IC Engine

What is an Internal combustion engine ?

• Internal combustion engine = Internal + combustion + engine

• Internal = Inside the engine cylinder

• Combustion = The process of burning

• Engine = Device that produces power to make the machine

move
 What is a Heat engine?
• Otto cycle based Petrol engine (4-stroke) was developed (in 1876) by a German
engineer Nikolaus Otto.
• Diesel Engine was developed by another German engineer Rudolf Diesel in the year 1892.

• Engine refers as “Heat engine” is a device

 Which converts chemical energy of fuel into Heat energy and
 This Heat energy is further converted into mechanical work”.

• Based on the location where the combustion of fuel take place (Whether outside or
inside the engine cylinder)
• (a) External combustion engines (combustion outside the working cylinder),
• (b) Internal combustion engines (I.C.E) - combustion inside the engine cylinder)
 Two Types of Heat Engine

• A heat engine is a device which transforms the chemical energy of a fuel into
heat energy and uses this heat energy to produce mechanical work.
• Heat engines are classified into two broad types :
• External combustion engines – products of combustion of air and fuel
transfer heat to a second fluid which is working fluid of the cycle
• Internal combustion engines – products of combustion are directly the
motive fluid

4
 Comparison between Internal and External Heat Engine

I. C. ENGINES​ External Combustion ENGINES​

Combustion of fuel takes place inside the Combustion of fuel
cylinder.​ takes place outside the cylinder.​
Compact in size and more efficient.​ Larger in size and less efficient.​
Low initial cost.​ More initial cost.​
Working fluid is mixture of air and fuel.​ Working fluid is steam.​
Easier and quick starting of these engines.​ Starting is difficult and more time is required.​
Costly fuels are required like petrol and Cheaper fuel may be used like coal.​
diesel.​
More suitable for mobile applications i.e. Less suitable for mobile applications.​
Scooter, motor cycle, car, bus etc.
Heat Engine Classification

6
 Definition of Internal combustion Engine
Definition of Internal combustion Engine:

 The products of combustion are directly the motive fluid.

 Here, Combustion takes place inside the engine cylinder.

 Examples: Petrol Engine (4 and 2 stroke)

 Diesel engine

 Gas engine (CNG, LPG)

 Open cycle gas turbine

7
 Main advantages of IC Engine

• The main advantages of internal combustion engines over external

combustion engines are

• greater mechanical simplicity,

• lower ratio of weight and bulk to output,

• lower first cost and

• lesser requirement of water for dissipation of energy through cooling system.

8
Introduction
Engines : A device that converts energy into mechanical energy or mechanical power.
It can have Reciprocating, Rotary, etc. motion

Air-fuel
Mixture It always have Stator and Moving parts
TDC

BDC

Engines are broadly classified into:

 IC engines : Combustion takes place inside the engine cylinder.

E.g. Petrol Engine , Diesel Engine, Gas Engine

 External Engines : Combustion takes place outside the engine cylinder

E.g. Steam Engine, Gas Turbines, Steam Turbines
Applications
Classification of Engines

According to the fuel used

According to thermodynamic cycle
According to method of Ignition
According to number of strokes per cycle
According to number of cylinders
According to cooling system
According to method of fuel injection
According to valve mechanism
According to method of starting
According to Lubrication system
According to field of application
According to arrangement of cylinders
 CLASSIFICATION OF IC ENGINE

I.C.ENGINES may be classified according to

 Type of fuel used as (1)Petrol engine (2)Diesel engine (3)Gas engines (4)Bi-fuel engine (two fuel engine)

 Nature of thermodynamic cycle as: (1)Otto cycle engine (2)Diesel engine cycle (3) Duel or mixed cycle engi

ne

 Number of stroke per cycle as : (1) Four stroke engine (2) Two stroke engine

 Method of ignition as : (1) Spark Ignition engines (Mixture of air and fuel is ignited by electric spark)

(2) Compression Ignition engines (The fuel is ignited as it comes in contact with hot Compressed air)

 Method of Cooling as (1) Air cooled engines (2) Water cooled engines

 Speed of the engines as: (1) Low speed engines (2) Medium speed engines (3) High speed engines
• Number of cylinder as:(1) Single cylinder engines (2) Multi cylinder engines

