CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 3
2. TYPE OF SHIPS AS PER COLREGs ..................................................................................................... 4
3. UNDERWAY OR NOT UNDERWAY ................................................................................................... 5
4. TYPES OF LIGHTS ............................................................................................................................. 6
5. RANGES OF LIGHTS ......................................................................................................................... 9
6. POSITIONING OF LIGHTS ................................................................................................................. 9
7. SHAPES .......................................................................................................................................... 13
8. LIGHTS & SHAPES EXHIBITED BY VESSEL AT ANCHOR ................................................................. 13
9. LIGHTS & SHAPES OF VESSEL ARGROUND ................................................................................... 15
10. POWER-DRIVEN VESSEL ............................................................................................................ 15
11. AIRCUSHION VESSEL ................................................................................................................. 17
12. WIG CRAFT ................................................................................................................................ 18
13. CBD ............................................................................................................................................ 19
14. TUG & TOW ............................................................................................................................... 20
15. SAILING VESSEL ......................................................................................................................... 23
16. TRAWLER ................................................................................................................................... 25
17. FISHING VESSEL OTHER THAN TRAWLER .................................................................................. 26
18. NUC ........................................................................................................................................... 27
19. RAM........................................................................................................................................... 28
20. TOW & RAM .............................................................................................................................. 29
21. DREDGER ................................................................................................................................... 30
22. MINE CLEARANCE ..................................................................................................................... 31
23. DIVING VESSEL .......................................................................................................................... 32
24. PILOT VESSEL ............................................................................................................................. 32
25. TABLE OF SUMMARY................................................................................................................. 33
26. SUMMARY OF SHAPES EXHIBITED BY VARIOUS VESSELS ......................................................... 34
27. EXERCISE ................................................................................................................................... 35

2
 1. INTRODUCTION

Modern day navigation is facilitated by sophisticated equipment, typically integrated into an

electronic navigation system. This makes navigation comparatively an easy task as required
information is just fingertips away. The information about the position, heading, detection,
even identification and tracking of the target is instant and readily available. In spite of such
aids , collisions do happen and present severe consequences. The risk of collision can not be
ignored.
Similar to traffic rules on land, there are rules at sea to avoid collisions between vessels and
other floating objects, in fact, these collision avoidance rules are also known as rules of the
roads (ROR). When two moving vessels make an impact on each other, generally it is termed
as collision whereas an impact between a vessel and a fixed object like a buoy is termed as
allision, particularly in the US. Nevertheless, collision avoidance rules cover all such impact
situations in a broad sense. These rules have been developed over the period of many years
as the shipping evolved mainly from sailing days to giant ships propelled by machinery.
Collision avoidance rules provide a system of safe navigation only when understood correctly
and followed properly. Just to say that I know the rules is not enough. To make the system
effective, compliance with the rules is also essential along with the understanding.
The ability to understand where vessels are too close, developing close quarter situations
which may turn into the risk of collision depends upon the knowledge and experience officer
of the watch (OOW), who is in charge of navigation and represents master of the ship during
his/her watch period. The knowledge tells whether rules have been applied correctly or not
and helps to deal with the situation.
The experience of OOW must tell when a dangerous situation is developing. Lack of
experience will add to risk exposure. Obtaining a certificate of competency (COC) may provide
basic knowledge of collision avoidance rules. However, the need of the hour is to know how
to apply the rules when keeping watches at sea.
In order to appy the rules correctly, one has to identify the target and decide which vessel is
give way vessel and which vessel is stand on vessel. The give way vessel is supposed to take
action where as stand on vessel is required to maintain course and speed. However, the
responsiblitites between vessels depens upon several factors such as condition of visiblity,
type of vessels involved and other prevailing circumstances and conditions.
This work book is designed to cater the need of positive identification of vessels, which are
mainly stated in PART C of COLREGs i.e. Lights and Shapes ( Rule 20-31). In addition , there
are some annexes as well, particularly Annex I & II which need to studied to understand the
positioning of lights and shapes , and also some aditional signals by fishing vessels.
For each type of vessel, the text of COLREGs is accompanied by short memeory aid and
sketches to reniforce understanding. The text of COLREGs is given in italics for ease of
recognition.

3
 2. TYPE OF SHIPS AS PER COLREGs

Rule 3, General Definitions in Part A of COLREGS defines the type of vessels. Here it needs to be
emphasized, that type of vessel is mainly dependant upon the nature of task performed by the vessel
rather than the construction of vessel, which plays lesser role. For example, if a fishing vessel is not
engaged in fishing anymore and using engine while being underway, she is expected to exhibit the
lights of a powered-driven vessel.

