VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama, Machhe, Belagavi-590018, Karnataka

A Project Report
On
“IGNITION CONTROL ON ECU”
(Finger print and DL scanning)

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted by

S KARTHIK 1DT17ME062
VANDANA N 1DT17ME078
NARASIMHA MURTHY V 1DT18ME434
SRIVATHSA S N 1DT18ME453

Under the guidance of

Dr.B.T.MANJUNATH
(B.E, M.E, Ph.D.)
(ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DSATM)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
DSATM, Bengaluru-560082

DAYANANDA SAGAR ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Udayapura, Opp. Art of living, Kanakapura Road, Bengaluru – 560082.
2020 -2021
DAYANANDA SAGAR ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
Udayapura, Opp. Art of living, Kanakapura Road, Bangalore – 560082.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Accredited 3 years by NBA, New Delhi (Validity: 26-07-2018 to 30-06-2021)

CERTIFICATE

This is to Certify that the project work entitled “ IGNITION CONTROL ON ECU (Finger
print and DL scanning)” carried out by Mr.S KARTHIK, Ms.VANDANA N,
Mr.NARASIMHA MURTHY V, and, Mr.SRIVATHSA S N bearing the USN :
1DT17ME062, 1DT17ME078, 1DT18ME434 and 1DT18ME453, are bonafide students of
Dayananda Sagar Academy of Technology & Management, in partial fulfillment for the
award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering, from
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi-590018, during the Academic year 2020-
2021. It is certified that all corrections / suggestion indicated for Internal Assessment have been
incorporated in the Report deposited in the departmental library.
The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of
project work prescribed for the said Degree.

Guide Head of the Department Principal

Dr.B.T.Manjunath Dr. Manohar H.S Dr.B.R.Lakshmikantha

EXTERNAL VIVA VOCE

Name of the Examiner Signature with Date

1. _________________________________ ________________________________

2. _________________________________ ________________________________
DAYANANDA SAGAR ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
Udayapura, Opp. Art of living, Kanakapura Road, Bangalore – 560082.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Accredited 3 years by NBA, New Delhi (Validity: 26-07-2018 to 30-06-2021)

DECLARATION

This is to Certify that, we have followed the guidelines provided by the institute in preparing
the project report and hereby declare that the dissertation work entitled “IGNITION
CONTROL ON ECU (Finger print and DL scanning)” have been independently carried out by
ourselves, and whenever we have used materials (data, theoretical analysis, figures, and text)
from other sources.
We have given due credit to them by citing them in the text of the project report and giving
their details in the references. We have not submitted this dissertation either in part or full to
any other university for the award of any degree.

Sl.No. Name USN Signature

1. S Karthik 1DT17ME062

2. Vandana N 1DT17ME078

3. Narasimha Murthy V 1DT18ME434

4. Srivathsa S N 1DT18ME453
 ABSTRACT
Innovation and technology has always played a role in solving several issues and
exploiting its atmost benefits has always been a main focus. Several upgradations
have been implemented in order to solve public issues and there is a constant
need for a sophisticated technology.

With this context, the project IGNITION CONTROL ON ECU (Finger print and
DL scanning) serves as one of the upgradation of the ongoing public issues with
their automobiles. A continuous supervision against traffic violations such as
theft, underage driving and the need to scrutinize the presence of valid documents
asks for constant monitoring and work pressure. To compensate this time and
work pressure the project aims to provide solution to reduce this freight. To
accomplish this idea is to scan the fingerprint and DL of the rider in order to start
the ignition. In other words, we access the biometric information and

Check the identity of the person to start the ignition. Now, to implement this task
to reality we integrate the biometric scanners with the Engine Control Unit.
Thus, giving access to particular users.

The objective of the project is to understand various ways ignition of system is

controlled by ECU and providing solution to society insecurities like vehicular
theft, eliminating time consumed for field rectification of DL, also providing a
boon to government economy since all traffic regulations to carry DL and its
rectification is done by software alongside whose information is provided to
Inspection department through servers as witnessed in GSM technology.

Also, one big advantage the project provides is spot criminal investigation. With
the progress obtained in GIS and GPS technology to track a vehicle, now we can
also determine the identification of the driver. Thus, Road Accidents, Fault use of
vehicle for other criminal activities can be well governed and controlled.

i
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any
task would be incomplete without the mention of the people who made it
possible, whose constant guidance and encouragement crowned the efforts with
success.

I would like to profoundly thank The Management of DSATM for providing such
a healthy environment for the successful completion of project work.

I would like to express my thanks to the principal Dr. B.R Lakshmikantha for
his encouragement that motivated me for the successful completion of project
work.

It gives me immense pleasure to thank Dr. Manohar H.S, Professor and head of
the department for his constant support and encouragement.

I would also like to thank the project coordinator Dr. B.T.Manjunath, Associate
professor, Department of mechanical engineering for his constant support and
guidance throughout the project work.

S KARTHIK 1DT17ME062
VANDANA N 1DT17ME078
NARASIMHA MURTHY V 1DT18ME434
SRIVATHSA S N 1DT18ME453

ii
 CONTENTS

Title Page No.

