Basic Mathematics I

Lecturer: Terry Kwok

1
Basic Mathematics I
Text book reference:

New Trend Mathematics 3A

New Trend Mathematics 3B

New Syllabus Mathematics Textbook 3

New Way Additional Mathematics, Book 1

New Way Additional Mathematics, Book 2

2
 Syllabus

• 1.) Linear and Quadratics

• 2.) Polynomial and Rational Functions
• 3.) Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
• 4.) System of Equations and Inequalities
1208
908
• 5.) Trigonometric Functions
• 6.) Analytic Trigonometry1508
• 7.) Applications of Trigonometric
Functions
1808
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 Trigonometric Function

~ Angles and Their Measure

~ Triangle Trigonometry
~ Computing the Values of Trigonometric Functions of Acute
Angles 908
~ Trigonometric Functions of General Angles1208
~ Unit Circle Approach; Properties of the Trigonometric
Functions
1508
~ Graphs of the Sine and Cosine Functions

1808
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 Assessment

• 1 ~ 2 Assignments 25%
• 1 Test 25% 908
1208
• Examination 50%

1508

1808
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 Trigonometric Function
Angles and their measurement
An angle is the opening that two straight lines form when they meet.

When the straight line FA meets the

straight line EA, they form the angle 908
we name as angle FAE. Letter A, 1208
which we place in the middle, labels
the point where the two lines meet,
and is called the vertex of the angle. 1508

1808
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 Trigonometric Function
Angles and their measurement
Angle measured in standard position. Initial side is the positive
X - axis which is fixed. Which is free to rotate about the origin.
Counterclockwise rotation is positive, clockwise rotation is
negative. The full circle is 360°
908
1208

1508

1808
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 Trigonometric Function
Angles and their measurement
Example: How many degrees corresponds to each of the following?

Two revolutions: 2 × 360° = 720°

One and a half revolutions: 360° + 180° = 540°
908
1208

Example: What fraction of a revolution is 60° & 45°?

1508
60° is 60/360 of a revolution
60/360 = 1/6
45° is 45/360 of a revolution
45/360 1808
= 1/8
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 Trigonometric Function
Angles and their measurement

Example 2: If the diameter of a circle is 12 cm, how long is the

arc intercepted by a central angle of 45°?

Answer. Circumference = Diameter * π

C = πD = 3.14 × 12 cm.
908
1208
45° is one eighth of a full circle.
The intercepted arc is one eighth of the 1508
circumference:
3.14 × 12 ÷ 8 = 3.14 × 1.5 = 4.71 cm

1808
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 Trigonometric Function
Angles and their measurement

The x-y plane is divided into four

quadrants. The angle begins in its
standard position in the first
quadrant ( I )
908
Angles are coterminal if, when in the 1208
standard position, they have the
same terminal side.
1508

1808
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 Trigonometric Function
Angles and their measurement
Example: In which quadrant does each angle terminate?
a) 15° I b) −15° IV c) 135° II
d) 390° I. 390° = 360° + 30° e) −100° III
f) −460° III. −460° = −360° − 100°
g) 710° IV. 360 + 360 = 720 908
1208
Example: Name the non-negative angle that is coterminal
with each of these, and is less than 360°.
1508
a) 360° 0° b) 450° 90°. 450° = 360° + 90°
c) −20° 340° d) −180° +180° e) −270° 90°
f) 720° 0°. 720° = 2 × 360° 1808 g) −200° 160°
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 Trigonometric Function
Angular measurement
In the RADIAN SYSTEM of angular measurement, the measure
of one revolution is 2π.
Half a circle, then, is π. And, most
important, each right angle is half of π: π/2
908
Radians into degrees 1208
Degrees Radians
360 2π 1508
What is the radian of 600?
180 π 60/180 = x/π
90 π/2 x = π/3
1808
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 Trigonometric Function
Angular measurement
Example: Convert each of these radian measures into degrees.
a.) π b.) π/2 c.) 2π/6 d.) π/6 e.) π/4

Example: Name in radians the non-negative angle that is

coterminal with each of the following, and is less than 2π.
908
1208
a.) -π/6 b.) -3π/4 c.) 4π/3

