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Basic Mathematics I
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Lecturer: Terry Kwok

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Syllabus

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• 1.) Linear and Quadratics
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• 2.) Polynomial and Rational Functions
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• 3.) Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

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• 4.) System of Equations and Inequalities

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• 5.) Trigonometric Functions

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• 6.) Analytic Trigonometry

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• 7.) Applications of Trigonometric Functions
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Linear and Quadratics

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~ Properties of Linear Functions and Linear Models
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~ Building Linear Models from Data
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~ Properties of Quadratic Functions

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~ Quadratic Functions and Their Zeros

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~ Complex Zeros of a Quadratic Functions

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~ Graphing a Quadratic Function

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~ Inequalities Involving Quadratic Functions

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Rational and Irrational Numbers

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Real Numbers
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Irrational Number
Rational Number
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e.g. √ , ᴨ
1

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Fractions Integers

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Negative Integer Positive Integer e.g.

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Zero
e.g. -1, -6, -8 -2 3, 10, 88
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5 © 2012-2020 Mr. Terry Kwok

4 4
3 ÷ 4 = 3 and 1 quarter, i.e. 4
÷ 4 = 3 and 1 quarter, i.e.

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Fractions revision

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13 1
=1 3into mixed number:
13fraction

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Change the improper
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= 4
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8 28
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means 28 fifths and28 = 28 ÷ 5, and 28 ÷ 5 =

2
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means
5 28 fifths and =
5 28 ÷ 5, and 28 ÷ 5 =
2-

5
1

and 3 fifths, i.e.

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d 3 fifths, i.e.

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28 3

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28 =3 5

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5 5
= 5

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5 5

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lem 2. Change the following mixed numbers
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m 2. Change the following mixed numbers
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mproper fractions:
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proper fractions: 6 © 2012-2020 Mr. Terry Kwok

 3
10 Basic The
Engineering quick way
Mathematics to change 5

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Fractions revision 4

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4 × 5 + 3 23
fraction is = .

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Change the mixed number into improper fraction:
4 4
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Basic EngineeringThe
Mathematics 3
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7 9 × 1 + 7 164
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(b) 1 4=× 5 + 3 23 = .
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2

fraction is9 39= . 9

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The quick way to change 45 into an 4 improper

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3 7× 4 2+3 17
1

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4 ×75(c)+ 39 2× 123=
+ 7 16 = .

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is 1 = =7 . = 7 .
fraction(b) 7
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94 94 9

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7 9 × 1 + 37 Problem 716× 2 + 3.
3 In 17a school there are 1

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b) 1 = (c) 2 = . = .

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9 9 7 which
9 72
7 are girls.
7 Express this as a

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simplest form
2 + 3 3.17 In a school there are 180 stude
3 7 ×Problem -2
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c) 2 = = .
7 7 7 girls. Express this72
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which 72 are 7 as a fraction

© 2012-2020 Mr. Terry Kwok
2.3.2 Division
is the same as 3 +2 − 6 = 3 + =3+
6 6 6 2
The simple 2rule for division is change the division

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1
1Fractions revision

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Thus,
sign(iv) − 1 = 3 sign and invert the second
4multiplication
into aHence,
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fraction.
Evaluate the following fractions:

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1 22 33 52 14 83
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Problem
Fora.example,
+ = + =7. Evaluate
÷ = ×7 −=5 + =
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3 2 63 64 63 3 9 8 7
2
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! " ! "
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1 3 1 3 8 3 1 3

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Problem
b. 7 −14. 5 =Simplify
7+ −÷ 5 + = 7+ −5−

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8 7 8 7 21 7 8 7
3 7

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Problem 5. Simplify1 3 − 7×1−8×3

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3 8 =32 + 21− 3= 4 23+16

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c. ÷ = × 8 =7 × by cancelling 56