• Position of the cylinder as :(1) In-line engines (2) V- engines (3) Radial engines (4) Opposed cylinder engines

(4) Opposed piston engines

Opposed P i s t o n E n g i n e
Inline Engine
V- E n g i n e
IC Engine Classification

14
Components of an I.C. Engine
Cylinder
Cylinder Head
Piston
Piston Rings
Water Jacket
Connecting Rod
Crankshaft
Inlet and Exhaust Valves
Cams & Camshaft
Spark Plug
Carburetor
Crankcase
Flywheel
 Sketch of SI (Petrol) Engine

Note and write 10 main parts of engine

 List of engine parts and material used
Sr. Component Material used
No.
01 Cylinder Cast iron, alloy steel
02 Cylinder head Cast iron, aluminium alloy
03 Piston Cast iron, aluminium alloy
04 Piston rings Silicon cast iron
05 Piston pin Steel
06 Valves Specially alloy steel
07 Connecting rod Steel
08 Crankshaft Alloy steel, SG iron
09 Crankcase Aluminium alloy, steel, cast iron
10 Cylinder liner Cast iron, nickel alloy steel
11 Bearing White metal, leaded bronze

17
 Components of IC Engine
1. Cylinder block: Main body of engine. It is a main supporting structure which
holds other components (piston, cylinder head, valve mechanism) together and
provides mounting points.

2. Cylinder: Cylindrical vessel in which piston reciprocates.

3. Piston: Tubular component responsible for transmitting gas forces (up and down) to
rotary motion of output (crank) shaft.

4. Piston rings: Provide tight seal between piston and cylinder wall to prevent
leakage of combustion gas from piston top to down.

5. Combustion chamber: Space between cylinder and piston top during

combustion process where combustion of fuel, releasing of thermal energy and
building up of pressure occurs.

18
 Components of IC Engine
6. Connecting rods: Rod which connects piston and crank shaft to transmit
power on piston to crankshaft.

7. Crankshaft: It converts reciprocating motion of piston into rotary motion of

output shaft.

8. Cams and camshaft: Driven by timing gear and controls opening and
closing of inlet and exhaust valves.

9. Inlet and exhaust valve: Located in cylinder head to regulate the flow of
working fluid into the cylinder and expelling combustion gases to the
atmosphere.

10. Inlet and exhaust manifold: The inlet manifold evenly distribute
combustion mixture or air to each intake port in cylinder head while exhaust
manifold collects exhaust gases from multi-cylinders into small number of pipes often
down to one header pipe.

19
Components of an I.C. Engine
 Cylinder bore (d)  Displacement/Stroke/Swept Volume (Vs)
 Piston area (A)  Dead Centres (TDC & BDC)
 Stroke (L)  Compression Ratio =

Stroke Length and Stroke Volume in an I.C. Engine

 Nomenclature of IC Engine
Cylinder bore (D): The nominal inner diameter of the engine cylinder.

Piston area (A): The cross section area of cylinder bore circle.

Stroke (L): The nominal distance through which a working piston moves between two
successive reversals (TDC and BDC) of its direction of motion.

Dead center: The position of piston at the moment when the direction of the piston motion is
reversed.

Bottom dead center (BDC): when the piston is nearest to the crankshaft.
In horizontal engines it is also called outer dead center (ODC).

Top dead centre (TDC):when the piston is farthest from the crankshaft (nearest to cylinder
head). In horizontal engines it is also called inner dead centre (IDC).

21
 Nomenclature of IC Engine

Displacement volume or piston swept volume (Vs): The nominal volume generated by the
working piston when travelling from one dead center to next one (Vs = A x L).

Clearance volume (Vc): The nominal volume of the space on the combustion side of the piston
at top dead center.

Cylinder volume (V): The sum of piston swept volume and clearance volume (V = Vs + Vc).

Compression ratio (r): The numerical value of the cylinder volume divided by the numerical
value of the clearance volume (r = V/ Vc = (Vs + Vc)/ Vc).

