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IMPORTANT TERMS (True breeding). E.g. TT, tt, YY, yy etc.

• Genetics: Study of inheritance, heredity and variation of • Heterozygous: The condition in which chromosome pair
characters or Study of genes and chromosomes. carries dissimilar alleles of a gene. E.g. Tt, Yy etc.
• Inheritance: Transmission of characters from parents to • Dominant character: The character which is expressed in
progeny. It is the basis of Heredity. heterozygous condition. It indicates with capital letter.
• Variation: Difference between parents and offspring. • Recessive character: The character which is suppressed in
• Character: A heritable feature among the parents & heterozygous condition. It indicates with small letter.
offspring. E.g. Eye colour. • Phenotype: Physical expression of a character.
• Trait: Variants of a character. E.g. Brown eye, Blue eye. • Genotype: Genetic constitution of a character.
• Allele: Alternative forms of a gene. E.g. T (tall) and t • Hybrid: An individual produced by the mating of
(dwarf) are two alleles of a gene for the character height. genetically unlike parents.
• Homozygous: The condition in which chromosome pair • Punnett square: A graphical representation to calculate
carries similar alleles of a gene. Also known as pure line probability of all genotypes of offspring in a genetic cross.

MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE

Gregor Mendel is the Father of genetics. The F1 (Tt) when self-pollinated, produces gametes T and t
He conducted some hybridization experiments on garden peas in equal proportion. During fertilization, pollen grains of T
(Pisum sativum) for 7 years (1856-1863). have 50% chance to pollinate eggs of T & t. Also, pollen
Steps in making a cross (Deliberate mating) in pea: grains of t have 50% chance to pollinate eggs of T and t.
▪ Selection of 2 pea plants with contrasting characters. 1/4th of the random fertilization leads to TT (¼ TT).
▪ Emasculation: Removal of anthers of one plant to avoid 1/2 (2/4) of the random fertilization leads to Tt (½ Tt).
self-pollination. This is female parent. 1/4th of the random fertilization leads to tt (¼ tt).
▪ Pollination: Collection of pollen grains from the male Tt x Tt
parent and transferring to female parent. Binomial expression = (ax + by) 2
▪ Collection & germination of seeds to produce offspring. Hence (½ T + ½ t) 2 = (½ T + ½ t) (½ T + ½ t)
Mendel selected 7 pairs of true breeding pea varieties: = ¼ TT + ¼ Tt + ¼ Tt + ¼ tt
Contrasting Traits = ¼ TT + ½ Tt + ¼ tt
7 Characters
Dominant Recessive
1. Stem height Tall Dwarf Mendel self-pollinated the F2 plants. He found that dwarf F2
2. Flower colour Violet White plants continued to generate dwarf plants in F3 & F4. He
3. Flower position Axial Terminal concluded that genotype of the dwarfs was homozygous- tt.
4. Pod shape Inflated Constricted
5. Pod colour Green Yellow
Backcross and Testcross
6. Seed shape Round Wrinkled ▪ Backcross: Cross between a hybrid and its any parent.
7. Seed colour Yellow Green ▪ Testcross: Crossing of an organism with dominant
INHERITANCE OF ONE GENE phenotype to a recessive individual. E.g.
Monohybrid cross: A cross involving 2 plants differing in Hence
one character pair. E.g. Mendel crossed tall and dwarf pea monohybrid
plants to study the inheritance of one gene. test cross ratio=
Monohybrid phenotypic ratio: 1:1
3 Tall: 1 Dwarf = 3:1 Test cross is used to find out the unknown genotype of a
Monohybrid genotypic ratio: character. E.g.
1 Homozygous tall (TT)
2 Heterozygous tall (Tt)
1 Homozygous dwarf (tt)
= 1:2:1
Mendel made similar
observations for other pairs of
traits. He proposed that some
factors were inherited from
parent to offspring. Now it is called as genes. All violet: Unknown flower 50% violet, 50% white:
Do not use T for tall and d for dwarf because it is difficult is homozygous dominant Unknown flower is heterozygous
to remember whether T & d are alleles of same gene or not. Mendel conducted test cross to determine the F2 genotype.

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