1 (B) 3:1 (C) 4 :1 (D) 1 : 4
18. A spring mass system performs S.H.M. If the mass is doubled keeping amplitude same, then the
total energy of S.H.M. will become :
(A) double (B) half (C) unchanged (D) 4 times
19. A mass at the end of a spring executes harmonic motion about an equilibrium position with an
amplitude A. Its speed as it passes through the equilibrium position is V. If extended 2A and
released, the speed of the mass passing through the equilibrium position will be
V V
(A) 2V (B) 4V (C) (D)
2 4
20. The amplitude of the vibrating particle due to superposition of two SHMs,
 
y1  sin   t   and y 2  sin  t is:
 3
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 2
21. Two simple harmonic motions y1  A sin  t and y 2  A cos  t are superimposed on a particle of
mass m. The total mechanical energy of the particle is:
1 1
(A) m 2 A 2 (B) m2 A 2 (C) m2 A 2 (D) zero
2 4

















1. Time period of a particle executing SHM is 8 sec. At t = 0 it is at the mean position. The ratio of
the distance covered by the particle in the 1st second to the 2nd second is :
1 1
(A) (B) 2 (C) (D) 2 1
2 1 2
2. Two particles P and Q describe simple harmonic motions of same period, same amplitude, along
the same line about the same equilibrium position O. When P and Q are on opposite sides of O at
the same distance from O they have the same speed of 1.2 m/s in the same direction, when their
displacements are the same they have the same speed of 1.6 m/s in opposite directions. The
maximum velocity in m/s of either particle is
(A) 2.8 (B) 2.5 (C) 2.4 (D) 2
Question No. 3 to 5 (3 questions)
The graphs in figure show that a quantity y varies with displacement d in a system undergoing
simple harmonic motion.
(I) (II) (III) (IV)

Which graphs best represents the relationship obtained when y is
3. The total energy of the system

(A) I (B) II (C) III (D) IV
4. The time
5. The unbalanced force acting on the system.

6. A particle executes SHM of period 1.2 sec and amplitude 8 cm. Find the time it takes to travel
3cm from the positive extremity of its oscillation.
(A) 0.28 sec (B) 0.32 sec (C) 0.17 sec (D) 0.42 sec
7. A particle executes SHM on a straight line path. The amplitude of oscillation is 2 cm. When the
displacement of the particle from the mean position is 1 cm, the numerical value of magnitude of
acceleration is equal to the numerical value of magnitude of velocity. The frequency of SHM
(in second–1) is:
2 3 1
(A) 2 3 (B) (C) (D)
3 2 2 3

8. In an elevator, a spring clock of time period TS (mass attached to a spring) and a pendulum clock
of time period TP are kept. If the elevator accelerates upwards
(A) TS well as TP increases (B) TS remain same, TP increases
(C) TS remains same, TP decreases (D) TS as well as TP decreases
9. A man is swinging on a swing made of 2 ropes of equal length L and in

direction perpendicular to the plane of paper. The time period of the
small oscillations about the mean position is
L 3L
(A) 2 (B) 2
2g 2g
L L
(C) 2 (D) 
2 3g g
10. Vertical displacement of a plank with a body of mass 'm' on it is varying according to law
y  sin t  cos t. The minimum value of  for which the mass just breaks off the plank and the
moment it occurs first after t = 0 are given by: ( y is positive vertically upwards)
g 2  g 2  g  2 2
(A) , (B) , (C) , (D) 2g,
2 6 g 2 3 g 2 3 g 3g
11. Two pendulums have time periods T and 5T/4. They start SHM at the same time from the mean
position. After how many oscillations of the smaller pendulum they will be again in the same
phase:
(A) 5 (B) 4 (C) 11 (D) 9
12. A particle of mass m moves in a one-dimensional potential energy U  x   ax2  bx 4 , where 'a'
and 'b' are positive constants. The angular frequency of small oscillations about the minima of the
potential energy is equal to
a a 2a a
(A)  (B) 2 (C) (D)
2b m m 2m
13. A tunnel is dug in the earth across one of its diameter. Two masses ‘m’ & ‘2m’ are dropped from
the ends of the tunnel. The masses collide and stick to each other and perform S.H.M. Then
amplitude of S.H.M. will be: [R = radius of the earth]
(A) R (B) R / 2 (C) R / 3 (D) 2R / 3
14. Two particles undergo SHM along parallel lines with the same time
period (T) and equal amplitudes. At a particular instant, one particle is at
its extreme position while the other is at its mean position. They move in
the same direction. They will cross each other after a further time
(A) T/8 (B) 3T/8 (C) T/6 (D) 4T/3

15. A heavy brass sphere is hung from a light spring and is set in vertical small oscillation with a
period T. The sphere is now immersed in a non-viscous liquid with a density 1/10th the density of
the sphere. If the system is now set in vertical S.H.M., its period will be
2
 9   9   10 
(A)  10  T (B)   T (C)  9 T (D) T
   10   
16. A simple pendulum is oscillating in a lift. If the lift is going down with constant velocity, the time
period of the simple pendulum is T1 . If the lift is going down with some retardation its time period
is T2 , then
(A) T1  T2 (B) T1  T2 (C) T1  T2
(D) depends upon the mass of the pendulum bob
17. A system of two identical rods (L-shaped) of mass m and length l are resting
on a peg P as shown in the figure. If the system is displaced in its plane by a
small angle , find the period of oscillations:
2l 2 2l 2l l
(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) 2 (D) 
3g 3g 3g 3g
18. A particle of mass m moves in the potential energy U shown above.

The period of the motion when the particle has total energy E is
(A) 2 m / k  4 2E / mg2 (B) 2 m / k
(C)  m / k  2 2E / mg2 (D) 2 2E / mg2
19. A 2 Kg block moving with 10 m/s strikes a spring of constant

2N / m attached to 2 Kg block at rest kept on a smooth floor. The
time for which rear moving block remain in contact with spring will
be
1 1
(A) 2 sec (B) sec (C) 1 sec (D) sec
2 2
20. In the above question, the velocity of the rear 2 kg block after it separates from the spring will
be:
(A) 0 m/s (B) 5 m/s (C) 10 m/s (D) 7.5 m/s
21. A particle is subjected to two mutually perpendicular simple harmonic motions such that its x and
 
y coordinates are given by x  2 sin t; y  2 sin  t  
 4 
The path of the particle will be :
(A) an ellipse (B) a straight line (C) a parabola (D) a circle



Some questions (Assertion–Reason type) are given below. Each question contains
STATEMENT– 1 (Assertion) and STATEMENT – 2 (Reason). Each question has 4 choices (A),
(B), (C) and (D) out of which ONLY ONE is correct. So select the correct choice:
Choices are:
(A) Statement – 1 is True, Statement – 2 is True; Statement – 2 is a correct explanation for
Statement – 1.
(B) Statement – 1 is True, Statement – 2 is True; Statement – 2 is NOT a correct explanation for
Statement – 1.
(C) Statement – 1 is True, Statement – 2 is False.
(D) Statement – 1 is False, Statement – 2 is True.
1. STATEMENT – 1 : Frequency of spring mass system in two cases shown in the figure is
same.
1 K
STATEMENT – 2 : Frequency of a spring mass system f  , which does not depend
2 M
upon acceleration due to gravity.
a0
K
m m
(1) (2)
2. STATEMENT – 1 : A particle is performing simple harmonic motion along X axis with

amplitude A. If a graph is plotted between velocity of particle and its X
coordinate then graph will be elliptical.
STATEMENT– 2 : Velocity of particle in SHM as a function of position is given by
v   A2  x2 .
3. STATEMENT – 1 : The graph of total energy of a particle in S.H.M. w.r.t. position is a

straight line with zero slope.
STATEMENT – 2 : Total energy of particle in S.H.M. remains constant throughout its motion.
4. STATEMENT – 1 : The amplitude of an oscillating pendulum in air decrease gradually with

time.
STATEMENT – 2 : The frequency of the pendulum decreases with time.
5. STATEMENT – 1 : In simple harmonic motion, at extreme position the velocity and

acceleration of object is zero.
STATEMENT – 2 : In simple harmonic motion at mean position?

6. STATEMENT – 1 : The phase difference between acceleration and velocity in simple

harmonic motion is 90º.
STATEMENT– 2 : The time period in case of simple harmonic motion is independent of
amplitude of vibration.
7. STATEMENT– 1 : The time period of a spring mass system is greater at equator than at
poles.
STATEMENT– 2 : Time period of spring mass system is independent of gravity.
8. STATEMENT– 1 : The time period of a simple pendulum is independent of its amplitude of

vibration.
STATEMENT– 2 : If the amplitude of a simple pendulum is doubled; its v max is also doubled.
9. STATEMENT – 1 : The height of a liquid column in a U-tube is 0.3 m. If the liquid in one of
the limbs is depressed, and then released, the time period of liquid
column will be 1.1 sec.
STATEMENT– 2 : This follows from the relation.
h
T  2
g
10. STATEMENT–1 : A particle is moving along x-axis. The resultant force F acting on it at
position x is given by F = – ax – b. Where a and b are both positive
constants. The motion of this particle is not SHM.
STATEMENT–2 : In SHM restoring force must be proportional to the displacement from
mean position.
11. STATEMENT-1 : For a particle performing SHM, its speed decreases as it goes away from
the mean position.
STATEMENT-2 : In SHM, the acceleration is always opposite to the velocity of the particle.
12. STATEMENT-1 : Motion of a ball bouncing elastically in vertical direction on a smooth

horizontal floor is a periodic motion but not an SHM.
STATEMENT-2 : Motion is SHM when restoring force is proportional to displacement from
mean position.
13. STATEMENT-1 : A particle, simultaneously subjected to two simple harmonic motions of

same frequency and same amplitude, will perform SHM only if the two
SHM’s are in the same direction.
STATEMENT-2 : A particle, simultaneously subjected to two simple harmonic motions of
same frequency and same amplitude, perpendicular to each other the
particle can be in uniform circular motion.
14. STATEMENT-1 : In case of oscillatory motion the average speed for any time interval is
always greater than or equal to its average velocity.
STATEMENT-2 : Distance travelled by a particle cannot be less than its displacement.

15. A block is placed on a horizontal plank. The plank is performing SHM along a vertical line with
amplitude of 40cm. The block just loses contact with the plank when the plank is momentarily at
rest. Then:
(A) the period of its oscillations is 2p/5 sec.
(B) the block weights on the plank double its weight, when the plank is at one of the positions
of momentary rest.
(C) the block weights 1.5 times its weight on the plank halfway down from the mean position.
(D) the block weights its true weight on the plank, when velocity of the plank is maximum.
16. The displacement-time graph of a particle executing SHM is

shown. Which of the following statements is/are true?
(A) The velocity is maximum at t = T/2
(B) The acceleration is maximum at t = T
(C) The force is zero at t = 3T/4
(D) The potential energy equals the oscillation energy at t = T/2.
17. The potential energy of a particle of mass 0.1kg, moving along x-axis, is given by U = 5x(x-4)J
where x is in metres. It can be concluded that
(A) the particle is acted upon by a constant force.
(B) the speed of the particle is maximum at x = 2 m
(C) the particle executes simple harmonic motion
(D) the period of oscillation of the particle is p/5 s.
18. A particle is executing SHM with amplitude A, time period T, maximum acceleration ao and
maximum velocity v 0. Its starts from mean position at t=0 and at time t , it has the displacement
A/2, acceleration a and velocity v then
(A) t = T/12 (B) a = ao/2 (C) v = vo/2 (D) t = T/8
19. A particle moves in xy plane according to the law x = a sinwt and y = a(1-coswt) where a and w
are constants. The particle traces
(A) a parabola
(B) a straight line equally inclined to x and y axes
(C) a circle
(D) a distance proportional to time.
20. The figure shows a graph between velocity and displacement (from
mean position) of a particle performing SHM:
(A) the time period of the particle is 1.57s
(B) the maximum acceleration will be 40cm/s2
(C) the velocity of particle is 2 21 cm/s when it is at a distance 1 cm from the mean position.
(D) none of these

21. Equations y = 2A cos2 t and y = A (sin t + 3 cos t ) represent the motion of two particles.
(A) Only one of these is S.H.M.
(B) Ratio of maximum speeds is 2 : 1
(C) Ratio of maximum speeds is 1 : 1
(D) Ratio of maximum accelerations is 1 : 4
22. A particle starts from a point P at a distance of A/2 from the mean
position O & travels towards left as shown in the figure. If the time
period of SHM, executed about O is T and amplitude A then the
equation of motion of particle is :
 2   2 5 
(A) x  A sin  t   (B) x  A sin  t 
 T 6  T 6 
 2   2 
(C) x  A cos  t  (D) x  A cos  t 
 T 6  T 3
23. A mass of 0.2kg is attached to the lower end of a massless spring of force-constant 200 N/m, the
upper end of which is fixed to a rigid support. Which of the following statements is/are true?
(A) In equilibrium, the spring will be stretched by 1cm.
(B) If the mass is raised till the spring is unstretched state and then released, it will go down by
2cm before moving upwards.
(C) The frequency of oscillation will be nearly 5 Hz.
(D) If the system is taken to the moon, the frequency of oscillation will be the same as on the
earth.
24. A system is oscillating with undamped simple harmonic motion. Then the
(A) average total energy per cycle of the motion is its maximum kinetic energy.
1
(B) average total energy per cycle of the motion is times its maximum kinetic energy.
2
1
(C) root mean square velocity is times its maximum velocity
2
(D) mean velocity is 1/2 of maximum velocity.
25. A particle of mass m performs SHM along a straight line with frequency f and amplitude A.
(A) The average kinetic energy of the particle is zero.
(B) The average potential energy is m p2f 2A2.
(C) The frequency of ocillation of kinetic energy is 2f.
(D) Velocity function leads acceleration by p/2.
26. A linear harmonic oscillator of force constant 2 × 106Nm-1 and amplitude 0.01 m has a total
mechanical energy of 160 J. Its
(A) maximum potential energy is 100 J
(B) maximum kinetic energy is 100 J
(C) maximum potential energy is 160 J
(D) minimum potential energy is zero.

27. Two springs with negligible masses and force constant of K1 = 200 Nm–1 and K2 = 160 Nm–1
are attached to the block of mass m = 10 kg as shown in the figure. Initially the block is at rest, at
the equilibrium position in which both springs are neither stretched nor compressed. At time t = 0,
a sharp impulse of 50 Ns is given to the block with a hammer.

(A) Period of oscillations for the mass m is s
3
(B) Maximum velocity of the mass m during its oscillation is 5 ms–1.
(C) Data are insufficient to determine maximum velocity.
(D) Amplitude of oscillation is 0.42 m.
COMPREHENSION TYPE
COMPREHENSION # 01
The block of mass m is attached to 2 springs as shown. In the equilibrium position, the springs
are at their natural length. The mass oscillates along the line of springs with amplitude A. At t = 0,
A
mass is at + from equilibrium and moving to right. The right spring is removed at that instant,
2
without changing velocity of block.
k k
m
Frictionless
28. The new time period of oscillation in terms of its original period T0 is -
T0 T0
(A) 2T0 (B) 2 T0 (C) (D)
2 2
29. The new amplitude of mass is -

3d 7d 3d
(A) d (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2
30. The velocity of the mass when it passes through equilibrium is -

19A 2A
(A) (B)
T0 T0
14A 14A
(C) (D)
T0 2T0

COMPREHENSION # 02
In the shown arrangement, both springs are relaxed. The coefficient of friction between m2 and
m1 is  . There is no friction between m1 and surface. If the blocks are displaced slightly they
perform SHM together
k2
m2
k1
m1
31. If the small displacement of blocks is x then acceleration of m2 is-

k2x (k1  k 2 )x  k1  k 2 
(A) (B) (C)  x (D) None of these
m2 m2  m1  m2 
32. The condition in which frictional force on m2 acts in the direction of its displacement from mean
position is –
m1 k1 m2 k1 m1 k1
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) None of these
m2 k 2 m1 k 2 m2 k 2
33. If the condition obtained in above question is met, then the maximum amplitude of oscillation is –
m2 g(m1  m2 ) m2 g(m1  m2 ) m2 g(m1  m2 )
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
m1k 2  m2k1 m1k1  m2k 2 m1k 2  m2k1
COMPREHENSION # 03
A uniform disc of mass M and radius R is hung and made of

O
oscillate about a horizontal axis through a point at distance r (<
r r
R) from center (fig.1). We know that the time period is
C C
I
T  2 , where d is the distance of the centre of gravity
Mgd Fig.1 Fig.2
from axis for a physical pendulum. A smaller disc of equal mass
and radius r is riveted about its centre (fig.2) and again the oscillation is observed for time period.
Center of both disc are coincides. Using the information answer the following
34. Length of the equivalent simple pendulum of first disc is –

4r 2  R 2 R2 2r 2  R 2
(A) r (B) (C)  r2 (D)
2r 2 2r
35. Time period of oscillation of the arrangement without the second disc being placed is
(proportional to) –
R 2  2r 2 R2  r 2 R2 R2  r 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2gr 2rg gr 4gr

nd
36. Time period of oscillation with the II disc is –
1 10gr 10gr 1 5R 2  r 2 5r 2  R 2
(A) (B) 2 (C) (D) 2
2 5r 2  R2 5r 2  R2 2 10gr 2gr
MATRIX MATCH TYPE

  
37. A body of mass ‘m’ is acted upon by net force F . r and v be their initial position and velocity. All
quantity are in S.I. unit. Then match the following.
Column-I Column-II
 2ˆ
 
(A) F   4x i , r  0 , v  2i,m ˆ 2 (P) Motion : S.H.M.
  