22
• Bore : Inner diameter of Engine Cylinder is Called a Bore. Dead centres and volumes in I.C. Engine
• Stroke: It is the linear distance traveled by the piston when it moves from one end (TDC) of the cylinder to the
other end (BDC).
• Dead Centers: In the vertical engines,
• TOP DEAD CENTER (TDC ) = Top position of Piston when moving up
• BOTTOM DEAD CENTER (BDC) = Bottom position of Piston when moving down
• Clearance Volume, (Vc): It is the volume contained between the piston top and cylinder head when the piston
is at top position (in vertical engines) or inner dead center (in horizontal engines) .
• Stroke Volume (Vs, swept volume): It is the volume displaced by the piston in one stroke (from TDC to BDC or
reverse) is known as stroke volume or swept volume.

• Let Vs = stroke volume, L = stroke lengh, d = bore

Vs = (π/4) d2 L

23
Compression ratio: The ratio of total Cylinder volume (Vc + Vs) to clearance volume (Vc ) is called the compression
ratio (r) of the Engine.

Total Cylinder volume = Vc + Vs

CR = r = Cylinder Volume at BDC/ Cylinder Volume at TDC

= (Vc + Vs )/ Vc

=1 + Vs / Vc

Compression Ratio
For petrol engine = 6 to 10
For diesel engine = 14 to 20.
Piston speed (m/s): It is average speed of piston. It is equal to 2LN,
where N is speed of crank shaft in rev./second.
Piston Speed, Vp = 2LN/ 60 (m/s), where, L = Stroke Length, m and N = speed of crank shaft (RPM)

24
 Four stroke Petrol E n g i n e

IV = open, EV = close IV = close, EV = close IV = close, EV = open

Piston moves from TDC to BDC Piston moves from BDC to TDC IV close, EV = close + sparking Piston moves from BDC to
Piston moves from TDC to BDC TDC
 Pi s t o n P o s i t i o n s D u r i n g Th e F o u r Stroke Cycle

 NOTE- In four stroke engine cycle, two complete revolutions of crank shaft is required for completing
one cycle.
IV = open, EV = close IV = close, EV = close IV close, EV = close + sparking IV = close, EV = open
Piston moves from TDC to BDC Piston moves from BDC to Piston moves from TDC to BDC Piston moves from BDC to
TDC TDC
Working of Each Stroke S.I. Engine

27
 4-stroke Engine
Intake stroke (Suction stroke):
• Piston moves down in the cylinder bore from top dead center (TDC) to BDC
• Intake valve is open, the exhaust valve is closed
• Downward piston motion creates a vacuum (negative air pressure) in the cylinder that draws
that air and fuel mixture into the engine cylinder via the open intake valve

Compression stroke:
• Piston moves up the cylinder bore from bottom
dead center to top dead center
• Both the intake and exhaust valves are closed
• Upward piston motion compresses air + fuel
mixture in the combustion chamber

28
 4-stroke Engine
Power stroke:
• At the end of the compression (previous) stroke, the spark plug fires and ignites the compressed air + fuel
mixture.
• This ignition/explosion forces the piston back down the cylinder bore and rotates the crankshaft, propelling the
vehicle forward.
• Piston moves down the cylinder bore from top dead center to bottom dead center
• Both the intake and exhaust valve are closed

Exhaust stroke:
• Piston moves up the cylinder bore from bottom dead center to
top dead center. The momentum caused by the power stroke is
what continues the crankshaft movement and the other 3
strokes consecutively.
• Intake valve is closed, the exhaust valve is open
• This final stroke forces the spent gasses/exhaust out of the
cylinder.
• The cycle in now complete and the piston is ready to begin
the intake stroke of next cycle.