Rule 3 (a) defines vessel as follows:

The word vessel includes every description of water craft, including non-displacement craft,
WIG Craft and seaplanes, used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on
water.
As per COLREGs, following is the list of vessels for which lights and shapes are discussed.
i. Power-driven vessel. Any vessel propelled by machinery is called Power-driven vessel
ii. Air-cushion vessel. This is a vessel which moves at a very fast speed at the water surface due
to air -cushioning which is achieved with the help of blowers. An air-cushion vessel in
operational mode is the one having non-displacement mode .
iii. Wing in Ground (WIG ) craft. This an aircraft which flies in close proximity to the water surface.
iv. Power-driven vessel engaged in towing
v. Vessel or object being towed
vi. Sailing vessel. It is defined as any vessel under sail provided that propelling machinery, if fitted,
is not being used.
vii. Fishing vessel. They are defined as any vessel fishing with nets, lines, trawls or other fishing
apparatus which restrict manoeuvrability, but does not include a vessel fishing with trolling
lines or other fishing apparatus which do not restrict manoeuvrability. For sake of simplicity
and differentiation , COLREG further categorises as
a) Trawler
b) Fishing vessel other than trawler
viii. Vessel not under command
The term vessel not under command means a vessel which through some exceptional
circumstance is unable to manoeuvre as required by these Rules and is therefore
unable to keep out of the way of another vessel.
It is quite important to note the term e ceptional circumstances which ma include
the following
a) Rudder Broken/Missing
b) Propeller Broken/ Missing
c) Main Engine Broken
d) Steering failure
e) Vessel dragging anchor
f) Sailing vessel becalmed
g) Exceptionally bad weather
ix. Vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre
The term vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre means a vessel which from the
nature of her work is restricted in her ability to manoeuvre as required by these Rules

4
 and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel The term vessels
restricted in their ability to manoeuvre shall include but not be limited to:
(i) a vessel engaged in laying, servicing or picking up a navigation mark, submarine
cable or pipeline;
(ii) a vessel engaged in dredging, surveying or underwater operations;
(iii) a vessel engaged in replenishment or transferring persons, provisions or cargo
while underway;
(iv) a vessel engaged in the launching or recovery of aircraft;
(v) a vessel engaged in mine clearance operations;
(vi) a vessel engaged in a towing operation such as severely restricts the towing vessel
and her tow in their ability to deviate from their course.
Thus a RAM is the vessel which because of nature of her work is restricted in her ability to
manoeuvred as required by these rules. The definition lists the number of activities which
make a vessel RAM. It should also be noted that vessel types are not named. However, as per
the lights and shapes stated in COLREGs, RAM vessels are classified as follows:
a) RAM other than Mine Clearance
b) Vessel engaged in Dredging or Underwater Operation
c) Vessel engaged in diving
d) Vessel engaged in towing and RAM
x. Vessel engaged in Mine Clearance. Other vessels are required to pass with a minimum
distance of 1000 m
xi. Vessel constrained by her draught (CBD)
The term vessel constrained by her draught means a power-driven vessel which,
because of her draught in relation to the available depth and width of navigable water,
is severely restricted in her ability to deviate from the course she is following.
It should also be noted that it is not only the depth but width of navigable water too,
which is the controlling factor to define a CBD.

xii. Vessel engaged on pilotage duty

xiii. Vessel at anchor
xiv. Vessel aground

3. UNDERWAY OR NOT UNDERWAY

According to Rule 3 (i) , word underway means that a vessel is not at anchor, or made fast to shore
or aground.

It simply means that if a vessel is at anchor, made fast ashore or aground, it is not underway. Except
these cases , a vessel which is floating freely , without any attachment to seabed or ground is termed
as underway. A vessel underway can be

i) stopped or drifting (while floating freely)

ii) making way through water

COLREGs clearly describes either a vessel underway or making way. Thus if a vessel is underway it
means that either the vessel is making way or stopped. However, if the vessel is making way , there

5
is no confusion that this vessel is under motion. We can say that making way is the special case of
underway. However, COLREGs use both the terms to clearly state the condition of vessel.

Broadly, the lights and shapes are categorised as per the state of motion. While describing the lights
and shapes, the vessels are stated as follows:

1. At Anchor
2. Aground
3. Underway
4. Making way

4. TYPES OF LIGHTS

R a Masthead light means a white light

placed over the fore and aft centreline of the
vessel showing an unbroken light over an
arc of the horizon of 225 degrees and so
fixed as to show the light from right ahead
to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on either
side of the vessel.

Thus Characteristics of a Masthead light

can be summarised as follows

6
 Shows 22.50
abaft the White
beam on unbroken light
either side

Showing an Placed on fore

arc of horizon and aft
of 2250 centreline

R b Sidelights means a green light on the starboard side and a red light on the port side each
showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 112.5 degrees and so fixed as to show the light
from the right ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on its respective side. In a vessel of less than 20
metres in length the sidelights may be combined in one lantern carried on the fore and aft centreline
of the vessel.

Shows 22.50 abaft Green (Stbd) & Red

the beam on its (port) unbroken
respective side light

For vessel less than

Showing an arc of 20 m, combined
horizon of 112.50 lantern placed on
centreline

7
R c Sternlight means a white light placed as nearly as practicable at the stern showing an unbroken
light over an arc of the horizon of 135 degrees and so fixed as to show the light 67.5 degrees from right
aft on each side of the vessel.

