Republic of the Philippines

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY

Don Severino de las Alas Campus
Cavite Civic Center, Palico IV, City of Imus, Cavite 4103
www.cvsu-imus.edu.ph
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

GLOBAL MIGRATION
WRITTEN REPORT

IPINASA NILA:
Anyayahan, Carlo Jose W.
Idaosos, John Dave P.
Ishii, Rina L.
Lama, Malachi N.

PRESENTATOR 4

IPINASA KAY:
Mr. Mhel Roldan Panogalinog

BACHELOR OF ARTS IN JOURNALISM 1-C

SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 / SECOND SEMESTER

June 05, 2024

CvSU Vision

The premier university in historic Cavite recognized for excellence in the development of globally competitive and morally upright individuals.

CvSU Mission

Cavite State University shall provide excellent, equitable and relevant educational opportunities in the arts, science and technology through quality instruction and relevant
research and development activities. It shall produce professional, skilled and morally upright individuals for global competitiveness.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................2
II. LESSON CONTENT.......................................................................................................2
GLOBAL MIGRATION.......................................................................................................2
MIGRATION.........................................................................................................................2
Patterns of Migration....................................................................................................2
Types of migration............................................................................................................3
1. Internal Migration................................................................................................3
2. International migration......................................................................................3
3. Labour Migration.................................................................................................4
Types of labour migrants:...............................................................................................4
4. Forced or Involuntary Migration.....................................................................4
Forces Behind Migration.................................................................................................5
1. Push Factor................................................................................................................5
2. Pull Factor...................................................................................................................6
Transnational Migration..................................................................................................7
Circular Migration..............................................................................................................7
Research Findings:...........................................................................................................7
III. CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................8
IV. REFERENCES.............................................................................................................9

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 I. INTRODUCTION

Global migration, the process of individuals moving across international boundaries, is a

multifaceted and intricate occurrence that deeply impacts societies, economies, and individuals
globally. This document offers an outline of present patterns, significant hurdles, and
prospective advantages linked with global migration.

II. LESSON CONTENT

GLOBAL MIGRATION

● The international movement of people across borders, either voluntary or involuntary.

● A situation in which people go to live in foreign countries, especially in order to find work.
Most global migration is from developing countries to developed ones.
Examples :
Economic Migration: People moving from less developed regions to more developed
countries in search of better job opportunities and higher wages. For instance,
individuals from countries in Africa or Asia migrating to Europe or North America for
employment prospects.
Refugee Migration: Individuals fleeing persecution, conflict, or human rights violations
in their home countries and seeking asylum in other nations. The Syrian refugee crisis,
with millions of Syrians seeking refuge in neighboring countries and beyond, is a
significant example.
Environmental Migration: People forced to migrate due to environmental factors such
as natural disasters, climate change, or environmental degradation. This could include
populations relocating from low-lying coastal areas due to rising sea levels or
communities displaced by droughts or floods.
Educational Migration: Students moving to foreign countries to pursue higher
education opportunities. This includes international students studying abroad in
universities or colleges, often with the intention of gaining skills and qualifications that
can enhance their future prospects.

MIGRATION
- Is the movement of people from one place to another with the purpose of changing
their residence, either temporarily or permanently. It is both a cause and effect of
globalization, as it was the product of this phenomenon, and it also plays a major role
in the advancement of globalization. This is evidenced by the growing numbers of
migrations, be it legal or illegal.

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Patterns of Migration
Patterns of migration refer to the trends and tendencies observed in the movement of people
from one place to another. These patterns can vary widely depending on factors such as
geographic location, economic conditions, political stability, cultural ties, and historical context.

Rural to Urban Migration: This pattern involves people moving from rural areas to
urban centers in search of better job opportunities, higher living standards, and access
to services and amenities. It is often driven by factors such as industrialization,
urbanization, and the concentration of economic activities in cities.

South-North Migration: Historically, there has been a significant flow of migrants from
the Global South (less developed regions) to the Global North (more developed regions).
This pattern is driven by disparities in economic development, with individuals seeking
better employment prospects, education, healthcare, and overall quality of life in
destination countries.

East-West Migration: This pattern involves migration between countries or regions

within the same hemisphere, such as from Eastern Europe to Western Europe, or from
East Asia to North America. It is often driven by economic factors, political instability,
cultural ties, and historical connections between countries.

Types of migration

1. Internal Migration
- Also called interregional migration, is the movement from one place to another within
a country.
Example: A Filipino who wishes to change residency from Manila to Davao is an example
of Internal Migration.
An American who decides to live in California from his homegrown New York city
also illustrates this type of migration.
2. International migration
- Also called intercontinental migration, Is the movement from one country to another.
Example: A Chinese who joins his/her family in the USA for permanent settlement.
A South Korean with a cosmetics business in the Philippines decides to live with
his family in the country.
International migration comes in two forms:
a) Immigration
- refers to movement into or entry to a particular country for permanent settlement.
Immigrants enter a country.