29
0-1 = Suction stroke at constant pressure
1-2 = Isentropic compression process 4 Stroke S.I. Engine
2-3 = Sparking at constant volume
3-4 = Isentropic expansion process
4-1 = Blow down (suddenly press drops)
4-0 = Exhaust at constant pressure

30
 The four stroke petrol engines work on the principle of theoretical Otto cycle, also known
as constant volume cycle as shown in Fig below

In four stroke Petrol engine air and fuel mixture enters through inlet valve and exhaust gases come out through
Exhaust valve. SPARK plug fitted at the top of cylinder head, which initiates the ignition of the air fuel mixture
at the end of compression stroke.
The piston performs four strokes to complete one working cycle-
(1) SUCTION STROKE (2) COMPRESSION STROKE
(3) POWER STROKE (4) EXHAUST STROKE.
 Valve timing diagram for 4 Stroke S.I. Engine

Valve Overlap Period = During which both the valves are open together

32
 Advantages of 4-stroke Engine

Advantages:

 High torque and longer life

 Higher thermal efficiency

 Lower fuel Consumption and lubricating oil use is also lower

 Causes Lesser pollution

 Lesser wear of the cylinder

33
 Limitations and applications of 4-stroke Engine

Limitations:
 Less power generation
 Complicated construction
 More expensive

Applications:
 Used where Efficiency is of prime importance
 Mainly in Cars, buses, trucks, industrial engines etc.

34
 F o u r Stroke Diesel (CI) E n g i n e
Fuel Injection

IV = close, EV = close IV = close, EV = open

Piston moves up from BDC to TDC Piston moves up from BDC to TDC

IV = open, EV = close IV close, EV = close + FI

Piston moves down from TDC to BDC Piston moves down from TDC to BDC
Working of Each Stroke in C.I. Engine

36
▶
The four stroke Diesel Engine works on the principle of Diesel Cycle , also called CONSTANT
PRESSURE HEAT ADDITION PROCESS as shown in Fig. below

▶ The four stroke Diesel engine also consists of SUCTION, COMPRESSION, POWER and EXHAUST strokes.

The basic construction of a four stroke diesel engine is the same as that of four stroke petrol engine,
Except instead of spark plug, a fuel injector is mounted in its place .
 The basic differences between Petrol and Diesel Engine given below .

PETROL ENGINE DIESEL ENGINE

Works on Otto cycle . Works on Diesel Cycle .
Petrol is used as fuel . Diesel is used as fuel .
Air and fuel mixture enters in cylinder during suction stroke . Only Air is drawn during the suction stroke .
Low compression ratio ranging from 6 to 10 . High compression ratio ranging from 14 to 20 .
The compressed charge is ignited by the spark plug. The fuel injector is used in Diesel engine.
High engine speed of about 3000 RPM . Low to medium engine speed ranging from 500 to 1500 RPM.
The Thermal efficiency is lower due to lower Compression ratio . The Thermal efficiency is higher due to high Compression ratio .

Lighter in weight because maximum pressure and Temperature is Heavier in Weight because maximum pressure and temperature is
less . high .
Less Costlier . More Costlier .
Maintanence cost is Less . Maintanence cost is Slightly higher .
Easier starting even in cold weather . Difficult to start in cold weather .
Running cost Higher because petrol is Costlier . Running cost is Less because diesel is Cheaper .
▶
 As the name itself implies, all the 4 processes (Suction , Compression ,
Expansion (Power) and Exhaust) are completed in two strokes of the
engine.
 In two stroke Engine cycle four operations namely Suction , Compression,
Expansion (Power) and Exhaust are completed in one complete revolution
(360o) of the crank shaft.
 In four stroke engine cycle two complete revolutions (360o x 2 =720o) of
crank shaft is required for completing one cycle of 4 processes. There is a
separate stroke for each process.
 Two stroke Engine has one Power stroke per revolution of the crank shaft.
 In two stroke engines there are two openings (in cylineder) called PORTS
(INLET and EXHAUST PORT ), in place of valves of four stroke engines.
 These Ports are opened and closed by Reciprocating Motion of the Piston in
the Cylinder.
 IP = open, EP = close IP = Close, EP = Open
Piston moves upwards from BDC to TDC Piston moves downwards from TDC to
BDC
 2-stroke Engine
• In two-stroke engines the cycle is completed in two stroke, i.e., one revolution of the crankshaft

NOTE:
There are 3 ports in 2 stroke
engine
IP = Inlet port
EP = Exhaust port and
TP = Transfer port

There is no valve

IP = Close, EP = Open IP = open, EP = close

Piston moves downwards from TDC to BDC Piston moves upwards from BDC to TDC

42
 2-stroke Engine
Suction and Compression stroke: The upward motion of the piston opens the inlet
port, and the air or air-fuel mixture enters the cylinder.
The further movement of the piston compresses the mixtures. A spark plug ignites
the compressed air-fuel mixture and initiates the power stroke.