1508

1808
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 5. Two ships leave a port at the same time. One
How far up
(b) the theof
value wall (to the nearest centi-
∠QPR. adjacent side
) does the ladder reach? travels
If the footdue
of west
the at
◦ 18.4 km/h and
(vi) the other
cotangent θ =
[(a) 27.20due cm eachat(b)27.6
south 45 ]km/h. Calculate how far opposite side
A man
all, howcycles 24 km
far does thedue
Trigonometric Function
is now moved 30 cm further away from
topapart
south the
of the two
thenships
andladder 20 kmare
Figure12.3
after Trigonometrica ratios of acu
4 hours.
12.4
(i)
i.e.
[132.7 cot θ =
km]
due east. Another man,[3.35 starting at
m, 10 cm] the same angles b
Right
time as theTriangle
first man, cyclesTrigonometry
32 km due east(b) From above,
c2 = a2 + b2
hips
and leave
then 7a km
portdue
at the sameFind
south. time.theOne distance (a) With reference bto the right-angled i.e.
sbetween
due westtheattwo18.4men.
km/h and the other [20.81 thekm] squareshown in Fig. 12.4:
‘In any right-angled
outh at 27.6 km/h.12.3 Calculate
triangle,
Trigonometric
how far ratios on
of the
acute
sin θ c b
A ladder
hypotenuse3.5 m long
is is placed
equal to against
the suma per-
of the (i)squares = a = opposite
= tan θ,side
the two ships are after 4 hours.
pendicular wall with its foot angles
1.0 m from the (i) cos θsine θ = a
[132.7 km] (ii)
hypotenuse
on How
wall. the far
other
up the two
wallsides.’
(to the nearest centi- c
metre) does the ladder (a) reach?
With Ifreference
the foot ofto the the right-angled triangle sin θ b
ladder is now moved 30shown in Fig.
cm further away12.4:
from i.e.i.e.tan θ sin= θ=
igonometric ratios of acute
the wall, how far does the top of the ladder Figure
opposite sideThe
12.4 theorem cos θ c
of 908
Pythagoras
a adjacent sidei.e.
fall?
ngles (i) [3.35 m, sine10 =
θcm]
hypotenuse (ii) 1208
coscosine
θ θ= a
(b) From above,= c = hypotenuse
(ii) = cot θ,
Two ships leave a port at the same time. One sin θ b ab
reference b b (iii)
travels duetowest the atright-angled
18.4 km/h i.e. triangle
and the other
sin θ = i.e. cos cθ =
in
dueFig. 12.4:at 27.6 km/h. Calculate how farc
south sin θ cc b
apart the two ships are side
opposite after 4 hours. 1508
adjacent side
(i) cos =θ a
cos θ opposite
= = tan θ,
a(iv)side c
(ii) cosine = i.e.
(iii) cot θ =
tangentsinθ =θ c
sine θ = [132.7θkm]
hypotenuse hypotenuse adjacent side
1 sin θ (Not
b a (iii) i.e.
sec θ =tan θ = b
. sin θ = i.e. cos θ = i.e. tancos
θ =θ cos θ
3 Trigonometric c ratios of acute c 1808 a (v)
1 a
angles adjacent side (iii) tangent =
opposite
(iv) side cosec θ =
(iv) cos
secant θθ = c a O
hypotenuse
cosine θ = θ 14
(ii) sin =θ Secants,
= = cot coseca
θ,
hips leave a port at the same time. One (ii)
(a) With reference = to= the= right-angled
cot θ, i.e.
s reference
due west atto 18.4 km/h and the other b sin θ bb b (iii)
the right-angled i.e. triangle
sin = shown in Fig. 12.4:
outh at 27.6
n in Fig. 12.4: km/h. 12.3
CalculateTrigonometric
how far θ
cratios of acute
sin θ c
c b
Trigonometric Function
he two ships are after 4 hours. angles
opposite side[132.7 km]
(i)
adjacent (i)
side
i.e. cot
= a = opposite
cos θsinecos
=
θ = θa
= tan θ,side
(iv)
(ii) co
sine θ = (ii) cosine θ = θ c θ hypotenuse
sin
Trigonometric hypotenuseFunction
(a) With referenceoftoan thehypotenuse
Acute
right-angled triangle sin θb (Note
a (iii) i.e.i.e.tan θθ sin
= θ= 1
b showni.e. in Fig. 12.4:
cos θ = sec =
.e. sin θ = cos
cos θc
θ
igonometriccratios of acute c
opposite side (v)sidei.e.
a1 adjacent
(i) sine θ = opposite(ii) sidecosec cosine θ= a
gles adjacent side(iii) tangent θ = (ii) (iv)
hypotenuse cos θθ = c =θ hypotenuse
Secants, cosecan
cosine θ = adjacent side sin θ = sin = cot θ,
hypotenuse b b abreciprocal (iii) ratio
reference to the right-angled
i.e. triangle
sin = (Note
i.e. ‘s’ and
cos‘c’ = go together)
152.tex a θ b θ
c
in Fig. cos
.e. 12.4:θ23/6/2006
= 15:i.e.
7 Page
tan θ116
=c 1 c
c a (v) cos
opposite side
sine θ = opposite(ii) side
adjacent
cosine θ = hypotenuse
side
i.e.
(iii)
cot
cot
θ
θ
=
=
tangentsintan
θ =θ
θ opposite
θ 908
(iv)side co
Problem 3. If
tangent θ = hypotenuse(iv) hypotenuse
secant θ =Secants, cosecants 1208 and cotangents adjacent
of are
the
side
called
other fiv
adjacent side adjacent side 1 (Not
b areciprocal
(iii) ratios. sec θ = b
.GEOMETRYsin θAND b
= TRIGONOMETRY i.e. cos θ = c i.e. tancos
θ =θ
.e. tan θ =c i.e. sec θ =c a (v) shows
a a 1 Fig. 12.5
9 hypotenuse
(b)cosine
the value
θ =
adjacent side
of ∠QPR.(iii)
hypotenuse
(v) tangent
cosecant θ θ==
opposite
(iv) 1508
side
hypotenuse
Problem 3.
(iv) cosec
If cos θ X=
secant = θ
sin
41
=θ determine
adjacent
Since cos
Secants, the valu
side
X=
coseca
9
secant θ = hypotenuse
[(a) 27.20 cm each (b) 45 ◦ ] adjacent side(vi) cotangent θ =adjacent side 41
adjacent side opposite side
of the other five trigonometry
(Note ‘s’ and ‘c’ goc together) reciprocal
ratios.
opposite ratio
side
XZ = 41 units.
ac bc i.e. sec θ = aUsing Pythagora
A man
..e. cos cycles
θ = 24 km due south
i.e.and then
tan 20
θ =km 1θ =a !
sec θ =c i.e. cosec θ = i.e. cot
due east. Another a man, starting at the sameaFig. 12.5 shows acot
b (v) θ=
right-angled triangle
bwhich YZ XYZ.= (4
tan θ Problem 3. I
hypotenuse
time as the first
tangent =
man,
opposite cycles
side
hypotenuse 32 km due east
Since 1808
hypotenuse
cos(v)
X =
9 cosecant
, then XY θ= = 9 units and
and θ
then 7θ km
cosecant due south.
=adjacent
opposite
between the two men.
(iv)
side
side
Find the
secant θ =
distance Secants, cosecants
adjacent
15
[20.81 km]reciprocal side
XZ = 41 units.
41
ratios.
and cotangents opposite
of the O
areside
called
other fiv
 Trigonometric Function
Trigonometric Function of an Acute
Range of Values of Sine Domain of Sine = all real numbers
Range of Sine = {-1 ≤ y ≤ 1}

