ENGLI

SH–MAJ
ORSHI
P–COMPREHENSI
VEHANDOUT

CATEGORYI-STRUCTUREOFENGLI
SH

SUBJ
ECT-
VERBAGREEMENT/
CONCORDRULESWHI
CHOFTENCAUSEERRORS

1
.Col
l
ect
ivenounsmayt
akeei
theras
ingul
arorpl
ural
ver
binf
lect
iondependi
ngont
he
meani
ng.
Concei
vedofasoneent
it
y–t
akesas
ingul
arver
b
 Ours
chool
team haswoni
tsgames
.
Concei
vedofasmor
ethanoneent
it
yorr
efer
stoi
ndi
vidual
member
shi
p–t
akes
pl
ural
ver
b
 Ours
chool
team havewonal
lthei
rgames
.

2.
Somecommonandpr
opernounsendi
ngi
n–s
,incl
udi
ng–
icsnounsandcer
tai
n
di
seas
esar
eal
waysconcei
vedass
ingl
eent
it
y–t
akeapl
ural
ver
b.
 Ther
ecentnewsi
sexci
ti
ng.
 Mat
hemat
icsi
srepel
l
ingt
omanys
tudent
s.
 Meas
lesi
sacont
agi
ousdi
seas
e.
 TheUni
tedSt
atesi
sst
il
lapower
ful
count
ry.

3.
Tit
lesofwor
ksevenwhenpl
ural
inf
orm ar
econcei
vedofass
ingl
eent
it
les
.

 TheTenCommandment
sisabeaut
if
ulmovi
e.
 TheSynt
axFi
l
esi
sgoodr
eadi
ngf
ort
hos
einl
i
ngui
sti
cs.
 Thes
ongGr
eenf
iel
dsbr
ingsnos
tal
giat
opeopl
eofmygener
ati
on.

4.
Nounsoccur
ri
ngi
nset
soft
wot
aket
hes
ingul
arwhent
henounpai
rispr
esentbutt
aket
hepl
ural

whenpai
risabs
ent
.

 Thatpai
rofLeej
eansi
sexpens
ive.
 Mygl
ass
esar
emi
ssi
ng.

5.
Fract
ionsandper
cent
agest
akesas
ingul
arver
binf
lect
ionwhenmodi
fyi
nganoncountnounand

apl
ural
ver
bwhent
heymodi
fyapl
ural
noun.
Eit
heras
ingul
arorpl
ural
ver
binf
lect
ionmaybeus
ed

whent
heymodi
fyacol
l
ect
ivenoun,
dependi
ngont
hes
peaker
’smeani
ng.

 Mor
ethanhal
foft
hecakei
seat
en.
  Twent
yper
centoft
hes
tudent
sar
enotj
oini
ngt
hef
iel
dtr
ip.

 One-
four
thoft
heaudi
encei
s/ar
eteacher
s.

6.
Anumbernor
mal
l
ytakest
hepl
ural
.Thenumbert
akest
hes
ingul
ar.

 Anumberofpar
ent
sar
ecomi
ngf
ort
hemeet
ing.

 Thenumberofs
ignat
ori
esi
ssubs
tant
ial
tomer
itappr
oval
oft
hemot
ion.

7.
Whenweus
eanumberandapl
ural
nount
otal
kaboutt
woormor
ethi
ngs
,weus
ual
l
yus
ea

pl
ural
ver
b.Weus
eas
ingul
arver
bwi
th‘
one’
.

 Sevendaysmakeupaweek.

 Ones
oli
devi
dencei
senought
opr
ovehi
sdi
shones
ty.

8.
Whenwear
etal
kingaboutanamountofmoneyort
ime,
oradi
stance,
speed,
orwei
ght
,we

us
ual
l
yus
eanumber
,apl
ural
noun,
andas
ingul
arver
b.

 Fi
vehundr
eddol
l
arsi
sal
otofmoney.

 Thr
eeyear
sisal
ongt
imet
owai
tforaf
ami
l
ymemberf
rom abr
oadt
ocomehome.

 Ei
ght
yki
l
omet
ersperhouroft
ravel
isqui
ter
iskyons
li
pper
yroads
.

 Sevent
y-f
ivepoundsi
sal
lshewei
ghsnow.

