Module 2

Hygiene

P 41- 68
 What do you need to know
• What is the appearance of tuberculosis
• What is the appearance of AIDS
• Handling employees who are positive for AIDS
• Describe the effect of drugs
• Describe the effect of caffeine
• Describe the effect of tannin
• Describe the effect of alcohol
• Describe the effect of nicotine

P 41
 Tuberculosis in the workplace
• A chronic infectious disease which can spread in the
food service facility
• During employees induction process they should be
informed of the following:
– The cause of TB
– Difference between latent and active TB
– What are the risk factors involved
– How TB is transmitted or spread
– What are the signs and symptoms of TB
– How do you test for TB
– How can you prevent TB
– What is the treatment for TB
– How to handle workers with TB
P42
• When a person inhales the bacteria enters the lungs,
this causes a local lung infection
• The lymph nodes become involved and become
enlarged
• TB can be spread to other parts of the body
• The body's immune system can stop the infection and
prevent the bacteria from multiplying
• The body fights of the bacteria by forming scar tissue
around the TB bacteria and isolating it from the rest of
the body
• This causes the TB to become latent, a person in this
state has no symptoms and cannot transfer it to other
people
• The scar tissue and lymph nodes eventually harden and
can be spotted on x-rays as marbles
P42
• The bacteria can destroy part of the lung making it hard
to breath
• If the bacteria spreads it can damage other parts of the
body:
– Digestive tract
– Urogenital tracts
– Bones
– Joints
– Nervous system
– Lymph nodes
– Skin
• TB can be divided into two main categories:
– Latent TB infection
– Active tuberculosis
P43
• Latent TB infection
– Most people who are infected by TB do not develop active TB
– They do not have active symptoms and cannot affect other
people
– Bacteria can lie dormant for years before it becomes active
and show symptoms
– People with weak immune symptoms are more likely to show
symptoms
• People with latent TB infection:
– Have no symptoms
– Do not feel sick
– Cannot spread TB to others
– Have a positive skin test reaction
– Can develop TB disease later if no preventative therapy is
received
P43
– For latent TB drugs can be given to keep it dormant
– Isoniazid is the drug most commonly prescribed
– Can be administered daily or in twice-weekly dosages for
a 9 month period to ensure that it is destructed
– Treatment is effective but takes long and has many side
effects on the liver
– For this reason persons do not always complete the
treatment

P43
• Active tuberculosis
– Becomes active if the immune system cannot stop them
from growing
– Bacteria begin to multiply in the body and destroys
tissue
– It occurs in the lungs and creates holes or lesions
– When this happens it is known as active tuberculosis
– People who have this have a greater health risk and
much more aggressive treatments are needed

P43 - 44
• Risk factors
– Individuals who are at high risk for developing active TB
include:
• People with HIV infection
• Patients receiving certain medical treatment:
– Chemotherapy for cancer
– Anti rejection medication because of a transplant
• People who have been in close contact with someone who has
infectious TB
• People infected with TB in the last two years
• Babies and young children
• Elderly people
• People born with TB are common in:
– Africa
– Asia
– Latin America

P44
• Low income groups with poor health care access
• People who work in nursing homes and correctional facilities
• People exposed to TB because of their work
• People with other conditions that weaken the immune systems
especially:
– Cancer patients
– Kidney disease sufferers
– Persons with low body weight
– Persons who have substance abuse issues
– people who suffer from diabetes mellitus