Angle Sine of the Angle

270° sin ( 270°) = -1 908
330° sin (330° ) = -½ 1208
0° sin(0°) = 0
30° sin (30°) = ½
90° sin (90°) = 1 1508

1808
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 Trigonometric Function
Trigonometric Function of an Acute
Range of Values of Cosine Domain of Cosine = all real numbers
Range of Cosine = {-1 ≤ y ≤ 1}

Angle Cosine of the Angle

0° cos (0°) = 1 908
60° cos (60° ) =½ 1208
90° cos(90°) = 0
120° cos(120°) = -½
180° cos(180°) = -11508

1808
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GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY
Trigonometric Function
(b) the value of ∠QPR. adjacent side
[(a) 27.20 cm each (b) 45◦] (vi) cotangent θ =
Trigonometric Function of an Acute opposite side
A man cycles 24 km due south and then 20 km a
Example:
due east. AnotherThe angle
man, of atelevation
starting the same from a point i.e. 43 cot
feetθ =from the
b
base
time as of
the afirst
tree oncycles
man, level32ground
km due toeastthe top of the tree is 30°. What is
and
thethen 7 km of
height duethe
south. Find the distance
tree?
between the two men. [20.81 km]
A ladder 3.5 m long is placed against θ =a 30
0
per- h
pendicular wall with its foot 1.0 mhfrom the
= height
wall. How far up the wall (to the nearest centi-
of the tree 908
metre) does the ladder reach? If the foot of the 1208
ladder is now moved 30 cm further away from a
the wall, how far does the top of the ladder Figure 12.4
fall? [3.35 m, 10 cm]
(b)1508
From above,
Two ships leave a port at the same time. One
travels due west at 18.4 km/h and the other b
due south at 27.6 km/h. Calculate how far sin θ c b
(i) = a = = tan θ,
apart the two ships are after 4 hours. cos θ a
[132.7 km] c
1808
18 i.e. tan θ =
sin θ O
 System of Linear Equations
Trigonometric Function of an Acute
Example: The sides of a right triangle are in the ratio 3 : 4 : 5, as
shown. Name and evaluate the six trigonometric functions of
angle θ.

908
sin θ = 4/5 csc θ = 5/4 1208
cos θ = 3/5 sec θ = 5/3
tan θ = 4/3 cot θ = 3/4
1508

1808
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 Trigonometric Function
Special Right Triangle

45°
30°
2 1

45°
60°
1 1
908
1208

1508

1808
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 Trigonometric Function
Special Right Triangle
Example: cot θ = √10. Sketch the triangle and evaluate csc θ.

908
1208

1508

1808
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 Trigonometric Function
Complements
Two angles are called complements of one another if together
they equal a right angle. Thus the complement of 60° is 30°.
Example Name the complement of each angle.
a) 60° ~ 900 - 600 = 300 908
b) θ° ~ 900 - θ0 1208

The point about complements is that, in a

right triangle, the two acute angles are 1508
complementary. For, the three angles of
the right triangle are together equal to
two right angles
1808
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 Trigonometric Function
Trigonometric Functions of General Angles
ANALYTIC TRIGONOMETRY is an extension of right
triangle trigonometry. It takes place on the x-y plane.