(B) F  (2  4y)jˆ , r  0 , v  0 , m = 1 (Q) Motion : Non-periodic
  
(C) F   2(x  x3 )iˆ , r  10–2 ˆi, v  0 , m = 1 (R) Path : Straight line
  
(D) F   4(xiˆ  yj),ˆ r  2j, ˆ v  6i,m
ˆ 1 (S) Time period : 
38. The graph plotted between phase angle () and displacement of a particle from equilibrium
position (y) is a sinusoidal curve as shown below. Then the best matching is
Column-I Column-II
(A) K.E. versus phase angle curve (i)
(B) P.E. versus phase angle curve (ii)
(C) T.E. versus phase angle curve (iii)
(D) Velocity versus phase angle curve (iv)
(A) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii) & (d)-(iv) (B) (a)-(ii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iii) & (d)-(iv)
(C) (a)-(ii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iv) & (d)-(iii) (D) (a)-(ii), (b)-(iii), (c)-(iv) & (d)-(i)




1. A body is in SHM with period T when oscillated from a freely suspended spring. If this spring is
cut in two parts of length ratio 1 : 3 & again oscillated from the two parts separately, then the
T1
periods are T1 & T2 then find .
T2
2. The system shown in the figure can move on a smooth

surface. The spring is initially compressed by 6 cm and
then released. Find
(a) time period
(b) amplitude of 3 kg block
(c) maximum momentum of 6 kg block
3. A body undergoing SHM about the origin has its equation is given by x  0.2cos 5 t. Find its
average speed from t = 0 to t = 0.7 sec.
4. The acceleration-displacement (a – x) graph of a particle executing simple

harmonic motion is shown in the figure. Find the frequency of oscillation.
5. A block of mass 0.9 kg attached to a spring of force constant k is

lying on a frictionless floor. The spring is compressed to 2 cm
and the block is at a distance 1 2 cm from the wall as shown in

the figure. When the block is released, it makes elastic collision with the wall and its period of
motion is 0.2 sec. Find the approximate value of k.
6. Two identical rods each of mass m and length L, are rigidly joined and then
suspended in a vertical plane so as to oscillate freely about an axis normal to the
plane of paper passing through ‘S’ (point of suspension). Find the time period of
such small oscillations.
7. A force f  10x  2 acts on a particle of mass 0.1 kg, where ' k ' is in m and F in newton. If it is
released from rest at x  2m, find :
(a) amplitude ; (b) time period ; (c) equation of motion.
8. Potential Energy (U) of a body of unit mass moving in a one-dimension conservative force field is
given by, U   x 2  4x  3  . All units are in S.I.
(i) Find the equilibrium position of the body.
(ii) Show that oscillations of the body about this equilibrium position is simple harmonic
motion & find its time period.
(iii) Find the amplitude of oscillations if speed of the body at equilibrium position is
2 6 m / s.

9. The resulting amplitude A' and the phase of the vibrations d

A   A A  3 
S  A cos  t   cos  t    cos  t     cos  t    A  cos  t   
2  2 4 8  2 
are _____ and _____ respectively.
10. A body is executing SHM under the action of force whose maximum magnitude is 50N. Find the
magnitude of force acting on the particle at the time when its energy is half kinetic and half
potential.
11. The figure shows the displacement - time graph of a particle executing SHM. If the time period of
oscillation is 2s, then the equation of motion is given by x = __________.
x
10
(mm)
5
0
t(s)
12. A simple pendulum has a time period T = 2 sec when it swings freely. The
pendulum is hung as shown in figure, so that only one-fourth of its total
length is free to swing to the left of obstacle. It is displaced to position A and
released. How long does it take to swing to extreme displacement B and
return to A? Assume that displacement angle is always small.



1. A point particle of mass 0.1kg is executing SHM with amplitude of 0.1m. When the particle
3
passes through the mean position, its K.E. is 8  10 J. Obtain the equation of motion of this
particle if the initial phase of oscillation is 45.
2. The particle executing SHM in a straight line has velocities 8 m/s, 7 m/s, 4 m/s at three points
distant one metre from each other. What will be the maximum velocity of the particle?
3. One end of an ideal spring is fixed to a wall at origin O and the axis of spring is parallel to x-axis.
A block of mass m = 1 kg is attached to free end of the spring and it is performing SHM. Equation
of position of block in coordinate system shown is x  10  3sin10t, t is in second and x in cm.
Another block of mass M = 3kg, moving towards the origin with velocity 30cm/c collides with the
block performing SHM at t = 0 and gets struck to it, calculate:
(i) new amplitude of oscillations.
(ii) new equation for position of the combined body.
(iii) loss of energy during collision. Neglect friction.
4. A mass M is in static equilibrium on a massless vertical spring as shown in the figure. A ball of
mass m dropped from certain height sticks to the mass M after colliding with it. The oscillations
they perform reach to height 'a' above the original level of scales & depth 'b' below it.
(a) Find the constant of force of the spring.;

(b) Find the oscillation frequency.
(c) What is the height above the initial level from which the mass m was dropped?
5. Two identical balls A and B each of mass 0.1 kg are attached to two identical massless springs.
The spring mass system is constrained to move inside a rigid smooth pipe in the form of a circle
as in fig. The pipe is fixed in a horizontal plane. The centres of the
ball can move in a circle of radius 0.06m. Each spring has a natural
length 0.06  m and force constant 0.1N/m. Initially both the balls

are displaced by an angle of   radian with respect to diameter
6
PQ of the circle and released from rest
(a) Calculate the frequency of oscillation of the ball B.
(b) What is the total energy of the system.
(c) Find the speed of the ball A when A and B are at the two ends of the diameter PQ.

6. An ideal gas is enclosed in a vertical cylindrical container and supports a freely moving piston of
mass m. The piston and the cylinder have equal cross-sectional area A, atmospheric pressure is
P0 and when the piston is in equilibrium position. Show that the piston executes SHM and find
Cp
the frequency of oscillation (system is completely isolated from the surrounding).   . Height
Cv
of the gas in equilibrium position is h.
7. Find the angular frequency of the small oscillations of the sphere of mass M
containing water of mass m. The spring has a constant K and cylinder
executes pure rolling. What happens when the water in the cylinder
freezes?
8. A massless rod is hinged at O. A string carrying a mass m at one end

is attached to point A on the rod so that OA = a. At another point B
(OB= b) of the rod, a horizontal spring of force constant k is attached
as shown. Find the period of small vertical oscillations of mass m
around its equilibrium position. What can be the maximum amplitude
of its oscillation so that its motion may remain simple harmonic.



1. A particle performs harmonic oscillations along the x axis about the equilibrium position x  0.
The oscillation frequency is   4.00s1. At a certain moment of time the particle has a
coordinate x 0  25.0cm and its velocity is equal to v x0  100cm / s.
Find the coordinate x and the velocity v x of the particle t = 2.40 a after that moment.
2. A point performs harmonic oscillations along a straight line with a period T = 0.60 s and an
amplitude a 10.0 cm. Find the mean velocity of the point averaged over the time interval during
which it travels a distance a/2, starting from.
(a) the extreme position;
(b) the equilibrium position
3. At the moment t = 0 a point starts oscillating along the x axis according to the law x = a sin t.
Find:
(a) the mean value of its velocity vector projection v x ;
(b) the modulus of the mean velocity vector v ;
(c) the mean value of the velocity modulus v averaged over 3/8 of the period after the
start.
4. Solve the foregoing problem if the potential energy has the form U (x) = a/x2 – b/x, where a and b
are positive constants.
5. A pendulum clock is mounted in an elevator car which starts going up with a constant
acceleration w, with w < g. At a height h the acceleration of the car reverses, its magnitude
remaining constant. How soon after the start of the motion will the clock show the right time
again?
6. A small body of mass m is fixed to the middle of a stretched string of length 2l. In the equilibrium
position the string tension is equal to T0 . Find the angular frequency of small oscillations of the
body in the transverse direction. The mass of the string is negligible, the gravitational field is
absent.
7. Determine the period of oscillations of mercury of mass m = 200 g poured into a bent tube
(Figure) whose right arm forms an angle   30 with the vertical. The cross-sectional area of
the tube is S  0.50 cm2 . The viscosity of mercury is to be neglected.

8. A body a if mass m1  1.00 kg and a body B of mass m2  4.10 kg are interconnected by a

spring as shown in Figure. The body A performs free vertical harmonic oscillations with amplitude
a  1.6 cm and frequency   25 s 1. Neglecting the mass of the spring, find the maximum and
minimum vales of force that this system exerts on the bearing surface.
9. A body of mass m is suspended from a spring fixed to the ceiling of an elevator car. The stiffness
of the spring is x. At the moment t = 0 the car starts going up with an acceleration w. Neglecting
the mass of the spring, find the law of motion y (t) of the body relative to the elevator car if
y  0   0 and y  0   0. Consider the following case w = const;
10. A pendulum is constructed as a light thin-walled sphere of radius R field up with water and
suspended at the point O from a light rigid rod (Figure). The distance between the point O and the
centre of the sphere is equal to l. How many times will the small oscillations of such a pendulum
change after the water freezes? Thus viscosity of water and the change of its volume on freezing
are to be neglected.
11. Find the trajectory equation y(x) of a point if it moves according to the following laws:
(a) x = a sin t, a sin 2t;
(b) x = a sin t, y = a cos 2t.
Plot these trajectories.
12. A plank with a body mass m placed on it starts moving straight up according to the law y = a (1 –
cos t), where y is the displacement from the initial position,  = 11 s–1. Find:
(a) the time dependence of the force that the body exerts on the plank if a = 4.0 cm; plot this
dependence;
(b) the minimum amplitude of oscillation of the plank at which the body starts falling behind
the plank;
(c) the amplitude of oscillation of the plank at which the body springs up to height h = 50 cm
relative to the initial position (at the moment t = 0).

13. A uniform rod of mass m = 1.5 kg suspended by two identical threads l = 90 cm in length (Figure)
was turned through a small angle about the vertical axis passing through its middle point C. The
threads deviated in the process through an angle  = 5.0. Then the rod was released to start
performing small oscillations Find:
(a) the oscillation period;
(b) the rod’s oscillation energy.
 
L
L
14. An arrangement illustrated in Figure, consists of a horizontal uniform disc D of mass m and radius
R and a thin rod AO whose torsional coefficient is equal to k. Find the amplitude and the energy
of small torsional oscillations if at the initial moment the disc was deviated through an angle 0
from the equilibrium position and then imparted an angular velocity 0 .
D
0
O
15. A uniform cylindrical pulley of mass M and radius R can freely rotate about the horizontal axis O
(Figure). The free end of a thread tightly wound on the pulley carries a dead weight A. At a certain
angle  it counterbalances a point mass m fixed at the rim of the pulley. Find the frequency of
small oscillations of the arrangement.
R D

m
16. A solid uniform cylinder of radius r rolls without sliding along the inside surface of a cylinder of
radius R, performing small oscillations. Find their period.

17. A body performs torsional oscillations according to the law   0e   t cos t . Find:
 
(a) the angular velocity  and the angular acceleration  of the body at the moment t = 0;
(b) the moments of time at which the angular velocity becomes maximum.
18. A point performs damped oscillations with frequency  and damping coefficient  . Find the
velocity amplitude of the point as a function of time t if at the moment t0
(a) Its displacement amplitude is equal to a0 ;
(b) The displacement of the point x  0   0 and its velocity projection vx  0   x0 .
19. There are two damped oscillations with the following periods T and damping coefficients
 : T1  0.10 ms, 1  100 s 1 and T2  10 ms,  2  10s 1. Which of them decays faster?
20. A smooth horizontal disc rotates about the vertical axis O (Figure) with a constant angular velocity
. A thin uniform rod AB of length l performs small oscillations about the vertical axis A fixed to
the disc at a distance a from the axis of the disc. Find the frequency 0 of these oscillations.
O A
B
21. Find the frequency of small oscillations of the arrangement illustrated in Figure. The radius of the
pulley is R, its moment of inertia relative to the rotation axis is I, the mass of the body is m, and
the spring stiffness is x. The mass of the thread and the spring is negligible, the thread does not
slide over the pulley, there is no friction in the axis of the pulley.
I
x
A
22. A solid uniform cylinder of mass m performs small oscillations due to the action of two springs
whose combined stiffness is equal to x (Figure). Find the period of these oscillations in the
absence of sliding.
m R



1. A large number of random snap shots using a camera are taken of a particle in simple harmonic
motion between x   x0 and x   x 0 with origin x  0 as the mean position. A histogram of
the total number of times the particle is recorded about a given position (Event no.) would most
closely resemble. [KVPY 2014]
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2. A simple pendulum has a small disc shaped magnet as the bob whose magnetic moment is along
vertical. Just beneath the bob a current carrying coil is placed on a horizontal table. The coil
produces a uniform magnetic field. The dependence of the change in time period |T| on current i
can be graphically shown as [NSEP 2014]
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3. Two coupled simple pendulum have nearly the same period. One of them is excited while the
other is at rest. Now energy keeps on transferring from one pendulum to the other alternately.
This periodic transfer of energy continues almost indefinitely with a time period of 10 s. Then the
difference of frequencies between the two pendulums is. [NSEP 2014]
(A) Zero Hz (B) 0.1 Hz (C) 0.01 Hz (D) Infinite
4. A thin annular metal disc of inner and outer radii R1 and R2 respectively, is freely suspended from
a point on its outer circumference. The length of the corresponding equivalent simple pendulum is
[NSEP 2014]
R12  R 22 R12  3R22 3R12  R22 R12  3R22
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2R 2 2R2 R2 R2
Group of Q. Nos. 5 to 12 are based on the following paragraph.

A large number of pendulums with identical bobs (mass m) but varying lengths are suspended
from a thick thread. Another pendulum of a heavier bob (mass M) is also suspended from the
same thread as shown.
This pendulum with the heavier bob is used as a ‘driver’ to drive the other pendulums called as
driven’ pendulums. Assume that the amplitude of the driver is maintained constant (by some
suitable mechanism). Let the frequency of the driver be f0 .

5. The time periods – hence the frequencies (f) and the amplitudes (A) of the driven pendulums in
steady state are measured. The variation of A with f is correctly shown by the graph
[NSEP 2014]
(A) (B) (C) (D)

6. It is observed that [NSEP 2014]
(A) All the pendulums except one are at rest
(B) All the pendulums oscillate in phase with the ‘driver’.
(C) One of the pendulums oscillates with maximum amplitude
(D) The pendulum with maximum amplitude oscillates in phase with the ‘driver’.
7. The frequency of the pendulum having maximum amplitude is [NSEP 2014]

f0
(A) (B) f0 (C) 2f0 (D) Not related to f0
2
8. The pendulum in previous question, above is set into oscillation with an initial amplitude of 10.0
cm. Soon this pendulum comes to rest momentarily and the driver is seen to oscillate with an
amplitude of 8.16 cm. Then, mass M equals [NSEP 2014]
(A) 1.5 m (B) 2 m (C) 2.5 m (D) 3 m
Now only one of the driven pendulums is oscillated. The driver and all other driven
pendulums are clamped.
9. A simple pendulum of length L has a period T. If length is changed by L , the change in period
T is proportional to [NSEP 2014]
1 1
(A) T (B) T2 (C) (D)
T T
10. The variation of amplitude A with respect to time t is shown as [NSEP 2014]
(A) (B) (C) (D)

11. Which of the following will give a straight line graph? [NSEP 2014]
1
(A) log A against t (B) log A against
t
(C) A against t 2 (D) A 2 against t
12. If v is the velocity of the bob the force that is responsible for decrease of amplitude is proportional
to [NSEP 2014]
1 1
(A) v2 (B) v (C) (D)
v v2

13. A thin rod of length l in the shape of a semicircle is pivoted at one of its ends such that it is free to
oscillate in its own plane. The frequency f of small oscillations of the semicircular rod is
[NSEP 2015]
(A)
1 g
(B)
1 g 2  4
(C)
1 g    2
(D)
2

1 g  1 
2 2l 2 2l 2 l 2 2 l
14. A particle executes a periodic motion according to the relation x  4cos2  50t  sin  500t .
Therefore, the motion can be considered to be the superposition of n independent simple
harmonic motions, where n is [NSEP 2015]
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5






1. A mass of M kg is suspended by a weightless string. The horizontal force that is required to
displace it until the string makes an angle of 45º with the initial vertical direction is - [2006]
Mg
(A) Mg 2 (B) (C) Mg( 2  1) (D) Mg( 2  1)
2
2. The maximum velocity of a particle, executing simple harmonic motion with an amplitude 7mm, is
4.4m/s. The period of oscillation is [2006]
(A) 10 sec (B) 0.1 sec (C) 100 sec (D) 0.01 sec
3. Starting from the origin a body oscillates simple harmonically with a period of 2sec. After what
time will its kinetic energy be 75% of the total energy? [2006]
1 1 1 1
(A) sec (B) sec (C) sec (D) sec
4 3 12 6
4. A coin is placed on a horizontal platform which undergoes vertical simple harmonic motion of
angular frequency  . The amplitude of oscillation is gradually increased. The coil will leave
contact with the platform for the first time - [2006]
2 2 2
(A) for an amplitude of g /  (B) for an amplitude of g / 
(C) at the highest position of the platform (D) at the mean position of the platform
5. The displacement of an object attached to a spring and executing simple harmonic motion is
given by x  2  10 2 cos t metres. The time at which the maximum speed first occurs - [2007]
(A) 0.5 s (B) 0.75 s (C) 0.125 s (D) 0.25 s
 
6. A point mass oscillates along the x-axis according to the law x  x 0 cos  t   . If the
 4
acceleration of the particle is written as a  A cos  t    then [2007]
 
(A) A  x0,    (B) A  x 0 2 ,  
4 4
 3
(C) A  x 0 2 ,    (D) A  x 0 2 ,  
4 4
7. Two springs, of force constants k1 and k 2 , are connected to a mass m as shown. The frequency
of oscillation of the mass is f. If both k1 and k 2 are made four times their original values, the
frequency of oscillation becomes [2007]
m
k1 k2
(A) f/2 (B) f/4 (C) 4f (D) 2f

8. A particle of mass m execute simple harmonic motion with amplitude ‘a’ and frequency ‘ v ’. The
average kinetic energy during its motion from the position of equilibrium to the end is - [2007]
1
(A) 2 m a 2 v 2 (B) m a2 v 2 (C) 4p2m a2 v 2 (D) 2p2m a2 v 2
4
9. If x, v and a denote the displacement, the velocity and the acceleration of a particle executing
simple harmonic motion of time period T, then, which of the following does not change with time?
[2009]
aT aT
(A) a2 T 2  4 2 v 2 (B) (C) aT  2v (D)
x v
10. Two particles are executing simple harmonic motion of the same amplitude A and frequency 
along the x-axis. Their mean position is separated by distance X0  X0  A  . If the maximum
separation between them is  X2  A  , the phase difference between their motion is: [2011]
   
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 4 6 2
11. A mass M, attached to a horizontal spring, executes S.H.M. with amplitude A1. When the mass M
passes through its mean position then a smaller mass m is placed over it and both of them move
A 
together with amplitude A 2 . The ratio of  1  is : [2011]
 A2 
1/2 1/2
Mm  M  Mm M
(A) (B)   (C)   (D)
M Mm  M  Mm
12. If a simple pendulum has significant amplitude (up to a factor of 1/e of original) only in the period
between t = Os to t = s, then  may be called the average life of the pendulum. When the
spherical bob of the pendulum suffers a retardation (due to viscous drag) proportional to its
velocity, with 'b 'as the constant of proportionality, the average life time of the pendulum is
(assuming damping is small) in seconds: [2012]
0.693 1 2
(A) (B) b (C) (D)
b b b
13. The amplitude of a damped oscillator decreases to 0.9 times its original magnitude in 5s. In
another 10s it will decrease to  times its original magnitude, where  equals : [2013]
(A) 0.7 (B) 0.81 (C) 0.729 (D) 0.6
14. An ideal gas enclosed in a vertical cylindrical container supports a freely moving piston of mass
M. The piston and the cylinder have equal cross sectional area A. When the piston is in
equilibrium, the volume of the gas is V0 and its pressure is P0 . The piston is slightly displaced
from the equilibrium position and released. Assuming that the system is completely isolated from
its surrounding, the piston executes a simple harmonic motion with frequency : [2013]
1 A P0 1 V0MP0 1 A 2 P0 1 MV0
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 V0M 2 A P0 2 MV0 2 A P0