9.
Ari
thmet
icoper
ati
onst
aket
hes
ingul
arbecaus
etheyar
eper
cei
vedasr
efl
ect
ingas
ingl
e

numer
ical
ent
it
yonbot
hsi
desoft
heequat
ionorequal
sign.

Twopl
ust
woi
s/equal
sfour
.

1
0.Thequant
if
ier
sal
ot(
of)
,lot
sof
,andpl
ent
yoft
akeas
ingul
arver
bift
hes
ubj
ectnouni
s

noncountbypl
ural
ver
bift
hes
ubj
ectheadnouni
spl
ural
.

 Al
otofs
oundvi
ewswer
eadvanceddur
ingt
hedi
scus
sion.

 Al
otofnons
ens
eisevi
dentf
rom uni
nter
est
edpar
ti
ci
pant
s.

1
1.Tr
adi
ti
onal
grammars
tat
est
hatwhenus
edasas
ubj
ect
,none(
meani
ngnotone)i
s
al
wayss
ingul
arr
egar
dles
sofwhatf
oll
owsi
napr
epos
iti
onal
phr
ase.

 Noneoft
heboysj
oinst
hemount
aineer
inggr
oup.

 Noneoft
her
icei
seat
enatal
l
.

1
2.Tr
adi
ti
onal
grammarmai
ntai
nst
hatt
heant
ecedentoft
her
elat
ivepr
onouni
sthenounbef
ore.

 Al
i
cei
soneoft
hegr
aduat
est
udent
swhohavef
ini
shedhermas
ter
’sdegr
eei
nas
hor
tper
iod

oft
ime.

1
3.Forcor
rel
ati
vesei
ther.
..orandnei
ther.
..nor
,tr
adi
ti
onal
grammarar
guesf
orapr
oxi
mit
yrul
e,

i
.
e.,
subj
ect
-ver
bagr
eements
houl
doccurwi
tht
hes
ubj
ectnounnear
estt
othever
b.

 Ei
thermyf
ri
endormycl
ass
mat
esar
eexpect
edt
ohel
pmewi
thmypr
oject
.

 Nei
thermycl
ass
mat
esnormyf
ri
endvol
unt
eer
stol
ends
uppor
t.

1
4.As
ingul
arnounorpr
onouns
houl
dtakeas
ingul
arver
binf
lect
ionr
egar
dles
sofwhatel
seoccur
s

bet
weent
hes
ubj
ectandt
hever
b.

 J
immy,
alongwi
thhi
sco-
teacher
s,conduct
sacl
eanl
i
nes
scampai
gni
nthebar
angay.

1
5.I
nques
tions
,subj
ect
sdon’
tal
wayscomebef
orever
bs.
Ident
if
yaccur
atel
ythes
ubj
ectbef
ore

deci
dingont
hepr
operver
btous
e.

 Doesyourf
atherus
ual
l
ygoj
oggi
ng?

 Whatar
ethepagesourt
eacherwant
sust
oread?

BASI
CSENTENCEPATTERNS

Bel
owar
ebas
icpat
ter
nsar
oundwhi
chmos
tEngl
i
shs
ent
encesar
ebui
l
t.

1
.NbeAdj=wher
etheadj
ect
ivei
saSUBJ
ECTCOMPLEMENT,
inpar
ti
cul
araPREDI
CATEADJ
ECTI
VE.

Theadj
ect
iver
efer
sbackt
othes
ubj
ect
.Thecopul
aver
bbemeans“
maybedes
cri
bedas
.”

Ros
esar
esweet
.(Subj
ectcompl
ement=pr
edi
cat
eadj
ect
ive)
2.
NbeUW (
=uni
nfl
ect
edwor
d)=wher
etheuni
nfl
ect
edwor
disanADVERBI
ALs
uchasher
e,t
her
e,

up,
down,
in,
out
,ins
ide,
ups
tai
rs,
downs
tai
rs,
on,
off
,now,
then,
yes
ter
day,
andt
omor
row.
Behast
he

meani
ngof“
bel
ocat
ed”or“
occur
.”