TITLE SHEET

CERTIFICATE

DECLARATION

ABSTRACT i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii

CONTENTS iii-iv

LIST OF FIGURES v

LIST OF TABLES vi

ABBREVIATION vii

Chapter-1 INTRODUCTION [1-7]

1.0. Ignition control on ECU 1

1.1. Problem statement 1

1.1.1. Microcontrollers 2-4

1.1.2. Sensors for Vehicular security 4

1.1.3. Online Document Verification 5

1.1.4. DL CARD 6

1.1.5. Software implementation 7

1.2 Conceptual Result 7

iii
Chapter 2 : LITERATURE SURVEY [8-11]

2.0. Engine Control Module 8-9

2.1. Capacitive Fingerprint Sensor 9-10

2.2. Smart card reader 10-11

Chapter 3- OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY [12-18]

3.0. Objectives 12

3.1. Case Study 12-15

3.2. Proposed Work 15-16

3.3. Flow Chart of finger print Operation 16

3.3.1. Sensor Networks 17-18

Chapter 4- EXPERIMENTATIONS [19-30]

4.0. Program Implementation 19-20

4.1. IOT 21-30

Chapter 5- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION [31-37]

5.0. Program Results 31-34

5.1. Logic Simulator Results – ALU 2 BIT ADDER test results 35-37

Chapter-6 CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE [38-39]

WORK

6.0. Conclusion 38

6.1. Future Scope 39

REFERENCES 40

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title of Figure Page No.
3.1. Vehicular accident rate 13
3.2. Major location of vehicular theft 14
3.3. Block diagram of operation 16
3.4. Flow chart of finger print operation 18
4.1. Client to server Interface 21
4.2. Voltage transition 26
4.3. Analogue to Binary voltage representation 26
4.4. Connection with one Finger Print Capacitor 27
4.5. Finger print ALU module 28
4.6. XOR gate 28
4.7. Adder 29
5.1. User enrollment followed by comparison 31
5.2. Error showing false error 31
5.3. Runtime successful attempt 32
5.4. Server program run 32
5.5. C_S terminal window run 33
5.6. User data storage 33
5.7. Exit operation 34
5.8. Error in connection 34
5.9. ALU 2 bit adder set up representation 35
510. Matched output and input results 36
5.11. Bulb active error 1 36
5.12. Bulb active error 2 37

v
 LIST OF TABLE

Table NO. Title Page No.

3.1. Reported accidents 13

3.2. Vehicular theft report 14

4.1. ADC to digital codes 25

4.2. OR gate truth table 29

4.3. AND gate truth table 29

4.4. XOR gate truth table 30

4.5. Not truth table 30

vi
 ABBREVIATION
1. ECU- Engine Control Unit.
2. ECM – Engine Control Module.
3. ADC- Analogue to Digital Convertor.
4. DAC- Digital to Analogue Convertor.
5. ALU- Arithmetic and Logic unit.
6. LSB- Least weighted Bit number.
7. IOT – Internet of Things.

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 Ignition Control On ECU (Finger Print and DL scanning)

CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION
The economic richness of the country outburst with technological growth. This
technological growth led ways to goods and services. Commercializing Inventions for
human sophistication has enforced research for new technology. The revolution from the
first automatic digital computer to a tiny sized microchip has led to the emergence of
various products for human services.

With this in regards ―IGNITION CONTROL ON ECU‖ is aimed to solve current real
world problem with the aim of technology to commercialize as well solve the public
issues pertaining to traffic. This project also depicts the way in which Vehicular Security
can be attained.

1.0. IGNITION CONTROL ON ECU

Embedded system dated back to the 1960s wherein Charles Stark Draper
developed an integrated circuit in 1961 that helped astronaut collect real-time flight data.
In 1968, the first embedded system for Volkswagen was released and later on Texas
invented the first microcontroller in 1971.Thereby several embedded system modules was
developed in Automobile to control fuel injection.

The electronic control unit being the core of the vehicle connected to various other
modules of automobile like the engine control unit, brake control module and so on. With
this various sensors was incorporated to measure temperature and pressure of fuel,
location of piston and several more. All the signals being received the microprocessor is
built in with algorithms ad formulas to control the spark ignition and air fuel ratio.

With this being said the Project ‗IGNITION CONTROL ON ECU‘ portrays various other
ways sensors can be incorporated for solving many real time problems. One such
application our project provides is using finger print along with Driving License card
Reader module with the ECU to control the ignition start of the vehicle. The purpose is to
provide vehicular security along with software rectification of presence, validity and
identity of individual using DL card.

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1.1. PROBLEM STATEMENT

The Motor Vehicles Act passed in the year 1988 regulates almost all aspects of
road transport vehicles. The motor vehicle act makes it mandatory for any driver to have a
valid driving licence and no vehicle can be driven without being registered under the
motor vehicle act. It is essential to follow the regulations strictly in order to prevent
unauthorized driving, accidents and many faults we observe in our daily routines.

Several amendments were issued in raising the penalty for violating any laws of Motor
vehicles act in order to establish strict reinforcement of traffic laws by Indian
Government. Yet this required field Rectification of documents. At any instance the
traffic inspector has the sole rights to confiscate the following documents Registration
certification (RIC), Pollution Under control (PUC), Car insurance policy document,
Driving license of the driver.

It is required by the driver to carry the original documents every time by the Vehicle
owner. It is observed that during work days the Road investigations of vehicle has made it
hard for the public to work in accordance with Motor laws during busy schedules.

Technologies to track vehicles for criminal investigation, identifying person involved in

road accidents , Unauthorized driving, Field traffic document rectification consumes a lot
of time with the convergence of burden and heavy traffic.

Stating the above criterion the objective of project‖ Ignition control on ECU‖ is primarily
adopted to solve this real world issue. The solution regarding the same with the aid of
technologies is described further in this section.

1.1.1. MICRO-CONTROLLERS

A compact Integrated circuit designed to govern a specific operation in an

embedded system. This was manufactured as a result of developments in MOSFET-
Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor. Transistors are electronic devices that
are made up of doped semiconductor materials attached side by side. This functions as
one directional flow of current which can be integrated to form logic circuits. With the
reduced size of the transistors and ability to build smaller integrated circuits the
Microcontrollers were manufactured to control home appliances, motor vehicles, robots,

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home appliances. In 1968, the first embedded system was released; the Volkswagen 1600
used microprocessor to control its electronic fuel injection system.

With the drop in the integrated circuits the first microcontroller was developed by Texas
instrument in 1971. Thus, with the improvement of the logic the break system, engine
system, suspension system is controlled by microcontroller modules each assigned for a
specific task to improve the efficiency and control of vehicles.

