Module 2
Module 2
Definition of Computer
• Computer is a programmable machine.
• Computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to
store, retrieve, and process data.
• Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions (program).
• Computer is any device which aids humans in performing various kinds of computations or
calculations.
1. Business
Almost every business uses computers nowadays. They can be employed to store and
maintain accounts, personnel records, manage projects, track inventory, create
presentations and reports. They enable communication with people both within and outside
the business, using various technologies, including e-mail. They can be used to promote the
business and enable direct interaction with customers.
2. Education
Computers can be used to give learners audio-visual packages, interactive exercises, and
remote learning, including tutoring over the internet. They can be used to access educational
information from intranet and internet sources, or via e-books. They can be used to maintain
and monitor student performance, including through the use of online examinations, as well
as to create projects and assignments.
3. Healthcare
Healthcare continues to be revolutionized by computers. As well as digitized medical
information making it easier to store and access patient data, complex information can also
GE ELECTIVE 2 – Living in the IT Era PAGE | 5
COMPUTER AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
be analyzed by software to aid discovery of diagnoses, as well as search for risks of diseases.
Computers control lab equipment, heart rate monitors, and blood pressure monitors. They
enable doctors to have greater access to information on the latest drugs, as well as the ability
to share information on diseases with other medical specialists.
5. Government
Various government departments use computers to improve the quality and efficiency of their
services. Examples include city planning, law enforcement, traffic, and tourism. Computers
can be used to store information, promote services, communicate internally and externally,
as well as for routine administrative purposes.
6. Marketing
Computers enable marketing campaigns to be more precise through the analysis and
manipulation of data. They facilitate the creation of websites and promotional materials. They
can be used to generate social media campaigns. They enable direct communication with
customers through email and online chat.
7. Science
Scientists were one of the first groups to adopt computers as a work tool. In science,
computers can be used for research, sharing information with other specialists both locally
and internationally, as well as collecting, categorizing, analyzing, and storing data.
Computers also play a vital role in launching, controlling, and maintaining space craft, as well
as operating other advanced technology.
8. Publishing
Computers can be used to design pretty much any type of publication. These might include
newsletters, marketing materials, fashion magazines, novels, or newspapers. Computers are
used in the publishing of both hard-copy and e-books. They are also used to market
publications and track sales.
10. Communication
Computers have made real-time communication over the internet easy, thanks to software
and videoconferencing services such as Skype. Families can connect with audio and video,
businesses can hold meetings between remote participants, and news organizations can
interview people without the need for a film crew. Modern computers usually have
microphones and webcams built-in nowadays to facilitate software like Skype. Older
communications technologies such as email are also still used widely.
12. Transport
Road vehicles, trains, planes, and boats are increasingly automated with computers being
used to maintain safety and navigation systems, and increasingly to drive, fly, or steer. They
can also highlight problems that require attention, such as low fuel levels, oil changes, or a
failing mechanical part. Computers can be used to customize settings for individuals, for
example, seat setup, air-conditioning temperatures.
13. Navigation
Navigation has become increasingly computerized, especially since computer technology
has been combined with GPS technology. Computers combined with satellites mean that it's
now easy to pinpoint your exact location, know which way that you are moving on a map,
and have a good idea of amenities and places of interest around you.
15. Military
Computers are used extensively by the military. They are use for training purposes. They are
used for analyzing intelligence data. They are used to control smart technology, such as guided
missiles and drones, as well as for tracking incoming missiles and destroying them. They work
with other technologies such as satellites to provide geospatial information and analysis. They
aid communications. They help tanks and planes to target enemy forces.
20. Robotics
Robotics is an expanding area of technology which combines computers with science and
engineering to produce machines that can either replace humans, or do specific jobs that humans
are unable to do. One of the first use of robotics was in manufacturing to build cars. Since then,
robots have been developed to explore areas where conditions are too harsh for humans, to help
law enforcement, to help the military, and to assist healthcare professionals.
Earliest Computers originally calculations were computed by humans, whose job title was
computers.
• These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of a mathematical expression.
• The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive, requiring years of training in
mathematics.
• The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out
calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of
the 20th century.
a) Tally sticks
A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers,
quantities, or even messages.
b) Abacus
c) Napier’s Bones
• Invented by John Napier in 1614.
• Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by
moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards.
d) Slide Rule
Invented by William Oughtred in 1622.
• Is based on Napier's ideas about logarithms.
• Used primarily for – multiplication – division – roots – logarithms – Trigonometry
• Not normally used for addition or subtraction.
e) Pascaline
• Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.
• It was its limitation to addition and subtraction.
• It is too expensive.
f) Stepped Reckoner
• Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.
• The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically.
g) Jacquard Loom
• The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in
1881.
• It is an automatic loom controlled by punched cards.
h) Arithmometer
• A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820,
• The first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine.
• The machine could perform the four basic mathematic functions.
• The first mass-produced calculating machine.
l. Tabulating Machine
• Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890.
• To assist in summarizing information and accounting.
m. Harvard Mark 1
• Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC).
• Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943
• The first electro-mechanical computer.
n. Z1
• The first programmable computer.
• Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938.