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7 21 7 8 1 8

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(i) Make the denominators
7 − 243 × 3 the−17 same for17
each frac-
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= 2+ = =2+ 9 1
=2−
tion. The lowest
56 common
= -2 = 1
multiple
56 (LCM)
56 of 4
12
1×8 8 8
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and 16 is112
16. 17 8 112 − 17 95 39
© 2012-2020 Mr. Terry Kwok
prime
2.3.2number,
! Division " ! 42 "16 3 2 61
on.3 is the same1 as 3 + −
3 = 3 + 1 = 3 + 3 7. A
5The=simple 7 + rule− for5 + 6 6 = 7is+change
division 6 − 5 −the 2 division 12

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7 28 1 Fractions
1 7 revision
8 7

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sign(iv)
into a4Hence,
Thus, 2 − 13 =
multiplication 4sign8and invert the second
32 Hence,
(iv) sim
xample, 1 3 ÷3 6 = 2×7 × 1= − 8 × 3

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fraction. 3 3 9
= 2 + 3− 4= 2 +
Evaluate the following fractions:

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Evaluate
nator again1 byr. T
8 7
1 22 331 521 1 42 3 83 5
56
Problem
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Problem
Fora.example,+7 − = 7. +
24 ÷3 =
Evaluate + 8 7×
−17 =− = 5+ 17+= = +
0

blem= 14. 23+ Simplify

2 63= 2 6+ 43÷ 632 8=326 −7 96 6
2

1
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2 56 7 21
56 56 8.
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! " ! " 3
1

112
1 317 112 1 − 3
17 895 3 39 1 3

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5 3Problem
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= 78 −−
b. 14.
53 == 21 7 + 3 −3÷=5 + = 1= 7 + − 5 −
Simplify

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÷ 56 8 = 756 × = 568 ×7 by 21 7 56 83
56cancelling 7 7 1
7 Problem
21 7 5.8 Simplify 1 8 3 7 10.

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Problem
1 3
5.− 7
Simplify
× 1 − 8 ×
−
3 2

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em 8. 3Determine 8 = 23the value
+ − =42 +
213 × 3 of
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c. ÷ 5 = 1×=8 2= 7 = × = by1cancelling
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7 21 7
4 − 3 (i) + 811 × 8 1 88 8 12.

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(i) Make the
8= 2+ 4 7 − Make
24
denominators the
5 3=×2 3+ 9 = 21− denominators
−17
the same 17
for the
each same
frac- fo

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7
tion. The lowest 56=tion. The
common
3 = -2
lowest
56
1 = 1 common
multiple 56(LCM)multiple
of 4
12
fractions
blem 15. Find the value of
and!1 ×
516 8 ÷
is 7
16.8 " 8 2
1 2and 16 112 is 16. 17 5112 1 17 2
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95 − 3 95 39 14. 3
© 2012-2020 Mr. Terry Kwok
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Function

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Concept of a function?

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The concept of function is one of the basic ideas in
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mathematics.
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It expresses the idea of one quantity depending on or

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being determined by another.

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example: y = x2

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When x = 1; y = (1)2 = 1

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When x = 2; y = (2)2 = 4

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y is a function of x. For each value of x, which have a
corresponding value of y -2
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Notation of Function

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We often use y to denote a function of x. Instead of using y,

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may use a symbol such as f(x), g(x), F(x) or G(x) to denote
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the function of x.
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e.g. for the function of x: 3x2 - 3

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f(x) = 3x2 - 3 or y = 3x2 - 3

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e.g. for the function of x: x3 - 3x -1

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f(x) = x3 - 3x -1 or y = x3 - 3x -1

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Notation of Function

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Example 1: If f(x) = x2 - 4x + 15, find the value of function for

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x = 5, x = 2 and x = -1.
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Solution: f(5) = 52 - 4(5) +15

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= 25 - 20 +15
1 2-

= 20

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Notation of Function

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Example 2: If F(x) = 2x - 4, find the value of of the following:
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a.) F(0) b.) F(1) c.) F(2) d.) F(-1)
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Solution:
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a.) F(0) = 20 - 4 = -3