R d Towing light means a yellow light having the same characteristics as the sternlight defined
in paragraph (c) of this rule.

R e All-round light means a light showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of
degrees.

R f Flashing light means a light flashing at regular intervals at a frequency of 120 flashes or more
per minute.

8
 5. RANGES OF LIGHTS

Rule 22 defines the visibility of lights and ranges as per the following table:

The lights prescribed in these Rules shall have an intensity as specified in section 8 of annex I to these
Regulations so as to be visible at the following minimum ranges:

6. POSITIONING OF LIGHTS
Annex I of COLREGs provides about positioning and technical details of lights and shapes.

The vertical positioning and spacing of lights are described b using a term height above the hull
It simply means that height is taken from upper-most continuous deck. The height above the hull is
measured from the position vertically below the location of light.

For a Power-driven vessel 20 m or more in length, forward mast head light shall be placed at a height
of not less than 6 m and if breadth of the vessel exceeds 6 m, then at a height not less than breadth
but should not be greater than 12 m. Thus if a power- driven vessel 20 m or more in length is having
breadth 15 m, the maximum height above the hull of forward masthead light will 12 m.

If two masthead lights are carried, the after-masthead light shall be at least 4.5 m vertically higher
than the forward one.

9
The vertical separation of masthead lights of power-driven vessels shall be such that in normal
conditions of trim, the after-masthead light shall be seen over and separate from the forward light at
a distance of 1000 m from the stem at sea level. It should also be noted that if the horizontal
distance is more than 1000m, both the lights may appear in the same line of sight. Hence a minimum
distance of 1000 m is specified.

Annex I also describe the location of lights of a power-driven vessel of 12 m but less than 20 m in
length. In such case, the height is taken above the gunwale and it should be not less than 2.5 m

For a power-driven vessel of less than 12m, masthead light or all-round light is carried at least 1m
higher than sidelights.

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In case of vessel engaged in towing, two or three masthead lights are carried. If they are carried at
after mast, the lowest after mast head light shall be located at least 4.5 m higher than the forward
masthead light.

The sidelights of a power-driven vessel are placed at a height above the hull not greater than three -
quarter of the forward masthead light. The side lights shall not be so low as to interfered with the
deck lights.

The sidelights in a combined lantern of a power-driven vessel less than20 m in length are placed
not less than 1 m below the masthead light

The masthead light or lights are placed so as to be above and clear of all other lights and
obstructions. However, when it is impracticable to carry all round lights below the mast-head lights,
they may be carried above the after-masthead light or lights or vertically between forward and after
masthead lights.

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12
 7. SHAPES

Annex I contain positioning and technical details of lights and shapes. Part 6 contains relevant
information about the shapes as follows:

i) The colour of shape is black.

ii) The diameter should be not less than 0.6 m
iii) The height of a cone should be not less than
0.6 m
iv) The height of a cylinder should be twice of its
diameter
v) The diamond shall consist of two cones having
same base
vi) The vertical distance between shapes shall be
at least 1.5 m
vii) A vessel less than 20 m, may have shapes of
lesser dimensions

It should also be noted that although basic dimensions

of the shapes remain as per COLREGs, the shapes
could be modified such as shown below:

8. LIGHTS & SHAPES EXHIBITED BY VESSEL AT ANCHOR

According to rule 30 (a), a vessel at anchor shall exhibit where it best can be seen:

(i) in the fore part, an all-round white light or one ball; and
(ii) at or near the stern and at a lower level than the light prescribed in subparagraph (i), an
all-round white light.

In addition rule 30(b) describes the limitations as follows:

13
(b) A vessel of less than 50 meters in length may exhibit an all-round white light where it can best be
seen instead of the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule

It should also be noted about the illumination of deck light for a vessel of 100 meters or more. This is
described in Rule 30 (c)

(c) A vessel at anchor may, and a vessel of 100 meters or more in length shall, also use the available
working or equivalent lights to illuminate her decks

14
 9. LIGHTS & SHAPES OF VESSEL ARGROUND

Rule 30 (d) describes the

lights exhibited by vessel
aground as follow 30(d) A
vessel aground shall
exhibit the lights
prescribed in paragraph
(a) or (b) of this Rule and in
addition, where they can
best be seen: (i) two all-
round red lights in a
vertical line; (ii) three balls
in a vertical line

Thus a vessel aground =

Vessel at anchor + Two
round red lights/ Three
black balls in a vertical line

10. POWER-DRIVEN VESSEL

Rule 23 (a) describes of the light exhibited by a power-driven vessel underway as follows:

23(a) A power-driven vessel underway shall exhibit:

(i) a masthead light forward;

(ii) a second masthead light abaft of and higher than the forward one; except that a vessel
of less than 50 metres in length shall not be obliged to exhibit such light but may do so;
(iii) sidelights;
(iv) a sternlight.