15. A particle moves with simple harmonic motion in a straight line. In first S, after starting from rest it
travels a distance a, and in next S it travels 2a, in same direction, then: [2014]
(A) Time period of oscillations is (B) Amplitude of motion is 3a
(C) Time period of oscillations is (D) Amplitude of motion is 4a
16. For a simple pendulum, a graph is plotted between its kinetic energy (KE) and potential energy
(PE) against its displacement d. Which one of the following represents these correctly?
(graph are schematic and not drawn to scale) [2015]
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
17. A particle performs simple harmonic motion with amplitude A. Its speed is trebled at the instant
2A
that it is at a distance from equilibrium position. The new amplitude of the motion is : [2016]
3
A 7A
(A) 41 (B) 3A (C) A 3 (D)
3 3

18. A particle is executing simple harmonic motion with a time period T. At time t = 0, it is at its
position of equilibrium. The kinetic energy – time graph of the particle will look like : [2017]
(A) (B)
(C) (D)



1. y  A sin2 wt  B cos 2 wt  C sin wt cos wt. For what value of A, B and C it will represent SHM?
[2006]
(A) for all values of A,B and C  C  0 (B) A = B, C = 2B
(C) A = – B, C = 2B (D) A = B, C = 0
2. The x-t graph of a particle undergoing simple harmonic motion is shown below. The acceleration
4
of the particle at t  s is [2009]
3
3 2 2
(A)  cm / s2 (B) cm / s2
32 32
2 3 2
(C) cm / s2 (D)   cm / s2
32 32
3. The mass M shown in the figure oscillates in simple harmonic motion with amplitude A. The
amplitude of the point P is [2009]
k1 A k2 A
(A) (B)
k2 k1
k1 A k2A
(C) (D)
k1  k 2 k1  k 2
4. A student uses a simple pendulum of exactly 1m length to determine g, the acceleration due to
gravity. He uses a stop watch with the least count of 1sec for this and records 40 seconds for 20
oscillations. For this observation, which of the following statement(s) is (are) true? [2010]
(A) Error T in measuring T, the time period, is 0.05 seconds
(B) Error T in measuring T, the time period, is 1 second
(C) Percentage error in the determination of g is 5%
(D) Percentage error in the determination of g is 2.5%
5. A 0.1 kg mass is suspended from a wire of negligible mass. The length of the wire is 1m and its
cross-sectional area is 4.9  10 7 m2 . If the mass is pulled a little in the vertically downward
direction and released, it performs simple harmonic motion of angular frequency 140rads1 . If
the Young's modulus of the material of the wire is n  109 Nm2 , the value of n is : [2010]

PASSAGE # 1
When a particle of mass m moves on the x-axis in a potential of the

form V  x   kx 2 , it performs simple harmonic motion. The
m
corresponding time period is proportional to , as can be seen
k
easily using dimentional analysis. However, the motion of a particle
can be periodic even when its potential energy increases on both sides of x = 0 in a way different
from kx 2 and its total energy is such that the particle does not escape to infinity. Consider a
particle of mass m moving on the x-axis. Its potential energy is V  x   ax 4  a  0  for |x| near the
origin and becomes a constant equal to V0 for x  X0 (see figure). [2010]
6. If the total energy of the particle is E, it will perform periodic motion only if :
(A) E0 (B) E0 (C) V0  E  0 (D) E  V0
7. For periodic motion of small amplitude A, the time period T of this particle is proportional to :
m 1 m  1 
(A) A (B) (C) A (D)
 A  m A m
8. The acceleration of this particle for x  X0 is

V0
(A) proportional to (B) proportional to V0
mX0
V0
(C) proportional to (D) Zero
mX0
PASSAGE # 2
Phase space diagrams are useful tools in analyzing all kinds of dynamical
problems. They are especially useful in studying the changes in motion as
initial position and momentum are changed. Here we consider some simple
dynamical systems in one-dimension. For such systems, phase space is a
plane in which position is plotted along horizontal axis and momentum is
plotted along vertical axis. The phase space diagram is x(t) vs. p(t) curve in this plane. The arrow
on the curve indicates the time flow. For example, the phase space diagram for a particle moving
with constant velocity is a straight line as shown in the figure. We use the sign convention in
which position or momentum upwards (or to right) is positive and downwards (or to left) is
negative. [2011]
9. The phase space diagram for a ball thrown vertically up from ground is
(A) (B) (C) (D)

10. The phase space diagram for simple harmonic motion is a circle centered at
the origin. In the figure, the two circles represent the same oscillator but for
different initial conditions, and E1 and E2 are the total mechanical energies
respectively. Then
(A) E1  2E2 (B) E1  2E2
(C) E1  4E2 (D) E1  16E2
11. Consider the spring-mass system, with the mass submerged in water, as shown in
the figure. The phase space diagram for one cycle of this system is
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
12. A wooden block performs SHM on a frictionless surface with frequency, v0 . The block carries a

charge +Q on its surface. If now a uniform electric field E is switched-on as shown, then the
SHM of the block will be [2011]
(A) of the same frequency and with shifted mean position.

(B) of the same frequency and with the same mean position
(C) of changed frequency and with shifted mean position.
(D) of changed frequency and with the same mean position.
13. A metal rod of length ‘L’ and mass ‘m’ is pivoted at one end. A thin disk of mass ‘M’ and radius ‘R’
(< L) is attached at its center to the free end of the rod. Consider two ways the disc is attached :
(case A). The disc is not free to rotate about its centre and (case B) ths disc is free to rotate about
its centre. The rod-disc system performs SHM in vertical plane after being released from the
same displaced position. Which of the following statement(s) is (are) true? [2011]
(A) Restoring torque in case A = Restoring torque in case B
(B) Restoring torque in case A < Restoring torque in case B
(C) Angular frequency for case A > Angular frequency for case B.
(D) Angular frequency for case A < Angular frequency for case B.

14. A horizontal stretched string, fixed at two ends, is vibrating in its fifth harmonic according to the
equation, y  x,t    0.01m  sin  62.8m1  x  cos  628s 1  t  . Assuming   3.14, the correct
statement(s) is (are). [2013]

(A) The number of nodes is 5.
(B) The length of the string is 0.25 m.
(C) The maximum displacement of the midpoint of the string, from its equilibrium position is
0.01m.
(D) The fundamental frequency is 100 Hz.
15. A particle of mass m is attached to one end of a mass-less spring of force constant k, lying on a
frictionless horizontal plane. The other end of the spring is fixed. The particle starts moving
horizontally from its equilibrium position at time t  0 with an initial velocity 0 . When the speed
of the particle is 0.5 0 , it collides elastically with a rigid wall. After this collision. [2013]
(A) The speed of the particle when it returns to its equilibrium position is 0 .
(B) The time at which the particle passes through the equilibrium position for the first time is
m
t .
k
4 m
(C) The time at which the maximum compression of the spring occurs is t  .
3 k
(D) The time at which the particle passes through the equilibrium position for the second time is
5 m
t .
3 k
16. One end of a taut string of length 3m along the x axis is fixed at x  0. The speed of the waves in
the string is 100ms1. The order end of the string is vibrating in the y direction so that stationary
waves are set up in the string. The possible waveform(s) of these stationary waves is(are)
[2014]
x 50t
(A) y  t   A sin cos
6 3
x 100 t
(B) y  t   A sin cos
3 3
5x 250 t
(C) y  t   A sin cos
6 3
5x
(D) y  t   A sin cos 250 t
2

17. A block with mass M is connected by a massless spring with stiffness constant k to a rigid wall
and moves without friction on a horizontal surface. The block oscillates with small amplitude A
about an equilibrium position x0 . Consider two cases: (i) when the block is at x0 ; and (ii) when
the block is at x  x0  A. In both the cases, a particle with mass m (< M) is softly placed on the
block after which they stick to each other. Which of the following statement(s) is (are) true about
the motion after the mass m is placed on the mass M? [2016]
M
(A) The amplitude of oscillation in the first case changes by a factor of , whereas in the
mM
second case it remains unchanged.
(B) The final time period of oscillation in both the cases is same
(C) The total energy decreases in both the cases
(D) The instantaneous speed at x0 of the combined masses decreases in both the cases


ANSWER KEYS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A A C D A C D C C C
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
D D C B B C B C A C
21
B
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D D A D D C C C B A
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A B C B D A B C C A
21
A

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A A A C C B D B A D
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
C A D A ABCD BCD BCD AB CD ABC
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
C BD ABCD AC BC AB B C D
31 32 33 34 35 36 37
A  Q; B  P,R,S;
C A A D A D
C  P,R ; D  S
38
B


 1 
Q.1 1 3 Q.2 (a) sec, (b) 4 cm, (c) 2.40 kg m/s. Q.3 2 m/s Q.4
10 2 
17L 11  11
Q.5 100 Nm–1 Q.6 2 Q.7 m, (b) sec, (c) x = 0.2 – cos t
18g 5 5 5
3 5A 1
Q.8 (i) x0 = 2m; (ii) T = 2  sec.; (iii) 2 3 Q.9 tan 1 ,  
8 2
3
Q.10 25 2 N Q.11 x = 10sin (t + /6) Q.12 sec
2

Q.1 y = 0.1sin(4t + /4) Q.2 65 m/s
Q.3 3cm, x = 10 – 3sin5t; E = 0.135J
2mg  M  m  ab 1 2mg
Q.4 (a) K  ;(c)   ,
ba  m  b  a 2 (b  a)(M  m)
1
Q.5 f= ; E=42 ×10–5J;v = 2  10–2m/s

1 (P0  mg / A)A K 2K
Q.6 f Q.7   ;  =
2 mh 2M  m (4M  3m)
Q.8 (2a/b)(m/k)1/2, a2mg/b2k
1. x = a cos (t + ) = - 29 cm, v x = – 81 cm/s, where a  x 20  (v x0 / )2 ,  = are tan (– v x0/x0).

3a 6a
2. (a) v   0.50 m / s; (b) v   1.0 m / s.
T T
2 2 2 2 2(4  2)
3. (a) vx  a; (b) | v | a; (c) v  a.
3 3 3
4. T  4a ma / b 2 .
2h 1    1   w
5. t where   .
 1 1   g
2T0
6. 
ml
7. T  2 m / S g (1  cos )  0.8s.
8. F = (m1 + m2) g  m1a2 = 60 and 40 N.
9. y  (1  cos t) w / 2 ;

10. Will increase 1  2 / 59R / l ) 2 times. It is taken into account here that the water (when in liquid
phase) moves translation-wise, and the system behaves as a mathematical pendulum.
2 2 2 2 2 2
11. (a) y = 4x (1 – x /a ); (b) y = a (1 – 2x /a ).
y y
O x O x
 a2 
12. (a) F  Mg  1  cos t  ,
 g 
(b) a min  g / 2  8cm;
(c)  
a   2h / g  1 g / 2  20cm.
F / mg
1.5
1.0
0.5
0  2 t
13. (a) T  2 l / 3g  1.1s; (b) E  1/ 2mgl  0.05J.
14. m  0 1  mR02 / 2k02 , E  1/ 2k m2 .
2mg cos 
15. 0 
MR  2mR(1  sin )
16. T  2 3(R  r) / 2g.
..
17. (a) (0)  0 , (0)  ( 2  2 )0 ;
1 2  2 
(b) tn   ar c tan  n  , where n = 0, 1, 2, ..
 2 

2
18. (a) v(t)  a 0 2   2 et ; (b) v(t) | x 0 | 1    /   e t .
19. The answer depends on what is meant by the given question. The first oscillation attenuates
faster in time. But if one takes the natural time scale, the period T, for each oscillation, the second
oscillation attenuates faster during that period.
20. 0  3a2 / 2l.
21. 0  x / (m  I / R 2 ).
22. T   3m / 2x.
EXERCISE # 07 KVPY, OLYMPIAD QUESTIONS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
C A B B B C B A C B
11 12 13 14
A B B B
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
C D D A A D D A B D
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
C D C C A B D A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ABC D D AC 4 C B D D C
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
B A AD BC AD ACD ABD

FLUID MECHANICS
INDEX
 CONCEPTS IN BRIEF (FLUID MECHANICS) 01 – 13

 EXERCISE # 07 KVPY, OLYMPIADS& INPHO QUESTIONS 53
 EXERCISE # 08 JEE (MAIN) CORNER 54 –56
WEIGHTAGE OF ‘FLUID MECHANICS’ IN JEE (MAIN & ADVANCED) in Last Three Years
MARK /
YEAR No. Of Qs.
PHYSICS TOTAL MARKS
2015 0 0/120
2016 0 0/120
2017 2 8/120
JEE (ADVANCED)
MARK /
YEAR No. Of Qs.
PHYSICS TOTAL MARKS
2015 3 12/168
2016 1 3/124
2017
ELASTICITY AND FLUID MECHANICS 1
ELASTICITY AND FLUID MECHANICS

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER:
Matter can be classified into three states: solids, liquids and Gases.
Solids:
A solid is that state of matter in which its atoms and molecules are strongly bound so as to
preserve their original shape and volume. Solids are of two types – crystalline & amorphous.
(a) Crystalline Solid:

A crystalline solid is one which has regular & periodic arrangement of atoms or molecules in
three dimensions. Examples of crystalline solids are diamond, rocksalt, mica sugar etc.
(b) Amorphous Solids or Glassy Solids:

The word „amorphous‟ literally means „without any form‟. There is no „order‟ in arrangement
of atoms in such a solid.
An amorphous solid is one which does not have a periodic arrangement of atoms.
Liquids:
The intermolecular forces are comparably less than that in solids, so the shape can easily be
changed. But volume of a given mass of a liquid is not easy to change. It needs quite an effort to
change the density of liquids.
Liquids are not able to produce reaction forces to applied forces in arbitrary directions.
They can not support sharing force. (stress)
Gases:
This is the third state of matter which can not support compressive, tensile, or sharing forces.
Densities of gases change very rapidly with the increase in temperature.
ELASTICITY:
The property of material of a body by virtue of which the body regains its original length, volume and
shape after the deforming forces have been removed is called elasticity
The precise definition of stress depends on the particular situation being considered, but in general it is
force per unit area.
The strain indicates some fractional change in dimension or volume. The unit of stress is N/m2 , whereas
strain is a dimensionless number.
Stress
Elastic modulus 
Strain

2 ELASTICITY AND FLUID MECHANICS
HOOKE’S LAW:
Within elastic limit, the extension of an elastic body is directly proportional to the force. Stress is
stress
proportional to strain, within the elastic limit. = constant
strain
This constant is known as modulus of elasticity or coefficient of elasticity. It depends upon the nature of
the materials.
STRESS – STRAIN GRAPHS:

The stress-strain graph of a ductile metal is shown in figure.
Elastic
Initially, the stress strain graph is linear and it obeys the Hooke‟s Zone Plastic Zone
Law upto the point P called the proportional limit. After the 8 U
10
proportional limit the  -  graph is non-linear but it still remains B
Y
P
elastic upto the yield point Y where the slope of the curve is zero. Stress ()
(Nm-2)
At the yield point the material starts deforming under constant
stress and it behaves like a viscous liquid. The yield point is the
beginning of the plastic zone. After the yield point, the material
0.01 0.2 Strain ()
starts gaining strength due to excessive deformation and this
phenomenon is called strain hardening. The point U shows the
The stress-strain relationship for a metal.
ultimate strength of the material. It is the maximum stress that the
material can sustain without failure. After the point U the curve
goes down toward the breaking point B because the calculation of
the stress is based on the original cross-sectional area whereas
the cross-sectional areas of the sample actually decreases.
YOUNG’S MODULUS:
Young‟s modulus is a measure of the resistance of a solid to a change in its length when a force is
applied perpendicular to its surface. The tensile stress on the rod is defined as
Fn
 …(ii)
A
Forces acting in the opposite direction, as shown in figure, would produce a compressive stress. The
resulting strain is defined as the dimensionless ratio.
L L0
 …(iii) A
L0
Young‟s modulus Y for the material of the rod is defined
as the ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain. Fn Fn
Tensile stress L
So Young‟s Modulus = L
Tensile strain
Fn
Fn
 F /A FL
Y  n  n 0 …(iv)
 L / L0 AL
A force applied normal to the end face of a rod cause

a change in length
SHEAR MODULUS:
The shear modulus of a solid measures its resistance to a shearing force, which is a force applied
tangentially to a surface, as shown in the figure. The top surface is displaced by x relative to the bottom
surface. The shear stress is defined as
Tangentialforce
Shear stress =
Area
Ft
 …(v)
A
where A is the area of the surface.
The shear strain is defined as
x A x
Shear strain  …(vi)
y
The shear modulus G is defined as y
Shear Stress
Shear modulus =
Shear Strain F
Ft / A F y A solid block deforms under
G  …(vii)
x/y A x the action of shearing forces.
BULK MODULUS:
The bulk modulus of a solid or a fluid indicates its resistance to a change in volume.
Fn
p …(viii)
A
Fn
fn Fn
Fn
Fn
Fn
2
The SI unit of pressure is N/m and is given the name pascal (Pa).
The change in pressure P is called the volume stress and the fractional change in volume V / V is
called the volume strain. The bulk modulus B of the material is defined as
Volume stress p
Bulk modulus = or B
Volume strain V / V
1
The inverse of B is called the compressibility, factor k 
B

ENERGY STORED IN A WIRE:

FL  YA 
y F  L
AL  L 
This force is restoring force hence direction will be opposite to L
YA
 F  L  F  K L K 
L
YA
Every stretched wire can be considered as spring with spring constant K 
L
1 2 1 1  YA 
K x  K  L   L 
2 2
Energy of spring  Energy Stored   
2 2 2 L 
1  stress 
2
1 1
 Y  strain   stress  strain 
2
Energy stored per unit volume  
2 Y 2 2
FLUID STATICS:
It refers to the state when there is no relative velocity between fluid elements. In this section we will learn
some of the properties of the fluid statics.
PRESSURE:
The pressure exerted by a fluid is defined as the force per unit area at a
point within the fluid. F
F
Pav 
A
As A  0 , the element reduces to a point, and thus, pressure at a 
point is defined as A normal force F acts on a
F dF small cylindrical element of
p  Lim  …(xii)
A 0 A dA cross-section area A .
-2
The SI unit of pressure is Nm and is also called pascal (Pa).
1 atm = 1.01325  105 Pa
1 bar = 1.00000  105 Pa
1 atm = 1.01325 bar
VARIATION OF PRESSURE WITH DEPTH IN INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID :

For an incompressible fluid, the density  of the fluid remains
p h
constant throughout its volume.
A
p  p0  gh or p  p0  gh
y
where  is the density of the fluid, and p0 is the atmospheric

pressure at the free surface of the liquid. A point A is located in a fluid at a height y from the
bottom and at a depth h from the free surface.
PASCAL LAW:
A pressure applied to a confined fluid at rest is transmitted equally undiminished to every part of the fluid and
the walls of the container.
F1 F A  F2
p  2 or F2   2  F1
A1 A 2  A1 
Consequently, the force on the larger piston is large. F1
A1 A2
A hydraulic jack
PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICES:
MANOMETER
P0
h
p =? p  0 gh0  mgh  p0
0 h0
A B
The pressure at points A and B are equal and thus

MERCURY BAROMETER
p0  0  mgh

p=
0 0
m
p0 p0 h
A B
BUOYANCY AND ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
If a body is partially or wholly immersed in a fluid, it experiences an upward force due to the fluid
surrounding it.
The phenomenon of force exerted by fluid on the body called buoyancy and the force is called buoyant
force.
A body immersed in a fluid experiences an upward buoyant force equivalent to the weight of the fluid
displaced by it.
h1 F1
h2 dA
h
F2
The net force experienced by every vertical element of the body is in the upward direction
The force acting on the upper surface of the element is F1 (downward) and that on the lower surface is F2
(upward). Since F2  F1 , therefore, the net upward force acting on the element is
dF  F2  F1
F1  (gh1 )dA and F2  (gh2 )dA
so dF  g(h)dA
Also, h2  h1  h and h(dA)  dV
 The net upward force is F   gdV  Vg
Hence, for the entire body, the buoyant force is the weight of the volume of the fluid displaced.
The buoyant force acts through the centre of gravity of the displaced fluid.
PRESSURE IN CASE OF ACCELERATING FLUID

(i) Liquid Placed in elevator :

When elevator accelerates upward with acceleration a0 then pressure in the fluid, at depth „h‟ may be
given by, P = hr [g + a0 ]
and force of buoyancy, B = m (g + a0 )
(ii) Free surface of liquid in horizontal acceleration :

a0
tan  
g
la0
P1  P2  l a0 Where P1 and P2 are pressures at point 1 & 2. Then h1  h2 
g
(iii) Free surface of liquid in case of rotating cylinder.

v 2 2r 2
h 
2g 2g
FLUID DYNAMICS
THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITY:

In order to simplify the discussion we make several assumptions:
(i) The fluid is non viscous:

There is no dissipation of energy due to internal friction between adjacent layer in the fluid.
(ii) The flow is steady:
(iii) The flow is irrotational


l1
Consider two sections of a tube of flow, as shown in the A
1 
l2
figure. The mass of fluid contained in a small cylinder of A
2
length l1 and area A1 is m1  1 A1l1 and mass of fluid v

2
v
1
contained in a small cylinder of length l2 and area A2 is

A “tube of flow”
m2  2 A2 l2 The fluid contained in the left cylinder of
m1  m2 length l1 is later contained in the right
Hence 1 A1v1  2 A2 v2 cylinder of length l2 .
This is called the equation of continuity. It is statement of the conservation of mass.
If 1  2 , then equation becomes, A1v1  A2 v2
BERNOULLI’S THEOREM
When an incompressible and non-viscous liquid (or gas) flows in streamlined motion from one place to
another, then at every point of its path the total energy per unit volume (Pressure energy + Kinetic energy
+ Potential energy) is constant.
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION:
A pressure force F1 acts on the lower part of the cylindrical tube l2
towards right and pressure force F2 acts on the upper part of the F2
cylindrical tube towards left. The net work done on the system F1 F1 l1
and F2 is
v2
W  F1l1  F2 l2  P1 A1l1  P2 A2 l2  (P1  P2 )V
y2
y1
The motion of a fluid in a tube of flow. The work
done by the pressure forces-equals the change in
energy of the shaded volume of fluid.
Since the density is   m / V , we have

1 1
p1  gy1  v12  p2  gy2  v22
2 2
Since the points 1 and 2 can be chosen arbitrarily, we can
express this result as Bernoulli‟s Equation v1 v2
1
p  gy  v 2 = constant
2 A fluid flowing through a tube whose cross section
decreases. The pressure in the narrower tube, where the
It is applied to all points along a streamline in a nonviscous, fluid is moving faster, is lower.
incompressible fluid.

APPLICATIONS OF BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE:
(A) WORKING OF AEROPLANE:

This is also based on Bernoulli‟s principle. The wings of the aeroplane are vlarge,
psmall
having tapering as shown in figure. Due to this specific shape of wings when
the aeroplane runs, air passes at higher speed over it as compared to its lower
surface. This difference of air speeds above and below the wings, in
accordance with Bernoulli‟s principle, creates a pressure difference, due to
vsmall, plarge
which an upward force called „dynamic lift‟ (= pressure difference  area of
wing) acts on the plane. If this force becomes greater than the weight of the
plane, the plane will rise up.
(B) VELOCITY OF EFFLUX:
If a liquid is filled in a vessel up to height H and a hole is made at a

depth h below the free surface of the liquid as shown in figure, then h C v 2gh
taking the level of hole as reference level (i.e., zero point of potential H 
energy) and applying Bernoulli‟s principle to the liquid just inside and
outside the hole (assuming the liquid to be at rest inside) we get
1 x
( p0  hg )  0  p0  v 2 or v  2 gh
2
This velocity is called as „velocity of efflux‟.
Important Points :
(1) The speed of the liquid coming out of the orifice is independent of the nature and quantity of
liquid in the container or the area of the orifice.
(2) Time taken by the liquid to reach the base-level h Cv

2( H  h)
t
g H
H-h
For x to be maximum
d 2 d
( x )  0 or 4 ( Hh  h2 )  0 x
dh dh A B
H  2h  0 , i.e., h  H / 2
H  H
So that xmax  2 H  2   H
2  
i.e., range x will be maximum ( H ) when h  H / 2

h=H/2
H
xMax=H
(3) The range will be same if the orifice is at a depth h or ( H  h) below the free surface.
h
y
H
h
A x=x' B
(4) If A0 is the area of orifice at a depth y below the free surface and A that of container, the
volume of liquid coming out of the orifice per second will be
(dV / dt )  vA0  2 gy A0 [as v  2 gy ]
Due to this, the level of liquid in the container will decrease and so if the level of liquid in the
container above the hole changes from y to y  dy in time t to t  dt then dV  Ady
dy
A  A0 2 gy ,
dt
A 1
 dt   A y
1/ 2
i.e., dy
0 2g
A
y
H
A0
So the time taken for the level to fall from H to H 

H
A 1 A 2
y [ H  H ]
1/ 2
t dy 
A0 2g H
A0 g
If the hole is at the bottom of the tank, time t taken to emptied the tank:

A 2H
t [as here H   0 ].
A0 g
VENTURY TUBE:
By the equation of continuity
A1v1  A2 v2 …(i)
and by Bernoulli‟s equation,
1 1 1
P1  v12  P2  v22 or, ( P1  P2 )  (v22  v12 ) …(ii)
2 2 2
P1  P2  gh .
Putting in (ii),
2gh  v22  v12 …(iii)
SURFACE TENSION:
The properties of a surface are quite often markedly different from the
properties of the bulk material. A molecule well inside a body is surrounded by C
B
similar particles from all sides. But a molecule on the surface has particles of
A
one type on one side and of a different type on the other side. Figure shows an
example. A molecule of water well inside the bulk experiences force from water
molecules from all sides but a molecule at the surface interacts with air
molecules from above and water molecules from below. This asymmetric force
distribution is responsible for surface tension.
Imagine a line AB drawn on the surface of a liquid (figure).

B
A
Let F be the common magnitude of the forces exerted on each other by the two
parts of the surface across a line of length l . We define the surface tension T
of the liquid as
T F/
The SI unit of surface tension is N/m.
SURFACE ENERGY:
When a molecule is taken from the inside to the surface layer, work is done against the inward resultant
force while moving up in the layer. The potential energy is increased due to this work. A molecule in the

surface has greater potential energy than a molecule well inside the liquid. The extra energy that a
surface layer has is called the surface energy.
RELATION BETWEEN SURFACE TENSION AND SURFACE ENERGY:

The surface tension of a liquid is equal to the surface energy per unit surface area.
U
T
A
2
In this interpretation, the SI unit of surface tension may be written as J/m . It may be verified that N/m is
equivalent to J / m2 .
EXCESS PRESSURE:
The pressure inside a liquid drop or a soap bubble must be in excess of the pressure outside the bubble
drop because without such pressure difference a drop or a bubble cannot be in stable equilibrium.
Excess Pressure inside a bubble is given by
2T
p
r
If it is a soap bubble
4T
p
r
CAPILLARY ACTION:
When a glass tube of very fine bore called a capillary tube is dipped in a liquid (like water), the liquid
immediately rises up into it due to the surface tension. This phenomenon of rise of a liquid in a narrow
tube is known as capillarity.
Tl cos
Tl
r
Tl sin
h 
2T cos 
h
rg
where  is the angle of contact and r is the radius of capillary tube.
VISCOSITY:
“The property of a fluid by virtue of which it oppose the relative motion between its different layers is
known as viscosity and the force that is into play is called the viscous force”.
If F is the viscous force on the layer of liquid, then

F  A where A is the area of the layer

dv

dx
The negative sign is put to account for the fact that the viscous force is opposite to the direction of motion.
dv
 F  A
dx
where  is a constant depending upon the nature of the liquid and is called the coefficient of viscosity.
The coefficient of viscosity has the dimension [ML1T 1 ] and its unit is Newton second per square metre
( Nsm2 )
REYNOLDS NUMBER:
Reynolds defined a dimensionless number whose value gives one an approximate idea, whether the flow
rate would be turbulent. This number, called the Reynolds number Re is defined as,
vd
Re 

Where  is the density of the fluid flowing with a speed v .The parameter d stands for the typical
dimension of the obstacle or boundary to fluid flow.
STOKE’S LAW:
When a solid moves through a viscous medium, its motion is opposed by a viscous force depending on
the velocity and shape and size of the body.
The viscous drag on a spherical body of radius r , moving with velocity v
, in a viscous medium of visocsity  is given by
Fviscous  6rv .
F  6rv
This relation is called Stokes‟ law
TERMINAL VELOCITY:
Let the body be driven by a constant force. In the beginning the viscous drag on the body is small
because the velocity is small and so the body is accelerated through the medium by the driving force with
the increases of velocity of the body the viscous drag on it will also increase and eventually when it
becomes equal to the driving force, the body will acquire a constant velocity. This velocity is called the
terminal velocity of the body:
B=4/3r3g
F  6rv
W=4/3r3g
The body will achieve its terminal velocity when net force on it is zero i.e. a = 0.
F+B=W
4 3 2 r 2 g (  )
6rv  r (  ) g or, v .
3 9 


SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. A wire of radius r stretched without tension along a A 2
l B
straight line is lightly fixed at A and B (figure). What is the d
tension in the wire when it is pulled into the shape ACB. T T
C
Assume Young’s modulus of the material of wire to be Y.
Solution: Increase in length = (AC + CB) – 2 l  [2 (l2  d2 )  2l]

Longitudinal stress = T / r 2 , (where r is radius of wire).
[2 (l2  d2 )  2l]
Longitudinal strain 
2l
Longitudinal stress
Now, Young‟s modulus 
Longitudinal strain
T 2l
or, Y 
r [2[ (l  d2 )  l]]
2 2
Y  r 2  [ (l2  d2 )  l]
 T
l
1/2
 d2   d2 
If d  , then (l  d )  l  1  2 
2 2
 l 1  2 
 l   2l 
 T  Y  r 2 (d2 / 2l2 ) .
2. A cylinder tank of height 0.4 m is open at the top and has a diameter 0.16 m. Water is
filled in it upto a height of 0.16 meter. Calculate how long will it take to empty the tank
through a hole of radius 5  103 m in its bottom.
Solution: Let rate of drop of water is - dh / dt , then R

dh
R2  r 2   r 2 . (2gh) [   (2gh)]
dt
dh (0.005)2 h
   (2  9.8h)1/ 2 r
dt (0.08)2
dh
or   0.0173dt
h1/2
Integrating this expression, we get
0 dh
  0.0173t
0.16 h1/2
2[0.16]1/2  0.0173t
or 0.8  0.0173t
0.8
 t  46.265 second].
0.0173

3. A conical glass capillary tube A of length 0.1 m has diameters 103 m and 5  104 m at
the ends. When it is just immersed in a liquid at 0ºC with larger radius in contact with it,
the liquid rises to 8  102 m in the tube. In another cylindrical glass capillary tube B , when
immersed in the same liquid at 0ºC, the liquid rises to 6  102 m height. The rise of liquid
in tube B is only 5.5  102 m when the liquid is at 50ºC. Find the rate at which the
surface tension changes with temperature considering the change to be linear. The
density of liquid is (1/14) 104 kg/m3 and the angle of contact is zero. Effect of
temperature on the density of liquid and glass is negligible.
Solution: The situation is shown in figure.

Let r1 and r2 be radii of upper and lower ends of the conical capillary tube. The radius r
at the meniscus is given by
lh
r  r1  (r2  r1 )  
 l  (  1)
A
 0.1  0.08 
 (2.5  104 )  (2.5  104 )  (r 2-r 1)
 0.1  l h ()
B
 3.0  104 m
The surface tension at 0ºC is given by 0ºC r2
rhg
T0 
2
(3.0  104 )(8  102 )(1/ 4  104 )(9.8)

2
 0.084 N / m
For tube B
T0 h 6  102 12
 0  2

T50 h50 5.5  10 11
11 11
or T50   T0   0.084  0.077 N / m
12 12
Considering the change in surface tension as linear, the change in surface tension with
temperature is given by
T50  T0 0.077  (0.084)
 
T0 T50 0.084  0.077
1
 per K .
600

4. A non-viscous liquid of constant density 1000 kg / m3

flows in a streamline motion along a tube of variable cross- Q
section. The tube is kept inclined in the vertical plane as
shown in the figure. The area of cross-section of the tube P 5m
at two points P and Q at heights of 2 meter and 5 meter 2m
3 3
are respectively 4  10 m and 8  10 m . The velocity
2 2
of the liquid at point P is 1 m / s . Find the work done per

unit volume by the pressure and the gravity forces as the
fluid flows from point P and Q .
Solution: As gravitational field is conservative. i.e., W  U

 dW  dU mg(h2  h1 )
so,  dV    dV    g(h2  h1 )
 g V
So work done by the force of gravity per unit volume
 dW  4 J
 dV   g(h2  h1 )  10  9.8(5  2)  2.94  10 m3
3
…(i)
 g
Now in case of ideal fluid motion by conservation of mass, i.e.,
 dm   dm 
 dt    dt 
 1  2
and (A)1  (A)2
or (A)1  (A)2 [as  =constant (given)]
A11 4  103  1 1
so 2    m/s … (ii)
A2 8  103 2
Now as work done per unit volume is pressure,
 dW  PdV
 dV   dV  P  (p1  p2 )
 p
[as dW  PdV ]
But by Bernoulli‟s theorem,
1 1
p1  gh1  12  p2  gh2  22
2 2
 dW  1
 dV   (p1  p2 )  g(h2  h1 )  2 ( 2  1 ) … (iii)
2 2
so
 p
Using (i), (ii) and (iii) we get
 dW  1
 dV   2.94  10  2  10 [(0.5)  1 ] .
4 3 2 2
 p
 29025 J

5. A cylindrical tank 1 m in radius rests on a platform 5 m high. Initially the tank is filled with
water up to a height of 5 m. A plug whose area is 104 m2 is removed from an orifice on the
side of the tank at the bottom. Calculate (a) initial speed with which the water flows from the
orifice (b) initial speed with which the water strikes the ground (c) time taken to empty the
tank to half its original value (d) Does the time to empty the tank depend upon the height of
stand.
Solution: (a) As speed of efflux is given by H  (2gh) so here   2  10  5 10 m / s

(b) As vertical speed with which water strikes the ground,
V  2gh  2  10  5 10 m / s
So the initial speed with which water strikes the ground,
  H2  2V  10 2  14.1 m / s
(c) When the height of water level above the hole is y A
, velocity of flow will be   2gy and so rate of 5m A0

flow
dV
 A 0   A 0 2gy 5m
dt
or Ady  ( 2gy)A0 dt [as dV  Ady ]
A 2
Which on integration gives t  [ H  H']
A0 g
  12 2
So t  [ 5  (5 / 2)]  9.2  103 s 2.5h
104 10
(d) No, as expression of t is independent of height of stand.
6. A rod of length 6 m has a mass 12 kg. It is hinged at one end at a distance of 3 m below
water surface. (a) What weight must be attached to the other end of the rod so that 5 m
of the rod are submerged? (b) Find the magnitude and direction of the force exerted by
the hinge on the rod. (Specific gravity of rod is 0.5).
Solution: As shown in figure, the forces acting on the rod are :

(1) The weight of rod 12 g N acting downwards through the CG of w
Th
the rod, i.e., at a distance of 3 m from the hinge. R
3m 
(2) Force of buoyancy through the CG of displaced liquid W
vertically upwards. As
O
Weight of displaced water
RD 
Force of buoyancy

 5  12g
Force of buoyancy =     20g N
 6  0.5
and acts at a distance 2.5 m from the hinge.
(3) Extra weight w at the other end of the rod at a distance 6 m from O acting
vertically downwards.
(4) Reaction R at the hinge at O will be vertical (as here all the forces are vertical, so
for horizontal equilibrium of the rod RH  0 )
So for translatory equilibrium of rod,
R  Th  W  w  0
i.e., w  R  20g  12g  8g …(i)
And for rotational equilibrium of rod (taking moments about O )
6 5
12g  sin   20g  sin   w6sin   0
2 2
or w  (14 / 6)g  2.23gN  2.33kg …(ii)
Substituting the value of w from Eqn. (ii) in (i) and solving for R , we get
R  (2.33  8)g  5.67 kg
Negative sign implies that R is directed vertically downwards.
7. A block of wood weighs 12 kg and has a relative density 0.6. It is to be in water with 0.9
of its volume immersed. What weight of a metal is needed (a) If the metal is on the top of
wood, (b) If the metal is attached below the wood ?
[RD of metal = 14].
Solution: (a) When the metal is on the top of wood,

M  M
M  m1  0.9Vw   0.9  as Vw  
w  w 
    0.9 
m1  M 0.9  1  12   1  6 kg
 w   0.6 
m1
VW W VW W
M  M 
M m2
VM
(a) (b)
(b) When the metal is attached at the bottom of wood,
(M  m2 )  (0.9VW  VM )

 M m2   mass 
or M  m2  0.9   as   vol.  or
 W W   
    
m2 1    M 0.9  1
 M   W 
 1  0.9  14  6
or m2 1    12   1  6 kg or, m2   6.5 kg .
 14   0.6  13
8. A light rod of length 200 cm is suspended from the ceiling horizontally by means of two
vertical wires of equal length tied to its end. One of the wires is made of steel and is of
2 2
cross-section 0.1 cm and the other of brass of cross-section 0.2 cm . Along the rod at
which distance a weight be hung to produce (a) equal stresses in both the wires (b)
equal strains in both the wires?
Y for brass and steel are 10  1011 and 20  1011dyne / cm2 respectively.
Solution: (a) As stresses are equal, S B