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b.) F(1) = 21 - 4 = -2
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c.) F(2) = 22 - 4 = 0

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d.) F(0)
-1 = 2-1 - 4 = -3.5

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Notation of Function

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Example 3:

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If F(x) = g(x) - p(x), where g(x) = x2 + 1 and p(x) = x - 3:
Find F(3) r. T
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20
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Solution: F(3) = g(3) - p(3)

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= (32 + 1) - (3 - 3)
1

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= 10

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 (b) Tran
(a) Simple equations
Problem 11. Solve 4 − 3x = 2x − 11.

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(b)Proble
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Notation of Function

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Problem
Since 411.
− 3x Solve
= 2x − − 3x
4 11 then=42x − 11.
+ 11 = 2x + 3x v=u

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Example 4: Solve 4 − 3x = 2x − 11. Probl

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15
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i.e. 15 = 5x from which, x = =3
Since 4 − 3x = 2x − 11 then 4 +511 = 2x + 3x v=u
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ft
15 u+ =
2 0

= 5x from
i.e. 15 Problem Solve x =
12. which, =3 m
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5
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4(2a − 3) − 2(a − 4) = 3(a − 3) − 1. ft

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u+

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Example 5:Problem
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Solve 4(2a − 3)
12. Solve− 2(a − 4) = 3(a − 3) − 1. m

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Removing the brackets gives: i.e.

4(2a − 3) − 2(a − 4) = 3(a − 3) − 1.

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8a − 12 − 2a + 8 = 3a − 9 − 1 and

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and

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Rearranging gives:
Removing the brackets gives: i.e.

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8a − 2a − 3a = −9 − 1 + 12 − 8

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8a − 12 − 2a +3a8==−63a − 9 − 1

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i.e. Proble
and
Rearranging gives: −6 -2 is give
12
and a= = −2
3 1 + 12 − 8 X the
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8a − 2a − 3a = −915 − © 2012-2020 Mr. Terry Kwok

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Properties of Linear Functions and

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Linear Models

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What is a linear function?
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In order for a relation to be a linear function, for every input
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value, there can only be one output value.

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To test to see if the relation is a function, we perform the
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vertical line test.
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Properties of Linear Functions and

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Linear Models

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Since the vertical line only crosses each graph once,

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each one is considered to be a function. Every input
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value (x) has only one output value (y).
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2
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©

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Properties of Linear Functions and

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Linear Models

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The graph above is clearly not a linear function since the
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vertical line crosses the graph more than once.
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Every input value (x) has two output values (y) except for
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one.
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Properties of Linear Functions and

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Linear Models

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Linear functions can be written as following:

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where m is the slope of the line and b is the y-intercept of
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the line
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If m is positive, the line climbs from left to right.

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If m is negative, the line falls from left to right.

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The value of m, would be considered the leading

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coefficient of a linear function. In future lessons, we will

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be using a to represent the leading coefficient for all
polynomial functions. -2
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Properties of Linear Functions and

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Linear Models

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Domain: is the set of x-values (or input values) that
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exist within the graph or the equation of a function.
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Range: is the set of y-values (or output values) that

1

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exist within the graph or the equation of a function.

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y=x+5

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Input x = 2 x+5 Output y = 7

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20 © 2012-2020 Mr. Terry Kwok

 
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Properties of Linear Functions and

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 Linear Models
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  
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     
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1

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©

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Slope of the Line: Rate of change

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Properties of Linear Functions and

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
Linear 
Models

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
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©

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 

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   

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Properties of Linear Functions and

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Linear Models

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Example 7: If y - intercept of the line 3y = 6x - 3k is -3 Find

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the value of k.
slope y - intercept
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Solution:
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y = mx + c
2
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3y = 6x - 3k = 3(2x - k)
1 2-

y = 2x + (- k)

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k is the y intercept point
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-k = -3 > k = 3

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Let check the answer

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sub (0, -3) into the equation 3y = 6x - 3(k)

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3(-3) = 6(0) - 3(3)
-9 = -9 -2
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Properties of Linear Functions and

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Linear Models

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Linear Equation – the equation of a line whose graph is a
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straight line
2 0
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2-

Standard Form – Linear equations written in the form

1

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Ax + By = C

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X - Intercept – the point where a graphed line crosses the

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x-axis.

