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introduction to distribution system

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26 views2 pages

MODULE-1 Reviewer

introduction to distribution system

Uploaded by

janmarie.calderon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODULE 1 – OVERVIEW OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Electrical distribution system - a crucial component of modern


society, serving as the backbone for delivering electrical power from
power plants and substations to homes, businesses, and industries.
Significant keys:
Reliable Power Supply Accessibility
Energy Efficiency Grid Modernization
Energy Access and Equity

Generation: Where electricity is typically generated. Can use coal, Types of Distribution system:
natural gas, nuclear, hydroelectric, wind, solar, or geothermal. These
1. Primary Distribution System - also known as the primary
power plants produce high-voltage electricity.
distribution network, refers to the initial stage. Its primary purpose is
Transmission: After generation, the electricity is transmitted over to transport electricity from power generation sources, such as power
long distances at very high voltages to reduce energy losses during plants or renewable energy installations, to substations or distribution
transportation. centers. Starts with 11kV and 33kV voltage levels, where these
voltages are directly distributed to industries and to heavy loads like
Substation: Facilities that transform the high-voltage electricity from railway, etc.
transmission lines into lower voltages suitable for distribution. Also
serve as points where the electrical system can be interconnected or Classification of Primary Distribution System:
switched.
1.1. Radial Distribution system - the cheapest to build and is widely
Distribution: Electricity is distributed through a network of power used in sparsely populated areas. It has only one power source for a
lines and distribution transformers. group of customers. This system is used only when a substation or
generating station is located at the center of customers.
Transformers: Used to step down the voltage for residential and
commercial use. They convert high-voltage electricity from the
primary distribution lines to the lower voltage levels needed by end-
users.
Switchgear and Protection Devices: Switchgear includes various
devices like circuit breakers, fuses, and relays that protect the
distribution system from overloads, short circuits, and other faults.
These devices ensure the safety and reliability of the electrical
supply.
Distribution Feeders: Branches of the distribution system that 1.2. RING DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM – In this system, each
deliver electricity to specific areas or neighborhoods. They are distribution transformer is fed with two feeders but in different paths.
designed to handle varying loads and are interconnected to provide The feeders in this system form a loop which starts from the
redundancy and reliability. substation bus-bars, runs through the load area feeding distribution
transformers and returns to the substation bus-bars. One ring network
Metering: To measure the amount of electricity consumed. This of distribution is fed by more than one feeder. In this case, if one
data is used for billing purposes and to monitor electrical usage. feeder is under at fault or maintenance, one ring distributor is still
energized by other feeders connected to it.
Isolators, if any fault occurs on any
section of the ring, this section can easily be isolated by opening the
associated isolators on both sides of faulty zone of the transformer.
They are single-phase when they serve residential
customers and three-phase when they serve industrial and
commercial customers.

1.3. INTERCONNECTED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM – This system is


when a ring main is energized by two or more substations.
ADVANTAGES: 1. Residential - 230V single-phase, three-wire service is most
common in residential distribution systems (suburban and rural
1. This system ensures reliability in an event of transmission
areas).
lines.
2. Commercial – 400/230V three-phase, four-wire service.
2. Any area fed from the other generating station or
substation for meeting power requirements from increased load. 3. Industrial - 480Y/277V three-phase, four-wire service. 480 V used
for motor loads and other high-power systems.
AC DISTRIBUTION DIFFERS FROM DC DISTRIBUTION
1. In DC system, the voltage is drop due to resistance. In AC system
the voltage is drop due to resistances, inductances, and
capacitances.
2. In DC system, all are simply arithmetical but in AC system, all will
be vectorially and currents and voltages will be expressed in symbolic
notations.
3. All methods employed for DC shall hold good in solution of AC, the
only difference is that all shall be expressed vectorially with current or
1.4. PARALLEL FEEDERS DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM – The voltage as reference phasor.
disadvantage of a radial system can be minimized by introducing
parallel feeders. 4. At the load point the phase angle between voltage and current plays
an important part. There are two ways of referring phase angle
The initial cost of this system is much between voltage and current.
more as the number of feeders has doubled. Such a system may
be used where reliability of the supply is important or load sharing A. It may be referred to supply voltage which is
where the load is higher. reference phasor.
B. It may refer to the voltage at the load point itself.

2. Secondary Distribution System - Responsible for delivering


electricity from the primary distribution system (usually the high-
voltage transmission lines) to end-users. ensures that electricity is
distributed safely and efficiently to consumers at lower voltages
suitable for their needs. Carry lower voltage (typically 120 V/240 V in
residential areas). This system includes step-down distribution
transformers, secondary circuits consumer services, and meters to
measure the consumer energy consumption.

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