ENGINE CONTROL UNIT - The engine ECU controls the injection of the fuel and, in
petrol engines, the timing of the spark to ignite it. It determines the position of the
engine's internals using a Crankshaft Position Sensor so that the injectors and ignition
system are activated at precisely the correct time. Automotive systems have witnessed
exponential growth in the complexity of electric and electronics systems.

Engine Management Sensors:

1. Intake manifold absolute pressure: Indirect measurement of engine load or mass air-
flow intake, Wheatstone bridge arrangement of thick film resistors bonded onto a thin
alumina diaphragm within intake manifold.

2. Mass airflow: Direct and indirect measurement of fuel injector, basic pulse width
Various forms including ‗flap‘ type, ‗hot-wire‘, Karman vortex and thick-film diaphragm
within air intake.

3. Temperature: Direct measurement at various locations, Thermistor or thermocouple

depending on temperature range, Intake air, outside air, catalytic converter, engine
coolant, hydraulic oil.

4. Engine speed and crankshaft reference position: Direct measurement, Magnetic

reluctance or Hall Effect device, location: Flywheel on end of engine crankshaft.

5. Wheel speed and engine speed, (ABS, TCS and electronic damping), Direct
measurement, Magnetic reluctance or Hall Effect device, located in Brake assembly and
crankshaft flywheel respectively

6. Steering wheel angle, (Electronic damping) Direct measurement Potentiometer or

optical encoder, Steering shaft

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7. Throttle position indirect measurement of vehicle accel. Potentiometer mounted

position: Accelerator pedal

8. Chassis and wheel acceleration, (electronic damping) Direct Piezo-electric

accelerometer, Engine compartment and wheel assembly

9. Brake system pressure (electronic damping) indirect measurement of vehicle

decelerate-ion, Flexing plate sensor with strain gauges mounted on plate, Brake master
cylinder

10. Steering shaft torque (Electric power assisted steering): Direct measurement, Optical
device relying on steering shaft distortion under driver‘s twisting action, mounted on
steering shaft.

Advanced features such as Autonomous Driving, V2X Connectivity or Over the Air
Updates demand an architecture which provides a more robust, scalable and dynamic
platform. OEMs need to create an eco-system around their existing software platform to
be able to control and manage all the increasing complexity. Adaptive AUTOSAR
addresses these challenges and provides an agile and updateable software platform. With
Adaptive AUTOSAR, feature ready vehicles can be deployed on road, giving OEMs the
advantage of the faster time to market and thus roll out new business models.

Microcontrollers can be designed according to the necessary features. The feature the
project tries to implement upon is VEHICULAR SECURITY and ONLINE TRAFFIC
DOCUMENT VERIFICATIONS. Integrating the necessary sensors and incorporating
program logic alongside building the required Circuits thus creating a module for this
application in ECU. The primary objective of this project underlies the various ways the
connections with ECU can be established.

1.1.2. SENSORS FOR VEHICULAR SECURITY

There are several types of sensors that have taken its place in market for security
like finger print sensors, cameras, iris sensor, thermal sensors and much more. To
eliminate the occurrence of theft of vehicles the project also has given solution by
incorporating a sensor to give authorized vehicle access. To start with one such vehicular
security sensor we incorporate a FINGER PRINT SENSOR to understand its working as
well as find means for flexible operation.

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Fingerprint sensors are widespread in smartphones and other wearable‘s, as well as in

smart industry and smart home applications for entry identification and data security. The
two most common fingerprint sensors in use today are optical sensors and capacitive
sensors.

Here, we use Capacitative sensor since implementing the technology has become less
costly as well, thus making capacitive scanners available to both budget-oriented and
high-end devices.

A key advantage of capacitive scanners over optical scanners is that they do not depend
on the pattern of light and dark. These scanners depend on the physical nuisances of
fingerprints; thereby making them more secure. The component of a specific capacitive
scanner is more compact than the component of an optical scanner because it is based
primarily on a semiconductor.

They are also faster and more efficient than both optical scanners and ultrasonic scanners.
Capacitive scanners are the fastest fingerprint scanning technology.

Capacitive scanners can be placed on a physical button or solid surface. Other input
gestures, as well as swiping and scrolling, can also be placed alongside the capability to
read fingerprints.

1.1.3. ONLINE DOCUMENT VERIFICATION

Online communication is how people communicate, connect, and transact to send,

retrieve, or receive information of any kind via the internet using digital media. All the
communication that is carried out via the internet is known as online communication.
Because of our increasing presence online, this type of communication is becoming
equally important as offline communication.

The Motor Vehicles Act passed in the year 1988 regulates almost all aspects of road
transport vehicles. The motor vehicle act makes it mandatory for any driver to have a
valid driving licence and no vehicle can be driven without being registered under the
motor vehicle act. It is essential to follow the regulations strictly in order to prevent
unauthorized driving, accidents and many faults we observe in our daily routines.

To solve this issue we are providing online traffic document verification platform.

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Every IoT device needs to communicate. Some devices only send information; many
others both send and receive. While some communications with peer devices are direct,
remote communications will often need to pass through a gateway to get to their
destination. No matter where the device‘s messages need to go, every journey begins with
a first step.

The first step or in IoT communication will either be wired or wireless. Wired
connections may use a simple serial protocol, though most frequently a networking
system like Ethernet will be employed, allowing ―direct‖ Internet protocol (TCP/IP)
connections to a network server or cloud application. Messages passing over the Internet
are routed through many different devices, however as IoT architects, we can safely
abstract this process away. Wired connections are fast and reliable, however frequently it
is too expensive or impractical to run physical cabling.

Thus, connecting the vehicle access communication to server and then a supervision
through the inspection department software‘s is one way the project wants to provide a
solution.

1.1.4. DL CARD SENSOR

The DL card is the only entity required to perform the online verification task.
CAP specification supports several authentication methods. The user first inserts their
smartcard into the CAP reader and enables it by entering the PIN. A button is then
pressed to select the transaction type. Most readers have two or three transaction types
available to the user under a variety of names. Some known implementations are:

Code/identify

Without requiring any further input, the CAP reader interacts with the smartcard to
produce a decimal one-time password, which can be used, for example, to log into a
banking website Response. This mode implements challenge–response authentication,
where the bank's website asks the customer to enter a "challenge" number into the CAP
reader, and then copy the "response" number displayed by the CAP reader into the web
site.