T1 T
 2, 2m
A1 A 2
T1 x T2
T1 A1 0.1
i.e.,   or T2  2T1 …(i)
T2 A 2 0.2 W
Now for translatory equilibrium of the rod,
T1  T2  W
which in the light of Eqn. (i) gives
T1  (W / 3) and T2  (2W / 3) …(ii)
Now if x is the distance of weight W from steel wire, for rotational equilibrium of
rod,
T1x  T2 (2  x)
or (W / 3)x  (2W / 3)(2  x)
i.e., x  (4 / 3)m
(b) As strains are equal,
T1 T  stress 
 2 asstrain  Y 
A1Y1 A 2 Y2  
T1 A1Y2 T1 0.1 20  1011
So  or  1
T2 A 2 Y2 T2 0.2  10  1011
i.e., T1  T2
So for translatory equilibrium of rod,
T1  T2 =W in the light of Eqn. (iii) yields
T1  T2  (W / 2)
And for rotational equilibrium of rod

T1x  T2 (2  x) or (W / 2)x  (W / 2)(2  x),

i.e., x  1m
9. The fresh water behind a reservoir dam is 15 m deep. A horizontal pipe 4.0 cm in diameter
passed through the dam 6.0 m below the water surface as shown in figure. A plug secures
the pipe opening. (a) Find the friction force between the plug and pipe wall. (b) The plug
is removed. What volume of water flows out of the pipe in 3.0 hour ?
Solution: (a) As the plug secures the pipe opening, the force of
friction between plug and pipe wall. 6m
F  A(p2  p1 ) 15m
But p1  p0 and p2  p0  hg so F  Ahg

i.e., F    (2  102 )2  6  103  9.8 74N
(b) As the velocity of efflux,
  2gh  2  10  6 11m / s
so assuming the level of water in the tank to be constant [(i.e., area =  ) as it is not
given] the volume coming out per second will be
dV
R  A 0   (2  102 )2  11 m3 / s
dt
So the volume of the water flowing through the pipe in 3 hours
V  R  t  44  3.14  104  3  (60  60)  150 m3 .
10. A cylindrical vessel of base area A has a small hole of

 m /s
3
cross-section ‘ a ’ punched near its base. At time t  0 , A

water is supplied into the vessel at a constant rate ‘  ’
m3 /s . Find
h
(a) The maximum water level hmax in the vessel
a v
(b) The time ‘ t ’ when water level becomes h( hmax ) .
Solution: (a) Water level will have maximum height when inflow rate = outflow rate and there will be no
further change in level.
   av or,   a 2ghmax [ v  2gh]
or, hmax  2 / 2ga2
 dy 
(b) Let the water level be y at time t .  A      av    a 2gy
 dt 
dy
Here is positive as y increases with time and instantaneous efflux velocity v  2gy .
dt
h t
dy 1
Rearranging the above equation a
0 2gy

A 0
dt .

Integrating under the given limits, we get the required time,

A      a 2gh  
t
 ln    2gh 
ag  a   
 
This gives the time t as a function of h . For any value h( hmax ) , the corresponding time
t can be evaluated.
11. Consider a rectangular vessel of base size l  b filled with water of density  to a height H .
Find the following
(A) Net Force acting on the base of the container.
(B) Total force acting on the wall of the container.
(C) Point of Application of Buoyant force.
Solution: Fb  p  (area of the base)

because pressure is same everywhere at the base and h
is equal to gH . dF dh H
Fb
Therefore, Fb  gH(lb)   glbH
Since, lbH  V (volume of the liquid) b
l
Thus, Fb  gV  weight of the liquid inside the vessel A fluid contained in a vessel exerts
forces in the
boundaries.
Unlike the base, the pressure on the vertical wall of the vessel is not uniform but
increases linearly with depth from the free surface. Therefore, we have to perform the
integration to calculate the total force on the wall. Consider a small rectangular element
of width b and thickness dh at a depth h from the free surface. The liquid pressure at this
position is given by
p  gh
The force at the element is
dF  p(bdh)  gbhdh
H
1
The total force is F  gb hdh  gbH2
0
2
The total force acting per unit width of the vertical wall is
F 1
 gH2
b 2
The point f application (the centre of force) of the total force from the free surface is
given by
H
1
F 0
hc  hdF
H
where  h dF
0
is the moment of force about the free surface.
H H H
1
 hdF   h( gbhdh)   gb h dh   gbH3
2
Here
0 0 0
3
1 2
Since F gbH2 , therefore, hc  H
2 3



1. A bucket contains water filled upto a height = 15 cm. The bucket is tied to a rope which is passed
over a frictionless light pulley and the other end of the rope is tied to a weight of mass which is
half of that of the (bucket + water). The water pressure above atmosphere pressure at the bottom
is
(A) 0.5 kPa (B) 1 kPa (C) 5 kPa (D) None of these
2. Some liquid is filled in a cylindrical vessel of radius R. Let F 1 be the force applied by the liquid on
the bottom of the cylinder. Now the same liquid is poured into a vessel of uniform square
cross-section of side R. Let F2 be the force applied by the liquid on the bottom of this new vessel.
Then:
F2
(A) F1  F2 (B) F1  (C) F1  F2 (D) F1  F2

3. A liquid of mass 1 kg is filled in a flask as shown in figure. The force exerted by the flask on the
2
liquid is (g = 10 m/s )[Neglect atmospheric pressure]:
(A) 10 N (B) greater than 10N (C) less than 10N (D) zero
4. An open-ended U-tube of uniform cross-sectional area contains water (density 1.0

3
gram/centimeter ) standing initially 20 centimeters from the bottom in each arm. An immiscible
3
liquid of density 4.0 grams/ centimeter is added to one arm until a layer 5 centimeters high
forms, as shown in the figure above. What is the
h2
ratio of the heights of the liquid in the two arms?
h1
(A) 3/1 (B) 5/2 (C) 2/1 (D) 3/2
5. Two cubes of size 1.0 m sides, one of relative density 0.60 and another of relative density = 1.15
are connected by weightless wire and placed in a large tank of water. Under equilibrium the
lighter cube will project above the water surface to a height of
(A) 50 cm (B) 25 cm (C) 10 cm (D) zero
6. A boy carries a fish in one hand and a bucket(not full) of water in the other hand. If he places the
fish in the bucket , the weight now carried by him (assume that water does not spill) :
(A) is less than before (B) is more than before
(C) is the same as before (D) depends upon his speed

7. Two cyllinders of same cross-section and length L but made of two material of densities d1 and
d2 are cemented together to form a cylinder of length 2L. The combination floats in a liquid of
density d with a length L/2 above the surface of the liquid. If d1  d2 then:
3 d d
(A) d1  d (B)  d1 (C)  d1 (D) d  d1
4 2 4
8. A piece of steel has a weight W in air, W1 when completely immersed in water and W2 when
completely immersed in an unknown liquid. The relative density (specific gravity) of liquid is:
W  W1 W  W2 W1  W2 W1  W2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
W  W2 W  W1 W  W1 W  W2
9. A small wooden ball of density  is immersed in water of density  to depth h and then
released. The height H above the surface of water up to which the ball will jump out of water is
h  
(A) (B)   1 h (C) h (D) zero
  
10. A hollow sphere of mass M and radius r is immersed in a tank of water (density  w ). The sphere
would float if it were set free. The sphere is tied to the bottom of the tank by two wires which
makes angle 45 with the horizontal as shown in the figure. The tension T1 in the wire is :
4 3
 R w g  Mg 2 3
(A) 3 (B)  R w g  Mg
2 3
4
 R3 w g  Mg 4 3
(C) 3 (D)  R w g  Mg
2 3
11. A metal ball of density 7800 kg / m3 is suspected to have a large number of cavities. It weighs 9.8
kg when weighed directly on a balance and 1.5 kg less when immersed in water. The fraction by
volume of the cavities in the metal ball is approximately:
(A) 20 % (B) 30 % (C) 16 % (D) 11 %
12. A hollow cone floats with its axis vertical upto one-third of its height in a liquid of relative density
0.8 and with its vertex submerged. When another liquid of relative density  is filled in it upto
one-third of its height, the cone floats upto half its vertical height. The height of the cone is 0.10 m
and the radius of the circular base is 0.05 m. The specific gravity  is given by
(A) 1.0 (B) 1.5 (C) 2.1 (D) 1.9

13. A beaker containing water is placed on the platform of a spring balance. The balance reads 1.5
kg. A stone of mass 0.5 kg and density 500kg / m3 is immersed in water without touching the
walls of beaker. What will be the balance reading now?
(A) 2 kg (B) 2.5 kg (C) 1 kg (D) 3 kg
14. Water is flowing steadily through a horizontal tube of non uniform cross-section. If the pressure of
water is 4  104 N / m2 at a point where cross-section is 0.02m2 and velocity of flow is 2 m/s,
what is pressure at a point where cross-section reduces to 0.01m2 .
(A) 1.4  104 N / m2 (B) 3.4  104 N / m2 (C) 2.4  104 N / m2 (D) none of these
15. A vertical cylindrical container of base area A and upper cross-section area A1 making an angle
30 with the horizontal is placed in an open rainy field as shown near another cylindrical
container having same base area A. The ratio of rates of collection of water in the two containers
will be
(A) 2 3 (B) 4 3 (C) 2 (D) None
16. A tube is attached as shown in closed vessel containing water. The velocity of water coming out
from a small hole is :
(A) 2 m/s (B) 2 m/s

(C) depends on pressure of air inside vessel (D) None of these
17. Water flows through a frictionless duct with a cross-section varying as shown in figure. Pressure
p at points along the axis is represented by
(A) (B) (C) (D)

18. A fire hydrant delivers water of density  at a volume rate L. The water travels vertically upward
through the hydrant and then does 90 turn to emerge horizontally at speed V. The pipe and
nozzle have uniform crosssection throughout. The force
exerted by the water on the corner of the hydrant is
(A)  VL (B) zero (C) 2 VL (D) 2VL
19. A tank is filled up to a height 2H with a liquid and is placedon a platform of height H from the
ground. The distance x from the ground where a small hole is punched to get the maximum range
R is:
(A) H (B) 1.25 H (C) 1.5 H (D) 2 H
20. A cyclindrical vessel of cross-sectional area 1000cm2 , is fitted with a frictionless piston of mass
10 kg, and filled with water completely. A small hole of cross-sectional area 10mm2 is opened at
a point 50 cm deep from the lower surface of the piston. The velocity of efflux from the hole will
be
(A) 10.5 m/s (B) 3.4 m/s (C) 0.8 m/s (D) 0.2 m/s
21. A laminar stream is flowing vertically down from a tap of cross-section area 1cm2 . At a distance
1 2
10 cm below the tap, the cross-section area of the stream has reduced to cm . The volumetric
2
flow rate of water from the tap must be about
(A) 2.2 litre/min (B) 4.9 litre/min
(C) 0.5 litre/min (D) 7.6 litre/min
22. A horizontal pipe line carries water in a streamline flow. At a point along the tube where the
cross-sectional area is 102 m2 , the water velocity is 2ms1 and the pressure is 8000 Pa. The
pressure of water at another point where the cross-sectional area is 0.5  102 m2 is :
(A) 4000 Pa (B) 1000 Pa (C) 2000 Pa (D) 3000 Pa
23. A Newtonian fluid fills the clearance between a shaft and a sleeve. When a force of 800N is
applied to the shaft, parallel to the sleeve, the shaft attains a speed of 1.5 cm/sec. If a force of 2.4
kN is applied instead, the shaft would move with a speed of
(A) 1.5 cm/sec (B) 13.5 cm/sec (C) 4.5 cm/sec (D) None
24. Two drops of same radius are falling through air with steady velocity of v cm/s. If the two drops
coalesce, what would be the terminal velocity?
 4
1/3
(A) 4v (B) v
(C) 2v (D) 64 v

25. A spherical ball of density  and radius 0.003m is dropped into a tube
containing a viscous fluid filled up to the 0 cm mark as shown in the figure.

Viscosity of the fluid  1.260N.m2 and its density L   1260kgm3 .
2
Assume the ball reaches a terminal speed by the 10 cm mark. The time taken
by the ball to traverse the distance between the 10 cm and 20 cm
mark is:
(A) 500 s (B) 50 ms (C) 0.5 s (D) 5s
( g = acceleration due to gravity  10ms2 )
26. A ball of mass m and radius r is gently released in a viscous liquid. The mass of the liquid
displaced by it is m such that m  m. The terminal velocity is proportional to
m  m m  m m  m
(A) (B) (C) (D) m  m r 2
r r r2
27. The displacement of a ball falling from rest in a viscous medium is platted against time. Choose a
possible option
S S s S
(A) t (B) t (C) t (D) t
28. There is a horizontal film of soap solution. On it a thread is placed in the form of a loop. The film
is pierced inside the loop and the thread becomes a circular loop of radius R. If the surface
tension of the loop be T, then what will be the tension in the thread?
R 2
(A) (B) R2 T (C) 2RT (D) 2RT
T
29. Two soap bubbles with radii r and r1  r2  come in contact. Their common surface has a radius
of curvature r.
r1  r2 r1 r2 r1 r2
(A) r (B) r (C) r (D) r  r1 r2
2 r1  r2 r1  r2
30. A soap bubble has radius R and thickness d (<< R) as shown. It colapses into a spherical drop.
The ratio of excess pressure in the drop to the excess pressure inside the bubble is
1 1 1
 R 3  R 3  R 3
(A)  3d  (B)  6d  (C)  24d  (D) None
     


1. A fluid container is containing a liquid of density  is accelerating upward

with acceleration a along the inclined place of inclination  as shown.
Then the angle of inclination  of free surface is :
 a   a  gsin  
(A) tan1   (B) tan1  
 gcos    gcos  
 a  gsin    a  gsin  
(C) tan1   (D) tan1  
 g(1  cos )   g(1  cos ) 
2. Figure shows a three arm tube in which a liquid is filled upto levels of
height l . It is now rotated at an angular frequency  about an axis
passing through arm B. The angular frequency  at which level of liquid
in arm B becomes zero.
2g g
(A) (B)
3l l
3g 3g
(C) (D)
l 2l
3. In the figure shown, the heavy cylinder (radius R) resting on a smooth

surface separates two liquids of densities 2 and 3. The height „h‟ for
the equilibrium of cylinder must be-
3
(A) 3R/2 (B) R (C) R 2 (D) None
2
4. A light semi cylindrical gate of radius R is piovted at its mid point O, of the
diameter as shown in the figure holding liquid of density  . The force F
required to prevent the rotation of the gate is equal to
(A) 2R3 g (B) 2gR3l
2R2lg
(C) (D) none of these
3
5. A heavy hollow cone of radius R and height h is placed on a horizontal table surface, with its flat
base on the table. The whole volume inside the cone is filled with water of density  . The circular
rim of the cone‟s base has a watertight seal with the table‟s surface and the top apex of the cone
has a small hole. Neglecting atmospheric pressure find the total upward force exerted by water
on the cone is
2 2  1 2
(A)  3  R hg (B)  3  R hg
   
(C) R2hg (D) None

6. A cuboidal piece of wood has dimensions a, b and c. Its relative density is d. It is floating in a
large body of water such that side a is vertical. It is pushed down a bit and released. The time
period of SHM executed by it is:
abc g bc da
(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) 2 (D) 2
g da dg g
7. A slender homogeneous rod of length 2L floats partly immersed in water, being supported by a
string fastened to one of its ends, as shown. The specific gravity of the rod is 0.75. The length of
rod that extends out of water is :
1 1
(A) L (B) L (C) L (D) 3L
2 4
8. A dumbbell is placed in water of density . It is observed that by attaching a mass m to the rod,
the dumbbell floats with the rod horizontal on the surface of water and each sphere exactly half
submerged as shown in the figure. The volume of the mass m is negligible. The value of length l
is -
d(V  3M) d(V  2M) d(V  2M) d(V  2M)

(A) (B) (C) (D)
2(V  2M) 2(V  3M) 2(V  3M) 2(V  3M)
9. Two bodies having volumes V and 2V are suspended from the two arms of a common balance
and they are found to balance each other. If larger body is immersed in oil (density
d1  0.9gm / cm3 ) and the smaller body is immersed in an unknown liquid, then the balance
remain in equilibrium. The density of unknown liquid is given by :
(A) 2.4gm / cm3 (B) 1.8gm / cm3
(C) 0.45gm / cm3 (D) 2.7gm / cm3
10. A sphere of radius R and made of material of relative density  has a concentric cavity of radius
r. It just floats when placed in a tank full of water. The value of the ratio R/r will be
1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3
      1    1    1
(A)    1 (B)    (C)    (D)    1
       

11. A body having volume V and density  is attached to the bottom of a container as shown.
Density of the liquid is d     . Container has a constant upward acceleration a. Tension in the
string is
(A) V Dg    g  a  (B) V  g  a  d  
(C) V  d   g (D) none
12. There is a metal cube inside a block of ice which is floating on the surface of water. The ice melts
completely and metal falls in the water. Water level in the container
(A) Rises (B) Falls

(C) Remains same (D) Nothing can be concluded
13. A cylindrical block of area of cross–section A and of material of density  is placed in a liquid of
density one–third of density of block. The block compresses a spring and compression in the
spring is one–third of the length of the block. If acceleration due to gravity is g, the spring
constant of the spring is:
2Ag Ag
(A) Ag (B) 2Ag (C) (D)
3 3
14. The cross sectional area of a horizontal tube increases along its length linearly, as we move in
the direction of flow. The variation of pressure, as we move along its length in the direction of flow
(x-direction), is best depicted by which of the following graphs
(A) (B)
(C) (D)

15. A cylindrical tank of height 1 m and cross section area A  4000cm2 is initially empty when it is
kept under a tap of cross sectional area 1cm2 . Water starts flowing from the tap at t = 0, with a
speed = 2 m/s. There is a small hole in the base of the tank of cross-sectional area 0.5cm2 . The
variation of height of water in tank (in meters) with time t is best depicted by
(A) (B) (C) (D)
16. A cubical box of wine has a small spout located in one of the bottom corners. When the box is full
and placed on a level surface, opening the spout results in a flow of wine with a initial speed of
v 0 (see figure). When the box is half empty, someone tilts it at 45 so that the spout is at the
lowest point (see figure). When the spout is opened the wine will flow out with a speed of
v0 v0 v0
(A) v0 (B) (C) (D) 4
2 2 2
17. A large tank is filled with water to a height H. A small hole is made at the base of the tank. It takes
H
T1 time to decrease the height of water to ,    1 and it takes T2 time to take out the rest of

water. If T1  T2 , then the value of  is :
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 2 2
18. A cylindrical vessel open at the top is 20cm high and 10cm in diameter. A circular hole whose
cross-sectional area 1cm2 is cut at the centre of the bottom of the vessel. Water flows from a
tube above it into the vessel at the rate 100cm3 s1. The height of water in the vessel under
steady state is (Take g  1000cms2 )
(A) 20 cm (B) 15 cm (C) 10 cm (D) 5 cm
19. A vertical tank, open at the top, is filled with a liquid and rests on a smooth horizontal surface. A
small hole is opened at the centre of one side of the tank. The area of cross-section of the tank is
N times the area of the hole, where N is a large number. Neglect mass of the tank itself. The
initial acceleration of the tank is
g g g g
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2N 2N N 2 N

