Hindawi

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Volume 2022, Article ID 2885927, 5 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2885927

Research Article
New Results of Fixed-Point Theorems in Complete Metric Spaces

Mustafa T. Yaseen ,1 Ali Hasan Ali ,2,3 Areej A. Al-moneef,4 Omer Bazighifan ,5,6
Taher A. Nofal,7 and F. Ghanim8
1
Department of Business Administration, Shatt Al-Arab University College, Basrah, Iraq
2
Department of Mathematics, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
3
Doctoral School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, University of Debrecen, H-4002 Debrecen, Pf. 400, Hungary
4
Department of Mathematical Sciences, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428,
Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
5
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Hadhramout University, Hadhramout 50512, Yemen
6
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Education, Seiyun University, Hadhramout 50512, Yemen
7
Department of Mathematic, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
8
Department of Mathematics, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, UAE

Correspondence should be addressed to Omer Bazighifan; [email protected]

Received 3 June 2022; Accepted 30 June 2022; Published 9 August 2022

Academic Editor: Abdellatif Ben Makhlouf

Copyright © 2022 Mustafa T. Yaseen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.
In this paper, fixed point theorems of multiple values of self-mappings have been investigated in Banach space. In addition, a new
modification of the same mentioned study has been considered in a metric space with at most three valued self-mappings.
Moreover, we have extended and improved some existent results in a complete metric space. Finally, we present a slight im-
provement on some well-known lemmas that are related to nonexpansive mappings and nonincreasing distances mappings.

1. Introduction The structure of our proposed paper is organized as

follows:
In mathematics and related fields, the fixed point theory plays
In Section 2, we present our first generalization of
a significant role in several fields, see [1–4]. In this recent
results by Ray [6], where we provide some well-known
work, we continue studying some existent results by many
results consisting of multivalued mappings in a com-
researchers on fixed point theorems in Banach and metric
plete metric space (X, d). Moreover, we present the
spaces. In 2014, a general fixed point theorem for multivalued
same study for the results provided by Taskovic [7].
mappings that is not always a contraction was proposed by
Abdul Latif[2]. In addition, he derived some modern studies In section 3, we provide some results about the fixed
on contraction mappings. In 2020, Singh and Anthony [5] point theorem of three mappings f1 , f2 , and f3 in a
studied and extended the concept of more than one fixed complete metric space (X, d). Furthermore, a brief
point into mappings on a cone Sb-metric space. Moreover, discussion of few common fixed point theorems is
they provided some robust examples to validate their results. going to be presented. Also, we will give a study of the
2 Mathematical Problems in Engineering

three mappings f1 , f2 , and f3 that satisfy the following

equation:

2
􏼂d f1 x, f2 y􏼁􏼃 ≤ ϕ􏼂d f3 x, f1 x􏼁d f3 y, f2 y􏼁, d f3 x, f2 y􏼁d f3 y, f1 x􏼁,
(1)
d f3 x, f1 x􏼁d f3 x, f2 y􏼁, d f3 y, f1 x􏼁d f3 y, f2 y􏼁􏼃.

ad(Tx, Ty) + b d(x, Tx) + c d(y, Ty)

where x, y ∈ X; f1 f3 � f3 f1 , f2 f3 � f3 f2 , (3)
f1 (x) ⊂ f3 (x); f2 (x) ⊂ f3 (x); and ϕ are continuous − min􏼈d(x, Ty), (y, Tx)􏼉 ≤ q d(x, y),
function that satisfy the following condition: for all x, y ∈ X.
ϕ s, s, a1 s, a2 s􏼁 < s for any s > 0 and ai In the following theorem, we present the first result for
(2) two mappings f1 and f2 that generalizes the above-
∈ {0, 1, 2} such that a1 + a2 � 2.
mentioned result.
More studies have been done and considered by many
authors regarding theorems that satisfy different Theorem 1. Suppose that f! and f2 are a couple self-
functional inequalities and in terms of fixed point functionals of a complete metric space (X, d) with the fol-
theorems in different spaces as well as several appli- lowing condition:
cations such as solving nonlinear and differential
ad f! x, f2 y􏼁 + bd x, f! x􏼁 + cd y, f2 y􏼁
equations, see [8], [3, 9, 10], and [11–15]. (4)
In Section 4, we mainly extend the results that have − min􏼈d x, f2 y􏼁, d y, f1 x􏼁􏼉 ≤ q d(x, y),
been obtained by Kirk in [16] and in [1]. In fact, we
for all x, y ∈ X such that the numbers a, b, c ≥ 0 and q > 0
work on modifying the given lemmas that are related to with a > q + 1 and a + c > 0. Then f1 and f2 will contain a
multivalued mappings in order to extend the results for
unique common fixed point.
the sake of generalization.
Now, we introduce the below generalized theorem of Ray
2. Fixed Point in Metric Space [6] for a couple of self-mapping on a metric space.
Jleli and Bessem in [17] introduced a novel definition of
generalized metric spaces, where they worked on extending Theorem 2. Suppose that f1 is a continuous functional in a
several existing fixed-point findings along with the Banach complete metric space (X, d) and suppose that f2 ⊂ f1 is
contraction fundamental theorem [7]. In addition, Taskovic another mapping in the same space where the two mappings
presented and proved a fixed-point theorem on a metric commute with each other, and f2 satisfies the following
space (X, d) along with a mapping T, which is not neces- condition:
sarily continuous and satisfy a condition of the type,