Sign: This mode is an extension of the previous, where not only a random "challenge"
value, but also crucial transaction details such as the transferred value, the currency, and
recipient's account number have to be typed into the CAP reader.
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The above noted transaction types are implemented using one of two modes. One of these
modes has two forms in which it can operate, creating three distinct modes, though they
are not named this way in the specification.

With this similar technology we send information of the identification of driver and also
their legitimacy according to the Motor laws.

1.1.5. SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATON

Computer programming is the process that professionals use to write code that
instructs how a computer, application or software program performs. At its most basic,
computer programming is a set of instructions to facilitate specific actions.

With application of right mathematical logic for comparison of finger print and to send
encrypted data to server we make use of coding software‘s. This software provides us the
ease to type our program that is converted to machine codes and the integrated circuit is
designed accordingly to this logic.

The algorithm and the sensibility of the sensors influence smooth operation.

1.2. COCEPTUAL RESULTS

1. Access to start the vehicle is given only to the owner of the vehicle due to
biometric verification to avoid theft
2. Underage driving can be stopped.
3. The driver also has the provision to enroll another person biometric data for the
same vehicle. Thus, vehicle is being accessed only under the owner permission.
4. Burdens of checking the documents by traffic police are lowered.
5. This project helps the government economy since without updating the documents
the user will not be able to drive the vehicle. Thus, updating of documents and
payment of bills has to be followed.
6. Supports police investigation in case of accidents or faulty use of DL since the
information of identity of vehicle rider is being recorded as well.
7. Also, acts as a reminder to remind the rider to carry required documents

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CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.0. ENGINE CONTROL MODULE (ECM)

According to Md Swawibe Ul Alam Author of Securing Vehicle Electronic Control

Unit (ECU) Communications and Stored Data describes the needs of sophisticated
technology. Nowadays, the automobile industry is integrating many new features into
vehicles. To provide these features, various electronic systems are being added. These
systems are coordinated by different ECUs (Electronic Control Unit). Vehicle ECUs are
internally connected through multiple communication buses. Any ECU connected to the
bus can read or send data to other ECUs. As a result, if an adversary can compromise one
of the ECUs, then the adversary will be able to access and exploit data of other important
ECUs. The absence of confidentiality is the main reason for that. Furthermore, the
absence of data integrity and authenticity make the communications more vulnerable. In
the past, it has been shown that an adversary can take control of the vehicle exploiting the
inadequacy of CIA (Confidentiality, Integrity, and Authenticity). Moreover, an adversary
can modify the stored data of an important ECU, if it is compromised. To solve these
problems, we propose the use of symmetric key cryptography and elliptic curve-based
Public Key Encryption (PKE) for ensuring confidentiality and the use of digital signature
for ensuring integrity and authenticity. In addition, we propose the adoption of an
identity-based access control in Mother ECUs (MECU, also known as a domain
controller) to control the communication permissions. We also introduce Block chain in
vehicles to protect the stored data of ECUs. Finally, we integrate a watcher to monitor the
stored data and report if it is modified. We implement the proposed technique in two
platforms, namely Docker and the ARM architecture-based Raspberry Pi Board. Our
experiments show that the proposed technique can improve security in ECU
communications. The watcher reports when an ECU data is modified which helps limit
the damage when an ECU is compromised.

The demise of the camshaft would also be welcomed by companies that make electronic
parts for cars. ''We'd really like to see this technology come along because it requires a
huge use of semiconductors,'' said Ray Cornyn, the manager of Motorola's
microcontroller division in Austin, Tex., which supplies the auto industry.

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Over the years, electronics have been more of a boon than a threat to camshafts.
Computer-controlled manufacturing systems and computer-based designs have improved
the quality of camshafts while reducing the cost of their manufacture. But in concept,
camshafts remained relatively unchanged from the era of Ford's first assembly lines

Thus, with more advancements and ease to integrate sensors to actuators we are able to
program ECU along with incorporating sensors.

PROGRAMMING ECU AND WIRING INFORMATION

An engine control system turns complicatedly year by year to satisfy the

requirements of the low pollution, low fuel consumption and high performance.

Though assembly language has been used for programming of the Engine Control Unit
(ECU) so far, we adopted the C language to improve the productivity of the software.
Therefore it becomes possible to develop the high reliability program in a short period.

This paper introduces about the overview of ECU which employs high speed 16- bit
microcomputer programmed by the C language.

ECU‘s are powered from battery voltage, nominally 12V. The battery voltage is not
actually 12V all the time as during cranking voltage will surely drop, while during
charging voltage would be around 13.8V. The spark plug coils, injectors, oxygen sensor
heater, relays, dashboard indicator lights and other Ancillaries will typically run off 12V
supply. The ECU internal electronics will typically run at lower voltage. This voltage was
5V until recently and now is 3.3V. Sensors will also typically be powered by a lower
voltage, typically 5V; however some sensors do get powered by the battery 12V. Sensor
signals are typically between 0 and 5V, one exception is the two wire inductive pickup
(used for crank and cam sensors) whose output voltage increases from less than a volt at
low rpm but can reach as high as 20V depending on application.

2.1. CAPACITIVE FINGER PRINT SENSOR

US 6,633,090 B2 dated Oct. 14, 2003 Inventors: Joseph E. Harter, Kokomo, IN

(US); Gregory K. Scharenbroch, Kokomo, IN (US); Gerald J. Witt, Carmel, IN (US);
David E. Schnelker, Agoura Hills, CA (US) STARTING SYSTEM FOR AN
AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLE USING FINGERPRINT RECOGNITION describes the

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object of the invention to replace a key actuated Starting System with fingerprint
recognition technology.