P44
• How TB is spread
– Spread mainly through the air
– Droplets containing the bacteria are spread when people:
• Cough
• Sneeze
• Talk
• Laugh
• Spit
– People nearby inhale this bacteria and become infected
– Bacteria is airborne and can remain active for a long time
– Prolonged exposure with a person that has TB can cause infection
– People with TB are most likely to spread the bacteria to:
• People they spent time with daily
• Family members and co-workers
• Staff working with you in the food service facility
– You are unlikely to get TB from a public place
– You cannot get TB from:
– Handshakes
– Toilet seats
– Bedclothes
– Sharing clothing P44
• Symptoms
– May include the following:
• Persistent cough that lasts longer then a month
• A cough that starts dry but later develops into sputum or blood
• Chest pain
• Breathing difficulty
• Feeling weak
• Feeling tired
• Loss of weight and appetite
• Chills and fevers
• Joint pain
• Wheezing
• Rales
• Excessive sweating including night sweats
• Diarrhea
P44
• Testing
– You should get tested for TB if you:
• Have had close contact with someone that tested positive for
TB
• Work in close contact with someone with active TB
• Have HIV or another condition that puts you at high risk
• Show majority of symptoms
• Are from a country were TB is common
• Live where TB diseases are common
• A variety of tests can be done to determine if you are infected
– Test 1: Tuberculin skin test
– Test 2: Chest X-ray
– Test 3: Sputum test
P45
– Test 1: Tuberculin skin test
• A fluid called tuberculin is injected underneath the skin of the
lower arm
• You are told within 3 days if the test was positive
• A small lump at the injection site will show a positive TB test
• This does not mean you have active TB
• If recently infected the skin text might be negative
• A second skin text might be done 10 to 12 weeks after the first
skin test
• It can take several weeks after being infected for a positive skin
test result
• After your second test if the results are negative the chances
that you are infected are reduced if a positive result is received
the doctor may want to do more testing
• If you are positive close family members may have to be tested
P45
– Test 2: Chest X-ray
• Once the mycobacterium has been inhaled and your lungs
have fought off the infection your lungs may be undamaged
and your x-rays clear
• Other conditions can give similar symptoms to TB and can
result in an abnormal x-ray
– Lung cancer
• Other tests will need to be done to confirm TB

P45
– Test 3: Sputum test
• Saliva is examined under a microscope
• In can be cultured (grown in ideal conditions)
• This is done to determine if TB bacteria is present
• It can take up to 8 weeks for these results to be definite
• A sputum smear can identify positive for TB in endemic areas
• Any person who has a positive sputum test should start on TB
medication

P46
• Prevention
– Tb is a highly preventable disease the main factors
preventing TB:
• Avoiding contact with people that have TB
• Maintaining healthy living standards
• Preventing latent TB infections from becoming active disease
– Also:
• Keep you immune system healthy
• Regular testing if you are working in a high risk TB area
• If you have latent TB consider taking preventative therapy
• Finish entire courses of medication if it is given to you not
doing so can make you resistant to TB medication
• The TB vaccine BCG are often given to babies where TB is
common
• Hospitalization may be needed until infections period is over
• Coughing into a tissue will help limit the spread of TB droplets
P46
– If you are infectious while at home, protect yourself and
others at home as follows:
• Wash hands after:
– Sneezing
– Coughing
– When holding your hands near your mouth or nose
• Cover your mouth With a tissue when you:
– Cough
– Sneeze
– Laugh
• Discard used tissues
• Avoid close contact with others
• Sleep in a room away from other family members
• Ventilate your room regularly
• TB spreads rapidly in small closed spaces
P46
• Treatment
– Medicine for preventative therapy
• PT also known as preventative therapy is taken for people of high risk of
infection taking anti-TB drugs to prevent the active disease from
progressing
• If you are infected the medicine can be taken to avoid developing active TB
• PT is given to people even if they have a negative skin test
– Medicine for active TB disease
• People who have active TB are treated with several different types of drugs
• It is effective in killing the bacteria and prevents you from becoming
immune to Tb drugs
• Daily oral dosages are used for six to nine months
• Most commonly used drugs are:
– Isoniazid (INH)
– Rifampin (RIF)
– Pyrazinamide (PZN)
– Ethambutol (EMB)
– Streptomycin (STR)
• Taking the medicine stope the TB from spreading within a few weeks
• Most TB patients live at home and can continue normal activities Daily oral
dosages are used for six to nine months
• Stay home from work , doctors will tell you when you can go back to work
P47
• How is active TB treated
– active TB of the lungs and airways are considered
contagious and should be immediately treated with
antibiotics
– Several drugs are taken to treat TB
– After two to four weeks of treatment with drugs people
are no longer contagious and cant transmit the disease
to others
– People with active TB should not go to work and seek
treatment immediately