This can be summarised as follows:

15
It is important to note that these lights are exhibited by a power-driven vessel when underway. It
means that when a vessel is stopped or drifting, i.e. not making way through propulsion, a power-
driven vessel is going to exhibit these lights. In other words, whether making way or not making way
is not important What is important here is the term underwa which includes both the cases

The second masthead light is abaft and higher than forward one. This is optional for vessel less than
50 m in length .Thus if a power-driven vessel is showing both the masthead lights, i.e. forward and
aft, it cannot be concluded whether length is less than 50m or more than 50m. It is much prudent to
say in that case that length is probably more than 50m. Power-driven vessel of length less than 50 m
is advised to have 2nd masthead light as it will be easier for other vessel to make an assessment of her
aspect and notice the change. However, placing extra masthead light for vessel less than 50 m is not
mandatory rather advised and optional. For vessel 50 m or more in length, it is very much compulsory
to place 2nd masthead light, abaft and higher.

There is no day shape described for power driven vessel.

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 11. AIRCUSHION VESSEL

Rule 23(b) .An air-cushion vessel when operating in the non-displacement mode shall, in addition to
the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this rule, exhibit an all-round flashing yellow light.

An air-cushion vessel (ACV) is a hovercraft, capable of travelling over land, water, ice and other
surfaces . Thus it is an amphibious craft and uses blowers to produce large volume of air which
provide an air cushion and support the dynamic lift. This is
called non-displacement mode as the buoyancy forces are
supported by air-cushion.

An air cushion vessel in non-displacement mode will have

the lights of a power-driven vessel underway and an all-
round Power flashing yellow light. The purpose of all round
yellow flashing light is to warn about the presnese of hovercraft. Due to high speed, the true course
of an hovercraft may be diffrenet from her heading.

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 12. WIG CRAFT

Rule 23(c ) A WIG craft only when taking

off, landing and in flight near the surface
shall, in addition to the lights prescribed in
paragraph (a) of this Rule, exhibit a high
intensity all-round flashing red light.

A Wing-in-Ground (WIG) craft flies above

the water or other surface using ground
effect without touching the surface. WIG is
a multimodal craft. Ground effect is the
name given to the influence on the lifting
when aircraft is close to the ground. These
are designed specifically to take -off and
land on water and thus avoiding the need
for a runway.

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 13. CBD
The term CBD is described in Rule 3 (h)

The term "vessel constrained by her draft" means a power-driven vessel which because of her draft in
relation to the available depth and width of navigable water is severely restricted in her ability to
deviate from the course she is following.

The lights and shapes exhibited by a CBD are described in Rule 28.

A vessel constrained by her draught may, in addition to the lights prescribed for power-driven vessels
in Rule 23, exhibit where they can best be seen three all-round red lights in a vertical line, or a
cylinder.

It should also be noted that additional signal of a CBD is optional , not mandatory as the word used is
ma e hibit

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 14. TUG & TOW
Rule 24, Towing and Pushing describes the lights of a towing vessel as well as the vessel or object
being towed.

VESSEL ENGAGED IN TOWING ( TUG ) RULE 24 (a) & R24 (d)

Rule24(a). A power-driven vessel when towing shall exhibit:

(i). instead of the light prescribed in Rule 23(a)(i) or (a)

(ii), two masthead lights in a vertical line. When the length of the tow, measuring from the stern of
the towing vessel to the after end of the tow exceeds 200 metres, three such lights in a vertical line;

(ii). sidelights;

(iii). a sternlight;

(iv). a towing light in a vertical line above the sternlight;

(v). when the length of the tow exceeds 200 metres, a diamond shape where it can best be seen.

Rule24 (d) A power-driven vessel to which paragraph (a) or (c) of this rule applies shall also comply
with Rule 23(a)(ii).

The purpose of yellow towing light is to warn the vessels approaching the tug from astern. Otherwise,
if the approaching vessel sees only stern light , she may assume some other vessel ahead.

VESSEL OR OBJECT BEING TOWED

Rule24(e). A vessel or object being towed, other than those mentioned in paragraph (g) of this Rule,
shall exhibit:

20
(i). sidelights;

(ii). a sternlight;

(iii). when the length of the tow exceeds 200 metres, a diamond shape where it can best be seen.

A vessel or object being towed except an inconspicuous, partly submerged vessel or object being
towed shall exhibit side lights and sternlight. It should be noted that there is no masthead light of
vessel being towed.

If the length of tow exceeds 200 m, both tug and tow will exhibit a black diamond .

INCONSPICUOUS, PARTLY SUBMERGED VESSEL OR OBJECT BEING TOWED

Inconspicuous means that the object or vessel is not clearly visible or seen.

Rule24(g). An inconspicuous, partly submerged vessel or object, or combination of such vessels or

objects being towed, shall exhibit

(i). if it is less than 25 metres in breadth, one all-round white light at or near the forward end and one
at or near the after end except that dracones need not exhibit a light at or near the forward end;

(ii). if it is 25 metres or more in breadth, two additional all-round white lights at or near the extremities
of its breadth;

(iii). if it exceeds 100 metres in length, additional all-round white lights between the lights prescribed
in subparagraphs (i) and (ii) so that the distance between the lights shall not exceed 100 metres;

(iv). a diamond shape at or near the aftermost extremity of the last vessel or object being towed and
if the length of the tow exceeds 200 metres an additional diamond shape where it can best be seen
and located as far forward as is practicable.

