MD Riyan Nazeer | 160921748036 | CSM-3A

DPM
UNIT-I
SAQ
1 Define endogenous and exogenous hazards?
A • Endogenous hazards are those that originate within the Earth's system, such as volcanic
eruptions and earthquakes. These hazards are related to geological processes.

• Exogenous hazards are those that originate outside the Earth's system, typically from the
atmosphere or space, such as hurricanes, floods, and meteor impacts
2 List the various types of natural disasters.
A • Earthquakes
• Volcanoes
• Tsunamis
• Floods
• Hurricanes/Cyclones/Typhoons
• Tornadoes
• Droughts
• Landslides
• Avalanches
• Wildfires
3 What is the difference between natural disasters and man-made disasters?
A Natural disasters are catastrophic events that occur due to natural processes of the Earth,
such as earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes.

Man-made disasters are catastrophic events that occur as a result of human actions, such as
industrial accidents, nuclear explosions, and oil spills
4 Define disaster. What are the different types of disasters?
A • A disaster is a serious disruption in the functioning of a community or society causing
widespread human, material, economic, or environmental losses that exceed the ability of
the affected community or society to cope using its resources.
• Types of disasters include natural disasters (like earthquakes, floods) and man-made
disasters (like industrial accidents, terrorist attacks)
5 List the three types of vulnerability?
A • Physical vulnerability: Related to the physical characteristics of infrastructure and
buildings.
• Social vulnerability: Related to the population demographics and social factors such as
age, disability, and poverty.
• Economic vulnerability: Related to the economic status and the ability to recover from
disasters
6 Define hazard with example.
A A hazard is a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity, or condition that may cause
loss of life, injury, or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services,
social and economic disruption, or environmental damage. For example, an earthquake is a
natural hazard that can lead to significant damage and casualties
7 What is capacity in disaster management?
A • Capacity in disaster management refers to the combination of all the strengths, attributes,
and resources available within a community, society, or organization that can be used to
achieve agreed goals. This includes physical, institutional, social, or economic means as
well as skilled personnel or collective attributes such as leadership and management.
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8 List the various types of man-made disasters.

A • Industrial accidents (chemical spills, factory explosions)
• Nuclear disasters
• Transportation accidents (train derailments, plane crashes)
• Environmental pollution (oil spills, deforestation)
• Terrorism (bombings, cyber-attacks)
• Urban fires.
LAQ
1 Differentiate between hazard and disaster with examples.
A A hazard is a potential source of harm or adverse effect on a person or people. For example, a
hurricane is a natural hazard.

A disaster occurs when a hazard impacts vulnerable people, causing damage, disruption, and
casualties. For example, Hurricane Katrina in 2005 was a disaster that resulted from the hazard
of a hurricane impacting the vulnerable population of New Orleans.
2 Explain in detail about the various types of Vulnerability?
A • Physical Vulnerability: Refers to the susceptibility of physical structures to damage. For
example, buildings not built to earthquake-resistant standards are physically vulnerable
during earthquakes.

• Social Vulnerability: Relates to the demographic and social factors that affect a
community's ability to withstand disasters. Groups such as the elderly, children, and
disabled individuals are often more socially vulnerable.

• Economic Vulnerability: Concerns the economic conditions that affect the ability to
recover from disasters. Poor communities may lack the resources to rebuild and recover
quickly, making them more economically vulnerable
3 Discuss disaster risk reduction measures.
A • Preparedness: Developing emergency plans, conducting drills, and educating the public.
• Mitigation: Implementing building codes, land-use planning, and constructing barriers like
levees.
• Response: Ensuring rapid and effective response through emergency services and
communication systems.
• Recovery: Rebuilding infrastructure, providing financial assistance, and psychological
support to affected populations.
4 Explain Disaster management.
A • Disaster management involves a systematic process to mitigate, prepare for, respond to,
and recover from the impacts of disasters. This includes planning, coordinating resources,
training personnel, and implementing measures to reduce disaster risks and enhance
resilience.
5 List man-made hazards that emanate from human activities ultimately leading to a
disaster.
A • Chemical spills
• Nuclear accidents
• Industrial explosions
• Transportation accidents
• Oil spills
• Deforestation and environmental degradation
• Urban fires.

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6 Write a note on environmental disaster. Explain the different types of disasters.

A Environmental disasters are severe and often sudden events caused by human activities
leading to significant damage to the environment, human health, and infrastructure. These can
include oil spills, deforestation, industrial pollution, and climate change-related disasters.

Types of environmental disasters:

• Oil spills: Release of liquid petroleum into the environment, causing extensive damage
to marine ecosystems.
• Deforestation: Large-scale removal of forests leading to habitat loss, climate change,
and soil erosion.
• Industrial pollution: Emission of pollutants from factories causing air, water, and soil
contamination.
• Climate change-related disasters: Increased frequency of extreme weather events like
hurricanes, floods, and droughts due to global warming.
7 Classify the environmental hazards. Explain it.
A • Natural Hazards: Include geological and meteorological events such as earthquakes,
floods, hurricanes, and droughts.
• Man-made Hazards: Include industrial accidents, pollution, deforestation, and
urbanization.
• Biological Hazards: Include epidemics and pandemics caused by pathogens like viruses
and bacteria.
• Technological Hazards: Include nuclear accidents, chemical spills, and cyber-attacks.
8 Explain disaster risk management in detail.
A Disaster risk management involves the implementation of strategies and policies to reduce
the impact of natural and man-made disasters.