P47
• Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB)
– Bacteria becomes resistant to the drug isoniazid and
rifampin
– Patients will start feeling better after a few weeks
– Medications should be taken as indicated even if there
are no symptoms
– If course of medication is not completed bacteria can
regrow and patient can become immune to drugs
– Not completing treatment means bacteria in the lungs
become resistant to treatment
– New drugs will need to be prescribed that take longer to
work

P47
• TB transmission in the food industry
• TB not transmitted through food therefore transmission
in the food industry or restaurant is no different
• The health department needs to be informed as it can
be transmitted through air
– What employers should do with an active case of TB
• Active cases must be declared to the health care department
immediately
• Case management will be assigned to determine if other people can
be infected
• You need to determine your laws and regulations for your local
municipality
– When employees with active TB return to work
• If people no longer have active TB they are fit for work
• After two to four weeks TB patients are no longer infectious and
going through drug therapy
• A medical clearance certificate is needed from a health care
professional
• Ongoing treatment of TTB needs to be continued
P48
– Should employees be notified if co worker has latent TB
• No
• People infected with latent TB are not a risk to others
• Medical records are different then personnel records and are
confidential
• Supervisors and managers may be made aware
– Should employees be notified if co worker has active TB
• For legal and practical purposes medical records should be
kept confidential
• Once an active TB status has been received the local health
department should be notified
• The health department is responsible to investigate and notify
other employees if needed
• Training in TB infection should be done by medical and public
health officers
• Confidentiality and the identity of the person with active TB
should be protected
P48
– Guidelines for TB and HIV in the general workplace
• General workplace environments pose low risk for TB transmission
and virtually no risk for HIV
• Measures can be taken to keep TB viruses low risk in work areas:
– Highest level of management and union leadership should support
educational programs about TB and HIV
– Workplace policy should encourage employees to seek medical treatment
when they are ill and get advice should they have questions concerning
their health
• No special workplace action is need to people with latent TB viruses
• Employees with active TB or HIV are protected and may not be
discriminated against
• People with latent TB must also be protected
• It is not illegal for employers to remove employees from the
workplace if they are infected
• Activity 1
• Activity 2
P48
• HIV/AIDS in the workplace
– Acquired immune deficiency syndrome is a disease of the human
immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus
– AIDS infects a persons immune system which weakens the body's
natural ability to fight disease and damages it over time
– If a person is infected with HIV the person becomes HIV positive
– White blood cells are killed which then leave the body unable to
fight certain infections and cancers
– The person is the diagnosed as having AIDS
– HIV infected persons may not show signs of the disease for many
years and need to continue to be productive in the workplace
• Spread or transmission of HIV/AIDS
– In order for HIV to be transmitted the following needs to be
present
• HIV must be present in one person to be able to affect another
• HIV needs to enter through the blood stream

P49
• HIV/AIDS is mainly spread in the following ways:
– Sexual transmission, most common way for the virus to be
transmitted
– Transmission through blood, sharing needles infected with
HIV
– Transmission through pregnancy, prenatal and post natal
• Prior to childbirth (prenatal) transmission
• During childbirth
• After child birth via breast milk
– You cannot get HIV from:
• Hugging shaking holding hands
• Eating of dishes in public places
• Using the same toilet as someone with HIV
• Getting bites from mosquitos
• Breathing air after someone with HIV coughs or sneezes in the air
• Living and working with someone that has HIV
P49 - 50
• Symptoms of HIV/AIDS sufferers
– Within the first few weeks
• When first infected with HIV you may have no symptoms
• You are still able to transmit the virus to others
• Flu like symptoms may be evident two to four weeks after
being infected
– Signs and symptoms may include