d f2 (x), f2 (y)􏼁 ≤ α d f1 (x), f1 (y)􏼁􏼁d f1 (x)f1 (y)􏼁

+ β d f1 (x), f1 (y)􏼁􏼂d f1 (x)f2 (x)􏼁d f1 (y), f2 (y)􏼁􏼃c d f1 (x), f1 (y)􏼁􏼂d f1 (x)g(y)􏼁 (5)
+ d f1 (y), f2 (x)􏼁􏼃,

for each f1 (x) ≠ f1 (y), where α, β, and c are monotonically Another generalization of Theorem 2 of Ray goes as
decreasing functions from (0, ∞) into (0, 1) with follows:
α(t) + 2β(s) + 2c(s) < 1 and s ∈ (0, ∞). Then, the two
mappings f1 and f2 have only one common fixed point in X.
Theorem 3. Suppose that f1 and f2 are two self-functionals
in a complete metric space (X, d), where the two mappings
The proof of the above theorem is not going to be
satisfy the following condition:
presented as it goes in a similar way as that in [18]. Therefore,
the proof is omitted.
d f1 x, f2 y􏼁 ≤ α(d(x, y))d(x, y) + β(d(x, y))
Remark 1. If f1 happens to be an identity mapping, we get 􏼂d x, f1 x􏼁 + d y, f2 y􏼁􏼃 (6)
Theorem 2 of Ray [6] without the diagram of f2 being closed.
Further, if β � c � 0, we have the result of Rokotch [19]. + c(d(x, y))􏼂d x, f2 y􏼁 + d y, f1 x􏼁􏼃,
Mathematical Problems in Engineering 3

for every x ≠ y ∈ X, such that α, β, and c are monotonically ϕ s, s, a1 s · a2 s􏼁 < s, (7)

decreasing functions from (0, ∞) into [0, 1) with
α(s) + 2β(s) + 2c(s) < 1, s ∈ (0, ∞) Then the two mappings where ai ∈ {0, 1, 2} such that a1 + a2 � 2.
f1 and f2 have only one common fixed point in X. In the following, we present the main theorem of this
work.
3. Consequences
Let us assume that ϕ represent an upper semicontinuous Theorem 4. Suppose that f1 , f2 , and f3 are three self-
function from the space R+4 to the space R+ , where this functionals of a complete metric space (X, d), which satisfy
function is monotonically increasing in every variable and the following conditions:
for each number s > 0 the following condition is satisfied:

f1 f3 � f3 f1 , f2 f3 � f3 f2 , f1 (x) ⊂ f3 (x) and f2 (x) ⊂ f3 (x)