908
Let a radius of length r sweep out an
1208
angle θ in standard position, and let
its endpoint have coordinates (x, y). 1508

1808
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 Trigonometric Function
Trigonometric Functions of General Angles
In that quadrant, a radius r will terminate at a point (x, y). Those
coordinates define a right triangle. The right-triangle definitions
of the six trigonometric functions follow.

sin θ = y/r csc θ = r/y 908

cos θ = x/r sec θ = r/x 1208
tan θ = y/x cot θ = x/y
1508

1808
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 Trigonometric Function
Trigonometric Functions of General Angles
Example: A straight line inserted at the origin terminates at
the point (3, 2) as it sweeps out an angle θ in standard position.
Evaluate all six functions of θ.

908
1208
sin θ = y/r = 2/√13 csc θ = r/y = √13/2
cos θ = x/r = 3/√13 sec θ = r/x = √13/3
tan θ = y/x = 2/3 cot θ = x/y = 1508
3/2

1808
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 Trigonometric Function
Trigonometric Functions of General Angles

Sin ⍬
Cos ⍬

Tan ⍬
 Trigonometric Function
GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY

utions (as shown in Chapter 15). Fig. 16.2 shows (iv) Often the trigonometric identities
Corresponding
ummary acute angle
for angles of any magnitude. cos2 A + sin2 A = 1, 1 + tan2 A = sec2 A
cot2 A + 1 = cosec 2 A need to be used to re
equations to one of the above forms
Problems 13 to 15).
Quad I
Quad II

θ’16.4
= 180° Worked
–θ problemsθ’ =
(i)θ on
θ’ = π – θtrigonometric equations
908
1208
Problem 6. Solve the trigonometric equat
5 sin θ + 3 = 0 for values of θ from 0◦ to 360
θ’ = θ – 180° θ’ = 360° – θ
θ’ = θ – π θ’ = 2π – θ
5 sin1508
θ
Quad III + 3 = 0, from which sin θ = − 3
5 = −0.
Quad IV
Hence θ = sin−1 (−0.6000). Sine is negative i
ure 16.2 third and fourth quadrants (see Fig. 16.3).
acute angle sin−1 (0.6000) = 36◦ 52′ (shown as
1808
Fig. 16.3(b)). Hence,
uations of the type a sin2 A + bsin A + c = 0 27 ◦ ◦ ′ ◦
O
′
 Trigonometric Function
Corresponding acute angle
Let θ be an angle that terminates in any quadrant. Then by the
corresponding acute angle, we mean the shortest angular distance
to the x-axis. The corresponding acute angle is often called the
reference angle.

908
1208

1508

Examples: If θ = 150° (Second quadrant), then φ = 30°.

If θ = 200° (Third quadrant), then φ = 20°.
1808then φ = 45°.
If θ = 315° (Fourth quadrant),
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 Trigonometric Function
Corresponding acute angle
Examples: Evaluate cos 1200
The corresponding acute angle of 120° is 60°. Therefore, according
to the theorem

cos 1200 = ± cos 600 = ±1/2

908
1208
Now in the second quadrant, cos θ (y/x) is negative.
Therefore,
cos 120° = −1/2 1508

1808
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 Trigonometric Function
Corresponding acute angle
Examples: Evaluate the following: (no calculator)
a) cos (−30°) b) cos (−60°) c) cos (−45°)
d) sin (−30°) e) sin (−60°) f) sin (−45°)

908
1208

1508

1808
30 O
 Trigonometric Function
Corresponding acute angle
Examples: Evaluate the following:

a) cos (−30°) = cos 30° = √3/2

b) cos (−60°) = cos 60° = 1/2
c) cos (−45°) = cos 45° = √2/2 908
d) sin (−30°) = −sin 30° = −1/2. 1208
e) sin (−60°) = −sin 60° = − √3/2
f) sin (−45°) = −sin 45° = − √2/2
1508

1808
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 Trigonometric Function
Unit Circuit
The trigonometric functions are functions only of the angle θ
The simplest is a circle of radius 1, the unit circle.

sin θ = y/1 = y
cos θ = x/1 = x 908
1208

1508
The value of sin θ is the y-coordinate of the endpoint of the unit
radius The value of cos θ is the x-coordinate

1808
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 Trigonometric Function
Unit Circuit
With regard to quadrantal angles, the unit circle illustrates
A function exists at a quadrantal angle,
it could have only the values 0, 1, or −1.

Consider sin θ at each quadrantal angle. We just

908
saw that the value of sin θ is the y-coordinate:
1208
sin θ = y.
At θ = 0, sin θ = 0.
Therefore at each quadrantal angle, 1508
the value of sin θ -- of y -- is either 0, At θ = π/2, sin θ = 1.
1, or −1.
At θ = π, sin θ = 0.
1808
33
At θ = 3π/2, sin θ =O−1.
 Trigonometric Function
Unit Circuit
Example: Evaluate the following.

a) cos 0° b) cos 90° c) cos 180° d) cos 270°

e) tan 0° f) tan 90° g) tan 180° h) tan 270°

908
1208

1508

1808
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 Trigonometric Function
Unit Circuit
Example: Evaluate the following.

a) cos 0° cos 0° = 1. cos θ is equal to the x-coordinate.

b) cos 90° = 0 c) cos 180° = −1 d) cos 270° = 0
e) tan 0° tan 0° = 0. tan θ is equal to y/x = 0/1 = 0.
f) tan 90° 1/0 does not exist. g) tan 180° = 0 908
h) tan 270° does not exist. 1208

1508

1808
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 Trigonometric Function
Unit Circuit
• Radius of the circle is 1.
• x = cos(θ)
• y = sin(θ)
• Pythagorean Theorem: 908
• This gives the identity: 1208
• Zeros of sin(θ) are nπ where n is an integer.
• Zeros of cos(θ) are where n1508
is an integer.