• Fever • Diarrhoea
• Headache • Poor appetite
• Muscle and joint pain • Profound fatigue
• Sore throat • Shortness of breath
• Swollen lymph nodes • Dry cough
• Night sweats • Diminishing dental health
• Rapid weight loss • Skin rashes
P 50
– Signs and symptoms also means
• Because the patient has flus symptoms physicians send patients on their
way
• In major cases this diagnosis proves correct
• These symptoms are and the acute stages of HIV infection
• HIV attacks the immune system weakening it and making the body more
susceptible to infection
– Years later
• You may remain symptom free for years
• As the immune system is compromised mild infections can be developed or
chronic symptoms experienced
– Progression to aids
• If not treatment is received the disease progresses to AIDS in ten years
• By this time the immune system has been severely damaged making you
open to opportunistic infections, that would not trouble someone with a
healthy immune system
• Some signs of these infections may include:
– Soaking night sweats
– Shaking chills
– Cough and shortness of breath
– Chronic diarrhea
– Weight loss
– Skin rashes and bumps P 50 - 51
 – When to see a doctor
• Seek medical advise if you think you might have been infected with
the disease
• The virus and the disease are often referred together as HIV/AIDS
• The disease is a major health problem in certain parts of the world
• Testing for HIV/AIDS
– In 1985 blood tests became available to measure antibodies
to HIV that are the bodies immune response to HIV
– The test is known as an ELISA if antibodies are found with
this test a test called the western blot is done to confirm
– Tests have become available that test for antibodies in saliva,
results can be found within 20 minutes
– Antibodies are developed several weeks after a person has
been infected
– During this interval a negative test can be found in positive
patients this is know as “window period”
– The onset of HIV and the appearance of antibodies
– This period is three to four weeks it can however be longer
P 51 - 52
• Testing for HIV/AIDS
– A confidential HIV test can be requested but the person
doing the test knows your name and address and will
contact you should the test be positive
– Test results can be put on your medical records
– An anonymous test means that no one knows your
name or address, you are only assigned a code number
this code is used to get your test results
– Things to know if you test positive for HIV
• Find a place to get counselling
• See a doctor as soon as possible
• Speak to people about the importance of being tested
• Don’t share things you might get blood on
• If you have HIV never give blood or donate your organs
P 52
• How to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS
– HIV/AIDS prevention education
• Educating people will limit the spread of HIV
• Government is responsible for educating people
• People in rural areas do not have access to training and are not
educated on the risks associated with this deadly virus
– Avoid contact with infected blood
• Avoid contact with open wounds from people who are positive
for HIV
• Protective gloves are worn to protect you
• Care should be taken when working with needles and surgical
equipment
• Do not reuse disposable syringes
• Clean wash and sterilize surgical equipment
• Avoid the use of illegal drugs P 52 - 53
– Practice safe sex
• This will limit the risk of being infected
• Wearing a condom also protects you against STDs
– Be faithful
• People with multiple partners are more likely to become
infected
• Even when you are faithful condoms still need to be used

P 53
• Treatment for HIV/AIDS
– There is no known cure or vaccine for HIV/AIDS
– Antiretroviral treatment limits new infections and
reduces the amount of deaths because of the virus
– Because its not treatable preventing the spread becomes
key
– Health programs promoting safe sex and needle
exchange programs limit the spread of the virus
– Medicine for pregnant woman with HIV
• AZT or ZDV is given to pregnant woman with HIV
• When pregnant woman take the drug 8 out of 100 babies are
born with HIV
• Taking the medicine limits the number of babies born with HIV