In one aspect of the invention, a Starting System for an engine of an automotive vehicle
having an ignition System includes a fingerprint Sensor generating a fingerprint signal. A
memory has an authorized fingerprint Signal Stored therein. A Switch generates a start
Signal and a controller is coupled to the ignition System, the fingerprint Sensor, the
memory, and the Switch. The controller compares the first fingerprint Signal with the
authorized fingerprint Signal and enables the ignition System in response to the Start
Signal and the first fingerprint Signal being substantially equal to the authorized
fingerprint Signal.

In another aspect of the invention, a Switch for an auto motive vehicle includes a pivoting
member having a first position and a Second position. A spring urges the pivoting
member into the first position. A fingerprint Sensor is dis posed on the pivoting member.
A first housing is disposed adjacent to the pivoting member. A Switch is disposed on the
housing So that when the Switch is in the Second position the Switch is closed. The
Switch is preferably located in a convenient location Such as within the instrument panel
of the automotive vehicle.

Also, HYBRID OPTICAL AND CAPACITIVE SENSOR US 10,719,683 B2

Lillie et al. (4 5 ) Date of Patent : Jul. 21 , 2020, describes A hybrid capacitive and optical
fingerprint sensor system includes : capacitive sensor electrodes ; an optical image sensor
having a plurality of image sensor pixels ; light conditioning elements , configured to
condition light from a sensing region of the hybrid capacitive and optical finger print
sensor for detection by the optical image sensor ; and a processing system having one or
more controllers , configured to operate the capacitive sensor electrodes in a low power
mode of operation for the hybrid capacitive and optical fingerprint sensor , and to operate
the optical image sensor to acquire an image from the sensing region of the hybrid
capacitive and optical fingerprint sensor .

2.2 SMART CARD READER

US 7,299,983 B2 , WIRELESS COMMUNICATION DEVICE PROVIDING A

CONTACTLESS INTERFACE FOR A SMART CARD READER, Lauri Piikivi, Oulu
(FI) develop a wireless terminal including a smart card application host , such as a

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contact smart card or the terminal MCU or a terminal security component, and including
a terminal interface , and also including a smart card router that enables RF
communication with a contactless card reader in for example a ticketing system , even
though the Smart card application host does not contain a contactless interface. The
smart card router includes an RF antenna, separate from and external to the smart card
application host, and also a modulator/demodulator tor, and also includes a card access
module and router for routing communication traffic arriving via the RF antenna to either
the smart card application host or to the terminal interface, based on information included
in the arriving communication traffic.

United States Patent Mathurin, Jr. Dec. 5, 1995

Patent Number: 5,473,144 developed54 CREDIT CARD WITH DIGITIZED FINGER
PRINT AND READING APPARATUS
Description of card with finger print
76 Inventors: Trevor R. Mathurin, Jr., 865 Planders
Ave., Uniondale, N.Y. 11553 A credit card having thereon an actual enhanced authorized
card holders finger print and corresponding digitized representation of the actual finger
print, an apparatus to read the digitized finger print optically and magnetically and a
method of reading the finger print optically and magnetically. This invention relates to an
anti-fraud credit card, and more particularly to such a credit card that is of the utmost
simplicity, ease of use and minimum cost, while at the same time being highly effective
in preventing misuse of the credit card. The present invention relates to the manufacture
of credit cards and the security of such cards until release to the end Sc. The present
invention relates to an improved credit card construction which is digitized finger print
for facilitating identification and discouraging counterfeiting. This invention relates to an
improved credit card construction and, more particularly, to a credit card construction
which includes an encoding mechanism that eliminates unauthorized use of the credit
card. The present invention relates to the detection of specified patterns within a given
area and, more particularly, to a system for automatically providing an indication of the
position and orientation of specified minutia in a fingerprint.

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CHAPTER 3

OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY

3.0. OBJECTIVES:
1. Access to start the vehicle is given only to the owner of the vehicle due to
biometric verification to avoid theft
2. Underage driving can be stopped.
3. The driver also has the provision to enroll another person biometric data for the
same vehicle. Thus, vehicle is being accessed only under the owner permission.
4. Burdens of checking the documents by traffic police are lowered.
5. This project helps the government economy since without updating the documents
the user will not be able to drive the vehicle. Thus, updating of documents and payment
of bills has to be followed.
6. Time consumed by field traffic verification can be eliminated.
7. Improving crime research and early investigations.
8. Improving the Proposed module and increasing the resolution of devices.

3.1. CASE STUDY

The objective of the project ignition control on ECU aims to improve the Traffic
control, Prevent theft, as well as record the details of driver. This favors criminal
investigations and also a technical development in the field of Automobiles. According to
the Ministry of road transport highways, Government of India the senses of road
accidents from 2015-2019 is tabulated below.

The third Global Ministerial Conference on Road Safety was held in Stockholm, Sweden
on 19 and 20 February, 2020. At this conference, all the participants including India
reaffirmed their strong commitment for achieving the goals of reducing road accident
related deaths by at least 50% by 2030.

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Table 3.1. : Reported accidents

YEAR Total % Total % Total % change

number of change number of change number of
accidents persons persons
killed injured

2015 5,01,423 1,46,133 5,00,279

2016 4,80,652 -4.14 1,50,785 3.18 4,94,624 -1.13

2017 4,64,910 -3.28 1,47,913 -1.90 4,70,975 -4.78

2018 4,67,044 0.46 1,52,417 2.37 4,69,418 -0.33

2019 4,49,002 -3.86 1,51,113 -0.20 4,51,361 -3.85

With the aim to decrease the accidents as well as provide ease for criminal investigation
government has been planning several techs to improve investigation.