20. In a cylindrical vessel containing liquid of density , there are two holes in the side walls at
heights of h1 and h2 respectively such that the range of efflux at the bottom of the vessel is same.
The height of a hole, for which the range of efflux would be maximum, will be
h2  h1 h2  h1
(A) h2  h1 (B) h2  h1 (C) (D)
2 2
21. Equal volumes of two immiscible liquids of densities  and 2 are filled in a vessel as shown in
h 3h
figure. Two small holes are punched at depth and from the surface of lighter liquid. If v1
2 2
v1
and v 2 are the velocities of a flux at these two holes, then is :
v2
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 4 2
22. The three water filled tanks shown have the same volume and height. If small identical holes are
punched near this bottom, which one will be the first to get empty.
(A) (i) (B) (ii)

(C) (iii) (D) All will take same time
23. A cylindrical vessel filled with water upto height of H stands on a horizontal plane. The side wall of
the vessel has a plugged circular hole touching the bottom. The coefficient of friction between the
bottom of vessel and plane is  and total mass of water plus vessel is M. What should be
minimum diameter of hole so that the vessel begins to move on the floor if plug is removed (here
density of water is  )
2M M M
(A) (B) (C) (D) none
H 2H H

24. A solid metallic sphere of radius r is allowed to fall freely through air. If the frictional resistance
due to air is proportional to the cross-sectional area and to the square of the velocity, then the
terminal velocity of the sphere is proportional to which of the following?
(A) r2 (B) r (C) r 3/ 2 (D) r1/ 2
25. A cubical block of side „a‟ and density '  ' slides over a fixed inclined plane with constant velocity
„v‟. There is a thin film of viscous fluid of thickness „t‟ between
the plane and the block. Then the coefficient of viscosity of the thin film will be:
3 a gt 4 a gt a g t
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
5v 5v v
26. A sphere is dropped under gravity through a fluid of viscosity . If the average acceleration is half
of the initial acceleration, the time to attain the terminal velocity is (   density of sphere ;
r = radius)
4r 2 9r 2 4 r 9 r
(A) (B) (C) (D)
9 4 9 4
27. Which of the following is the incorrect graph for a sphere falling in a viscous liquid?
(Given at t = 0, velocity v = 0 and displacement x = 0.)
(A) (B)
x
(C) (D) t
28. A container, whose bottom has round holes with diameter 0.1 mm is filled with water. The
maximum height in cm upto which water can be filled without leakage will be what?
3
Surface tension  75  10 N / m and g  10m / s2 .
(A) 20 cm (B) 40 cm (C) 30 cm (D) 60 cm
29. If two soap bubbles of different radii are connected by a tube,

(A) air flows from the bigger bubble to the smaller bubble till the sizes become equal
(B) air flows from bigger bubble to the smaller bubble till the sizes are interchanged
(C) air flows from the smaller bubble to the bigger
(D) there is no flow of air.

30. A liquid is filled in a spherical container of radius R till a height h. At this positions the liquid
surface at the edges is also horizontal. The contact angle is
R h hR R h

(A) 0 (B) cos1   (C) cos–1   (D) sin1  
 R   R   R 
31. A long capillary tyube of radius „r‟ is initially just vertically completely imerged inside a liquid of
angle of contact 0. If the tube is slowly raised then relation between radius of curvature of of
miniscus inside the capillary tube and displacement (h) of tube can be represented by
(A) (B) (C) (D)



DIRECTIONS for (Qs. 1 to 4) :
Each of these questions contains two statements: Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2
(Reason). Each of these questions has four alternative choices, only one of which is the correct
answer. You have to select the correct choice.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for
statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for
statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
1. Statement-1 : For a floating body to be in stable equilibrium, its centre of buoyancy must be
located above the centre of gravity.
Statement-2 : The torque formed by the weight of the body and the upthrust will restore the
body back to its normal position, after the body is disturbed.
2. Statement-1 : A block of wood is floating in a tank containing water. The apparent weight of the
floating block is equal to zero.
Statement-2 : Because the entire weight of the block is supported by the buoyant force (the
upward thrust) due to water.
3. Statement-1 : For the flow to be streamline, value of critical velocity should be as low as
possible.
Statement-2 : Once the actual velocity of flow of a liquid becomes greater than the critical
velocity, the flow becomes turbulent.
4. Statement-1 : Aeroplanes are made to run on the runway before take off, so that they acquire
the necessary lift.
Statement-2 : This is as per Bernoulli‟s theorem.
2
5. A beaker is filled in with water is accelerated a m / s in + x direction. The surface of water shall
make on angle
a a
(A) tan1   backwards (B) tan1   forwards
 g  g
 g  g
(C) cot 1   backwards (D) cot 1   forwards
a a

6. The vessel shown in the figure has two sections. The lower part is a
rectangular vessel with area of cross-section A and height h. The
upper part is a conical vessel of height h with base area „A‟ and top
area „a‟ and the walls of the vessel are inclined at an angle 30 with
the vertical. A liquid of density  fills both the sections upto a height
2h. Neglecting atmospheric pressure.
(A) The force F exerted by the liquid on the base of the vessel is
 A  a
2hg
2
A
(B) The pressure P at the base of the vessel is 2hg
a
(C) The weight of the liquid W is greater than the force exerted by the liquid on the base
(D) The walls of the vessel exert a downward force (F–W) on the liquid.
7. The weight of an empty balloon on a spring balance is w1. The weight becomes w 2 when the
balloon is filled with air. Let the weight of the air itself be w . Neglect the thickness of the balloon
when it is filled with air. Also neglect the difference in the densities of air inside & outside the
balloon. Then :
(A) w 2  w1
(B) w 2  w1  w
(C) w 2  w1  w
(D) w 2  w1
8. A cubical block of wood of edge 10cm and mass 0.92kg floats on a tank of water with oil of rel.
density 0.6 to a depth of 4cm above water. When the block attains equilibrium with four of its
sides edges vertical
(A) 1cm of it will be above the free surface of oil.
(B) 5cm of it will be under water.
(C) 2cm of it will be above the common surface of oil and water.
(D) 8cm of it will be under water.
9. The spring balance A reads 2 kg with a block m suspended from it. A

balance B reads 5 kg when a beaker with liquid is put on the pan of the
balance. The two balances are now so arranged that the hanging mass
is inside the liquid in the beaker as shown in the figure in this situation:
(A) The balance A will read more than 2 kg
(B) The balance B will read more than 5 kg
(C) The balance A will read less than 2 kg and B will read more than
5 kg
(D) The balances A and B will read 2 kg and 5 kg respectively.

10. Assertion : A helium filled balloon does not rise indefinately in air but halts after a certain height.
Reason : Viscosity opposes the motion of balloon.
Choose any one of the following four responses:
(A) If both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(B) If both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not correct explanation of (A)
(C) If (A) is true but (R) is false
(D) If (A) is false and (R) is true
11. Figure shows a siphon. Choose the wrong statement:

(A) Siphon works when h3  0
(B) Pressure at point 2 is P2  P0  gh3
(C) Pressure at point 3 is P0
(D) None of the above
( P0 = atmospheric pressure)
12. A tank is filled upto a height h with a liquid and is placed on a platform
of height h from the ground. To get maximum range x m a small hole is
punched at a distance of y from the free surface of the liquid. Then
(A) xm  2h
(B) xm  1.5h
(C) y h
(D) y  0.75h
13. Water coming out of a horizontal tube at a speed  strikes normally a vertically wall close to the
mouth of the tube and falls down vertically after impact. When the speed of water is increased to
2.
(A) The thrust exerted by the water on the wall will be doubled
(B) The thrust exerted by the water on the wall will be four times
(C) The energy lost per second by water strikeup the wall will also be four times
(D) The energy lost per second by water striking the wall be increased eight times
14. A cylindrical vessel is filled with a liquid up to height H. A small hole is made in the vessel at a
distance y below the liquid surface as shown in figure. The liquid emerging from the hole strike
the ground at distance x
(A) If y is increased from zero to H, x will decrease and then increase
H
(B) x is maximum for y 
2
H
(C) The maximum value of x is
2
(D) The maximum value of x increases with the increases in density of the liquid

15. A steady flow of water passes along a horizontal tube from a wide section X to the narrower
section Y, see figure. Manometers are placed at P and Q at the sections. Which of the statements
A, B, C, D, E is most correct?
(A) Water velocity at X is greater than at Y

(B) The manometer at P shows lower pressure than at Q
(C) Kinetic energy per m3 of water at X = kinetic energy per m3 at Y
(D) The manometer at P shows greater pressure than at Y
16. When an air bubble rises from the bottom of a deep lake to a point just below the water surface,
the pressure of air inside the bubble
(A) Is greater than the pressure outside it (B) Is less than the pressure outside it
(C) Increases as the bubble moves up (D) Decreases as the bubble moves up
COMPREHENSION TYPE
COMPREHENSION # 01
A ring of radius r is to be mounted on a wheel of radius R. The coefficient of linear expansion of

the material of the ring is , Young‟s modulus is Y, area of cross-section is A and mass is m.
Initially ring and wheel are at same temperature. r  R 
17. The temperature through which ring should be heated to that it can be mounted on the wheel is –
Rr Rr R r
(A) (B) (C) (D)
r R r R
18. After mounting, ring cools down to its initial temperature. The strain in the ring is –
R Rr
(A) (B)
r R
Rr r
(C) (D)
r R
19. The wheel with mounted ring starts rotating with angular velocity  . The value of  for which
tension in the ring becomes zero is –
2 R  r  YA R  r 
(A) YA (B)
m Rr R 2m
YA R  r  YA R  r  2
(C) (D)
Rrm mr 3

COMPREHENSION # 02
A number of little droplets of water, all of the same radius r, coalesce to form a single drop of
radius R. T is the surface tension of water and J is the mechanical equivalent of heat.
20. Decrease in surface energy is given by

(A) r n  R  4T
2 2
(B) R  r n.4T
2 2
(C) r n  R .2T
2 2
(D) r  R .n T
2 2
21. Heat produced is

(A)  
4 R2  r 2 n  T / J (B) 
4 r 2n  R2   T / J
(C) 4 r 2
 nR2   T / J (D) 4 R 2
 2r 2  n  T / J
22. The rise in temperature is
 3J / T  
1 1
(A)  3 / TJ1/ r  1/ R  (B)  
 R r
 3T   1 1   3T  1 1 
(C)     (D)  J  r  R 
 J   r R    
COMPREHENSION # 03
A prism shaped styrofoam of density styrofoam  water is held completely submerged in water. It lies
with is base horizontal. The base of foam is sat a depth h0 below water surface and atmospheric
pressure is P0 . Surface is open to atmosphere. Styrofoam prism is held in equilibrium by the
string attached symmetrically.
(Take : styrofoam  f , water  w )
h0
90
P
L
23. Net force exerted by liquid on the Styrofoam is

(A) 2w g 2L (B) 2w g 2L

2
L
(C) w g (D) w g 2L
2
24. Magnitude of force on any one of the slant face of Styrofoam is
(A) P   g(h
0 w 0  2 L  (B)



 P0  w g  h0 


 L
2 
     
(C)  P0  w g  h0   L (D)  P0  w g  h0   L
  2    2 2 
COMPREHENSION # 04
th
Water if filled in a cylindrical vessel upto a height 4 . Three small orifices O1,O2 and O3 are
made on the wall of the vessel.
25. Let v1,v 2 and v 3 be the speed of efflux of water from the three orifices then
(A) v1  v3  v 2 (B) v1  v 2  v3 (C) v1  v3  v 2 (D) v1  v 2  v3
26. Let x1 be the horizontal distance of the point at which the water stream from orifice I strikes the
horizontal surface. The distance x1 is
(A) h (B) 2h (C) 3 2h (D) 2 3h
MATRIX MATCH TYPE
In the table shown below, column - II shows the possible outcomes to the water level of a
swimming pool when a person standing on a boat in it does any one of the actions shown in
column - I. Match the possible outcomes.
Column-I Column-II
27. He throws a 20 kg iron anchor from the boat into the (A) It becomes lower
water, which then settles at the bottom
28. He throws out a 20 kg log from the boat. The log floats (B) It becomes higher
on water
29. He empties 20 kg of water from the boat into the pool (C) It stays the same
(D) Cannot be predicted from the
information given.

INTEGER TYPE
30. The Young‟s modulus of a metal is 1.2  1011N / m2 and its interatomic force constant is
3.6  109 N / m. Then, the average distance between atom is P  1020 m. Find the value of P.
31. A wire 3 m in length and 1 mm is diameter at 30 C and kept in a low temperature at 170 C and is
stretched by hanging a weight of 10 kg at one end. The change in the length of the wire is
52.9  10 x m. Find x. Given   1.2  105 / o C and Y  2  1011N / m2 . Take g  10m / s2 .
32. A soap film is made by dipping a circular frame of radius b in soap

solution. A bubble is formed by blowing air with speed v in the form of
cylinder. The radius of the bubble formed R  b so that the air is
incident normally on the surface of bubble. Air stops after striking surface
of soap bubble.
Density of air is  . The radius R of the bubble when the soap bubble
yS
separates from the ring is . Find y. (surface tension of liquid is S).
v 2
33. A vessel contains oil (density  0.8gm / cm3 ) over mercury (density  13.6gm cm3 ). A
homogeneous sphere floats with half its volume immersed in mercury and the other half in oil. The
density of the material of the sphere in gm / cm3 is 36/p. Find p.
34. What is the excess pressure inside a bubble of soap solution of radius 4.00 mm if its surface
2 1
tension is 2.5  10 Nm . If an air bubble of same dimensions were formed at a depth of 100 cm
inside a liquid of density 1.5gcm3 and surface tension 2  102 Nm1, the pressure inside it is
1.157  10x Pa. Find the value of x.
35. A steel ball of diameter d  3.0mm starts sinking with zero initial velocity in olive oil whose viscosity
is   0.90 P. After 0.1 K second from the beginning of motion the velocity of the ball differ from the
steady state velocity by n  1.0% . Find the value of K. Density of steel  7.8  103 kg / m3 .
36. Two drops of the same radius are falling through air with a steady velocity of 5 cm per sec. If the
two drops coalesce, the terminal velocity would be 5   4 
1/K
cm/sec. Find K.
5
37. A rain drop of radius 0.3 mm has a terminal velocity in air 1 m/s and the viscosity of air is 8  10
y
poise. The viscous force on it is 4.52  10 dyne. Find y.
4
38. An oil drop falls through air with a terminal velocity of 5  10 m / s. The terminal velocity of a drop
y 5
of half of this radius is 0.54  10 . Find y. Viscosity of air 1.8  10 N / m s and density of oil
2
 900kg / m3 . (Neglect the density of air as compared to that of oil).



1. A spherical tank of 1.2 m radius is half filled with oil of relative density 0.8. If the tank is
given a horizontal acceleration of 10m / s2 . Calculate the inclination of the oil surface to
horizontal and maximum pressure on the tank.
2. A piston of mass M = 3kg and radius R = 4cm has a hole into which a thin pipe of
radius r = 1cm is inserted. The piston can enter a cylinder tightly and without
friction, and initially it is at the bottom of the cylinder. 750gm of water is now
poured into the pipe so that the piston & pipe are lifted up as shown. Find the
height H of water in the cylinder and height h of water in the pipe.
3. A solid ball of density half that of water falls freely under gravity from a height of 19.6 m and
then enter water. Upto what depth will the ball go? How much time will it take to come again
to the water surface? Neglect air resistance & velocity effects in water.
4. Place a glass beaker, partially filled with water, in a sink. The beaker has a mass 390 gm and an
interior volume of 500cm3 . You now start to fill the sink with water and you find, by experiment,
that if the beaker is less than half full, it will float; but if it is more than half full, it remains on the
bottom of the sink as the water rises to its rim. What is the density of the material of which the
beaker is made?
5. Two spherical balls A and B made up of same material having masses 2m and m are released
from rest. Ball B lies at a distance h below the water surface while A is at a height of 2h above
water surface in the same vertical line, at the instant they are released.
(a) Obtain the position where they collide.
(b) If the bodies stick together due to collision, to what maximum height above water surface
does the combined mass rise?
Specific gravity of the material of the balls is 2/3. Neglect viscosity and loss due to splash.
6. Two very large open tanks A and F both contain the same liquid. A
horizontal pipe BCD, having a constriction at C leads out of the bottom
of tank A, and a vertical pipe E opens into the constriction at C and
dips into the liquid in tank F. Assume streamline flow and no viscosity.
If the cross section at C is one half that at D and if D is at a distance h1
below the level of liquid in A, to what height h2 (in terms of h1 ) will liquid rise in pipe E?
7. For the system shown in the figure, the cylinder on the left at L has a
mass of 600kg and a cross sectional area of 800cm2 . The piston on the
right, at S, has cross sectional area 25cm2 and negligible weight. If the
apparatus is filled with oil.    0.75gm / cm3  Find the force F required
to hold the system in equilibrium.

8
8. A siphon has a uniform circular base of diameter cm with its crest A

1.8 m above water level as in figure. Find
(a) velocity of flow
(b) discharge rate of the flow in m3 / sec.
(c) absolute pressure at the crest level A. UseP0  105 N / m2 & g  10m / s2 
9. A large tank is filled with two liquids of specific gravities 2 and  . Two holes
are made on the wall of the tank as shown. Find the ratio of the distances from
O of the points on the ground where the jets from holes A & B strike.
10. (a) A spherical tank of 1.2 m radius is half filled with oil of relative density 0.8 . If the
tank is given a horizontal acceleration of 10m / s2 . Calculate the inclination of the
oil surface to horizontal and maximum pressure on the tank.
(b) The volume of an air bubble is doubled as it rises from the bottom of a lake to
its surface. If the atmospheric pressure is H m of mercury & the density of mercury
is n times that of lake water. Find the depth of the lake.
11. A test tube of thin walls has some lead shots in it at its bottom and the system floats
vertically in water , sinking by a length l0  10cm. A liquid of density less than that of
water, is poured into the tube till the levels inside and outside the tube are even. If the
tube now sinks to a length l0  40cm, the specific gravity of the liquid is ________.
12. An open cubical tank completely filled with water is kept on a horizontal
surface. Its acceleration is then slowly increased to 2m / s2 as shown in
the Fig. The side of the tank is 1m. Find the mass of water that would spill
out of the tank.
13. In air an object weighs 15N, when immersed completely in water the same object weighs 12N.
When immersed in another liquid completely, it weighs 13N. Find
(a) the specific gravity of the object and
(b) the specific gravity of the other liquid.
14. Compute the work which must be performed to slowly pump the water out of a hemispherical
reservoir of radius R = 0.6 m.
15. Block A in figure hangs by a cord from spring balance D and is submerged in a
liquid C contained in a beaker B. The mass of the beaker is 1kg & the mass of the
liquid is 1.5 kg. The balance D reads 2.5 kg & balance E reads 7.5 kg. The
volume of block A is 0.003m3 .
(i) What is the density of block & the liquid.
(ii) What will each balance read if block is pulled out of the liquid.