1808
36 O
 Trigonometric Function
Unit Circuit

908
1208

1508

1808
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metric waveforms
Trigonometric waveform Trigonometric Function
Graphs of trigonometric
22.1 Graphs of trigonometric
By drawing up tables of values from 0 to 3600, graphs of y = sin A,
0
functions
may be plotted.
By drawing up tables of values from 0 ◦ to 360◦ , graphs
y y
22.1 Graphs of trigonometricof y = sin A, y = cos A and 1.0
y = tan A may be plotted.
1.0 Values obtained with a calculator (correct toy53 sin A
deci-
functions y5 sin A
0.5
mal places – which is more
graphs), using 30
0.5than sufficient for plotting
◦ intervals, are shown below, with the
908 (a

1208
◦ ◦
y drawing up tables of values from 0 to 360 , graphs 0 30 60 90 120 150 210 240 270 300 330
respective
y = sin A, y = cos A and y = tan A may be plotted. graphs shown in Figure 22.1. 180
phs 0 30 60 90 120
20.5
alues obtained with a calculator (a) toy150
(correct 3=deci- 210 240 270 300 330 360
sin A
180 A8
ted.
al places – which is20.5more than sufficient for plotting (a)
21.0
◦ intervals, are shown below, with ◦ 60◦ 90◦ 120◦ 150◦ 180◦
eci-
aphs), using 30
spective graphs shown in Figure 22.1.
21.0
A 0 30
the
1508 y
ting (a)
sin A 0 0.500 0.8661.01.000 0.866 0.500 0
y5 cos A
)they = sin A 0.5
y (b
A 0 30◦ 60◦ 90◦ 120◦ 150◦ A 180◦ 210◦ 240◦
270◦ 300◦ 330◦ 360◦
1.0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
sin A 0 y50.500
0.500 0.866 1.000 0.866 cossin 1808
A0 A − 0.500 − 0.86620.5
− 1.000 − 0.866 − 0.500 0
0.5 38 21.0
O
60◦ whose sine is TS TS
a) 0.6792 (b) −0.1483 sin 30◦ = = i.e. TS = si
1
Trigonometric Function
olve the following equations for values of x
TO

etween 0◦ and 360◦ . OS OS

cos 30◦ = = i.e. OS = co
Graphs of trigonometric y = sinand
x TO 1

y
908
1208 608 1.0
y5 sin x
T 0.5 T9
1508
908
1808
R S9 1208 Angle x8

O S 3608 308 608 1208 2108 2708 3308

2108 3308 20.5

1508
2408 3008 21.0
2708

2.11
1808
39 O
 these answers. The second answer needs to be deduced
from a knowledge of angles of any magnitude, as shown
Trigonometric
in the following worked problems. Function
Graphs of trigonometric y = sin x
Figure 22.8
Problem
Example: 1. Determine
Determine all of all angles
the of the angles between
between 0◦ and 360◦
0 ◦ and 360◦ whose sine is − 0.4638
whose sine is −0.4638 From Figure
sured from 0
θ = sin −1 0.4638
The = 27.63◦.
angles whose sineMeasured
is − 0.4638from 0◦,inthethe
occur two angles whose tangen
third
between
and0◦fourth
and 360◦
quadrants since sine is negative in these i.e. 240.44◦
180◦ +quadrants – see
27.63◦ i.e. Figureand
207.63◦ 22.6.
360◦ – 27.63◦, i.e. 332.37◦ 908
y y 5 sin x
1208
1.0

207.638 1508
332.378 1
0 908 1808 2708 3608 x
20.4638

21.0
1808
40 FigureO
22.9
 By drawing up tables of values from 0 to 360 , graphs
22.1 Graphs of0.5 trigonometric of y = sin A, y = cos A and 1.0 y = tan A may be plotted.
y5 sin A
functions Values obtained with a calculator (correct to 3 deci-
phs 0
Trigonometric Function 0.5
mal places – which is more than sufficient for plotting
By drawing up tables of values30from 60 ◦90 120 ◦150
0 to 360 , graphs
graphs), 210 240
using
180 30 270 300 330 360
◦ intervals,
0 are
30 shown A8
below,
150 with the270 30
ed.
f Graphs of 20.5
y = sin A, y = trigonometric
cos A and y = tan A may be plotted.
respective graphs shown in
20.5 Figure
60 90 120
22.1.
180
210 240

ci- obtained with a calculator (correct(a)to 3y deci-

Values
= sin0A0 to 360
By drawing up
mal places – which 21.0 tables of values from
is more than sufficient for plotting 0, graphs of y = cos A
21.0
ing (a) intervals, are shown below, with
◦
(a)
mayusing
raphs), be plotted.
30 A the 0 30◦ 60◦ y 90◦ 120◦ 150◦ 180◦
the
espective graphs shownyin Figure 22.1.
1.0 1.000
sin A 0 0.500 0.866 0.866
y5 cos0.500
A 0
a) y = sin A 1.0 0.5
y5 cos A
A 0 30◦ 60◦ 90◦ 120 ◦ 150◦ 180 ◦
210◦ 240◦ 270◦ 300◦ 330◦ 360◦
0.5
A
0 908
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 30