2
􏼂d f1 x, f2 y􏼁􏼃 ≤ ϕ􏼂d f3 x, f1 y􏼁d f3 y, f2 y􏼁, d f3 x, f2 y􏼁d f3 y, f1 x􏼁, (8)
d f3 x, f1 x􏼁d f3 x, f2 y􏼁, d f3 y, f1 x􏼁d f3 y, f2 y􏼁􏼃,

for all x, y ∈ X. Further, let f3 be continuous, then f1 ,f2 , and for all x, y ∈ X, where ϕ is defined in (7), then f1 and f2 have
f3 have only one common fixed point in X. The proof of this only one common fixed point.
theorem goes in a similar way to the one by Devi Prasad [9].
Therefore, we omit the proof. Now, we present the following three theorems, where the
proof of each one follows from Theorem 4.
The following result is a corollary to the previous the-
orem by taking f3 � I, where I represents the identity map.
Theorem 5. Suppose that f1 , f2 , and f3 are three self-
functionals of a complete metric space (X, d) sin such a way
Corollary 1. Let f1 and f2 be a couple of mappings from a
that,
complete metric space (X, d) into itself, and they satisfy the
f1 f3 � f3 f1 , f2 f3 � f3 f2 , f1 (x) ⊂ f3r (x), and
following condition:
f2 (x) ⊂ f3r (x), then there is a non-negative and nonzero
2
􏼂d f1 x, f2 y􏼁􏼃 ≤ ϕ􏼂d x, f1 x􏼁d y, f2 y􏼁, d x, f2 y􏼁d x, f2 y􏼁, integers p, q, and r satisfying the following condition:
d y, f1 x􏼁d x, f2 y􏼁, d y, f1 x􏼁d y, f2 y􏼁􏼃,
(9)

p q p q p p
2 ⎢ d􏼐fr3 x, f1 x􏼑d fr3 y, f2 y􏼁, d􏼐f3 x, f2 y􏼑d􏼐f3 y, f1 x􏼑, ⎥
d􏽨􏼐f1 x, f2 y􏼑􏽩 � ϕ⎡ ⎤⎥⎦,
p q ⎢
⎣ p q p q
(10)
r r r r
d􏼐f3 x, f1 x􏼑d f3 x, f2 y􏼁, d􏼐f3 y, f1 x􏼑d f3 y, f2 y􏼁

for all x, y ∈ X, and if fr3 is continuous, then f1 , f2 , and f3 continuous for each n and f1n , f2n , and f3n satisfy condi-
have only one common fixed point. tions (8) and (7) for each n ≥ 1. If f1 , f2 , and f3 are uniform
limits of 􏼈f1n 􏼉, 􏼈f2n 􏼉, and 􏼈f3n 􏼉 respectively, then, f1 , f2 ,
Theorem 6. Suppose that 􏼈f1n 􏼉, 􏼈f2n 􏼉, and 􏼈f3n 􏼉 are se- and f3 also satisfy conditions (8) and (7). Also, let 􏼈xn 􏼉 be a
quences of self-functionals of a complete metric space (X, d) sequence of the only one common fixed point of f1n , f2n , and
such that 􏼈f1n 􏼉, 􏼈f2n 􏼉, and 􏼈f3n 􏼉 converge uniformly to self- f3n converges to the only one common fixed point x0 of f1 , f2 ,
mappings f1 , f2 , and f3 on X with f3 continuous. Suppose and f3 , whenever sup d(xn , x0 ) < ∞.
that for each n ≥ 1, xn is a common fixed point of f1n and f3n ,
and yn is a common fixed point of f2n and f3n . Furthermore,
let f1 , f2 , and f3 satisfy conditions (8) and (7). If x0 is the
4. Main Results
common fixed point of f1 , f2 , and f3 , and sup d(xn x0 ) < ∞ Suppose that (Ω, d) is a metric space and let Q be a class of
and sup d(yn , x0 ) < ∞. Then, xn ⟶ x0 and yn ⟶ y0 . countably compact subsets of Ω, and suppose that this class
is stable under intersections, normal, and contains all the
Theorem 7. Let 􏼈f1n 􏼉, 􏼈f2n 􏼉, and 􏼈f3n 􏼉 be sequences of self- closed balls in Ω. Also, suppose that 􏼈Λi , (i ∈ N0 )} are
mappings of a complete metric space (X, d) such that f3n is subsets of Ω. Moreover, we define ζ as
4 Mathematical Problems in Engineering

r(Λ)/δ(Λ) if δ(Λ) > 0 Ω(ε) � {x ∈ L; L ⊂ B(x, r)}. (18)