16. A solid cube, with faces either vertical or horizontal, is floating in a liquid of density 6 g/cc. It has
two third of its volume submerged. If enough water is added from the top so as to completely
cover the cube, what fraction of its volume will remain immersed in the liquid?
17. A ball is given velocity v 0 (greater than the terminal velocity v T ) in downward
direction inside a highly viscous liquid placed inside a large container. The height of
liquid in the container is H. The ball attains the terminal velocity just before striking at
the bottom of the container. Draw graph between velocity of the ball and distance
moved by the ball before getting terminal velocity.
18. Two arms of a U-tube have unequal diameters d1  1.0mm and d2  1.0cm. If water (surface
2
tension 7  10 N / m ) is poured into the tube held in the vertical position, find the difference of
level of water in the U-tube. Assume the angle of contact to be zero.
4
19. A spherical ball of radius 1 10 m and density 104 kg/ m3 falls freely under gravity through a
distance h before entering a tank of water. If after entering the water the velocity of the ball does
6
not change, find h. The viscosity of water is 9.8  10 N  s / m .
2
20. Calculate the rate of flow of glycerine of density 1.25  103 kg/ m3 through the conical section of a
2
pipe if the radii of its ends are 0.1m & 0.04m and the pressure drop across its length is 10N / m .
21. The tank in fig discharges water at constant rate for all water levels above
the air inlet R. The height above datum to which water would rise in the
manometer tubes M and N respectively are __________ & _________.
22. A uniform cylindrical block of length l density d1 and area of cross section A floats in a liquid of
density d2 contained in a vessel  d2  d1  . The bottom of the cylinder just rests on a spring of
constant k. The other end of the spring is fixed to the bottom of the vessel. The weight that may
be placed on top of the cylinder such that the cylinder is just submerged in the liquid is ____
23. Find the speed of rotation of 1 m diameter tank, initially full of water such that water surface
makes an angle of 45 with the horizontal at a radius of 30 cm. What is the slope of the surface
at the wall of the tank.
24. A vertical uniform U tube open at both ends contains mercury. Water is poured in one limb until
the level of mercury is depressed 2cm in that limb. What is the length of water column when this
happens.
25. An expansible balloon filled with air floats on the surface of a lake with 2/3 of its volume
submerged. How deep must it be sunk in the water so that it is just in equilibrium
neither sinking further nor rising? It is assumed that the temperature of the water is
constant & that the height of the water barometer is 9 meters.



3 3
1. A solid block of volume V  10 m and density d  800kg / m3 is tied to one end of a string, the
other end of which is tied to the bottom of the vessel. The vessel contains 2 immiscible liquids of
densities 1  1000kg / m3 and 2  1500kg / m3 . The solid block is immersed with 2/5th of its
volume in the liquid of higher density & 3/5th in the liquid of lower density. The vessel is placed in
g
an elevator which is moving up with an acceleration of a  . Find the tension in the string.
2
g  10m / s2 
2. An open rectangular tank 5m  4m  3m high containing water upto a height of 2m is accelerated

horizontally along the longer side.
(a) Determine the maximum acceleration that can be given without spilling the water.
(b) Calculate the percentage of water split over, if this acceleration is increased by 20%.
(c) If initially, the tank is closed at the top and is accelerated horizontally by 9m / s2 , find the
gauge pressure at the bottom of the front and rear walls of the tank.
3. A level controller is shown in the figure. It consists of a thin circular plug of

diameter 10cm and a cylindrical float of diameter 20 cm tied together with a
light rigid rod of length 10cm. The plug fits in snugly in a drain hole at the
bottom of the tank which opens into atmosphere. As water fills up and the level
reaches height h, the plug opens. Find h. Determine the level of water in the
tank when the plug closes again. The float has a mass 3kg and the plug may
be assumed as massless.
4. A closed tube in the form of an equilateral triangle of side l contains equal volumes of
three liquids which do not mix and is placed vertically with its lowest side horizontal .
Find x in the figure if the densities of the liquids are in A.P.

5. A ship sailing from sea into a river sinks X mm and on discharging the cargo rises Y mm. On
proceeding again into sea the ship rises by Z mm. Assuming ship sides to be vertical at water
line, find the specific gravity of sea water.
6. A conical vessel without a bottom stands on a table. A liquid is poured with the vessel & as soon
as the level reaches h, the pressure of the liquid raises the vessel . The radius of the base of the
vessel is R and half angle of the cone is  and the weight of the vessel is W. What is the density
of the liquid ?
7. As the arrangement shown in the fig is released the rod of mass M moves
down into the water. Friction is negligible and the string is inextensible.
(a) Find the acceleration of the system w.r.t. the distance moved by each
mass.
(b) Find the time required to completely immerse the rod into water
m   water
if  .
M 
  density of rod ; water  density of water
8. The interface of two liquids of densities  and 2 respectively lies at the

point A in a U tube at rest. The height of liquid column above A is 8a/3
where AB=a. The cross sectional area of the tube is S. With what
angular velocity the tube must be whirled about a vertical axis at a
distance 'a' such that the interface of the liquids shifts towards B by 2a/3.
9. A closed cylindrical tank 2m high & 1 m in diameter contains 1.5 m of water. When the
angular velocity is constant at 20.0 rad/s , how much of the bottom of the tank is
uncovered? (The cylinder is rotated about vertical axis of symmetry passing through its length.)
10. A cylinder of height H is filled with water to a height ho ho  H , & is

placed on a horizontal floor. Two small holes are punched at time t = 0
on the vertical line along the length of the cylinder, one at a height h1
from the bottom & the other a depth h2 below the level of water in the
cylinder. Find the relation between h1 & h2 such that the instantaneous
water jets emerging from the cylinder from the two holes will hit the ground at the same point.

11. A cylindrical tank with a height of h = 1m is filled with water up to its rim. What time is required to
empty the tank through an orifice in its bottom? The cross sectional area of the orifice is (1/400)th
of the tank. Find the time required for the same amount of water to flow out of the tank if the water
level in the tank is maintained constant at a height of h = 1m from the orifice.
12. For the arrangement shown in the figure. Find the time interval after
which the water jet ceases to cross the wall.
Area of the tank  0.5m2 .
Area of the orifice  1cm2 .
13. A cylindrical tank having cross-sectional area A  0.5m2 is filled with two
liquids of densities 1  900kgm3 & 2  600kgm3 , to a height h = 60cm
as shown in the figure. A small hole having area a  5cm2 is made in right
vertical wall at a height y=20cm from the bottom. Calculate
(i) velocity of efflux.
(ii) horizontal force F to keep the cylinder in static equilibrium, if it is
placed on a smooth horizontal plane.
(iii) minimum and maximum value of F to keep the cylinder at rest. The coefficient of friction
between cylinder and the plane is   0.01.
(iv) velocity of the top most layer of the liquid column and also the velocity of the boundary
separating the two liquids.
14. A cylindrical wooden float whose base area S  4000cm2 & the altitude H = 50 cm drifts on the
water surface. Specific weight of wood d  0.8gf / cm3 .
(a) What work must be performed to take the float out of the water?
(b) Compute the work to be performed to submerge completely the float into the water.
15. A 10cm side cube weighing 5N is immersed in a liquid of relative density 0.8 contained in a
rectangular tank of cross sectional area 15cm  15cm. If the tank contained liquid to a height of
8cm before the immersion, determine the levels of the bottom of the cube and the liquid surface.
16. A jug contains 15 glasses of orange juice. When you open the tap at the bottom it takes 12 sec
to fill a glass with juice. If you leave the tap open. how long will it take to fill the remaining 14
glasses and thus empty the jug?
17. An interstellar explorer discovers a remarkable planet made entirely of a uniform incompressible
fluid on density  . The radius of the planet is R and the acceleration of gravity at its surface is g.
What is the pressure at the center of the planet.


18. A cylindrical rod of length l  2m & density floats vertically in a liquid of density  as shown in
2
Fig (a).
(a) Show that it performs SHM when pulled slightly up & released & find its time period.
Neglect change in liquid level.
(b) Find the time taken by the rod to completely immerse when released from position shown
in (b). Assume that it remains vertical throughout its motion.  takeg  2m / s2 
19. A uniform rod of length b capable of tuning about its end which is out of water, rests inclined to
the vertical. If its specific gravity is 5/9, find the length immersed in water.
20. A cube with a mass „m‟ completely wettable by water floats on the surface of water. Each side of
the cube is „a‟. What is the distance h between the lower face of cube and the surface of the
water if surface tension is S. Take density of water as w . Take angle of contact m zero.



1. What pressure has to be applied to the ends of a steel cylinder to keep its length constant on
raising its temperature by 100°C?
2. What internal pressure (in the absence of an external pressure) can be sustained?
(a) By a glass tube;
(b) By a class spherical flask, if in both cases the wall thickness is equal to Δr = 1.0 mm and
the radius of the tube and the flask equals r = 25 mm?
3. A horizontally oriented copper rod of length l = 1.0 m is rotated about a vertical axis passing
through its middle. What is the number of rps at which this rod ruptures?
4. A ring of radius r = 25 cm made of lead wire is rotated about a stationary vertical axis passing
through its centre and perpendicular to the plane of the ring. What is the number of rps at which
the ring ruptures?
5. A steel wire of diameter d = 1.0 mm is stretched horizontally between two clamps located at the
distance l = 2.0 m from each other. A weight of mass m = 0.25 kg is suspended from the midpoint
O of the wire. What will the resulting descent of the point O be in centimeters?
6. A uniform elastic plank moves over a smooth horizontal plane due to a constant force F0
distributed uniformly over the end face. The surface of the end face is equal to S, and Young‟s
modulus of the material to E. Find the compressive strain of the plank in the direction of the acting
force.
7. A thin uniform copper rod of length l and mass m rotates uniformly with an angular velocity  in a
horizontal plane about a vertical axis passing through one of its ends. Determine the tension in
the rod as a function of the distance r from the rotation axis. Find the elongation of the rod.
8. A solid copper cylinder of length l = 65 cm is placed on a horizontal surface and subjected to a

vertical compressive force F = 1000 N directed downward and distributed uniformly over the end
face. What will be the resulting change of the volume of the cylinder in cubic millimeters?
9. A copper rod of length l is suspended from the ceiling by one of its ends. Find:
(a) The elongation Δl of the rod due to its own weight;
(b) The relative increment of its volume ΔV/V.
10. A bar made of material whose Young‟s modulus is equal to E and Poisson‟s ratio to μ is
subjected to the hydrostatic pressure p. Find:
(a) The fractional decrement of its volume;
(b) The relationship between the compressibility β and the elastic constants E and μ.
Show that Poisson‟s ratio μ cannot exceed 1/2.
11. Find the elastic deformation energy of a steel rod of mass m = 3.1 kg stretched to a tensile strain
  1.0  103.

12. A steel cylindrical rod of length l and radius r is suspended by its end from the ceiling.
(a) Find the elastic deformation energy U of the rod.
l
(b) Define U in terms of tensile strain of the rod.
l
13. What work has to be performed to make a hoop out of a steel band of length l = 2.0 m, width h =
6.0 cm, and thickness   2.0mm? The process is assumed to proceed within the elasticity
range of the material.
14. Ideal fluid flows along a flat tube of constant cross-section, located in a horizontal plane and bent
as shown in figure (top view). The flow is steady. Are the pressures and velocities of the fluid
equal at points 1 and 2? What is the shape of the streamlines?
.2
.1
15. Two manometric tubes are mounted on a horizontal pipe of varying cross-section at the sections
S1 and S2. Find the volume of water flowing across the pipe‟s section per unit time if the
difference in water columns is equal to Δh.
16. A Pitot tube is mounted along the axis of a gas pipeline whose cross-sectional area is equal to S.
Assuming the viscosity to be negligible, find the volume gas flowing across the section of the pipe
per unit time, if the difference in the liquid columns is equal to Δh, and the densities of the liquid
and the gas are 0 and  respectively.

17. A wide vessel with a small hole in the bottom is filled with water and kerosene. Neglecting the viscosity,
find the velocity of the water flow, if the thickness of the water layer is equal to h1 = 30 cm and that the
kerosene layer to h2 = 20 cm.
18. A wide cylindrical vessel 50 cm in height is filled with water and rests on a table. Assuming the
viscosity to be negligible, find at what height from the bottom of the vessel a small hole should be
perforated for the water jet coming out of it to hit the surface of the table at the maximum distance
lmax from the vessel. Find lmax.
19. A bent tube is lowered into a water stream as shown in figure. The velocity of the steam relative
to the tube is equal to v = 2.5 m/s. The closed upper end of the tube located at the height h0 = 12
cm has a small orifice. To what height h will the water jet spurt?
20. The horizontal bottom of a wide vessel with an idea fluid has a round orifice of radius R 1 over
which a round closed cylinder is mounted, whose radius R 2 > R1. The clearance between the
cylinder and the bottom of the vessel is very small, the fluid density is  . Find the static pressure
of the fluid in the clearance as a function of the distance r from the axis of the orifice (and the
cylinder), if the height of the fluid is equal to h.
21. What work should be done in order to squeeze all water from a horizontally located cylinder
during the time t by means of a constant force acting on the piston? The volume of a water in the
cylinder is equal to V, the cross-sectional area of the orifice to s, with s being considerably less
than the piston area. The friction and viscosity are negligibly small.

22. A cylindrical vessel of height h and base area S is filled with water. An orifice of area s ≪ S is
opened in the bottom of the vessel. Neglecting the viscosity of water, determine how soon all the
water will pour out of the vessel.
23. A horizontally oriented tube AB of length l rotates with a constant angular velocity  about a
stationary vertical axis OO passing through the end A. The tube is filled with an ideal fluid. The
end A of the tube is open, the closed end B has a very small orifice. Find the velocity of the fluid
relative to the tube as a function of the column “height” h.
24. On the opposite sides of a wide vertical vessel filled with water two identical holes are opened,
2
each having the cross-sectional area S = 0.50 cm . The height difference between them is equal
to Δh = 51 cm. Find the resultant force of reaction of the water flowing out of the vessel.
25. The side wall of a wide vertical cylindrical vessel of height h = 75 cm has a narrow vertical slit
running all the way down to the bottom of the vessel. The length of the slit is l = 50 cm and the
width b = 1.0 mm. With the slit closed, the vessel is filled with water. Find the resultant force of
reaction of the water flowing out of the vessel immediately after the slit is opened.
26. Water flows out of a big tank along a tube bent at right angles; the inside radius of the tube is
equal to r = 0.50 cm. The length of the horizontal section of the tube is equal to l = 22 cm. The
water flow rate is Q = 0.50 litres per second. Find the moment of reaction forces of flowing water,
acting on the tube‟s walls, relative to the point O.

27. A side wall of a wide open tank is provided with a narrowing tube through which water flows out.
2 2
The cross-sectional area of the tube decreases from S = 3.0 cm to s = 1.0 cm . The water level
in the tank is h = 4.6 m higher than that in the tube. Neglecting the viscosity of the water, find the
horizontal component of the force tending to pull the tube out of the tank.
28. A cylindrical vessel with water is rotated about its vertical axis with a constant angular velocity .
Find:
(a) The shape of the free surface of the water;
(b) The water pressure distribution over the bottom of the vessel along its radius provided
the pressure at the central point is equal to P0.



1. A box, when hung from a spring balance shows a reading of 50 kg. If the same box is hung from
the same spring balance inside an evacuated chamber, the reading on the scale will be.
[KVPY 2014]
(A) 50 kg because the mass of the box remains unchanged.
(B) 50 kg because the effect of the absence of the atmosphere will be identical on the box and
the spring balance.
(C) Less than 50 kg because the weight of the column of air on the box will be absent.
(D) More than 50 kg because the atmospheric buoyancy force will be absent.
2. A hollow tilted cylindrical vessel of negligible mass rests on a horizontal plane as shown. The
diameter of the base is a and the side of the cylinder makes an angle θ with the horizontal.
Water is then slowly poured into the cylinder. The cylinder topples over when the water reaches a
certain height h, given by. [KVPY 2015]
θ
a
a
(A) h = 2a tan θ (B) h = 2a tan2 θ (C) h = a tan θ (D) h= tanθ
2
3. A large cylindrical vessel contains water to a height of 10 m. It is found that the thrust acting on
the curved surface is equal to that at the bottom. If atmospheric pressure can support a water
column of 10 m, the radius of the vessel is. [NSEP 2014]
(A) 50kg (B) 15 m (C) 5m (D) 25 m
4. A uniform meter scale is supported from its 20 cm mark. A body suspended from 10 cm mark
keeps the scale horizontal. However, the scale gets unbalanced if the body is completely
immersed in water. To regain the balance the body is shifted to the 8 cm mark. Therefore, the
specific gravity of the material of the body is. [NSEP 2014]
(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 4



1. A wire elongates by l mm when a load W is hanged from it. If the wire goes over a pulley and two
weights W each are hung at the two ends, the elongation of the wire will be (in mm) -
(2006)
(a) 2l (b) zero (c) l/2 (d) l
2. Two wires are made of the same material and have the same volume. However wire 1 has cross-
sectional area A and wire-2 has cross-sectional area 3A. If the length of wire 1 increases by x
on applying force F, how much force is needed to stretch wire 2 by the same amount? (2009)
(a) F (b) 4F (c) 6F (d) 9F
3. A ball is made of a material of density  where oil    water with oil and  water representing
the densities of oil and water, respectively. The oil and water are immiscible. If the above ball is in
equilibrium in a mixture of this oil and water, which of the following pictures represents its
equilibrium positions? (2010)
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4. Work done in increasing the size of a soap bubble from a radius of 3 cm to 5 cm is nearly
1
(Surface tension of soap solution  0.03Nm ) (2011)
(a) 0.2 mJ (b) 2 mJ (c) 0.4 mJ (d) 4 mJ
Water is flowing continuosly from a tap having an internal diameter 8 10 m. The water velocity
3
5.
1
as it leaves the tap is 0.4 ms 1. The diameter of the water stream at a distance 2 10 m below
the lap is close to : (2011)
3 3 3 3
(a) 7.5 10 m (b) 9.6 10 m (c) 3.6 10 m (d) 5.0 10 m
6. A water fountain on the ground spirnkles water all around it. If the speed of water coming out of
the fountain is v, the total area around the fountain that gets wet is: (2011)
v4  v4 v2 v4
(a)  (b) (c)  (d) 
g2 2 g 2
g2 g
7. A wooden wheel of radius R is made of two semicircular parts (see figure). The two parts are held
together by a ring made of a metal strip of cross sectional area S and length L. L is slightly less
than 2 R. To fit the ring on the wheel, it is heated so that its temperature rises by  T and it just
steps over the wheel. As it cools down to surroundifng temperature, it presses the semicircular
parts together. If the coefficient of linear expan-sion of the metal is a, and its Young's modulus is
Y, the force that one part of the wheel applies on the other part is : (2012)
(a) 2 SY  T (b) SY  T (c)  SY  T (d) 2SY  T