P 53 - 54
• HIV infection, AIDS and TB in the workplace
– How is HIV infection transmitted
• Employees with HIV are at a greater risk to get TB
• Active TB is more likely to develop in people with HIV
• Employees should be encouraged to disclose their statuses to
employers
• Policies need to be developed that acknowledge that HIV will
be treated like any other life threatening illness
• The policy needs to ensure that confidentiality will be
respected
• Employees need to be properly educate don what to expect
• Employers need to make sure employees are properly trained
in how to handle emergency situations where a patient might
be bleeding
• First aid staff need to know how to handle themselves so as
not to cause more infections
P 54
– Labour relations Act (No 66 of 1995)
• Protects employees against unfair dismissal
• If a person is dismissed because of HIV/AIDS it is considered
discrimination and is automatically unfair
• Employers can be taken to the CCMA and may be forced to
rehire the person
– Dismissal
• Is only fair if the employee had improper conduct or is no
longer able to do their duties
• Evaluating an employee first to see if other options are
available other then dismissal
• These alternatives can include extended sick leave without pay,
adapted duties to accommodate an employees disabilities
• An incapacity hearing needs to be held with employees before
they can be dismissed
P 55
– Employment equity Act (No 55 of 1998)
• Ensures that all employees are treated equally in the
workplace
• The Act promotes equal opportunity and eliminates unfair
discrimination because of an employees HIV status
• Testing to determine if an employee is positive with HIV unless
there is a relevant reason
• The labour court needs to approve testing
• An employer needs to be able to prove to the labour court that
a negative test is necessary in order to do the job
• A work place program needs to be in place and the program
should attempt to:
– Hold regular HIV awareness programs
– Encourage voluntary testing
– Conduct education and training
– Promote condom distribution
– Encourage health seeking behaviors for STDs
– Create an environment that is conducive to openness and disclosure
P 55
– Activity 3
– Activity 4
– Activity 5

P 56
 The influence of toxic agents on the body
• The effect of drugs
– A drug is a chemical substance that once ingested affects
the central nervous system
– It causes changes in behavior an can eventually cause
addiction
– Can be used for the prevention, treatment and cure of a
disease

P56
• Drug abuse
– When a person uses drugs for any other reason the prescribed by
a medical practitioner
• Drug addiction
– User uses the drugs not taking into account the negative side
effects
• Drug dependence
– When a person constantly craves and is physically dependent on a
substance and want to increase the dose of specific drugs
• Classification of drugs
– Drugs are classified according to their legal status and the effect it
has on the central nervous system
• Legal drugs
– Laws and regulations control the availability quality and price of
“legal” drugs e.g.. Tabaco alcohol
• Illegal drugs
– There is no price or quality controls in place for these drugs e.g.
heroin and ecstasy
P56 - 57
• Effects on the central nervous system
– Drugs are divided depending on how they affect the
central nervous system
• Depressants, sedatives and hypnotics
– Slow down the functions of the central nervous system
– Include:
• Alcohol
• Cannabis
• Benzodiazepines (tranquilizers)
• GHB (gamma-hydroxybutrate)
• Opiates and opioids, including heroine, morphine codeine,
methadone and pethidine

P57
• Effects of depressants sedatives and hypnotics include
– In small quantities these drugs make you feel more relaxed and
less inhibited
– Large quantities can cause unconsciousness, vomiting and even
death
– Depressants affect concentration and coordination
– A persons ability to respond to unexpected situations is slowed
down
• Stimulants
– Speeds up the functions of the central nervous system
– Mild stimulants
• Ephedrine, used in medicine for bronchitis hay fever and asthma
• Caffeine in coffee, tea and cola drinks
• Nicotine and tobacco
– Strong stimulants
• Amphetamines, including illegal amphetamines (speed, crystal meth)
• Cocaine
• Ecstasy
• Slimming tablets
P58
– Effects of stimulants
• Makes the user feel more awake alert and confident
• Stimulants increase the heart rate body temperature and
blood pressure
• Reduced appetite, dilated pupils, talkativeness, agitation and
sleep disturbance
• Large quantities of stimulants can overstimulate the user
causing:
– anxiety
– Panic
– Seizures
– Headaches
– Stomach cramps
– Aggression and paranoia