Percentage of accidents by car, taxis, van

Pedestrians
9% 14% Bicycles
7%
two wheelers
7% 13% Autorikshaws
cars
12% trucks
24%
buses
14%
Other

Fig 3.1. : Vehicular accident rate

According to the motor vehicle act it is mandatory to carry DL and Various other
documents to check for eligibility of age the project also serves a user friendly
environment.
It is observed that the time required for crime investigation for road accidents can take
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days even through GPS tracking, it takes more time to identify the person involved in
crime.
In 2013, private car theft rate for India was 12.9 cases per 100,000 populations. Private
car theft rate of India increased from 7.1 cases per 100,000 populations in 2004 to 12.9
cases per 100,000 populations in 2013 growing at an average annual rate of 7.00%.
The data by National bureau of Crime investigation provides the following details of theft
occurrences.
Table 3.2: Vehicular theft report

CRIME 2017 2018 2019

HEAD
Incidence Crime Incidence Crime Incidence Crime
rate rate rate

VEHICULAR 225445 17.5 233727 17.7 237884 17.8

THEFT

Thus, to obtain a locational access of the drivers we make use of GPS tracking but to
identify the identity the project implements the strategy to store the information of
vehicle access to a server.

Major Location Of Vehicular Theft

28% Commercial/office bldg

40% Speciality store
Hotel
Night Club
10%
other
7%
15%

Fig 3.2: Major location of vehicular theft.

The pie chart represents the location of theft occurrences. To obtain a more accurate data

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a DL information processor from each location proves useful for revealing the identity of
the vehicle user.

3.2. PROPOSED WORK

The objective of the project is to understand various ways ignition of system is
controlled by ECU and providing solution to society issues like vehicular theft,
eliminating time consumed for field rectification of DL, also providing a boon to
government economy since all traffic regulations to carry DL and its rectification is done
by software alongside whose information is provided to Inspection department through
servers.
The execution of this project involves three domains:
1. SOFTWARE DESIGN: This stage involves Programming appropriate logic so as to
accept the user information‘s, Rectify the information by comparing the real time data
with the stored information in the database. Also providing the Traffic inspection with
rider encrypted information through server connections.
2. HARDWARE DESIGN: Software logic needs a suitable hardware design so as to
feed the machine code into the microprocessor. A 64 Bit microprocessor is sufficient
for this task.
The embedded base is manufactured based on CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide
Semiconductor) technology. This Module output is connected in series with line with
the ignition switch in turn connected to the engine Control module. The other method
involves connecting the module output directly to ECU and reprogramming the ECU
to accept the data (High signal) and further process it to energize the solenoid and
crank the engine.
3. MECHANICAL ASPECTS: Involves eliminating the heat generated in the module
and designing suitable embodiment with suitable material, also Analyzing and
Testing for Wear or any External Damage that can possibly affect the microcontroller
and providing solution for the same.
4. PROGRAMMING SOFTWARE: Programming is done in order to provide an
algorithm by which the logic gates are built. Though algorithms can be made with
different mathematical formulas the task underlies in developing an integrated circuit
for the same.

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INPECTION
DEPARTMENT
ECU

SERVER

PROPOSED
MUDULE

IGNITION
KEY

BATTERY

Fig 3.3.: Block diagram of operation

3.3. FLOWCHART OF FINGER PRINT OPERATION

Algorithm Statement:

First Process begins with finger print enrollment. When user attempts to start the vehicle
the first step is finger print rectification wherein the finger print is compared with the
stored input in memory. On successful completion the ignition starts. If fault occurs error
message is displayed. A pin for finger print disable is provided in case of emergency.

The Program is written in Java and coded in Blue J software.

Java is a platform independent language and has library package that is much easier to
implement. The encryption here provides security for data flow.

3.3.1 SENSOR NETWORKS

Sensors are electronic devices that generate a voltage based on the unique
properties of their chemical and mechanical construction. They don‘t actually manipulate
the phenomena they‘re designed to measure. Rather, sensors sample some physical
variable and turn it into a proportional electric signal When this sensor generates data,
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that data is transmitted as a series of high (interpreted as a 1) and low (interpreted as a 0)

voltages that the microcontroller can read and use to form a value. In this case, the
microcontroller reads value 40 bits in length (40 pulses of high or low voltage)—that is 5
bytes— from the sensor and places it in a program variable.

The first two bytes are the value for humidity, the second two are for temperature, and the
fifth byte is the checksum value to ensure an accurate read.

Simply stated, 7 the cloud is a name tagged to services available via the Internet. These
can be servers you can access (running as a virtual machine on a larger server), systems
that provide access to a specific software or environment, or resources such as disks or IP
addresses that you can attach to other resources.

The technologies behind the cloud include grid computing (distributed processing),
virtualization, and networking.

Structure of a Microcontroller

Typically, a microcontroller integrates the following components:

1. A CPU core that ranges from small and simple 4-bit to complex 32- or 64-bit
counters, a timer, processors.
2. A volatile memory (RAM) for data storage.
3. A ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, or flash memory for storing relatively simple
instruction program code, parallel I/O interfaces.
4. Discrete input and output bits, allowing control or detection of the logic state of an
individual package pin.
5. A clock generator – which is often an oscillator with a quartz timing crystal.
6. One or more internal analog-to-digital converters.
7. Serial communications interfaces such as Serial Peripheral Interface and
Controller Area Network for interconnecting system peripherals such as event

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DRIVER
INSERTS THE
KEY

CHOOSE
MODE

RECTIFICATION
ENROLLMENT

SCAN COMPARE
NO
NO

ERROR
PLACE YES YES
FINGER

STORED SUCCESS

Fig 3.4. Flowchart for finger print operation

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CHAPTER 4

EXPERIMENTATION

4.0. PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION

import java.util.Scanner;

public class fin

public static void acc()

Scanner scan=new Scanner(System.in); //class to include input methods

System.out.println("Enter the number of user enrollment");

int n=scan.nextInt(); //user enrollment

int[] finger= new int[10];

scan.nextLine();

System.out.println("place finger");

for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)

finger[i]= scan.nextInt(); \\storing multiple user input

for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)

int b= finger[i];

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send(b,n); \\ send input data to method 2

static void send(int u, int v)

start(u,v); \\ receive the input data

public static void start(int y,int m)

int f;

Scanner scan=new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.println("place finger");

f=scan.nextInt();

if(f==y) \\ comparing user input with all stored data

f=1;

System.out.println("pass "+f);

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4.1. IOT:

To send the Data from the client to server socket programming is implemented and tested.