Themeet
ingwasyes
ter
day.
(adver
bial
)

3.
N1beN1
=wher
ethes
uper
scr
iptmeanst
hatt
het
wonounshavet
hes
amer
efer
ent
.Thes
econd

nounf
oll
owi
ngt
hebever
bisal
soaSUBJ
ECTCOMPLEMENT,
inpar
ti
cul
araPREDI
CATENOUNor

PREDI
CATENOMI
NATI
VE.

Hernei
ghbori
smycous
in.
(subj
ectcompl
ement=pr
edi
cat
enomi
nat
ive)

4.
NInV(
=int
rans
iti
vever
b)=wher
etheI
NTRANSI
TIVEVERBdoesnotr
equi
reanobj
ect
.Thever
b

bei
ngs
elf
-suf
fi
ci
entcans
tandal
onewi
thi
tss
ubj
ect
.

Gl
ass
esbr
eak.

5.
N1Tr
V(=t
rans
iti
veV)N2=wher
eN2doesnothavet
hes
amer
efer
entasN1.
N2i
scal
l
edt
he

DI
RECTOBJ
ECToft
hever
b,“
ther
ecei
veroft
heact
ion.
”

Thegi
rlbuysyel
l
owr
oses
.

6.
N1Tr
VN2N3=wher
ethes
uper
scr
ipt
s1,
2,and3i
ndi
cat
ethateachnounhasadi
ff
erentr
efer
ent
.

Mot
hergaveagi
ftt
otheor
phan.
(us
ual
l
yreadsasMot
hergavet
heor
phanagi
ft
.)

Twonounobj
ect
soccuraf
tert
hever
b.St
il
lN2i
sthedi
rectobj
ectandN3i
stheI
NDI
RECTOBJ
ECT.
If

weomi
tthel
astnoun,
thepat
ter
nisi
dent
ical
tot
hati
nit
em 5.
Not
ethatt
hei
ndi
rectobj
ecti
s

pr
ecededbyt
hepr
epos
iti
ont
o(s
omet
imesf
ororof
).I
fthet
woobj
ect
sar
einver
ted,
thepr
epos
iti
on

di
sappear
s.

 Hemadeat
oyhous
eforher
.
 Hemadeherat
oyhous
e.
 Thet
eacheras
kedaques
tionofher
.
 Thet
eacheras
kedheraques
tion.

7.
N1+Tr
V+(
N2,
Adj
,Pr
onoun,
Advofpl
ace,
uni
nfl
ect
edVer
b,pr
esentpar
ti
cipl
e,Ver
b,pas
t

par
ti
ci
ple)Ther
ear
echoi
cesofdi
ff
erentf
ormsi
nsent
encef
inal
pos
iti
on.
Thes
ear
eil
l
ust
rat
edasf
oll
ows
:

 (
obj
ectcompl
ement
)Thecl
assvot
edHenr
ysecr
etar
y.
 (
adj
ect
ive)Thepr
inci
pal
foundt
hegar
deneref
fi
ci
ent
.
 (
pronoun)Wecons
ider
edt
hewr
it
eryou.
 (
adver
bofpl
ace)Thet
eacherdi
rect
edt
hem out
side.
 (
pres
entpar
ti
cipl
e)Shes
awt
hem pr
ayi
ng.
 (
pas
tpar
ti
cipl
e)I
imagi
nemyf
atherover
wor
ked.

Themos
tcommoni
l
lus
trat
ionoft
hiss
ent
encepat
ter
nisonewi
tht
heoccur
renceofaf
inal
N2

As
pect
sofFunct
ionalGr
ammar

1
. Tenor-Thepar
ti
ci
pant
sinadi
scour
se,
thei
rrel
ati
ons
hipst
oeachot
her
,andt
hei
rpur
pos
es

2. Fi
eld-t
hes
ubj
ectmat
terorcont
entbei
ngdi
scus
sed.

3. Mode-t
hechannel
(suchaswr
it
ing,
tal
ki
ng,
orvi
deo-
conf
erence)oft
hecommuni
cat
ion.

Cl
ass
ifi
cat
ionofPar
tsofSpeech

 Cont
entWor
ds/Lexi
cal
Mor
phemes(
opencl
ass
)Focus
esoncont
entorMEANI
NGoft
hewor
d

noun,
ver
b,adj
ect
ive,
adver
b

 Funct
ion/Gr
ammat
ical
Mor
pheme(
clos
edpr
onoun,
Wor
ds/
clas
s)Focus
esont
heus
age

orSTRUCTUREofwor
ds;conj
unct
ionspr
epos
iti
on,
auxi
l
iar
y,det
ermi
ner
s

NOUN-Namesofper
son,
place,
thi
ngs
,event
,et
c

Funct
ionsofNoun

Subj
ect Theonebei
ngt
alkedabouti
nthe. ence Thecati
Sent smi
ne.