P58
• Hallucinogenic drugs
– Affects the users perception
– People who take them believe they see or hear things that are not really there
– The effects are difficult to predict and one does not always know how the people will
respond
– Hallucinogens include:
• Datura
• Ketamine
• LSD
• Magic mushrooms
• Mescaline
• PCP
• Effects of hallucinogens drugs include:
– Dilating pupils
– Loss of appetite
– Increased activity
– Talking or laughing excessively
– Jaw clenching
– Sweating
– Panic
– Paranoia
– Loss of contact with reality
– Irrational bizarre behavior
– Stomach cramps and nausea
P59
• Effects of drugs
– The effects of a drug depend on the type of drug and a
range of personal and environmental factors
– Some factors which influence the effects include:
• The amount of drug which is taken
• How often it is taken in
• The greater the quantity taken the greater the effect
• The manner in which the drug is ingested
• Drugs that are inhaled or injected work more quickly and the
effects are more intense
• Snorting is the second fastest acting method
• Drugs eaten or swallowed take longer to affect a person
• The physical characteristics of the user like height and weight
factor in
• The mood and the environment the person is in P59 - 60
• Problems caused by drug abuse
– Family and relationship problems
– Problems at work or school
– Accidents
– Legal problems
– Financial problems
– Health problems
• Drugs and driving
– Driving safely requires mental alertness
– Clear vision, physical co-ordination and the ability to react
properly
– Drug use cab affect these driving abilities and increase the
chances of accidents
– The risk of having an accident is 9 times greater when alcohol
and drugs are involved then when the driver is drug free
P60
• Effect of caffeine on the body
– It is a central nervous system and metabolic stimulant,
and is used both recreational and medically to reduce
physical fatigue and restore alertness when drowsiness
occurs
– How does it work
• The central nervous system is stimulated by blocking
adenosine, neurotransmitters which cause a calming effect on
the body
• Adrenal glands release adrenalin
• Your heart rate increases and muscles in the body tighten up
• Releasing glucose into your bloodstream
– Where caffeine can be found
• A bitter substance found in coffee beans
• Tea, carbonated beverages, chocolate, kola nuts and certain
medicines
P60 - 61
– Positive effects of consuming caffeine:
• Produces increased wakefulness
• Faster and clearer flow of thought
• Increased focus
• Better general body co-ordination
• In athletics caffeine can improve sprint, endurance and team
sport performance
• The improvement are not usually very large

P60 - 61
– The symptoms of caffeine intoxication are:
• Elevation of heart rate and blood pressure
• Restlessness
• Anxiety
• Insomnia
• Gastrointestinal disturbance
• Muscle twitching
• Rambling speech and thoughts
• Irritability
• Rapid and irregular heart beat
• Diuretic that causes loss of fluid