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Y - Intercept – the point where a graphed line crosses the

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y-axis.
-2
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Building Linear Models from Data

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Example 8: A function defined by y = 2x - 3. Plot the graph.

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When x = -1 then y = 2(-1) - 3 = -5
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When x = 0 then y = 2(0) - 3 = -3
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When x = 2 then y = 2(2) - 3 = 1

1 2-

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x -1 0 2

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y -5 -3 1

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Therefore, y = 2x - 3 can be referred to as either a linear
function or a straight line equation -2
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25 © 2012-2020 Mr. Terry Kwok

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Building Linear Models from Data

Kw
Example 9: We want to build a set of shelves. The width of the set
College Algebra

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of shelves needs to be 4 times the length of the set of selves and the

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r. TExample 2 We want to build a set of shelves. The width of the set of shelves n
set of shelves must have three shelves in it. If there are 72 cm of
times the height of the set of selves and the set of shelves must have three shelve
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wood to use to build theofset
are 72 feet woodoftoshelves
use to buildwhat should
the set of theshould
shelves what dimensions
the dimensions
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shelves be?
2

of the set of shelves be?

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2-

Solution
1

We will first define x to be the height of the set of shelves. This means that 4x is
Solution:

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of shelves. In this case we definitely need to sketch a figure so we can correctly

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equation. Here it is,
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Total length + Total width = 72

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2(4x) + 2 (x) = 72

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8x + 2x = 72

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10x = 72

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x =7.2cm
-2
12
Now we know that there are 72 feet of wood to be used and we will assume that
20

used. So, we can set up the following word equation.

26 © 2012-2020 Mr. Terry Kwok
 can use cross-multiplication −20when there is one
oth
tionsides
only by
on 5each
gives
side of the = −4
t =equation.
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Building Linear Models from Data

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3 4
3 4

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oblem 10. Solve the equation =
he solution of equation
the equation t=
− 2 3t + 4

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Solve the of
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r. T t − 2 3t + 4
0

11. Solve the equation

ss-multiplication gives 3(3t + 4) = 4(t − 2)
2
20
2-

3 gives1 9t3y+ 12 = 4t − 8
moving2ybrackets
1

+ +5 = −

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5 4 20 2

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rranging gives 9t − 4t = −8 − 12

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t common multiple (LCM) of the denomina-

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5t = −20

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.e., the lowest number that 4, 5, 20 and 2 will

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. t = −20
-4

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ding both sides
by by
20 5gives
gives t= = −4

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g each term 5
-2
12
! " ! " ! "
3 1 3y 4
20

273
+ 20 + 20(5) = 20 − 20 © 2012-2020 Mr. Terry Kwok
 t −2 3t + 4

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Building Linear
Problem 11. SolveModels from Data
the equation

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olving

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2y 3 1 3y

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Solve the equation of + +5 = −
r. T 5 4 20 2
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The lowest common multiple (LCM) of the denomina-

2
20

tors is 20; i.e., the lowest number that 4, 5, 20 and 2 will

2-
1

divide into.