Vocat
ive Theoneaddr
ess
edi
nthes
ent
ence Wher
eist
hecat
,Mona?

Di
rectObj
ect Ther
ecei
veroft
heact
ion.
(act
ionver
b)Ans
wer
s“ ”Monal
who/what i
kest
hecat
.

I
ndi
rectObj
ectAns
wer
s“t
owhom/
forwhom Comesf
ir
stbef
or Monal
eDO. eftt
hecats
omef
ood
(
DO)
.
Subj
ect
iveCompl
ement/SNP Theonet
hatmodi
fi
est
hes
ubj
ect
.Fol
l
owsa“ b”Monai
bever sthe
pr
inces
s

Obj
ect
iveCompl
ement/ONP Theonet oDO.Inomi
hatgoesbackt nat
eMona(
DO)s
ecr
etar
y.

Obj
ectoft
hePr
epos
iti
on Fol
l
owst
hepr
epos
itonMonai
i sint
her
oom

Appos
iti
ve Renamesanot
hernounbes
idei
t. Mona,myf
ri
end,l
i
kescat
s.

PRONOUN

A. Renames
/subs
tit
utesanounNOTE:Whenus
edasDi
rectObj
ect
,thear
ti
cl
e(t
he,
a,an)i
s

pl
acedaf
tert
heDO.
Ex.
IloveHI
M(di
rectobj
ect
)THE(
art
icl
e)mos
t.

Ki
ndsofPr
onoun

Per
sonal Nomi
nat
ive/Obj
ect
ive/Pos
ses
sive I
,me,
my,
he,
she,
it

I
ndef
ini
te I
dent
if
iabl
ebutnots
peci
fed s
i ome,
anyone,
ever
yone,
none,
one

I
ntens
ive Maybedel
etedi
nthes
tat
ement Imys
elfl
oveyou.

Ref
lexi
ve Mus
tnotbedel
etedi
nthes
ent
ence Iowei
ttomys
elf
.

Demons
trat
iveTheypoi
ntouts
ingul
ar/pl
ural
ref
erentt
his
,that
,thes
e,t
hos
e

Rel
ati
ve Us
edt
oint
roducecl
aus
es whi
ch,who,whom-i
ntr
oduceadj
ect
ivalcl
aus
es

That
-neut
er;Funct
ionsasanouns
ignal
ordet
ermi
neri
fiti
ntr
oducesanoun

Ex.
ThatDanwont
hees
saycont
ests
urpr
isedme.

I
nter
rogat
ive Us
edt
oas
kques
tions Whatdoyoumean?

VERB

B. s
howsact
ion,
exi
stence,
occur
renceands
tat
eofbei
ng

Ki
ndsofVer
b
 1
. Tr
ans
iti
veVer
b-Anact
ionver
b.Requi
resadi
rectobj
ect Pl
eas
ededi
cat
eyour
sel
fto
t
her
evi
ew.
(your
sel
fist
heDO)

2. I
ntr
ans
iti
veVer
b-DoesNOThaveadi
rectobj
ect Danpr
ays
.

3. Di
tr
ans
iti
veVer
b-Hasbot
hdi
rectobj
ectandi
ndi
r ect Danl
ectobj eftAmys
omef
ood.

4. BeVer
bs/Copul
aVer
bs -Mos
tfl
exi
blei
nter
msofgr
ammat
ical
funct
ion am,i
s,
ar
e,was
,wer
e

5. Li
nki
ngVer
bs Succeededbyacompl
ement(
modi
fi
est
hes
ubj
ect
) Wear
eteacher
s.

6. Oper
atorVer
bsFi
rstwor
dofanauxi
l
iar
y(hel
pingver
b)Wi
l
l+havebeen+goi
ngCanhel
pfor
m

t
wot
othr
eever
bshave.
wil
l
,can.