SENSOR DATA
DL card Info SERVER

Successfully stored
Returns 1

Fig.4.1. Client to Server interface

CLENT INTERFACE

// PROGRAM TO OBATAIN THE INPUT FROM THE CLIENT

import java.io.*;

import java.net.*;

public class client

public static void main(String args[])

System.out.println("Sending a Request..");

try

Socket s= new Socket("127.0.0.1",12345);

System.out.println("connected succesfully!!");

BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(System.in));

PrintStream ps = new PrintStream(s.getOutputStream());

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BufferedReader brs = new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(s.getInputStream()));

while(true)

System.out.println("INSERt THE DL CARD..");

String st=br.readLine();

ps.println(st);

if(st.equals("exit"))

System.exit(1);

System.out.println("Data Returned");

System.out.println("Success");

catch(UnknownHostException e )

System.out.println("Something went wrong with IP "+e);

catch(IOException e )

System.out.println("not found data "+e);

}
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SERVER INTERFACE

// Program to accept client request and store data

import java.io.*;

import java.net.*;

public class server

public static void main(String args[])

try

ServerSocket ss = new ServerSocket(12345);

System.out.println("Waiting Request..");

Socket s = ss.accept();

System.out.println("REQUEST ACCEPTED");

BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(s.getInputStream()));

while(true)

String st = br.readLine();

if(st.equals("exit")==true)

{
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System.out.println("Connection Lost...");

System.exit(1);

System.out.println("Message from Client :"+st);

catch(IOException e)

System.out.println("Not found data for the socket.."+e);

ANALOGUE TO DIGITAL CONVERTORS

The data from the capacitive sensor is in the form of Voltages this voltage is then
fed into the comparators of ADC. Thus, the ADC coverts the voltage into binary bits.
Here, we use flash type ADC.

Binary bits here show the set of transistors activated in a particular format. The user data
storage is permanent storage of memory. 8 bit registers for a single user is sufficient. But
larger the number of bits more efficient is the data security and finger print
authentication. DC samples the analogue single with the help of encoders. Encoders are
transistors that get activated for a particular input voltage. We have a comparator that
sends each voltage signals lesser than the maximum set voltage of a transistor. So as long
as this voltage is less than the break down voltage the transistor is forward biased. Above
this voltage the current flows through the ground. DC resolution determines the least
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difference of voltage it can measure to create binary codes. Higher the resolution larger
the difference in codes we can achieve. The resolution is given by,
Least weighted Bit number LSB = (maximum Voltage input) / 2n -------------EQ (1)
n = number of bits.
A table of conversion vales to binary is given below for maximum voltage 5V, n=4 bits
Table 4.1: ADC to Digital codes
Code Input voltage at code Output code Output code (decimal
transition transition point (V) (binary) equivalent)
point

Minimum 0.0 000 0

input voltage

1st code 0.3125 001 1

transition point

2nd code 0.9375 010 2

transition point

3rd code 1.5625 011 3

transition point

4th code 2.1875 100 4

transition point

5th code 2.8175 101 5

transition point

6th code 3.4375 110 6

transition point

7th code 4.0625 111 7

transition point

Full-scale 5.0 111 7

voltage

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Voltage transition
120

100

80

60
Voltage transition
40

20

Fig 4.2: Voltage transition

02
100
Binary voltage

10

1
0.3125 0.9375 1.5625 2.1875 2.8175
Voltage

Fig 4.3: Analogue to binary volage representation.

DAC has a similar cicuilt wherin the output of operation in transistors is converted to
Analogue signal and sent to ECU.The signal is High.if we design the high sinal 1111 to
be converted to analague signal say with ref voltage of 5V that must be output current of
transistor the the feasaible output voltage that we can feed to input of ECU is given by
formula,

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The starting Voltage from which the ouput is high,

FSO= (2n-1)*V/2n --------------EQ (2)

FSO = (24-1)*5/24= 4.6875V

The 1111 Voltage from The designed module would give us a voltage from 4.6875 - %V
to wihich the input of ECU must be designed for ignition.

The Circuit can be redesigned such that the Voltage signal just energizes the solenoid
and connects the ignition start to ecu Closed.
COMPARATOR

+ BINARY
ENCODER
- OUTPUT

CAPACITIVE finger print scan

negative terminal connected to
control circuit.

Fig 4.4: Connection with one part of fingerprint capacitor.

FINGER PRINT LOGIC CIRCUIT - ALU :

Substract the stored user input with the run time operation stored finger print.

Below circit shows for 2 bit adder the project sould be done for 12 bit adders and 4 bits
ADC reamaining bits for carry signal. SI= stored input, RI=Runtime input S= substract
signal, O = output.

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RI

O
2 BIT Adder
XOR
SI
CARRY
XOR

Fig 4.5: Finger print ALU module

XOR Gate :

Fig 4.6 : XOR gate

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ADDER :

Fig 4.7: Adder

TRUTH TABLE OF DIFFERENT GATES

Table 4.2.: OR gate truth table Table 4.3: AND gate truth Table

INPUT INPUT
A B OR A B AND

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1 1 0 1 0

1 0 1 1 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 1

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Table 4.4 : XOR truthtable

INPUT
A B XOR
0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

Table 4.5 NOT truth table

INPUT NOT
A OUTPUT

0 1

1 0

The data from the capacitive sensor is in the form of Voltages this voltage is then fed into
the comparators of ADC. The ADC coverts the voltage into binary bits. Here, we use
flash type ADC.

Binary bits here show the set of transistors activated in a particular format.

The user data storage is permanent storage of memory. 8 bit registers for a single user is
sufficient. But larger the number of bits more efficient is the data security and finger print
authentication.