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20

mina-

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Multiplying each term by 20 gives
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x and

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! " ! " ! " ! "

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2y 3 1 3y

r. T
20 + 20 + 20(5) = 20 − 20
5 4 20 2

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Cancelling gives 4(2y) + 5(3) + 100 = 1 − 10(3y)
-2
12
20

i.e. 28 8y + 15 + 100 = 1 − 30y

© 2012-2020 Mr. Terry Kwok
 5 4 20 2 t −2 3t + 4

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The lowestThe common
Building multiple (LCM)
Linear
lowest common of
Models
multiple the denomina-
(LCM) from Data
of the denomina-
Problem 11. Solve the equation

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38y = −114 Taking the square
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Properties of Quadratic Functions

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Properties of Quadratic Functions

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Example 11:

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Determine whether each function is linear or quadratic. Identify
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QUADRATIC TERM: x2 QUADRATIC TERM: none

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CONSTANT TERM: none CONSTANT TERM: none
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Properties of Quadratic Functions

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Example 12: Write f(x) = (x + 2)2 – 6 in quadratic form.

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Properties of Quadratic Functions

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Graph the parent function f(x) = x2 using a table of values.

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Quadratic Functions and Their Zeros

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35 © 2012-2020 Mr. Terry Kwok

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Quadratic Functions and Their Zeros
zero on one side and so we don’t need to do any manipulation to the

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36 © 2012-2020 Mr. Terry Kwok

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38 © 2012-2020 Mr. Terry Kwok

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 College Algebra

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Quadratic Functions and Their Zeros

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 or 3x x+=5 x − =
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71 Problem 22. Solve 4x 2 + 7x + 2 = 0 givin
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Quadratic Functions and Their Zeros

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Three possible solution sets of the quadratic function.

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ing x = 4 in equation (5) gives:
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Quadratic Functions and
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= −20
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√ -2
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Properties of Quadratic Functions
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46 © 2012-2020 Mr. Terry Kwok

 ok
Properties of Quadratic Functions

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The standard form of a quadratic function is: y = ax2 + bx + c

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a≠0
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y
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The parabola will open up

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a>0
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when the a value is positive.

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The parabola will open down
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when the a value is negative.

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a<0

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47 © 2012-2020 Mr. Terry Kwok

 ok
Graphing a Quadratic Function

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There are 3 steps to graphing a parabola in standard form.

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STEP 1: Find the Axis of symmetry using:

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STEP 2: Find the vertex

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STEP 3: Find two other points and reflect them across

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the Axis of symmetry. Then connect the five points with

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a smooth curve.

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48 © 2012-2020 Mr. Terry Kwok

 ok
Graphing a Quadratic Function

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Plot the graph of the following equation: y = 2x2 - 4x - 1

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STEP 1: Find the Axis of symmetry
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y
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STEP 2: Find the vertex

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Substitute in x = 1 to find

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the y – value of the vertex.

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x

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Vertex : (1, − 3)
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49 © 2012-2020 Mr. Terry Kwok

 ok
Graphing a Quadratic Function

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STEP 3: Find two other points and reflect them across the Axis

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of symmetry. Then connect the five points with a smooth curve.
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y
2
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x y
1 2-

2 -1

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3 5
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x

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 ok
Inequalities Involving Quadratic Functions

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Solve x2 −10 < 3x

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Step 1: Get a zero on one side of the inequality.: x2 −3x−10 < 0
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Step 2: Solve by factorization: (x − 5)(x + 2) < 0
0
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Step 3: Determine where the polynomial is zero.

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0 < 0 is NOT a true inequality.

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In this case the polynomial will be zero at x = −2 and x = 5

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Step 4 : Graph the points where the polynomial is zero (i.e. the

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points from the previous step) on a number line and pick a test

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point from each of the regions.

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51 © 2012-2020 Mr. Terry Kwok

 This leads us into the next step.

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Inequalities Involving Quadratic Functions

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Step 4 : Graph the points where the polynomial is zero (i.e. the points from the previous step) on
a number line and pick a test point from each of the regions. Plug each of these test points into

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the polynomial and determine the sign of the polynomial at that point.