21
DRACONE

This is usually a large flexible water

tight tube designed to carry liquid
cargo in bulk and mostly towed while
partl submerged The word dracone
is taken from Greek which means a
monster serpent.

Rule 24( g) states that dracones do

not need to exhibit a light at or near
the forward end. Thus they are
required to exhibit the all-round white
light at the after end.

POWER-DRIVEN VESSEL WHEN PUSHING AHEAD OR TOWING ALOSNG SIDE

Power driven vessel when pushing

ahead or towing alongside will
exhibit two masthead lights in a
vertical line and sidelights and
sternlight. It should also be noted
that there is no towing light and if
the length of vessel is 50 m or more,
a 2nd mast head light abaft and
higher than forward masthead light
shall be exhibited, Rule 24 (d) is
applicable. The lights exhibited when
pushing or towing along side are
given in Rule24(c) which is stated as
follows

Rule24(c). A power-driven vessel

when pushing ahead or towing alongside, except in the case of a composite unit, shall exhibit:

22
(i). instead of the light prescribed in Rule 23(a)(i) or (a)(ii), two masthead lights in a vertical line;

(ii). sidelights;

(iii). a sternlight.

Rule24(d). A power-driven vessel to which paragraph (a) or (c) of this Rule applies shall also comply
with Rule 23(a)(ii).

TOWING IN A GROUP

If several vessels or barges are tied together and towed in group as single unit, they are considered to
be a single vessel being towed. Rule 24 (f) is applicable for vessel towed alongside or pushed in a
group.

Rule 24(f). Provided that any number of vessels being towed alongside or pushed in a group shall be
lighted as one vessel,

(i). a vessel being pushed ahead, not being part of a composite unit, shall exhibit at the forward end,
sidelights;

(ii). a vessel being towed alongside shall exhibit a sternlight and at the forward end, sidelights.

RIGIDLY CONNCETED COMPOSITE UNIT WHEN PUSHING & BEING PUSHED

Rule 24(b) is applicable in case of rigidly connected composite unit . Pushing vessel and a vessel being
pushed are considered to be a single power-driven vessel and lights are exhibited accordingly.

Rule 24 (b). When a pushing vessel and a vessel being pushed ahead are rigidly connected in a
composite unit they shall be regarded as a power-driven vessel and exhibit the lights prescribed in Rule
23.

15. SAILING VESSEL

25(a) A sailing vessel underway shall

exhibit: (i) sidelights; (ii) a sternlight.

25 (b) In a sailing vessel of less than 20

metres in length the lights prescribed in
paragraph (a) of this rule may be
combined in one lantern carried at or
near the top of the mast where it can best
be seen.

25(c) A sailing vessel underway may, in

addition to the lights prescribed in
paragraph (a) of this rule, exhibit at or
near the top of the mast, where they

23
can best be seen, two all-round lights in a vertical line,
the upper being red and the lower green, but these
lights shall not be exhibited in conjunction with the
combined lantern permitted by paragraph (b) of this
rule.

There is no mention of masthead lights indicating

length less than or more than 50 meters. The two all-
round lights i.e. upper being red and lower being green
are optional. When these lights are exhibited, there is
no need to have combine lantern of side lights and
stern light which may be used for sailing vessel less
than 20 m in length.

SMALL SAILING VESSEL OR VESSEL UNDER OARS

Rule 25 (d) describes the lights to be exhibited by small

sailing vessel less than 7 m in length or a vessel under
oars. If it is not practicable to exhibit usual lights of a
sailing vessel, they are required to have ready an electric
torch or lighted lantern or a white light. Thus this rule is
applicable to sailboats as wells as rowboats. The exact
text of the rule is given as follows:

Rule 25 (d)

(i). A sailing vessel of less than 7 metres in length shall, if

practicable, exhibit the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) or (b) of this Rule, but if she does not, she
shall have ready at hand an electric torch or lighted lantern showing a white light which shall be
exhibited in sufficient time to prevent collision.

(ii). A vessel under oars may exhibit the lights prescribed in this Rule for sailing vessels, but if she does
not, she shall have ready at hand an electric torch or
lighted lantern showing a white light which shall be
exhibited in sufficient time to prevent collision.

SAILING VESSEL WHEN ALSO BEING PROPELLED BY

MACHINERY

A conical shape pointing downwards is displayed by

sailing vessel propelled by both sail and machinery
.

Rule 25(e). A vessel proceeding under sail when also

being propelled by machinery shall exhibit forward
where it can best be seen a conical shape, apex
downwards.

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 16. TRAWLER

A vessel is considered to be engaged in fishing

when fishing apparatus restricts the
manoeuvrability of the vessel. COLREGs clearly
categorise the lights exhibited by vessel engaged
in trawling and vessel engaged in fishing other
than trawling. Rule 26 is the first rule to mention
making way through water. A vessel engaged in
trawling or trawler at anchor or not making way
will exhibit the light and shapes prescribed in this
rule.