◦
sin A 0 0.500 0.866 1.000 0.866 0.500 0sin A − 0.500 − 0.866
1208
20.5− 1.000 − 0.866 − 0.500 0

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 27021.0300 330 360

◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ (b) ◦ y = cos
◦ A (b) A8
A 210 240 270 300 330 360
20.5 y
◦ ◦ 90◦ 120◦ y5150 ◦ ◦
A
sin A − 0.500 − 0.866 − 1.000 − 0.866 − 0.500 0
21.0
0 30 60
1508
4 tan A 180

cos A 1.000 0.866 0.500 0 − 0.500 − 0.866 − 1.000

(b) 2
b)
0 ◦ y = cos A 150

A 0 30◦
y
60◦ 90◦ 120◦ 150◦ A ◦
180 210◦
0 30 60 90 120 180 210 240 270 30
240◦ 270◦ 300◦ 330◦ 360◦
y5 tan A 22
cos A 1.000 0.866
4
0.500 0 cos A
− 0.500 − 0.866 − 1.000 1808
− 0.866 − 0.500 0 0.500 0.866 1.000
41 (c)
24
O
2
 Trigonometric Function
Graphs of trigonometric y = cos x Trigonometric wave

y
158 08 R 1.0
T 3308 S9
S 3158 y5 cos x
458
608 0.5
2858 908
Angle x8
908
O 08
O9
308 608 1208 1808
1208
2408 3008 3608
2558
1208 20.5

1508
2258
2108 21.0
1508
1808

12
1808
Sine waves 42 22.4.2 Amplitude O
espective graphs shown in Figure 22.1.
0.5 sin A 0 0.500 1.0 1.000
0.866 0.866 0.500
y5 cos A
0
a) y = sin A
A 0 30◦ 0
Trigonometric Function
60◦ 30 9060
◦ 120 ◦ 150 ◦ 180
90 120 150 180
◦
A 210210 ◦
240 270 ◦
240300 330 ◦
270 360 300 ◦
0.5
◦
330 360 ◦
(b
0 A8 180 210 240 270 300 330
30 60 90 120 150

Graphs of trigonometric
sin A 0 20.5
0.500 0.866 1.000 0.866 0.500 sin
0 A − 0.500 − 0.866 − 1.000 − 0.866 − 0.500 0
20.5

21.0
ByA drawing
21.0
210 ◦
up
240 ◦
tables
270◦
of ◦values
300
from
(b) ◦y =
330
cos
◦ A 0
360
0 to
(b) 360 0, graphs of y = tan A
may(b)
be plotted. A 0 30◦ 60◦
y
90◦ 120◦ y5
150 ◦ 180 ◦
sin A − 0.500 − 0.866 − 1.000 − 0.866 − 0.500 0 4 tan A
y
cos A 1.000 0.866 0.5002 0 − 0.500 − 0.866 − 1.000
b) y = cos A 4 y5 tan A 150 330(c

A 0 30◦
2
60◦ 90◦ 120◦ 150◦ A180◦ 210◦
22
240 ◦ 0 30 60 90 120
270◦ 300◦ 330◦ 360◦ 908
180 210 240 270 300
Fig
cos A 1.000 0.866 0.500 0 − 0.500 − 0.866
150 −cos
1.000
A − 0.866 − 0.500 330
24
0 1208
0.500 0.866 1.000
Fro
(c)
0 30 60 90 120(c) 180
y = 210A
tan 240 270 300 360
A8 (a)
A 210◦ 240◦ 270◦ 300◦ 330◦ 360◦ Figure 22.1
22
cos A − 0.866 − 0.500 0
A
0.500 0.866 1.000
0 30◦
1508 60◦ 90◦ 120◦
From Figure 22.1 it is seen that
150◦ 180◦
(b)
24 tan A 0 0.577 1.732 ∞ − 1.732 − 0.577 0
c) y = (c)
tan A (a) Sine and cosine graphs oscillate betw
values of ±1. (c)
A 0 30◦ 60◦ 90◦ 120◦ 150◦ A180◦ 210◦ 240◦ 270◦ 300◦ 330◦ 360◦
Figure 22.1 (b) The cosine curve is the same shape a
1808
tan A 0 0.577 1.732 ∞ − 1.732 − 0.577 tan
0 A 0.577 1.732curve
∞ but− displaced by 900◦ .
1.732 − 0.577
43
(c)
O
The sine and cosine curves are continuou
 2708