Power and Exhaust stroke: The burnt

gas expands, thus exerting pressure on
the piston, hence, power is produced.
As a result, the piston’s downward
motion begins, followed by the opening
of the exhaust port.
This removes the exhaust gases from the
cylinder.

43
IP = open, EP = close IP = Close, EP = Open
Piston moves upwards from BDC to TDC Piston moves downwards from TDC to BDC
Cycles and valve timing of 2-stroke Engine

45
 Advantages of 2-stroke Engine

Advantages:
 Simple construction and easy to maintain

 Few spare parts are required

 Light weight give them a high power-to-weight ratio

46
Limitations and applications of 2-stroke Engine

Limitations:
Low thermal efficiency
Incomplete combustion
More noise and High vibrations
Considerably more emission pollution

Applications:
 Used where compactness and low cost is important.
 Lawn movers, scooters, motor cycles etc.

47
 FOUR STROKE ENGINE TWO STROKE ENGINE
Four piston strokes require to complete one cycle . Only two piston strokes required to complete one cycle .
Two complete revolutions of crank shaft is required to complete one Only one complete revolution of crank shaft is required to complete
cycle. one cycle .
Equal to half of the speed of engine crank shaft . Number of power Equal to the speed of engine crank shaft . Number of
stroke/min. n=N/2 power stroke/ min. n=N

Power is developed in every alternate revolution of crank shaft . Power is also developed in every revolution of crank shaft hence for
same cylinder double power is produced.
The power is developed in every alternate revolution, hence heavy The power is developed in every revolution , hence lighter
fly wheel is required . flywheel is required .
These engines are Heavier, larger and required more space. These engine are lighter more compact and require less space.

The inlet and exhaust valve are require and they are operated by In place of valve, ports are used which opens and close by
valve operated by valve operating mechanism. motion of piston itself.
Lubricating oil consumption is less . Lubricating oil consumption is more because lubricating oil is
mixed with fuel
Thermal efficiency is higher . Less Thermal efficiency.

Mechanical efficiency is Low because of more number of moving Mechanical efficiency is High because of less number of moving
parts . parts .
These Engines are used basically in High Power Application These Engines are used basically in Low Power Application
Where more space is available like Cars , Truck, Tractors , Buses Where less space is available like Mopeds ,Scooters ,Motor
etc . cycle etc .
 Comparison between 2-stroke and 4-stroke engine
Sr No 2-stroke engine 4-stroke engine
01 It has one revolution of the crankshaft during one It has two revolutions of the crankshaft during one
power stroke. power stroke.
02 No valves, only ports Contain valves and valve mechanism
03 It uses a port for the fuel’s inlet and outlet. It uses valves for the fuel’s inlet and outlet.
04 lesser thermal efficiency. higher thermal efficiency.
05 It generates high torque. It generates less torque.
06 It generates more smoke and shows less efficiency. It generates less smoke and shows more efficiency.
07 Requires more lubricating oil as some oil burns with Requires less lubricating oil.
the fuel.
08 Due to poor lubrication, more wear and tear occurs. Less wear and tear occurs.
09 Engines are cheaper and are simple to manufacture. Engines are expensive due to lubrication and
valves and are tough to manufacture.
10 The output power is less. The output power is more.
11 The cost of the engine is a less comparatively four- The cost of the engine is a more comparatively
stroke engine. four-stroke engine.

49
 Heat Heat
Suction Compression
Addition
Expansion Rejection Exhaust

Heat
Suction Compression Addition Expansion
Air-fuel
Mixture
TDC No
Movement
Air-Fuel
mixture
ignited using
BDC spark Plug

Heat
Rejection Exhaust
Spark Plug Inlet Port Outlet Port
Burn-out
Air-Fuel
mixture Stroke = 4 times
• Suction
No • Compression
Movement • Expansion
• Exhaust
Ideal and Actual Otto Cycle Diagrams
 0

 D2
V2= V3 = Clearance Volume (VC) V1- V2 = Swept Volume (Vs)  L
4

V1= V4 = VC+ Vs Compression ration = V1/V2= (VC+ Vs)/(VC)