Example: Mexicans in the United States with the purpose of permanent settlement are
called immigrants. Immigrants with documents that are recognized by the receiving
country and passed through the process of existing laws of immigration are called Legal

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 Immigrants. While those that are undocumented and clandestinely living in one country
are called Illegal Immigrants.
b) Emigration

Emigration refers to movement outside or exit from a particular country with the
intention of not returning. Emigrants leave a country.

Expatriation (abandonment of one's country and renunciation of one's citizenship), most

of the time, is the result of emigration.

Example: South Africans who moved out from South Africa to another country like Brazil
are called emigrants but once settled there they will be called there as immigrants.

3. Labour Migration
- Labour migration represents the movement of individuals from one country to
another with the purpose of seeking work or responding to recruitment drives in
another country.
Types of labour migrants:
highly skilled labor and unskilled low wage labor

Highly-skilled labor migration is a type of migration most demanded by host

countries looking to attract highly skilled workers. In most cases, countries seek
highly skilled workers in certain occupations when there is a shortage. This type
of migration is not as common.

Unskilled low wage labor - is the movement of persons holding jobs that do not
necessarily require a high level of education or extensive experience. In some
cases, public policy frameworks use salary levels to define low-skilled migration.
Research in this category includes studies on low-skilled migration in various
economic sectors such as healthcare, construction, agriculture, the sex industry
and domestic work
Economic Migrants
- Individuals who move from one country to another primarily for economic reasons,
such as seeking better employment opportunities, higher wages, or improved living
standards.
Example: A software engineer from India moves to the United States in search of better
job opportunities and higher wages. They obtain a work visa and intend to improve their
economic situation by working in the tech industry.
Context: The migration is motivated by the desire for better economic prospects rather
than fleeing persecution or conflict.

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 4. Forced or Involuntary Migration
- Forced migration includes not only refugees and asylum seekers fleeing war or
political repression but also people displaced from their homes by projects such as
dams or roads or as a result of certain natural disasters. Also referred to another
mode of forced migration, the trafficking of people, with special emphasis on women
and children destined for the sex industry.

a. Asylum seekers
 Individuals who have fled their home country and seek protection in another
country by applying for asylum. They claim to be refugees and are awaiting a legal
determination of their status.
 A person who applied for refuge in a foreign country due to a fear of religious or
political persecution in his or her country of origin.
 Although it is an Internationally recognized legal rights. Asylum seekers are
treated like criminal people by the authorities of the country of destination.
Example : A family from Syria flees their country due to ongoing civil war and
applies for asylum in Germany. They seek protection from the conflict and
persecution but have not yet been granted official refugee status.
Context : They are waiting for their case to be heard and for the authorities to
determine if they qualify for refugee status based on their claims of persecution

b. Refugees
- A person who has left their home country due to fear of persecution and grave
human rights violations is considered a refugee. They believed they had no
alternative but to flee their nation in search of protection because their own
government was either unable or unwilling to keep them safe from the extreme risks
to their lives and safety.
Example: A woman from South Sudan escapes the violence and persecution in her
home country and is granted refugee status by the United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). She is resettled in Canada, where she
receives legal protection and support to rebuild her life.
Context: She has been officially recognized as a refugee due to the well-founded
fear of persecution based on her ethnicity and political affiliation.

Forces Behind Migration

1. Push Factor
- Refers to any human or nature factors that encourage or force people to leave a
settlement or residence. These are negative elements that discourage people to stay at

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 their current place of living. These are the circumstances that convince people to go
elsewhere.

a. Social push factor

A factor in which the society itself that we live in contributes to pushing us to leave.
Things such as racism, sexism, religious bigotry, abuse, violence are all aspects of this
factor. This includes elements such as, poor services, poor medical care, poor
educational quality, and high crime rates. In our case, fellow Filipinos leave the country
in an attempt to find quality healthcare, good schooling, a sturdy roof over their heads,
and access to food regularly.
b. Political push factor
When the government fails to properly manage and maintain control within a
community, it’ll lead to an unstable state of living. This can also refer to actions that the
government makes, like exploitation, harmful activities, oppression, and shutting people
from speaking and participation. They commit actions that fail to recognize human rights,
naturally causing people to leave the country for better conditions.

c. Economic push factor

Includes not finding a job, or an availability of jobs but low wages which aren’t
enough to improve living conditions. People have natural desires for a lot of things, be it
wants or needs, which makes them discontent with their current situation. This is a
common mentality that people, especially in developing countries, might have, coupled
with possible financial difficulties, giving them more of a push towards migration. Cost of
living may be factored, pushing people away from a certain area to a more suitable place
for their economic capabilities.

D. Environmental push factor

These include a lot of things that are beyond people’s control such as natural
disasters, limited natural resources, drought. People are forced to leave as a result of
their home’s destruction due to earthquakes, typhoons, hurricanes and such. Apart from
those elements, there are some that people have influence over such as pollution and
threat of radiation, for example, the massive amounts of radiation in Chernobyl after a
nuclear power plant explosion.

2. Pull Factor
Refers to any human or nature factors that attract people to live in a new
residential area or location. These are basically the opposite of push factors, being
positive expectations people have to a certain place that attracts them to go there.