Trigonometric
Figure 22.7 Function
Graphs of trigonometric
Problem 2. Determine all of the angles between
Example:0◦Determine all of the
and 360◦ whose angles
tangent between 0◦ and 360◦ whose
is 1.7629
tangent is 1.7629
θ = tan−1 1.7629 =is60.44◦.
A tangent Mea
positive in sured from
the first and0◦,third
the two angles between
quadrants –
0◦ and 360◦
see Figure 22.8.
tangent is 1.7629 are 60.44◦ and 180◦ + 60.44◦, i.e. 240.44◦
y 5 tan x
908
y 1208

1.7629
1508
ne of 0 908 1808 2708 3608 x
uced 60.448 240.448
hown
1808
44 O
 projections byselves every 360◦ . Thus, for each, the period is 360◦.
m OR initially inA waveform of y = tan x has a period of 180◦ (from
2.12.
2 that a cosine
Trigonometric Function
Figure 22.1(c)).
A graph of y = 3 sin 2A, as shown in Figure 22.13, has
urve but is dis-an amplitude of 3 and period 180 ◦.
Amplitude
sine and cosine
and Period
A graph of y = sin 3A, as shown in Figure 22.14, has an
If y = A sin(px) or ofy 1=and
amplitude A period
cos(px),of 120◦.
Then A = amplitude = 4 cos
A graph of yand 2x, as shown
Period = 360in0Figure
/◦ p 22.15, has
an amplitude of 4 and a period of 180 .
with sine In general, if y = A sin px or y = A cos px,
Example y = 3 sin(2x), 360◦
amplitude = A and period =
3 = amplitude and Period 180◦. p
ngineering, with y
908
rrents and volt- y =3 3sinsin(2x)
y5 2A 1208
and with simple 3

1508
0 908 1808 2708 3608 A80
x
gh a complete
ative, it is said 23
ycle of a sine 1808
age 195 and in 45 O
 Ch15-H8152.tex 23/6/2006 15: 7 Page 153
Trigonometric Function
Amplitude and Period
Example: Polt y = sin x and y = sin 2x from x = 00 to x = 3600 .
◦ ◦

y = sin x
y = sin 2x

x0

Figure 15.14
Figure 15.12
46
table of v
 Trigonometric
Problem 7. Sketch y = 4 cosFunction
2x from x = 0◦ to
ximum or x = 360◦ .
e Amplitude
graphs and Period
plitude of Amplitude = 4; period = 360◦ /2 = 180 ◦.
Example:
1). How-
Sketch y = 4 cos 2x from x = 00
◦ to x = 3600.
◦

the table A sketch of y = 4 cos 2x is shown0in Fig. 15.18.

alue, and Amplitude = 4; Period = 360 /2 = 180 0

os 2A, the
. 180◦ .

A = 0◦

16.

Figure 15.18 47
 Problem 8. Sketch y = 2 sin A over one
5
cycle.
Trigonometric Function
360◦ 360◦ × 5
Amplitude and Period
Amplitude = 2; period = = = 600◦ .
3 3
3
Example: Sketch y = 2 sin x over 5 one cycle.
5
3 3600
A sketch of y = 2 sin A is shown
Amplitude = 2; 5Period = 3 in Fig. 15.19.
= 6000
A = 0 to 5

x
or 180◦ ).
15.17.
x0

Figure 15.19 48
 Trigonometric Function
Phase angle: Leading and Lagging

y = sin(A ± α) or y = cos(A ± α)

α is a phase displacement compared with y = sin A or y = cos A

~ sine or cosine curve may not always start at 0◦.

~To show this a periodic function is represented.

49
 TRIG

Trigonometric Function
where α is a phase displacement compared with
y = sin A or y = cos A. Problem 9. Sketch
A = 0◦ to A = 360◦ .
(ii) By drawing up a table of values, a graph of
Phase angle: Leading and ◦ Lagging
y = sin(A − 60 ) may be plotted as shown in
Fig. 15.20. If y = sin A is assumed to start at 0◦ Amplitude = 5; period =
Starck y = sin(A -then
60y0=) sin(A − 60◦ ) starts 60◦ later (i.e. has a ◦ ) leads 5 s
◦
zero value 60 later). Thus y = sin(A − 60 ) is ◦ 5 sin(A + 30
said to lag y = sin A by 60 ◦. 0
Amplitude = 1; Period = 360 /1= 3600, α = -60 earlier).
0
A sketch of y = 5 sin(A +

(i.e. has a zero value 600 after)

If y = sin A is assumed
Figure 15.20to start at 00 then y = sin(A − 600) starts 600 after.
Thus y = sin(A − 600) is said to lagging y = sin A byFigure600.15.22
(iii) By drawing up a table
50
of values, a graph of
y = cos(A + 45◦ ) may be plotted as shown in
 Figure 15.20
Figure 15.22
Trigonometric Function
(iii) By drawing up a table of values, a graph of
y = cos(A + 45◦ ) may be plotted as shown in
Phase angle: Fig.
Leading
15.21. If yand
= cosLagging
A is assumed to start at 0◦
then y = cos(A + 45◦ ) starts 45◦ earlier (i.e. has Problem 10. Sket
Starck y = cos(A +value
a zero 45045) ◦ earlier). Thus y◦ = cos(A + 45◦ ) range 0 ≤ A ≤ 2π.
is said to lead y = cos A by 45 .
Amplitude = 1; Period = 3600/1= 3600, α = +450
Amplitude = 7; perio
In value
(i.e. has a zero general, y = sin(
450 before)
hence 7 sin(2A − π/
i.e. π/6 rad or 30◦ .
A sketch of y = 7
Fig. 15.23.