 Air Standard efficiency
𝑇4
𝑇4 − 𝑇1 𝑇1 𝑇 − 1
𝜂 =1− 1
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 𝜂 =1−
𝑇3
𝑇2 −1
𝑇2

Now , air standard efficiency in terms of compression ratio

Process 1-2: Isentropic Compression

𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝛾
= 𝑃1 𝑉1
𝑇1 𝑇2 𝛾
= 𝑃2 𝑉2

𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈
=
V1 T1 P2
  V1 T1 V1
𝑇1 𝑇2 𝜸 𝜸   
V2 T2 P1 𝑷 𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑷 𝟐 𝑽𝟐 V2 T2 V2
 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈
=
V1 T1 P2
  V1 T1 V1
𝑇1 𝑇2 𝜸 𝜸  
V2 T2 P1 𝑷 𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑷 𝟐 𝑽𝟐 V2 T2 V2

 1
T2  V1  T2 V1 1
    1
T1  V2  T1 V2
V1
where,  r ( compression ratio )
V2

T2  T1r  1

Process 3-4: Isentropic Expansion

 1 V4
 r ( compression ratio )
T3  V4  where,
Similarly   V3 T3  T4 r  1
T4  V3 
 T2  T1r  1 T2 T3 T4 T3
 
T1 T4 T1 T2
T3  T4 r  1

 T4 
T1   1 T1 T2  T1r  1 1
 1  T1   1  1
 T3  T2 r  1
T2   1
 T2 

Air Standard efficiency

 1
Air Standard  1
efficiency r  1
Work-done using in terms of Pressure and
Volume
 dW  PdV  vdP

dW  PdV
using PV n  C
C
dW  dV
Vn

Vf Vi
f f V f V  C C
C V f1 n  Vi1 n C  n  in  V fn Vi n
 dW   V n dV W C
1 n W 
V f Vi  W
1 n
i i 1 n
using, PV n  C
Vf Vi
Pf V f  PV Pf V fn  PV
i i
n

W
i i V fn Vi n
1 n W
1 n
Process 1-2: Work on the system Process 3-4: Work by the system

P V  PV P V  PV P4V4  PV PV  P V
 (1)  2 2 1 1  2 2 1 1 W3 4  (1)  3 3
 3 3 4 4
W1 2
1   1 1   1
 Process 1-2: Work on the system Process 3-4: Work by the system

P V  PV P V  PV P4V4  PV PV  P V
 (1)  2 2 1 1  2 2 1 1 W3 4  (1)  3 3
 3 3 4 4
W1 2
1   1 1   1

Net work done in Otto Cycle

3 3  P4V4 P2V2  PV Equal to shaded area

PV
Wnet   1 1
 1  1

𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆

Mean effective pressure (MEP) =
𝑺𝒘𝒆𝒑𝒕 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆

V2 1
Swept Volume  V1  V2  V1 (1  )  V1 (1  )
V1 r
Qus

In an air-standard Otto cycle, the pressure and temperature at the

start of the compression stroke are 0.1 MPa and 300 K,
respectively. The temperature at the end of the compression and at
the end of the heat addition processes are 600 and 1,600 K,
respectively. Calculate: (i) thermal efficiency, (ii) heat added, (iii)
net work per kg of air, and (iv) mean effective pressure.
Ans
Qus

An engine operation on an air-standard Otto cycle has a

compression ratio equal to 7. The conditions at the start of
compression are 0.1 MPa and 300 K. The pressure at the end of
heat addition is 4 MPa. Determine: (i) thermal efficiency, (ii) net
work done per kg of air where Cv = 0.718 kJ/kg, air γ = 1.4, and (iii)
mean effective pressure.
Ans

𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Qus

In an air standard Otto cycle, the pressure and temperature at the

start of compression stroke are 1 bar and 30°C, respectively. The
temperature at the end of compression is 270°C and heat addition
at constant volume is 2,000 kJ. Calculate: (i) thermal efficiency, (ii)
net work per kg of air, (iii) maximum temperature in the cycle, and
(iv) mean effective pressure.
Diesel Cycle
 Work Done = Heat Supplied – Heat Rejected

