Advanced Embedded
Advanced Embedded
• PCBs
– All are to be out by 10/31.
– Strongly suggest you get them reviewed
• MS2
– Report due on Tuesday 11/7
– Check-offs due by Wednesday 11/8 @6pm
– MS2 meetings start on Thursday 11/9
Team status updates for Thursday
• Largest roadblock
Wireless communications
• Next 2.5 lectures are going to cover wireless
communication
– Both theory and practice.
• Go to low-level
– Source & channel encoding
– Multi-path issues
– Modulation
– Range
Introduction to embedded wireless
Zigbee
• ZigBee is an IEEE 802.15.4-based protocol
– used to create personal area networks with small, low-power digital
radios.
• Simpler and less expensive than Bluetooth or Wi-Fi.
• Used for wireless light switches, electrical meters with in-
home-displays, etc.
• Transmission distances to 10–100 meters line-of-sight
– Zigbee Pro can hit a mile
• Secure networking
– (ZigBee networks are secured by 128 bit symmetric encryption keys.)
• ZigBee has a defined rate of 250 kbit/s, best suited for
intermittent data transmissions from a sensor or input
device.
Zigbee—basics
There is a lot about the physical layer to understand. We’ll do some on Tuesday.
PHY layer
Message, Medium,
and Power & noise
• Message
– Source encoding, Channel encoding, Modulation, and
Protocol and packets
• Medium
– Shannon’s limit, Nyquist sampling, Path loss, Multi-channel, loss
models, Slow and fast fading.
• Signal power & noise power
– Receive and send power, Antennas, Expected noise floors.
• Putting it together
– Modulation (again), MIMO
PHY layer
• If we get: 0100100
– What was the data?
Channel encoding (3/3)
• Turbo codes are a type of
• Convolution codes convolution code that can
– Work on a sliding window rather
than a fixed block. provide near-ideal error
– Often send one or even two parity correction
bits per data bit.
– That’s different than perfect,
• Can be good for finding just nearly as good as possible.
close solutions even if – Approaches Shannon’s limit,
wrong. which we’ll cover shortly.
– Viterbi codes are a very • Low-density parity-check
common type of (LDPC) codes are block codes
with similar properties.
16-QAM 4-PSK
8-PSK (Quadrature amplitude) QPSK
4-QAM
(lots of names)
QPSK=quadriphase PSK. Really.
Figures from Wikipedia
QAM
• Can be thought of as
varying phase and
amplitude for each
symbol.
– Can also be thought of
as mixing two signals
90 degrees out of
phase.
16-QAM • I and Q.
(Quadrature amplitude)
Animation from Wikipedia
So, who cares?
Noise immunity
• Looking at signal-
to-noise ratio
needed to maintain
a low bit error rate.
– Notice BPSK and
QPSK are least
noise-sensitive.
– And as “M” goes
up, we get more
noise sensitive.
• Easier to confuse
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eb/N0 symbols!
Modulation
• So we have a lot of modulation choices.
– Could view it all as FSK and everything else.
Wireless messages
• Sending a message
– We first compress the source (source encoding)
– Then add error correction (channel encoding)
– Then modulate the signal
• Each of these steps is fairly complex
– We spent more time on modulation, because our
prereq. classes don’t cover it.
Shannon’s limit
• First question about the medium:
– How fast can we hope to send data?
• Answered by Claude Shannon (given some
reasonable assumptions)
– Assuming we have only Gaussian noise,
provides a bound on the rate of information that
can be reliably moved over a channel.
• That includes error correction and whatever other
games you care to play.
Taken from a slide by Dr. Stark
Shannon–Hartley theorem
• We’ll use a different version of this called the
Shannon-Hartley theorem.
• I’m grateful for the above sources. All mistakes are my own.
Additional sources/references
General
• http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~prs/wirelessS12/Midterm12-solutions.pdf
Modulation
• https://fetweb.ju.edu.jo/staff/ee/mhawa/421/Digital%20Modulation.pdf
• http://www.ece.umd.edu/class/enee623.S2006/ch2-5_feb06.pdf
• https://www.nhk.or.jp/strl/publica/bt/en/le0014.pdf
• http://engineering.mq.edu.au/~cl/files_pdf/elec321/lect_mask.pdf (ASK)
• http://www.eecs.yorku.ca/course_archive/2010-
11/F/3213/CSE3213_07_ShiftKeying_F2010.pdf
Message, Medium,
and Power & noise
• Message
– Source encoding, Channel encoding, Modulation, and
Protocol and packets
• Medium
– Shannon’s limit, Nyquist sampling, Path loss, Multi-channel, loss
models, Slow and fast fading.
• Signal power & noise power
– Receive and send power, Antennas, Expected noise floors.
• Putting it together
– Modulation (again), MIMO