If y = cos A Figure
is assumed
15.21 to start at 00 then y = cos(A + 450) starts 450 before.
Thus y = cos(A + 400) is said to leading y = cos A by 450.
(iv) Generally, a graph of y =
51 sin(A − α) lags
 Trigonometric Function
Sinusoidal form: A sin(ωt ± α)
If a sine wave is expressed in the form y = A sin(ωt ± α) then
(a) A = amplitude.
(b) ω = angular velocity = 2π f rad/s.
(c) frequency, f = ω/(2π) Hz.
(d) periodic time, T = 2π / ω seconds (i.e. T = 1/f)
908
(e) α = angle of lead or lag (compared with y = A sinωt).
1208

1508

1808
52 O
 (e) α = angle of lead or lag (compared with
e its y = A sin ωt ).
Here Trigonometric Function
are some worked problems involving the sinu-
e Sinusoidal
its form:
soidal formAAsin(ωt
sin(ωt ±±α).
α)
Example: An alternating current is given by i = 30 sin(100π t + 0.35)
s5x.
amperes. Find the 10. An alternating current is given by
Problem
(a) amplitude,
i = 30 sin(100πt + 0.35) amperes. Find the
(b) frequency,
s3x. (a) amplitude, (b) frequency, (c) periodic time and
(c) periodic (d)
time and angle (in degrees and minutes)
phase
(d) phase angle (in degrees) 908
riod 1208
n 0◦ (a) i = 30 sin(100πt + 0.35)A; hence,
amplitude = 30 A.
(b) 1508
Angular velocity, ω = 100π, rad/s, hence
ω 100π
frequency, f = = = 50 Hz
2π 2π
1808
45◦ ) 1
53
1
O
 between 0◦ = 30 A.(a) i = 30 sin(100πt + 0.35)A; hence,
sketch the curve amplitude
amplitude = 30 A.
(b) Angular
6. y = 2 sin
5x Trigonometric Function
velocity, ω = 100π, rad/s, hence
(b) Angular velocity, ω = 100π, rad/s, hence
2 ω ± α)100π
Sinusoidal form: A sin(ωt
θ frequency, f = = = 50 Hz ω 100π
= 5 cos 2π 2π
i =8.30y sin(100π2 t + 0.35)A frequency, f =
2π
=
2π
= 50Hz
◦)
= 6 sin(t
10. y(c) − 45 ◦) 1 1
Periodic time, T = = = 0.02 s or 201 ms. 1
50 time, T = =
(c) f Periodic = 0.02 s or 20 ms.
30◦ ) f 50
z. (d) 0.35 is the angle in radians. The relationship
of a sine wavebetween
is 200 Hz. (d) 0.35 is the angle in radians. The relationship
radians and degrees is
between radians and degrees is
riodic time.
◦ ◦
908
at 360 = 2π radians or 180
360◦ =
equency of a sine wave that = πradians
2π radians or1208= πradians
180 ◦

me of 25 ms. from which, from which,

ve
riodic time for a sine wave
π 180 ◦ ◦
cy of 10 kHz. ◦
1 = rad and 1 rad1◦== π 1508
(≈
rad 57.30
and
◦
1 rad) = 180
(≈ 57.30◦)
in 180
urrent completes 15 cycles in 180
π π
e its frequency. Hence, phase angle, α Hence,
= 0.35phase
rad angle, α = 0.35 rad
! "◦ ! "◦
2 sin x and 180 ◦ 180
◦ 3′ leading ◦ or 20◦ 3′ leading
= 0.35 × = 20.05
= or
0.35 20
× = 20.05
0◦ ) are drawn on the same π
me 1808π
ng or leading y1?i = 30 sin(100πt). i = 30
54sin(100πt). O
 Tutorial 5
1.) A straight line from the origin sweeps out an angle θ, and it
terminates at the point (3, −4). Evaluate the six functions of θ.

Answer: sin θ = y/r = -4/5, csc θ = r/y = -5/4

cos θ = x/r = 3/5, sec θ = r/x = 5/3
tan θ = y/x = -4/3, cot θ = x/y = -3/4

2.) Prove tan θ = sinθ / cosθ 908

1208

1508
3.) A straight line from the origin sweeps out an angle θ, and it
terminates at the point (3, −4). Evaluate the six functions of θ.
Answer: sin θ = -4/5 csc θ = 5/4
cos θ = 3/5
tan θ = -4/3
sec θ = 5/3
cot θ = -3/4 1808
55 O
 Tutorial 5
4.) Prove the area of a triangle is equal
ABC = ½ sin A bc = ½ bc sin A

5.) Sketch the following function: 908

a.) y = sin 2x 1208
b.) y = cos x
Answer:

1508

1808
56 O