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This is the step in the process that has all the work, although it isn’t too bad. Here is the number
line for this problem. (x − 5)(x + 2) < 0
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Solution:
Now, let’s talk about
−2 this
< ax
little.
< 5
When we pick test points make sure that you pick easy numbers

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to work with. So, don’t choose large numbers or fractions unless you are forced to by the
problem.
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Also, note that we plugged the test points into the factored from of the polynomial and all we’re
really after here is whether or not the polynomial52is positive or negative. Therefore, ©we didn’t
2012-2020 Mr. Terry Kwok
 much explanation in them.
2
e 2 Solve Example
x 5 x2 6
Solve x
.2
5x 6.

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Solution
Okay, this time we’ll just go through the process without all the explanations and steps. The first
is time we’ll just
Example 21:goSolve
through
x the
- 5xprocess
≥ -6 without all the explanations and steps. T

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thing to do is get a zero on2 one side and factor the polynomial if possible.
2

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x 5x 6 0
do is get a zero on one side and factor the polynomial if possible.
Solution: r. T x 2 x 3 x 2
5x 6 0
0
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So, the polynomial will be zero at x 2 and x 3 . Notice as well that unlike the previous
0

x 3 x 2 0
example, these will be solutions to the inequality since we’ve got a “greater than or equal to” in
2
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the inequality.
2-

hat in this casethe

Here is thepolynomial
we were
numberforced will
to
line for this be zero
choose
example. at x =for2 one
a decimal andofx the
= 3test points.
olynomial will be zero at x 2 and x 3 . Notice as well that unlike the previo
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these will be solutions

want regions where theto the inequality
polynomial since
will be we’ve got
positive. a “greater
So, the than
first and lastorregions
equal

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uality.
f the solution. Also, in this case, we’ve got an “or equal to” in the inequality and s

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ed to include the endpoints in our solution since at this points we get zero for the

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he number
0 0lineis afor this example.

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y and true inequality.

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he solution in both inequality and interval notation form.

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x 2 and 3 x
Notice that in this case we were forced to choose a decimal for one of the test points.
-2
12
Now, we want regions where the polynomial will be positive. So, the first and last regions will
,2 and 3,
be part of the solution. Also, in this case, we’ve got an “or equal to” in the inequality and so
20

we’ll need to include the endpoints in our solution

53 since at this points we get zero for the
© 2012-2020 Mr. Terry Kwok
 ok
Tutorial 1

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1.) If f(x) = x2 - 1, find the value of the following:

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b.) f(-2)
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c.) f(n + 1) - f(n)

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Tutorial 1

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

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2.) 

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55 © 2012-2020 Mr. Terry Kwok

 2a

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summarizing up, provided that Tutorial
we start off 1
in standard form,

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2
3.) Solve the following equationsax bx c 0
by factorization.

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that’s very important, then the solution to any quadratic equation is,

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a.) y2 + 12y + 36 = 0
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b.) 4m2 - 1 = 0 b 2
b 4ac
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x
c.) 3x2 - 2 + x = 3x + 6
0

2a
2
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d.) 10z2 + 19z + 6 = 0

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s work
e.)a5x
couple of examples.
2 = 2x
1

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4.) Solve
mple 3 Usethe
thefollowing equations
quadratic formula to by quadratic
solve each offormula.
the following equation

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2
(a) x 2 x 7 [Solution]

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2
(b) 3q 11 5q [Solution]

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(c) 7t 6 19t [Solution]

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3 1
(d) 1 [Solution] -2
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y 2 y
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2 56 © 2012-2020 Mr. Terry Kwok

portant part of the solution process for equations involving rational express

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Tutorial 1

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5.) Use factoring to solve the following equation.

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to solve the following equation.

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r. T 4z 5 6z 5
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2
z 1 z z z
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6.) Solve the following equation that have a equal roots.

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n containing rational expressions so we know that the first step is to clear o

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6x2 + 5x + k = 0
multiplying by the LCD, which is z z 1 in this case. Also, note that we
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d z 0 and z 1 so we do not get division by zero.

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e LCD and doing some basic simplification gives,

0
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4z 5 6z 5 -2
z z 1 z z 1
12
2
z 1 z z z
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57 © 2012-2020 Mr. Terry Kwok