It should also be noted that if a trawler is probably

50 m or more, it will exhibit a masthead light,
abaft and higher than green light.

26(a) A vessel engaged in fishing, whether underway or at anchor, shall exhibit only the lights and
shapes prescribed in this rule.

26(b) A vessel when engaged in trawling, by

which is meant the dragging through the
water of a dredge net or other apparatus used
as a fishing appliance, shall exhibit:

i)two all-round lights in a vertical line, the

upper being green and the lower white, or a
shape consisting of two cones with their
apexes together in a vertical line one above
the other;

(ii) a masthead light abaft of and higher than

the all-round green light; a vessel of less than
50 metres in length shall not be obliged to
exhibit such a light but may do so;

(iii ) when making way through the water, in

addition to the lights prescribed in this
paragraph, sidelights and a stern light.

Annex II outlines additional lights for fishing vessel in close proximity to each other. The demersal
trawls are related to bottom trawling which usually use a cone like net with a closed end that holds
the catch. A pelagic gear is the one which is used to catch fish near the surface of ocean.

Part 2 of Annex II provides the signals for trawlers as follows:

25
2(a). Vessels of 20 metres or more in length when engaged in trawling, whether using demersal or
pelagic gear, shall exhibit:

(i). when shooting their

nets: . two white lights in a
vertical line;

(ii). when hauling their

nets: . one white light over
one red light in a vertical
line;

(iii). when the net has come

fast upon an obstruction: .
two red lights in a vertical
line.

2(b). Each vessel of 20 metres or

more in length engaged in pair
trawling shall exhibit:

(i). by night, a searchlight directed

forward and in the direction of the
other vessel of the pair;

(ii). when shooting or hauling their

nets or when the nets have come
fast upon an obstruction, the lights
prescribed in 2 (a) above.

2(c). A vessel of less than 20 metres in length engaged in trawling, whether using demersal or pelagic
gear or engaged in pair trawling, may exhibit the lights prescribed in paragraphs (a) or (b) of this
section, as appropriate.

17. FISHING VESSEL OTHER THAN TRAWLER

R26(c) A vessel engaged in fishing, other than trawling, shall exhibit:

(i) two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being red and the lower white, or a shape
consisting of two cones with apexes together in a vertical line one above the other;
(ii) when there is outlying gear extending more than 150 metres horizontally from the vessel, an
all-round white light or a cone apex upwards in the direction of the gear;

26
(iii) when making way
through the water, in
addition to the lights
prescribed in this
paragraph, sidelights
and a sternlight.

R26(d) The additional signals

described in Annex II to these
regulations apply to a vessel
engaged in fishing in close
proximity to other vessels
engaged in fishing.

SIGNAL FOR PURSEINERS

Part 3 of Annex II describes the signals for purse seiners. This is a method of fishing that employs the
fishing net which hangs vertically in the water with its bottom held by the weights. Use of purse seines
is regulated by many countries as it may have some impact on fish catch involving by catch of non-
target species.

Annex II, 3: Vessels engaged in fishing with purse seine gear may exhibit two yellow lights in a vertical
line. These lights shall flash alternately every second and with equal light and occultation duration.
These lights may be exhibited only when the vessel is hampered by its fishing gear

18. NUC

27(a). A vessel not under command shall exhibit:

(i). two all-round red lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen;

(ii). two balls or similar shapes in a vertical line where they can best be seen;

(iii). when making way through the water, in addition to the lights prescribed in this paragraph,
sidelights and a sternlight.

It should also be noted that there is no masthead light stated for NUC. Thus an NUC is a PD minus
masthead lights plus two red lights in a vertical line or black balls.

27
NUC , not making way through the water

19. RAM
27(b). A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre, except a vessel engaged in mine clearance
operations, shall exhibit:

(i). three all-round lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest and lowest of these
lights shall be red and the middle light shall be white;

(ii). three shapes in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest and lowest of these shapes
shall be balls and the middle one a diamond;

(iii). when making way through the water, a masthead light or lights, sidelights and a sternlight, in
addition to the lights prescribed in sub-paragraph (i);

(iv). when at anchor, in addition to the lights or shapes prescribed in sub-paragraphs (i) and (ii), the
light, lights or shape prescribed in Rule 30.

28
 20. TOW & RAM
27 c()A power-driven vessel engaged in a towing operation such as severely restricts the towing vessel
and her tow their ability to deviate from their course shall, in addition to the lights or shapes prescribed
in Rule 24(a), exhibit the lights or shapes prescribed in subparagraphs (b)(i) and (ii) of this Rule.

29
 21. DREDGER
A dredger is fitted with dredging device to excavate
material from seabed. It will have obstruction on
one side and the other side will be safe to pass.