This includes:
o Risk Assessment: Identifying and evaluating potential risks.
o Mitigation: Implementing measures to reduce risks, such as building resilient
infrastructure.
o Preparedness: Developing emergency response plans and conducting training and drills.
o Response: Activating emergency services and providing immediate relief to affected
populations.
o Recovery: Rebuilding and rehabilitating communities, infrastructure, and services post-
disaster.
9 What is disaster management? Write the necessary measures of disaster management?
A Disaster management refers to the systematic process of using administrative decisions,
organization, operational skills, and capacities to implement policies, strategies, and coping
capacities to lessen the impacts of natural hazards and related environmental, technological,
and biological disasters.

Necessary measures:
• Prevention: Avoiding the occurrence of disasters through planning and policy.
• Mitigation: Reducing the severity of the impacts of disasters.
• Preparedness: Ensuring effective response to disasters through planning and training.
• Response: Providing immediate assistance to maintain life, improve health, and
support the morale of the affected population.
• Recovery: Restoring normalcy by rebuilding and rehabilitating affected areas and
communities.

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MD Riyan Nazeer | 160921748036 | CSM-3A

UNIT-II
SAQ
1 Define Earthquake
A An earthquake is a sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great
destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action.
2 Differentiate between focus and epicenter
A Focus: The point within the Earth where an earthquake rupture starts.
Epicenter: The point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake.
3 List the causes of earthquake
A • Tectonic movements
• Volcanic activity
• Human activities such as mining, reservoir-induced seismicity, and geothermal energy
extraction.
4 How do you measure an earthquake
A Earthquakes are measured using the Richter scale or the Moment Magnitude Scale (Mw),
which quantifies the energy released at the source of the earthquake.
5 What are cyclones?
A Cyclones are large scale air masses that rotate around a strong center of low atmospheric
pressure, characterized by inward spiralling winds that rotate counterclockwise in the Northern
Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere
6 What are the different types of droughts?
A The different types of droughts are
• meteorological drought
• hydrological drought
• agricultural drought
7 List the causes of landslides.
A Causes of landslides include heavy rainfall, earthquakes, volcanic activity, erosion, and human
activities such as deforestation and construction.
8 Give examples for natural disaster.
A Examples of natural disasters include earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods,
and volcanic eruptions.
9 State examples for man-made disasters.
A Examples of man-made disasters include industrial accidents, oil spills, nuclear accidents,
and chemical spills.
10 Define epidemic
A An epidemic is the rapid spread of a disease to a large number of people within a short period
of time.
11 What is a heat wave.
A A heat wave is a prolonged period of excessively hot weather, which may be accompanied by
high humidity.
LAQ
1 What are the adverse effects of earthquake?
A Adverse effects of earthquakes include loss of life, injury, destruction of buildings and
infrastructure, landslides, tsunamis, fire outbreaks, and economic loss.
2 Explain the general characteristics of a cyclone?
A Cyclones have a low-pressure center, known as the eye, with strong winds spiraling inward and
upward. They are accompanied by heavy rain, thunderstorms, and can cause widespread
damage through strong winds, storm surges, and flooding.

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3 What are the possible risk reduction measures of a flood?

A Risk reduction measures for floods include constructing levees and dams, improving drainage
systems, developing early warning systems, creating floodplain maps, and implementing land-
use planning to avoid construction in high-risk areas.
4 What are the adverse effects of Tsunami?
A Adverse effects of tsunamis include massive loss of life, destruction of coastal infrastructure,
contamination of freshwater supplies, long-term economic and environmental damage, and
displacement of populations.
5 What are the causes of landslides?
A Causes of landslides include natural factors such as heavy rainfall, earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, and erosion, as well as human factors like deforestation, mining, construction, and
water mismanagement.
6 What are the possible risk reduction measures of Tsunami?
A Risk reduction measures for tsunamis include early warning systems, education and
evacuation plans, construction of sea walls, restricting development in tsunami-prone areas,
and preserving natural buffers like mangroves and coral reefs.
7 What are the possible risk reduction measures of landslides?
A Risk reduction measures for landslides include proper land-use planning, reforestation,
construction of retaining walls, improving drainage systems, monitoring and warning systems,
and avoiding construction on unstable slopes.
8 Explain the adverse effects of a cyclone?
A Adverse effects of cyclones include loss of life, injury, damage to buildings and infrastructure,
agricultural losses, flooding, storm surges, and long-term economic impacts.
9 Explain the need of fire management?
A Fire management is essential to prevent uncontrolled wildfires, protect lives and property,
preserve natural habitats, maintain air quality, and ensure ecological balance. It includes
controlled burns, creating firebreaks, and public education on fire safety.
10 Explain the different types of industrial accidents?
A Different types of industrial accidents include chemical spills, explosions, fires, structural
collapses, machinery accidents, and exposure to hazardous materials. These accidents can
result from equipment failure, human error, improper maintenance, or unsafe working
conditions.