P61 - 62
– Tolerance
• With repetitive use the effects of caffeine are reduced over
time and is known as a tolerance
• Tolerance happens quickly with caffeine especially if people
consume strong coffee drinks and energy drinks
– Withdrawal symptoms
• When you stop using caffeine a person can suffer certain
symptoms
• Can include but not limited to:
– Headache
– Irritability
– Inability to concentrate
– Drowsiness
– Insomnia
– Pain in the stomach
– Pain in joints
• This normally starts happening 12 to 24 hours after you stop
using it and peaks at 48 hours P62
• Tannins
• Also know as flavonoids
• Responsible for the astringent taste we experience when we
taste something
• Contraction of skin cells
• In wine it’s the amount of drying bitterness
• Tannins comes from grape skin, stems and seeds
• Tannins are know to have potential antiviral, antibacterial and
antiseptic effects
• Tannings may reduce intake by decreasing palatability and
negatively affecting digestion
– Palatability is decreased because tannins are astringent
– The sensation caused by the formation of complexes between tannins
and salivary glycoproteins
– Can be found in tea
– The tannin content increases the longer the tea seeps
– Tannin changes to tannic acid and this slows down digestion
P62
• Alcohol
– The intoxicating ingredients found in wine, beer and hard
liquor
– Arises naturally from carbohydrates when certain micro
organisms metabolize them in the absence of oxygen cell
fermentation
– Negative effects of alcohol abuse can lead to:
• Increases the risk of cancer in the liver, pancreas, rectum, breast,
mouth, pharynx, larynx and esophagus
• Causes a fatty liver, alcohol hepatitis and cirrhosis
• Raises blood pressure, blood lipids and the risk of stroke and heart
disease in heavy drinkers
• Enlarges the kidneys , alters hormone functions and increases the
risk of kidney disease
• Alcohol reduces the amount of digestive enzymes secreted by the
pancreas
• Can damage the cells lining the stomach and small intestine
P63
– Drinking and driving
• Driving under the influence is a criminal offence
• The legal limit permitted is .05g per 100ml of blood
– The limit is set because
• Alcohol slows down reaction time
• Distorts vision, which increases the chance of causing an
accident
– Be sensible when consuming alcohol by:
• Know your limit
• Consume alcohol slowly
• Have a meal while drinking
• Be aware of unfamiliar drinks and their alcohol content
• Not driving once consuming alcohol
• Not using other drugs in combination with alcohol
P63
• Smoking and nicotine
– An organic compound found in the leaves of the tobacco
plant
– The human body readily absorbs nicotine and is highly
addictive
– Can be absorbed through the skin and mucous
membranes in the nose and mouth
– Most people choose to consume nicotine by smoking
– Smoking delivers the nicotine to the lungs
– Lungs are lined with tiny alveoli
– Alveoli normally exchange oxygen with carbon dioxide
and nitrogen with normal respiration
– When smoking nicotine travels through the alveoli int
the bloodstream and within 15 seconds transported to
the brain P64
• Smoking and nicotine
– The affects on human health is serious and can be
deadly
– Up to 4000 chemicals can be found in cigarettes
– The ingredients in cigarettes affect everything from the
internal functioning organs
– The affects of smoking are destructive and widespread
– Main toxic agents
• Nicotine, carbon monoxide, carcinogens
– Nicotine
• In low concentrations acts as a stimulant and is the main factor
responsible for the dependence forming properties of tobacco
smoking

P64
– Carbon monoxide
• Binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells, this prevents affected cells
from carrying a full load of oxygen
• This makes it difficult for smokers to breath
– Cancer causing agents
• In tobacco smoke damages important genes that control the growth
of cells
• This causes them to grow abnormally or to reproduce to rapidly
– Effects smoking has on the user
• Tobacco use leads to most commonly to disease affecting the heart
and lungs, with smoking being a major risk factor for:
– Heart attacks
– Strokes
– Hypertension
• Smoking is addictive
• Poisons the body
• Causes serious health problems
• Fighting illness becomes harder
• Slows the body down
• Impedes healing
P64
– Smoking and pregnancy
• When smoking it causes physical and psychological
dependency
• Significant factor in miscarriages in woman that smoke
• Other risks are premature birth, low birth weight, sudden
infant death syndrome
• The fetus can develop cerebral palsy and heart defects
– Second hand smoke
• Can result in premature death in children and adults
• People inhaling second hand smoke are exposed to the same
chemicals
– Persons not allowed to smoke
• Indoor work places
• Indoor public areas
• Public transport P65
– Benefits of quitting
• Blood pressure, pulse rate and body temperatures will return
to normal due to improved circulation
• Blood oxygen levels will increase and carbon monoxide levels
decrease
• Sense of taste and smell will improve
• Risk of all diseases caused by smoking will decrease:
– Emphysema
– Heart attacks
– Cancers of all types
• Lung functions will improve

P65
• Antibody
– A protein made by a person white blood cells to fight disease
• HIV Testing
– Taking a medical tests to determine a persons HIV status
• HIV Positive
– Having tested positive for HIV infection
• STDs
– Sexually transmitted disease
– An infection passed from one person to another including syphilis,
gonorrhea and HIV
• CCMA
– Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration
– An independent statutory body providing information on good
labour practices
• Overdose
– Occurs when the amount of toxin taken exceeds the body's ability
to cope with the drug
• Summative assessments P41- 67
• Summative assessments

P65