A. Social pull factor

A place with better social services like education, communication, transportation,
lower crime rates, and quality healthcare are factors that will naturally attract people.If
certain communities have respect for cultures, have cultural diversities, recognize
personal freedom and embrace social equality, people are generally more encouraged
to move to this location.
B. Political pull factor

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 When the government can properly manage their jurisdiction, achieving a stable
political order, acknowledge individual rights, and there is a sense of justice within their
court justice system, this gives people the feeling of personal freedom. Some people
are forced to migrate due conflict, and a place with threats of war within that place’s
boundaries are more attractive for both refugees and non- refugees alike.

C. Economic pull factor

This pull factor is a major aspect for people to attain a greener pasture. People
go to places or countries where there is a plethora of income-generating opportunities to
be able to live a better life. With wages that they cannot earn if they employed
themselves in their sending country.

D. Environmental pull factor

This factor includes places with less pollution, stable climate, minimal threats of
epidemic.

Transnational Migration
If someone belongs to two or more societies at the same time, and participates in both
societies simultaneously, that’s called transnational migration. Those who have moved to
another country yet still have ties back to their home countries. Transnational migrants
influence the culture they come to and also bring new cultural characteristics back to their
home country upon returning.

Circular Migration
Refers to repeated migration experiences between an origin and destination country
involving more than one migration and return. In simple words, circular migration is a
repetition of migrations by the same person to two or more countries.

Research Findings:
Migration from the Philippines to other countries is a complex phenomenon driven by a
combination of push and pull factors:
1. Economic Opportunities: One of the primary drivers of Filipino migration is the pursuit of
better economic prospects abroad. Many Filipinos seek employment opportunities in countries
with stronger economies and higher wages than those available domestically. This is particularly
true for sectors such as healthcare, construction, maritime industries, and domestic work, where
demand for Filipino workers is often high.
2. Income Disparities: Economic inequality and relatively low wages in the Philippines can
push individuals to seek higher-paying jobs overseas. The ability to earn and send remittances
back home provides financial support to families and contributes significantly to the Philippine
economy.
3. Employment Conditions: In some cases, the quality of employment opportunities in the
Philippines may be unsatisfactory, characterized by low wages, poor working conditions, and

7
limited career advancement prospects. Migration offers individuals the chance to access better-
paying jobs and improved working conditions abroad.
4. Education and Skills: Many Filipino migrants possess skills and qualifications that are in
demand globally, such as nursing, engineering, information technology, and caregiving. The
Philippines has a well-educated and English-speaking workforce, making its citizens competitive
in the global labor market.
5. Social Networks and Migration Culture: The presence of established Filipino communities
in destination countries, along with existing social networks and support structures, facilitates
migration. Family members and friends who have successfully migrated often serve as sources
of information and support for prospective migrants, easing the transition process.
6. Political and Social Factors: Political instability, social unrest, natural disasters, and other
challenges in the Philippines may also compel individuals to seek opportunities elsewhere.
Additionally, issues such as inadequate healthcare, education, and infrastructure can contribute
to the decision to migrate.

III. CONCLUSION

Global migration is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that presents both

challenges and opportunities for countries and communities around the world.
Addressing the root causes of migration, protecting migrants' rights, promoting
integration and social cohesion, and harnessing the potential benefits of migration are
essential for building more inclusive, resilient, and prosperous societies. By adopting a
holistic and collaborative approach, the international community can work towards
addressing the challenges of global migration while maximizing its potential benefits for
all stakeholders involved.

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 IV. REFERENCES

Cambridge University Press & Assessment (2024).Global Migration.

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/global-migration

Migration Research Hub, Imiscoe (n.d). Low-skilled migration.

https://migrationresearch.com/taxonomies/topics-migration-processes-migration-forms-
low-skilled-migration

GOVPH (n.d). To A Better Life: Filipino Migration Through the Years.

https://cfo.gov.ph/to-a-better-life-filipino-migration-through-the-years/

Ekelund, Helena. (2009). [Book Review] Castles S. and Miller, M.J. (2009). Age of
Migration : International Population Movements in the Modern World(4th Edition).
Basingtoke : Palgrave Macmillan. Journal of Contemporary European Research
https://www.researchgate.net/publication
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Massey, Douglas & Arango, Joaquin & Hugo, Graeme & Kouaouci, Ali & Pellergino,
Adela & Taylor, J.. (2001). Worlds in Motion : Understanding International Migration at
the End of the Millennium.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
227467469_Worlds_in_Motion_Understanding_International_Migration_at_the_End_of_t
he_Millennium

Dayton-Johnson, Jeff. (October 2007). Circular Migration : What Gains for

Development?
https://www.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl486/files/jahia/webdav/shared/shared/mainsite/
microsites/IDM/workshops/global_labour_mobility_0809102007/presentations/
presentation_daytonjohnson.pdf

Amnesty International. (2023, September 18). Refugees, asylum seekers and migrants -
Amnesty International.
https://www.amnesty.org/en/what-we-do/refugees-asylum-seekers-and-migrants/