27(d). A vessel engaged in dredging or underwater

operations, when restricted in her ability to
manoeuvre, shall exhibit the lights and shapes
prescribed in subparagraphs (b)(i), (ii) and (iii) of this
Rule and shall in addition, when an obstruction
exists, exhibit:

(i). two all-round red lights or two balls in a vertical

line to indicate the side on which the obstruction exists;

(ii). two all-round green lights or two diamonds in a

vertical line to indicate the side on which another
vessel may pass;

(iii). when at anchor, the lights or shapes prescribed

in this paragraph instead of the lights or shape
prescribed in Rule 30.

30
A vessel engaged in dredging or underwater operations will exhibit RAM lights plus lights to indicate
obstruction and safe side to pass.

22. MINE CLEARANCE

Rule 27(f). A vessel engaged in mine clearance
operations shall in addition to the lights
prescribed for a power-driven vessel in Rule 23
or to the lights or shape prescribed for a vessel
at anchor in Rule 30 as appropriate, exhibit
three all-round green lights or three balls. One
of these lights or shapes shall be exhibited near
the foremast head and one at each end of the
fore yard. These lights or shapes indicate that
it is dangerous for another vessel to approach
within 1000 metres of the mine clearance
vessel.

31
 23. DIVING VESSEL
R27(e). Whenever the size of a vessel engaged in diving operations makes it impracticable to exhibit
all lights and shapes prescribed in paragraph (d) of this Rule, the following shall be exhibited: (i).
three all-round lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest and lowest of these
lights shall be red and the middle light shall be white; (ii). a rigid replica of the International Code
flag A not less than metre in height Measures shall be taken to ensure its all-round visibility.

24. PILOT VESSEL

(a). A vessel engaged on pilotage duty shall exhibit: (i). at or near the masthead, two all-round lights
in a vertical line, the upper being white and the lower red; (ii). when underway, in addition, sidelights
and a sternlight; (iii). when at anchor, in addition to the lights prescribed in subparagraph (i), the light,
lights or shape prescribed in Rule 30 for vessels at anchor. (b). A pilot vessel when not engaged on
pilotage duty shall exhibit the lights or shapes prescribed for a similar vessel of her length

Memory Aid : White over Red/ Pilot Ahead

Pilot vessel underway = White over red +

Sidelights + Sternlight

Pilot vessel at anchor = White over red +

Anchor lights

32
 25. TABLE OF SUMMARY

Vessel Underway Making way At anchor

Power- Driven (PD), Masthead light(s)+ Masthead light(s)+ For L>100m, all round
probably 50 m or Sidelights + Sternlight Sidelights + Sternlight white lights forward
more and aft plus deck
working light
Air cushion vessel, All round yellow All round yellow Anchor light(s)
non-displacement flashing light + PD flashing light + PD
mode
Sailing vessel Red- Green ( Red- Green ( Anchor light(s)
optional)+ Sidelights optional)+ Sidelights
+Sternlight +Sternlight
CBD Red-red-red (optional) Red-red-red (optional) Anchor light(s)
+ PD + PD
Trawler Green over white, if Underway + Sidelights Underway lights. No
L>50 m, mast head + Sternlight anchor lights
light
Fishing vessel other Red over white. If gear Underway + Sidelights Underway lights. No
than trawler >150 m, white light + Sternlight anchor lights
NUC Red over red Underway + Sidelights Anchor lights of a PD
+ Sternlight
RAM Red-white-red Underway +masthead Underway + Anchor
lights(s) + Sidelights + lights of PD
Sternlight
DERDGER/UWO Red-white-red, red- Underway + masthead Underway. No Anchor
red (obstruction), light(s) + sidelights+ light
green -green (safe) stern light
PILOT VESSEL White over red+ White over red+ Underway + Anchor
Sidelight(s) + Stern Sidelight(s) + Stern lights
light light
MINE CLEARANCE PD + green (fore PD + green (fore Underway + Anchor
mast)+ green (fore mast)+ green (fore light(s)
yard) + green yard) + green
(foreyard) (foreyard)

33
 26. SUMMARY OF SHAPES EXHIBITED BY VARIOUS VESSELS

TYPE OF VESSEL DAY SHAPE

Power-driven vessel , underway No day shape
Power-driven vessel when towing, underway length of Black Dimond
tow>200m
Inconspicuous, partly submerged vessel or object towed, Two Black Dimond forward and aft
length of tow>200m
Inconspicuous, partly submerged vessel or object towed, Black Dimond ( Forward)
length of tow>200m
Sailing vessel underway, also propelled by machinery Cone with apex downward (Forward)
Fishing vessel, outlying gear less than 150 m Two cones with apex together
Fishing vessel, outlying gear more than 150 m Two cones with apex together + One
cone apex upward in the direction of
gear
NUC underway Two black balls
RAM, except mine clearance, underway Ball- Dimond-Ball
RAM, except mine clearance, at anchor Ball- Dimond-Ball + Anchor ball (
Forward)
Dredger, RAM, underway or at anchor Ball- Dimond-Ball, Two balls in
obstruction side, Two diamonds on
safe side
Mine Clearance Vessel Three black balls, one fore mast, two
on fore yard each
CBD, underway Black Cylinder
Pilot vessel, underway Flag Hotel
Vessel at anchor Black ball forward
Vessel aground Three black balls