8. A thin liquid film formed between a U-shaped wire and a light slider supports a weight
of 1.5 105 N (see figure). The length of the slider is 30 cm and its weight negligible.
The surface tension of the liquid film is: (2012)
1 1
(a) 0.0125 Nm (b) 0.1Nm
(c) 0.05 Nm1 (d) 0.025 Nm1
9. Assume that a drop of liquid evaporates by decrease in its surface energy. So that its
temperature remains unchanged. What should be the minimum radius of the drop for this to be
possible? The surface tension is T, density of liquid is  and L is its latent heat of vaporization.
(2013)
L T T 2T
(a) (b) (c) (d)
T L L L
10. A uniform cylinder of length L and mass M having cross - sectional area A is suspended, with its
length vertical, from a fixed point by a massless spring, such that it is half submerged in a liquid of
density  at equilibrium position. The extension x0 of the spring when it is in equilibrium is:
(2013)
Mg Mg  LA  Mg  LA  Mg  LA 
(a) (b) 1   (c) 1   (d) 1  
k k  M  k  2M  k  M 
11. An open glass tube is immersed in mercury in such a way that a length of 8 cm extends above
the mercury level. The open end of the tube is then closed and sealed and the tube is raised
vertically up by additional 46 cm. What will be length of the air column above mercury in the tube
now?
(At mospheric pressure = 76 cm of Hg) (2014)
(a) 6 cm (b) 16 cm (c) 22 cm (d) 38 cm
12. There is a circular tube in a vertical plane. Two liquids which do not mix and of
densities d1 and d 2 are filled in the tube. Each liquid subtends 90 angle at centre.
d1
Radius joining their interface makes an angle  with vertical ratio is (2014)
d2
1  sin  1  sin  1  cos 
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1  cos  1  sin  1  cos 
1  tan 
1  tan 
13. The pressure that has to be applied to the ends of a steel wire of length 10 cm to keep its length
constant when its temperature is raised by 100C is : (2014)
(For steel Young‟s modulus is 2 1011 Nm2 and coefficient of thermal expansion is 1.1105 K 1 )
(A) 2.2 106 Pa (B) 2.2 108 Pa
(C) 2.2 109 Pa (D) 2.2 107 Pa

14. The following observations were taken for determining surface tenson T of water by capillary
method:
2
diameter of capillary, D  1.25  10 m rise of water, h  1.45  102 m. Using g  9.80 m / s 2
rhg
and the simplified relation T   103 N / m, the possible error in surface tension is closest
2
to: (2017)
(A) 10% (B) 0.15% (C) 1.5% (D) 2.4%
15. A man grows into a giant such that his linear dimensions increase by a factor of 9. Assuming that
his density remains same, the stress in the leg will change by a factor of: (2017)
1 1
(A) (B) 9 (C) (D) 81
81 9
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1. A cylindrical vessel of height 500 mm has an orifice (small hole) at its bottom. The orifice is
initially closed and water is filled in it upto height H. Now the top is completely sealed with a cap
and the orifice at the bottom is opened. Some water comes out from the orifice and the water
level in the vessel becomes steady with height of water column being 200 mm. Find the fall in
height (in mm) of water level due to opening of the orifice.
[Take atmospheric pressure  1.0  105 N / m2 , density of water  1000kg / m3 and g  10m / s2 .
Neglect any effect of surface tension.] (2009)
2. Two soap bubbles A and B are kept in a closed chamber where the air is maintained at pressure
8N / m2 . The radii of bubbles A and B are 2 cm and 4 cm, respectively. Surface tension of the
nB
soap-water used to make bubbles is 0.04 N/m. Find the ratio , where nA and nB are the
nA
number of moles of air in bubbles A and B, respectively. [Neglect the effect of gravity.] (2009)
PASSAGE – (Q. 3 to 5)
When liquid medicine of density  is to be put in the eye. It is done with the help of a dropper. As
the bulb on the top of the dropper is pressed. A drop forms at the opening of the dropper. We
wish to estimate the size of the drop. We first assume that the drop formed at the opening is -
spherical because that requires a minimum increase in its surface energy. To determine the size,
we calculate the net vertical force due to the surface tension. T when the radius of the drop is R.
When this force becomes smaller than the weight of the drop, the drop gets detached from the
dropper. (2010)
3. If the radius of the opening of the dropper is r, the vertical force due to the surface tension on the
drop of radius R (assuming r R) is
(A) 2rT (B) 2RT
2r T
2
2R2 T
(C) (D)
R r
4. If r  5  104 m,   103 , g  10ms2 , T  0.11Nm1, the radius of the drop when it detaches from
the dropper is approximately
(A) 1.4  103 m (B) 3.3  103 m
(C) 2.0  103 m (D) 4.1 103 m
5. After the drop detaches, its surface energy is

(A) 1.4  106 J (B) 2.7  106 J
(C) 5.4  106 J (D) 8.1 106 J

6. Two solid spheres A and B of equal volumes but of different densities dA and dB are connected
by a string. They are fully immersed in a fluid of density dF . They get arranged into an
equilibrium state as shown in the figure with a tension in the string. The arrangement is possible
only if (2011)
(A) dA  dF (B) dB  dF (C) dA  dF (D) dA  dB  2dF
7. Steel wire of length „L‟ at 40 C is suspended from the ceiling and then a mass „m‟ is hung from
its free end. The wire is cooled down from 40 C to 30 C to regain its original length „L‟. The
coefficient of linear thermal expansion of the steel is 105 /  C, Young‟s modulus of steel is
1011 N / m2 and radius of the wire is 1 mm. Assume that L diameter of the wire. Then the value
of „ m ‟ in kg is nearly (2011)
8. Four point charges, each of +q, are rigidly fixed at the four corners of a square planar soap film of
side „a‟. The surface tension of the soap film is  . The system of charges and planar film are in
1/N
 q2 
equilibrium, and a  k   , where „k‟ is a constant. Then N is - (2011)
 
9. A thin uniform cylindrical shell, closed at both ends, is partially filled with water. It is flotting
vertically in water in half-submerged state. If c is the relative density of the material of the shell
with respect to water, then the correct statement is that the shell is (2012)
(A) more than half-filled if c is less than 0.5
(B) more than half-filled if c is more than 1.0
(C) half-filled if c is more than 0.5 (D) less than half-filled if c is less than 0.5
10. One end of horizontal thick copper wire of length 2L and radius 2R is welded to an end of another
horizontal thin copper wire of length L and radius R. When the arrangment is stretched by
applying forces at two ends, the ratio of the elongation in the thin wire to that in the thick wire is
(2013)
(A) 0.25 (B) 0.50 (C) 2.00 (D) 4.00
11. A solid sphere of radius R and density  is attached to one end of a mass-less spring of force
constant k. The other end of the spring is connected to another solid sphere of radius R and
density 3. The complete arrangement is placed in a liquid of density 2 and is allowed to reach
equilibrium. The correct statement(s) is (are) (2013)
4R g
3
(A) The net elongation of the spring is .
3k
8R3 g
(B) The net elongation of the spring is .
3k
(C) The light sphere is partially submerged. (D) The light sphere is completely submerged.

12. A glass capillary tube is of the shape of a truncated cone with an apex
angle  so that its two ends have cross sections of different radii. When
dipped in water vertically, water rises in it to a height h, where the radius of
its cross section is b. If the surface tension of water is S, its density is p,
and its contact angle with glass is , the value of h will be (g is the
acceleration due to gravity) (2014)
2S 2S
(A) cos      (B) cos     
bpg bpg
2S   2S  
(C) cos     (D) cos    
bpg  2 bpg  2
13. A point source S is placed at the bottom of a transparent block of height 10 mm and refractive
index 2.72. It is immersed in a lower refractive index liquid as shown in the figure. It is found that
the light emerging from the block to the liquid forms a circular bright spot of diameter 11.54 mm
on the top of the block. The refractive index of the liquid is - (2014)
(A) 1.21 (B) 1.30

(C) 1.36 (D) 1.42
PASSAGE – (Q. 14 & 15)
A spray gun is shown in the figure where a piston pushes air out of a nozzle. A thin tube of
uniform cross section is connected to the nozzle. The other end of the tube is in a small liquid
container. As the piston pushes air through the nozzle, the liquid from the container rises into the
nozzle and is sprayed out. For the spray gun shown, the radii of the piston and the nozzle are 20
mm and 1mm, respectively. The upper end of the container is open to the atmosphere. (2014)
14. If the piston is pushed at a speed of 5mms1, the air comes out of the nozzle with a speed of
(A) 0.1ms1 (B) 1ms1 (C) 2ms1 (D) 8ms1
15. If the density of air is a and that of the liquid l , then for a given piston speed the rate (volume
per unit time) at which the liquid is sprayed will be proportional to

a l
(A) (B) a l (C) (D) l
l a
2 2
16. During Searle‟s experiment, zero of the Vernier scale lies between 3.20  10 m and 3.25  10 m
of the main scale. The 20th division of the Vernier scale exactly coincides with one of the main
scale divisions. When an additional load of 2 kg is applied to the wire, the zero of the Vernier
scale still lies between 3.20  102 m and 3.25  102 m of the main scale but now the 45th division
of Vernier scale coincides with one of the main scale divisions. The length of the thin metallic wire
is 2 m and its cross-sectional area is 8  107 m2 . The least count of the Vernier scale is
1.0  105 m. The maximum percentage error in the Young‟s modulus of the wire is –
(2014)
17. A tiny spherical oil drop carrying a net charge q is balanced in still air with a vertical uniform
81
electric field of strength  105 Vm1. When the field is switched off, the drop is observed to fall
7
with terminal velocity 2  103 ms1. Given g  9.8ms2 . Viscosity of the air 1.8  105 Nsm2 and
the density of oil 900kgm3 , the magnitude of q is (2015)
(A) 1.6  1019 C (B) 3.2  1019 C

(C) 4.8  1019 C (D) 8.0  1019 C
18. Two spheres P and Q of equal radii have densities 1 and 2 respectively. The spheres are
connected by a massless string and placed in liquids L1 and L 2 of densities 1 and 2 and
viscosities 1 and 2 , respectively. They float in equilibrium with the sphere P in L1 and sphere Q
in L 2 and the string being taut (see figure). If sphere P alone in L 2 has terminal velocity Vp and Q
alone in L1 has terminal velocity VQ then (2015)
Vp 1 Vp 2
(A)  (B)  (C) Vp .VQ  0 (D) Vp .VQ  0
VQ 2 VQ 1

19. In plotting stress versus strain curves for two materials P and Q, a
student by mistake puts strain on the y-axis and stress on the x-axis
as shown in the figure. Then the correct statement(s) is(are) (2015)
(A) P has more tensile strength than Q
(B) P is more ductile than Q
(C) P is more brittle than Q
(D) The Young‟s modulus of P is more than that of Q
3
20. Consider two solid spheres P and Q each of density 8 gm cm and diameters 1 cm and 0.5 cm,
respectively. Sphere P is dropped into a liquid of density 08. gm cm3 and viscosity   3
3
poiseulles. Sphere Q is dropped into a liquid of density 1.6 gm cm and viscosity   2
poiseulles. The ratio of the terminal velocities of P and Q is (2016)
0.1
21.
2
A drop of liquid of radius R  10 m having surface tension S  Nm1 divides itself into K
4
3 
identical drops. In this process the total change in the surface energy U  10 J . If K  10
then the value of  is __________. (2017)


ANSWER KEYS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B D A C B C A B B A
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
C D B B C B A D C B
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
B C C B D A D D B C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B C B D A D A B B A
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
B B B A C D C D C D
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
D A A D A A C C C B
31
B

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A A D A AC D AC CD BC B
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
D AC BD B D AD A C A A
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
B C C D B D A C C 3
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
2 4 5 5 2 3 3 6

2m 11
1. 45,9600 2 (gauge) N/m 2 2. h = , H = m
 32 
3. 19.6 m, 4 sec 4. 2.79 gm/cc 5. at the water surface, h/2

6. h2  3h1 7. 37.5 N
8. (a) 6 2 m / s, (b) 9.6 2  103 M3 / sec, (c) 4.6  104 N / m2
9. 3: 2
10. (a) 9600 2 (b) nH

11. 0.75 12. 100kg 13. (a) 5, (b) 2/3
14. 101.8 Kgf–m
5000
15. (i) 2500kg / m3 , kg / m3 , (ii) RD  7.5kg,RE  2.5kg
3
16. 3/5 17. 18. 2.5 cm 19. 20.4 m
k 
20. 6.43  104 m3 / s 21. 20cm, 60cm 22. (d2  d1 )   Ag 
 d2 
10 5
23.  rad / s,tan   24. 54.4 cm 25. 4.5m
3 3

1. 6N 2. 4 m / s 2 , 10%, 0, 45kPa
2(3   ) 3
3. h1   0.26; h2   0.195
15 10
1 Y
4. x 5.
3 yx z
W
6. 
 h g tan   R  13 h tan  
2
 M m ( M  m) gx  L  M m 18 g
7. (a)   g (b) t=   8.
M m ( M  m) L 2 g  M m  19a

9. m2 10. h1  h2 11. 80 5 sec, 40 5 sec
80
12. 431 sec

13. (i) 4m/s, (ii) F  7.2 N , (iii) Fmin  0, Fmax  52.2 N , (iv) both 4 103 m / s
d2 H2 S 1
SH 2 1  d   2 Kg f  m
2
14. (a) = 32 Kgf  m , (b)
2 g 2
163 388 12 14
15. cm, cm 16. t
36 36 15  14
 gR mg  4sa
17. 18. 2 sec., 1 sec 19. b/3 20. h
2 wa 2 g
1. p   E T  2.2 103 atm, where α is the thermal expansion coefficient.

2. (a) p  m r / r  20 atm; (b) p 2 m r / r  40 atm.
Here  m is the glass strength.
3. n  2 m /  /  l  0  8  102 rps, where  m is the tensile strength, and  is the density of
copper.
4. n   m /  / 2 R  23 rps, where  m is the tensile strength, and  is the density of lead.
5. x  l 3 mg / 2 d 2E  2.5 cm
6.   1 F0 / ES.
2
7.
2  
T  1 m 2 l 1  r 2 / l 2 , l  1  2l 3 / E, where  is the density of copper.
3
8. V  1  2  Fl / E  1.0 mm3 , where  is Poisson’s ratio for copper.
9. (a) l  12  gl 2 / E;
(b) V / V  1  2   / , where  is the density, and  is Poisson’s ratio for copper.

10. (a) V / V  3 1  2  p / E; (b)   3 1  2  / E.
11. U  1 mE 2 /   0.04 kJ, where  is the density of steel.

2
(a) U  16  r 2 3  2 g 2 / E; (b) U  2 3  r 2 E   / 
2
12. .
Here  is the density of steel.

13. A  1  2 h 3E /  0.08 kJ.
6
14. p1  p2 , v1  v 2 . The density of streamlines grows on transition from point 1 to point 2.
15. 
Q  S1S2 2g h / S22  S12 . 
16. Q  S 2g h0 /  .

17. v  2g  h1  h2 2 / 1   3 m/s, where 1 and  2 are the densities of water and kerosene.
18. h = 25 cm; max  50 cm.
19. h  1 v 2 / g  h0  20 cm.
2
20.  
p  p0   gh 1  R12 / r 2 , where R1 < r < R2, p0 is the atmospheric pressure.
21. A  1  V 3 / s 2t 2 , where  is the density of water.

2
22.   2h / g S / s.
23. v  h 2 / h  1
24. F  2 gS h  0.50 N.
25. F   gb  2h    5 N.
26. N   Q2 /  r 2  0.7 N m.
F   gh S  s  / S  6N
2
27.
28. (a) The paraboloid of revolution: z   2 / 2g  r 2 , where z is the height measured from the
surface of the liquid along the axis of the vessel, r is the distance from the rotation axis;
(b) p  p0  12  2 r 2 .
EXERCISE # 07 KVPY, OLYMPIADS CORNER
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B C B B
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D D C C C A D D D C
11 12 13 14 15
D D B C B
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
6 6 C A B ABD 3 3 A C
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
AB D C C A 4 D AD AB 3

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XI MODULE - IV

Modus Operandi for Practice

Step – I CatalyseR 's Practice Sheets & NCERT

Step – II CatalyseR 's Module & Exercise of Concepts of Physics

Step – III Previous Years’ JEE Subjective & Objective Questions,

This Study Package is Prepared by

 CONCEPTS IN BRIEF (GRAVITATION) 01 – 09

WEIGHTAGE OF ‘GRAVITATION’ IN JEE (MAIN & ADVANCED) in Last Three Years

JEE (MAIN) Formely known as AIEEE

Newton's Law of gravitation in vector form :

Some Important Points:

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

4. RELATION BETWEEN GRAVITATIONAL FIELD AND POTENTIAL

5. GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL & FIELD FOR DIFFERENT OBJECTS

OBJECT FIGURE GRAVITATION FIELD & POTENTIAL

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

(A) POINT P INSIDE THE SHELL.

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

(A) POINT P INSIDE THE SHELL.

(A) Point outside the shell

(B) Point inside the Shell

6. GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Gravitational Self energy of a Uniform Sphere (star)

8. ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY:

The gravitational field intensity on the surface of earth is therefore numerically

9. VARIATION OF ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

(b) Effect of depth

(c) Effect of the shape of Earth

(d) Effect of rotation of the Earth

Feff  mg  m2Re cos2  geff  g  2Re cos2 

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

10. ESCAPE SPEED

11. MOTION OF SATELLITES SPEED (OR ORBITAL SPEED)

Satellite speed (or Orbital speed)

Time period of Satellite

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

(a) Orbits and Speed of artificial satellites around the earth:

Bound and Unbound Trajectories

(ve = escape velocity) (v0 = orbital velocity)

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

12. KEPLER’S LAWS

BINARY STAR SYSTEM

SOME IMPORTANT POINTS :

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

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Sol. We consider the shaded elemental ring of mass,

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

3GMsin  (1  cos  )d

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Sol. The gravitational potential energy of a body of mass m on earth's surface is

 20  (6.7  10 11nt  m2 / kg2 )  (6  10 24 kg)  4

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Putting the given values :

For T = 24 hours, we have

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

which is the same as the ratio of their angular momenta.