ζ(Λ) � 􏼨 such that δ(Λ) � sup
1 if δ(Λ) � 0
􏼈d(λ1 , λ2 ): λ1 , λ2 ∈ Λ􏼉ru (Λ) � sup 􏼈d(λ1 , λ2 ): λ2 ∈ Λ􏼉 Then, Ω(ε) ≠ ϕ. Since Ω(ε) ⊂ C, and let x ∈ Ω(ε). Then,
T(x) ∩ ​ L ≠ ϕ. Take x′ ∈ T(x) ∩ ​ L. Let 0 � L ∩ ​ B(x′ , r).
(λ1 ∈ Λ)r(Λ) � inf 􏽮rλ1 (Λ): λ1 ∈ Λ􏽯
Next take η ∈ 0, then η ∈ L and by (13),

We shall take this assumption in order to initiate our H T(x) ∩ ​ L, T(η) ∩ ​ L􏼁 ≤ d(x, η) ≤ r(∵x ∈ Ω(ε), η ∈ L).
proposed theorems. (19)
Since T(x) ∩ ​ L and T(η) ∩ ​ L are nonempty compact
Theorem 8. If T: Ω ⟶ F(x) be a mapping such that, sets and x′ ∈ T(x) ∩ ​ L, there exists η′ ∈ T(η) ∩ ​ L, such that
T(x) ∩ ​ Ω ≠ ϕ ∀x ∈ Ω, (11) d x′ , η′ 􏼁 ≤ H T(x) ∩ ​ L, T(η) ∩ ​ L􏼁 ≤ r. (20)

and for all x ∈ Ω. So, η′ ∈ 0, hence, T(η) ∩ ​ 0 ≠ ϕ. Thus, 0 ∈ F and 0 ⊂ L.

Since L is a minimal element in F, it follows that 0 � L. So
T(x) ∩ ​ Q � {T(x) ∩ ​ Λ: Λ ∈ Q}, (12) d(x′ , y′ ) ≤ r∀y ∈L, i.e., B(x′ , r) ⊂ L· So, x′ ∈ Ω(ε), which
is a compact class of which each nonempty member is a implies T(x) ∩ ​ Ω(ε) ≠ ϕ. Now, let
compact subset of X. For any G ∈ Q satisfying T(ξ) ∩ ​ G ≠ ϕ, m � {Λ) ∈ Q; Λ ≠ ϕ,T(x) ∩ ​ Λ ≠ ϕ, ∀x ∈ (Λ} and for each
for all ξ ∈ G, Λ ∈ m, let

H T(x) ∩ ​ G, T(y) ∩ ​ G􏼁 ≤ d(x, y), ∀x, y ∈ G. (13) δ0 (Λ) � inf {δ(F); F ∈ m, F ⊂ Λ}. (21)

The rest of the proof is omitted as it goes in a similar way

Then, T has a fixed point in Ω. as the one by Kirk in [1]. □

Remark 2. The necessity of condition (14) of the theorem

Proof. A slight modification on the main lemma by kirk [1], has been studied by Samanta in [20, 21].
we show that for each ε > 0, there exists a nonempty set In the following, we mention two theorems by Kirk in [1]
Ω(ε) ∈ Q such that, and Samanta in [20] as we consider them corollaries of
T(x) ∩ ​ Ω(ε) ≠ ϕ, (14) Theorem 4.