Work done  c p T3  T2   cv T4  T1 

Net Work done

Air Standard Efficiency ( ) =
Heat supplied

c p T3  T2   cv T4  T1 

c p T3  T2 

 T4 
cv T4  T1  T1   1
 1 1  1 T 
c p T3  T2   1
 T 
T2  3  1
 T2 
  T4 
T1   1
1  1 T 
 1
 T 
T2  3  1
 T2 

Now , air standard efficiency in terms of compression ratio

Process 1-2: Isentropic Compression

𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝛾
= 𝑃1 𝑉1
𝑇1 𝑇2 𝛾
= 𝑃2 𝑉2

𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈
=
V1 T1 P2
  V1 T1 V1
𝑇1 𝑇2 𝜸 𝜸  
V2 T2 P1 𝑷 𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑷 𝟐 𝑽𝟐 V2 T2 V2

Like Otto Cycle

 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈
=
V1 T1 P2
  V1 T1 V1
𝑇1 𝑇2 𝜸 𝜸   
V2 T2 P1 𝑷 𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑷 𝟐 𝑽𝟐 V2 T2 V2

 1
T2  V1  T2 V1 1
    1
T1  V2  T1 V2
V1
where,  r ( compression ratio )
V2

T2  T1r  1

Like Otto Cycle

Process 3-4: Isentropic Expansion
 1
T3  V4  V4
Similarly   where,  compression ratio
T4  V3  V3
 Due to constant heat addition process an new term
come into existence : cut off ratio

V3
Cut-off ratio ( )=
V2

The cut-off ratio is defined as the ratio of the volume at

the end of constant-pressure energy addition process
to the volume at the beginning of the energy addition
process.

 1  1  1  1
T3  V4  T4  V3  T4  V3 V2  T4  V3 V2 
  
since       
T4  V3  T3  V2 V4  T3  V2 V1 
T3  V4 
V3 V
 1  ; 1 r
T4    V2 V2
 
T3  r 
2-3: Constant heating process     1  1

   r  1
As per Charle’s Law   
r 
1 1
  1    1   
V3 T3
   r    1
V2 T2

T4 T4 T3 T2    1 
     1    r
 1
 1
T1 T3 T2 T1
  1    1   
1 1 r
 1
T4   
T2  T1r  1
 
T3  r 
 r    1
 1
T4   
 
T1  r 
   r  1
 1
1

1

    1
 r  1    1
T 
T1  4  1
1  T1 
 1
 T   1
1

1

    1
T2  3  1
 T2 
r  1
    1
Work-done using in terms of Pressure and
Volume

V
 Process 1-2: Work on the system Process 3-4: Work by the system

P2V2  PV P V  PV P4V4  PV PV  P V
W1 2  (1)  1 1
 2 2 11 W3 4  (1)  3 3
 3 3 4 4
1   1 1   1

Process 2-3: Work by the system Like Otto Cycle

dW  PdV  vdP

 
3 3
using P  C
W2 3  P V3  V2
dW  PdV  dW  P  dV
2 2

Net work done in diesel Cycle

3 3  PV
PV 2 2  PV
PV
Wnet  P V3  V2   4 4
 1 1
 1  1
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆
Mean effective pressure (MEP) =
𝑺𝒘𝒆𝒑𝒕 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆
V2 1
Swept Volume  V1  V2  V1 (1  )  V1 (1  )
V1 r
Qus

In an air standard diesel cycle, the compression ratio is 18. The

pressure and temperature at the beginning of compression are 0.1
MPa and 300 K, respectively. Heat is added at constant pressure
until the temperature is increased to 1700 K. Calculate: (i) cut-off
ratio, (ii) heat supplied per kg of air, (iii) cycle efficiency, and (iv)
mean effective pressure Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg, air γ = 1.4.
Ans
Qus

An ideal diesel cycle operates on 1 kg of standard air with an initial

pressure of 0.98 bar and a temperature of 35°C. The pressure at the
end of compression is 33 bar and the cut-off is 6% of the stroke.
Determine: (i) compression ratio, (ii) percentage clearance, and (iii)
heat supplied.
Ans