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CHAPTER 5 :

RESULTS AND DICUSSION

5.0. PROGRAM RESULTS :

Fig 5.1: User enrollment followed by comparison test

Fig 5.2. Error showing false user

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Fig 5.3. : Second run succesful attempt

Case 1 starts with user enrollemnt wherein three users are given access.Then during the
normal opration when user places finger print the finger print has matched to the first
user.

In case two the output depicts that there is a fake access.

Case 3 depitcs another succesfull attempt.

SERVER PROGRAM AND CLIENT PROGRAM OUTPUT:

Fig 5.4: Server program run

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Fig 5.5: C_S terminals running

Fig 5.6: User data storage

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Fig 5.7 : Exit operation

Fig 5.8 : Error in connection

The server program must be running in order to connect to the client program. In this case
when both programs are running the user DL is recorded, stored, and sent to the server
program. The data of server carrying DL information of vehicle is being recorded that can
be used when desired.
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5.1. LOGIC SIMULATOR PRO FINGER PRINT

ALGORITHM TESTING RESULTS :

Fig 5.9. : ALU 2 bit adder Setup representation

TEST ELEMETS USES SWITCHES TO REPRESENT TRANSISTOR Two bit adder

has 4 input pins and one Subraction pins also the carry pin. First 2 represent RUNTIME
input data and seccesive two the stored data.

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Fig 5.10 : Matched input and output result

Fig 5.11: Bulb active error 1

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The two user input gives a value and this value is high when converted by NOT gate it
yeilds low the Crank doesn‘t occur.

Fig 5.12: Bulb active error 2

Here, the Bulb active status shows tat the difference between the two code inputs yeilds a
value. Here the first two bulb represents the output, the last bulb in this row is the carry
signal.

This algorithm is subraction based where the two values that is enrolled value and run
time value is compared and should yeaild low voltage.

This low voltage is then converted to high and ferd to ECU.

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CHAPTER-6

CONCLUSIONS AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK.

6.0. CONCLUSION

The economic richness of the country outburst with the foundation of

technological growth. This technological growth led ways to goods and services.
Commercializing Inventions for human sophistication has enforced research for new
technology. The revolution from the first automatic digital computer to a tiny sized
microchip has led to the emergence of various products for human services. Thus, the
module proposed has a huge scope and real time problem solution.

1. Access to start the vehicle is given only to the owner of the vehicle due to biometric
verification to avoid theft,Underage driving can be stopped.Thus, Motor laws are strictly
adhered to.

2. The driver also has the provision to enroll another person biometric data for the same
vehicle. Thus, vehicle is being accessed only under the owner permission.Vehicular
security is enhanced.

3. Burdens of checking the documents by traffic police are lowered.

5. This project helps the government economy since without updating the documents the
user will not be able to drive the vehicle. Thus, updating of documents and payment of
bills has to be followed.

6. Supports police investigation in case of accidents or faulty use of DL since the

information of identity of vehicle rider is being recorded as well.

7.Also, acts as a reminder to remind the rider to carry required documents.

The improvements in sensor networks bases Internet of Things(IOT) thus enables us to

commincate, store and process data remetely thus playing as a major innovative sector.

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6.1. SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK

1. Advancments of Internet of things has lead new ways to send, store, process data.
With the latest technology to store more data big data economy has incorporated
stronger system. Also with improvement in smart materials we are digging deeper
into the atomic world. Thus, with newer sophisticated devices the project can be
implemented in real world.
2. Manufacturing company has aimed a low cost production of products thus
enabling innovation accesible to raw materials.
3. One such application that eliminates all drawbacks of finger print devices is finger
print card. With unique codes within the finger print patters in the future we can
expect all security system running in one card.
4. The objective of the project ignition control on ECU aims to improve the Traffic
control, Prevent theft, as well as record the details of driver. This favors criminal
investigations and also a technical development in the field of Automobiles. The
government has always supported innovation but the main intention of every
buisness is to commercialize effective products that is cost friendly and user
frieendly.
5. With this said the endless exploration in micro and macro science will lead to
better navigation, sophistated device, robust control system, and new ways of
employment.
6. Further more, the laws framed by Constition regarding technological usage can be
adhered through Internet Monitering. Now the rules can be enforced further this
can be done if server setup and internet facilities is more economical that can
serve the government.

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REFERENCES
1. STARTING SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLE USING FINGER PRINT
RECOGNITION, patent no. US 6,633,090 B2.Delphi technologies , Inc.
2. RF.BIOMETRIC IGNITION CONTROL SYSTEM,US 9,043,048 B2.Panasonic
automotive system of America.
3. Md Swawibe Ul Alam Author of Securing Vehicle Electronic Control Unit (ECU)
Communications and Stored Data .
4. A study Of Biometric approach for vehicular system using Finger print recognition
Kumaraguru College of technology.
5. United States Patent Mathurin, Jr. Dec. 5, 1995Patent Number: 5,473,144
developed54 CREDIT CARD WITH DIGITIZED FINGERPRINT AND
READING APPARATUS.
6. Fundementals of Wireless sensor networks Waltenegud Dargie and Christian
poellabauer, Wiley Series of Wireless Communication and Mobile Computing.
7. Beginning Sensor Networks with Aeduino and Raspberry Pi , Charles Bell,Andrew
Morgan Techical Reviewer.
8. Smart card reader, Stephen McFeely, Johan Teunissen, Frank Van Meijl, patent no.
US 6655590 B1, Dec. 2 23
9. Smart Card and Computer Quick Conect And Release System, Christopher J
Burns, US 9135478 B2, Se.15,2015.
10. A 600-dpi Capacitive Finger Print sensor chip and image-Synthesis Technique,
jeong woo lee, Dong jin min, wocham kim, Member IEEE.
11. US 7,299,983 B2 , WIRELESS COMMUNICATION DEVICE PROVIDING A
CONTACTLESS INTERFACE FOR A SMART CARD READER, Lauri Piikivi,
Oulu

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