for all x ∈ Ω(ε) and for which δ(Ω(ε)) ≤ (ζ(Ω) + ε)δ(Ω). Corollary 2 (see [1]). Suppose that (Ω, d) is a metric space,
For this, we take Ω(ε) � Ω if δ(Ω) � 0. Otherwise, construct which is bounded and nonempty and let Q be a countably
Ω(ε) as follows: compact class of subsets in Ω, which is normal and stable
Now, letr � (ζ(Ω) + ε)δ(Ω). By the definition of ζ, the under random intersections. In addition, suppose that we
set C � {z ∈ Ω: Ω ⊂ B(α, r)} is nonempty, where B(z, p) have closed balls of Ω that are contained in Q. Then, there
represents the closed ball with the center α and the radius r. exists a fixed point in each nonexpansive mapping T of Ω into
Let itself.
F � 􏼈Λ ∈ Q; C ⊂ Λ, T(x) ∩ ​ Λ ≠ ϕ, ∀x ∈ Λ􏼉, (15)
Corollary 3 (see [20]). Let S be bounded and a closed convex
​
and let τ 􏼈Λi 􏼉i∈N be a decreasing chain in F. Let Λ0 � ∩ ΛI , subset in a reflexive Banach space X, and if Ψ: S ⟶ 2x is a
0
then Λ0 ∈ Q and C ⊂ Λ0 . Furthermore, since τ 􏼈Λi 􏼉i∈N is mapping such that,
0
decreasing, it follows that for each x ∈ Λ0 , the family Ψ(x) ∩ ​ S ≠ ϕ, ∀x ∈ S, (22)
􏼈T(x) ∩ ​ Λi 􏼉i∈N0 has a finite intersection property. So, by
hypothesis (13), for any closed convex subset G of S satisfying
​ ​ l(ξ) ∩ ​ G ≠ ϕ, ∀ξ ∈ G
T(x) ∩ 􏼐 ∩ i∈N0 Λi 􏼑 ≠ ϕ. (16)
H ψ(x) ∩ ​ G, ψ(y) ∩ ​ G􏼁 ≤ ‖x − y‖whenever x, y( ≠ x) ∈ G.
That is T(x) ∩ ​ Λ0 ≠ ϕ, thus every decreasing chain in F
(23)
has a lower bound. Therefore, by Zorn’s lemma, F has a
minimal element L. Let A � C ∪ ​ T(L), where
​ Then, l has a fixed point.
T( L) � ⋃x∈Λ (T(x) ∩ ​ L). (17)
5. Conclusions
Then, T(L) ⊂ L. So, cov(A) � ∩ ​ {Λ ∈ Q; A ⊂ Λ} ⊂ L.
Also, for x ∈ cov(A), T(x) ∩ ​ L ≠ ϕ and T(x) ∩ ​ L ⊂ T(L). We have presented in this paper generalizations of various
So, T(x) ∩ ​ A ≠ ϕ. Hence, T(x) ∩ ​ cov(A) ≠ ϕ. Thus, fixed-point theorems in a metric space and in a Banach
cov(A) ∈ F. space. A generalization with multiple values of self-map-
Since L is a minimal member of F and cov(A) ⊂ L, it pings in those mentioned spaces have been intensively
follows that cov(A) � L. Let studied. We saw that mapping scheme of the fixed-point
Mathematical Problems in Engineering 5

theorem is vast no doubt. Therefore, the existent result by [11] V. Madhuri, O. Bazighifan, A. H. Ali, and A. El-Mesady, “On
Kirk was improved by extending the proof and working on fuzzy F∗-Simply connected spaces in fuzzy F∗-Homotopy,”
the fixed-point theorem of multiself-mappings. Journal of Function Spaces, vol. 2022, 2022.
[12] G. Abed Meften, A. H. Ali, K. S. Al-Ghafri, J. Awrejcewicz,
and O. Bazighifan, “Nonlinear stability and linear instability
Data Availability of double-diffusive convection in a rotating with LTNE effects
and symmetric properties: brinkmann-forchheimer model,”
No data were used to support the study. Symmetry Plus, vol. 14, no. 3, p. 565, 2022.
[13] B. Almarri, A. H. Ali, K. S. Al-Ghafri, A. Almutairi,
O. Bazighifan, and J. Awrejcewicz, “Symmetric and non-os-
Conflicts of Interest cillatory characteristics of the neutral differential equations
solutions related to p-laplacian operators,” Symmetry Plus,
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
vol. 14, no. 3, 566 pages, 2022.
[14] N. Y. Abdul-Hassan, A. H. Ali, and C. Park, “A new fifth-
Authors’ Contributions order iterative method free from second derivative for solving
nonlinear equations,” Journal of Applied Mathematics and
All authors have read and agreed to the published version of Computing, pp. 1–10, 2021.
the manuscript. [15] G. Mani, A. J. Gnanaprakasam, K. Javed, and S. Kumar, “On
orthogonal coupled fixed point results with an application,”
Journal of Function Spaces, vol. 2022, pp. 1–7, 2022.
Acknowledgments [16] W. A. Kirk, “A fixed point theorem for mappings which do
not increase distances,” The American Mathematical Monthly,
The fifth author received financial support from Taif Uni- vol. 72, no. 9, p. 1004, 1965.
versity Researches Supporting Project number (TURSP- [17] M. Jleli and B. Samet, “A generalized metric space and related
2020/031), Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia. All authors fixed point theorems,” Fixed Point Theory and Applications,
contributed equally to this work. vol. 2015, no. 1, p. 61, 2015.
[18] T. Som, “Some fixed-point theorems on metric and Banach-
spaces,” Indian J. Pure applied Math.vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 575–
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