• To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape into a punch tape
reader and all output was also generated through punch tape.
Figure 1.14 Z1
p. ENIAC
• ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.
• It was the first electronic general-purpose computer.
• Completed in 1946.
• Developed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.
q. UNIVAC 1
r. EDVAC
• EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
• The First Stored Program Computer
• Designed by Von Neumann in 1952.
• It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data.
a. Premechanical
The premechanical age is the earliest age of information technology. It can be defined as the
time between 3000B.C. and 1450A.D. We are talking about a long time ago. When humans
first started communicating they would try to use language or simple picture drawings known
as petroglyths which were usually carved in rock. Early alphabets were developed such as
the Phoenician alphabet.
As alphabets became more popular and more people were writing information down, pens
and paper began to be developed. It started off as just marks in wet clay, but later paper was
created out of papyrus plant. The most popular kind of paper made was probably by the
Chinese who made paper from rags.
Now that people were writing a lot of information down, they needed ways to keep it all in
Also, during this period were the first numbering systems. Around 100A.D. was when the first
1-9 system was created by people from India. However, it wasn’t until 875A.D. (775 years
later) that the number 0 was invented. And yes, now that numbers were created, people
wanted stuff to do with them, so they created calculators. A calculator was the very first sign
of an information processor. The popular model of that time was the abacus.
b. Mechanical
The mechanical age is when we first start to see connections between our current technology
and its ancestors. The mechanical age can be defined as the time between 1450 and 1840.
A lot of new technologies are developed in this era as there is a large explosion in interest
with this area. Technologies like the slide rule (an analog computer used for multiplying and
dividing) were invented. Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline which was a very popular
mechanical computer. Charles Babbage developed the difference engine which tabulated
polynomial equations using the method of finite differences.
There were lots of different machines created during this era and while we have not yet gotten
to a machine that can do more than one type of calculation in one, like our modern-day
calculators, we are still learning about how all of our all-in-one machines started. Also, if you
look at the size of the machines invented in this time compared to the power behind them it
seems (to us) absolutely ridiculous to understand why anybody would want to use them, but
to the people living in that time ALL of these inventions were HUGE.
c. Electromechanical
Now we are finally getting close to some technologies that resemble our modern-day
technology. The electromechanical age can be defined as the time between 1840 and 1940.
These are the beginnings of telecommunication. The telegraph was created in the early
1800s. Morse code was created by Samuel Morse in 1835. The telephone (one of the most
popular forms of communication ever) was created by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. The
first radio developed by Guglielmo Marconi in 1894. All of these were extremely crucial
emerging technologies that led to big advances in the information technology field.
The first large-scale automatic digital computer in the United States was the Mark 1 created
by Harvard University around 1940. This computer was 8ft high, 50ft long, 2ft wide, and
weighed 5 tons - HUGE. It was programmed using punch cards. How does your PC match
up to this hunk of metal? It was from huge machines like this that people began to look at
downsizing all the parts to first make them usable by businesses and eventually in your own
home.
d. Electronic
The electronic age is what we currently live in. It can be defined as the time between 1940
and right now. The ENIAC was the first high-speed, digital computer capable of being
reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems. This computer was designed to
be used by the U.S. Army for artillery firing tables. This machine was even bigger than the
Mark 1 taking up 680 square feet and weighing 30 tons - HUGE. It mainly used vacuum tubes
to do its calculations.
There are 4 main sections of digital computing. The first was the era of vacuum tubes and punch
cards like the ENIAC and Mark 1. Rotating magnetic drums were used for internal storage. The
second generation replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, punch cards were replaced with
magnetic tape, and rotating magnetic drums were replaced by magnetic cores for internal storage.
Also during this time high-level programming languages were created such as FORTRAN and
COBOL. The third generation replaced transistors with integrated circuits, magnetic tape was
used throughout all computers, and magnetic core turned into metal oxide semiconductors. An
actual operating system showed up around this time along
The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and
were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in
addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause
of malfunctions. First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level
programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only
solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output
was displayed on printouts.
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. One
transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes. Allowing computers to become smaller,
faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable. Still generated a great deal of heat that
can damage the computer.
Examples: UNIVAC III, RCA 501, Philco Transact S-2000, NCR 300 series, IBM 7030
Stretch, IBM 7070, 7080, 7090 series
The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers.
Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically
increased the speed and efficiency of computers. It could carry out instructions in billionths of a
second. Much smaller and cheaper compare to the second-generation computers.
Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld
devices.
Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). Still in development. The use of parallel processing and
superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. The goal is to develop devices that
respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. There are some
applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today.
References
• https://ftms.edu.my/v2/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/csca0201_ch01.pdf
• https://www.sutori.com/story/history-of-ict-information-and-communications-technology--
N7J51bQqSU7vLWcVfdn5M9qa
• https://www.livescience.com/20718-computer-history.html
• https://www.explainthatstuff.com/historyofcomputers.html
Assessment
Instruction: Encircle the letter that corresponds to the right answer.
7) John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert are the inventors of __________ computer.
UNIAC
ENIAC
9) In the late __________, Herman Hollerith invented data storage on punched cards that
could then be read by a machine.
1860
1900
1890
1880