34
 27. EXERCISE

Draw the lights exhibited by the vessels stated. Most of the vessels are shown with four views i.e. .
ahead, astern, starboard and port. You can use colour sketch or simply write W for white, R for Red
G for Green & Y for Yellow. For example, a power-driven vessel probably 50 m or more underway will
exhibit the lights as shown below:

OR

35
Power-driven vessel, length less than 50 m

AHEAD ASTERN

STARBOARD PORT

36
Power-driven vessel, probably 50m or more in length, underway

AHEAD ASTERN

STARBOARD PORT

37
Air-cushion vessel, less than 50 m in length, non-displacement mode

AHEAD ASTERN

STARBOARD PORT

38
Power-driven vessel towing , less than 50 m in length, length of tow less than 200 m, underway

AHEAD ASTERN

STARBOARD PORT

39
Power-driven vessel towing , probably 50 m or more in length, length of tow less than 200 m,
underway

AHEAD ASTERN

STARBOARD PORT

40
Power-driven vessel towing , probably 50 m or more in length, length of tow more than 200 m,
underway

AHEAD ASTERN

STARBOARD PORT

41
Power-driven vessel towing , probably 50 m or more in length, length of tow more than 200 m,
RAM, underway

AHEAD ASTERN

STARBOARD PORT

42
Power-driven vessel towing , less than 50m in length, length of tow more than 200 m, underway,
partly submerged object length less than 100 m and breadth less than 25 m. ( Show the lights of
both vessels)

STARBOARD PORT
Power-driven vessel towing , less than 50m in length, length of tow more than 200 m, underway,
partly submerged object length more than 100 m and breadth more than 25 m. ( Show the lights
of both vessels)

STARBOARD PORT

43
Power-driven vessel pushing ahead, less than 50 m in length, underway

AHEAD ASTERN

STARBOARD PORT

44
Sailing vessel, showing optional light , underway

AHEAD ASTERN

STARBOARD PORT

45
Vessel engaged in trawling, probably 50 m or more in length, making way through water

AHEAD ASTERN

STARBOARD PORT

46
Vessel engaged in trawling, probably 50 m or more in length, not making way through water

AHEAD ASTERN

STARBOARD PORT

47
Vessel engaged in trawling, less than 50 in length, not making way through water

AHEAD ASTERN

STARBOARD PORT

48
Fishing vessel other than trawler, making way through water

AHEAD ASTERN

STARBOARD PORT

49
Fishing vessel other than trawler, not making way through water

AHEAD ASTERN

STARBOARD PORT

50
Fishing vessel other than trawler, outlying gear extending more than 150 m on port side, making
way through water

AHEAD ASTERN

STARBOARD PORT

51
NUC , not making way through water

AHEAD ASTERN

STARBOARD PORT

52
NUC , making way through water

AHEAD ASTERN

STARBOARD PORT

53
RAM , probably 50m or more in length, not making way through water

AHEAD ASTERN

STARBOARD PORT

54
RAM , less than 50m in length, making way through water

AHEAD ASTERN

STARBOARD PORT

55
RAM , not making way through water

AHEAD ASTERN

STARBOARD PORT

56
Dredger , probably 50 m or more in length, RAM, making way through water, obstruction on
portside

AHEAD ASTERN

STARBOARD PORT

57
Dredger , less than 50 m in length, RAM, making way through water, obstruction on portside

AHEAD ASTERN

STARBOARD PORT

58
Dredger , RAM, not making way through water, obstruction on portside

AHEAD ASTERN

STARBOARD PORT

59
Mine-clearance vessel, probably 50 m or more in length, underway

AHEAD ASTERN

STARBOARD PORT

60
Mine-clearance vessel, less than 50 m in length, underway

AHEAD ASTERN

STARBOARD PORT

61
CBD, less than 50 m in length, underway

AHEAD ASTERN

STARBOARD PORT

62
CBD, probably more than 50 m in length, underway

AHEAD ASTERN

STARBOARD PORT

63
Pilot vessel , underway

AHEAD ASTERN

STARBOARD PORT

64
Pilot vessel less than 50 m in length, at anchor

AHEAD ASTERN

STARBOARD PORT

65
Pilot vessel probably 50 m or more in length, at anchor

AHEAD ASTERN

STARBOARD PORT

66
Vessel probably 100 m or more in length, at anchor

AHEAD ASTERN

STARBOARD PORT

67
Vessel less than 50 m in length, at anchor

AHEAD ASTERN

STARBOARD PORT

68
Vessel probably 50 m or more in length , aground

AHEAD ASTERN

STARBOARD PORT

69
Vessel less than 50 m in length , aground

AHEAD ASTERN

STARBOARD PORT

70
WIG CRAFT, when taking off, landing or inflight near the surface

AHEAD ASTERN

STARBOARD PORT

71