Not
e:oper
ati
onal
ver
bsar
eus
edi
nTagQues
tions
.ExofTagQues
tion:Yougi
vemeyour
comput
er,di
dn’
tyou?

7. Auxi
l
iar
yVer
bsSucceededbyanact
i b Wehavel
onver ovedyou.

8. Emphat
icAuxi
l
iar
yVer
bsEmphas
izest
heact
iondoes
,do,
didWeDOwonderhowt
he
economycanmakeat
urnar
ound,

9. Phr
asal
Ver
bs Two-
wor
dver
b;Combi
nat
i dsAs
onofwor kfor
,br
eakup,Getback

Aver
b+pr
epos
iti
on/adver
b

I
nspeaki
ng,
Ifus
edasver
b,s
tres
son2ndel
ement

I
fnounoradj
ect
ive,
str
essi
sonf
ir
stwor
d/el
ement

MoodsofVer
b

1
. Decl
arat
ive/I
ndi
cat
iveTel
l
ings
omeones
omet
hing.
Stat
ements
ent
encet
ype.

Yours
tat
ementi
str
ue.

2. I
nter
rogat
ive As
kings
omeones
omet
hing.
Ques
tions
ent
encet
ype

Whatar
eyoudoi
ngnow?
 3. I
mper
ati
ve Get
ti
ngs
omeonet
odos
omet
hingCommands
ent
encet
ype

Wi
l
lyouf
il
loutt
hef
orm?

Hasnoi
nter
nal
str
uct
ure,
andnodi
str
act
orf
rom nounandver
b

4. Subj
unct
ive Speakeri
suncer
tai
n,hypot
het
ical
(wi
shf
ul)
,count
erf
act
ual

wi
sh;wer
e;coul
d Iwi
shyouwer
eher
e.

Iwi
shIcoul
djoi
nyoui
nyourAs
ianTour
.

5. Excl
amat
ory Excl
amat
ions
ent
encet
ype

Whatabeaut
if
ulper
sonyouar
e!

NOTE:Thes
ent
encet
ypemayNOTneces
sar
il
ycor
res
pondt
oit
sMOOD.
Youcoul
dASKAREQUEST

(
imper
ati
vemood)i
nques
tions
ent
encet
ype.

As
pect
soft
heVERB

Si
mpl
eEvent
sthatar
ecompl
etewhol
es(
fact
s)orunchangi
ng. Kl
ayl
ovesl
i
ter
atur
e.

Per
fect“
pri
or”act
ion;i
tisus
edats
omeot
herpoi
ntI
nti
me I
bar
rahasgonet
oThai
l
and.

Pr
ogr
ess
ive I
mper
fect
ive;eventt
hatcoul
dbei
ncompl
ete Mi
aisexer
cis
ingatt
hegym.

Per
fectPr
ogr
ess
ive “
pri
or"+“
incompl
etenes
s”Leahhasbeenr
eadi
ngt
hisbookf
oramont
hnow.

MODI
FIERS

 ADJ
ECTI
VE-Modi
fi
esnounorpr
onoun

 ADVERB-Modi
fi
esver
b,adj
ect
ive,
andanot
heradver
b

Degr
eesofCompar
ison

Pos
iti
ve Modi
fyi
ngonl
yone(
1)s
ubj
ect
,Hence,
nocompar
ison.Shei
sbeaut
if
ul.

Compar
ati
ve Compar
isonbet
weent
wo(
2)equal
element
s,-
er;mor
e
  Shei
ssmar
tert
hanhe,
Rit
aist
hes
mar
teroft
het
wins
,

 Qual
i
fiedempl
oyeesar
ebecomi
ngs
car
cer
.(compar
isonbet
weent
henandnow)

Super
lar
ti
ve Compar
isonamongt
hreeormor
eel
ement
s.es
- t
;mos
t

Shei
sthemos
ttal
ent
edamongt
hegr
oup.

Modi
fi
erCl
aus
es

Adj
ect
ival
Claus
e-Acl
aus
ethatmodi
fi
esnoun/pr
onoun;i
ntr
oducedbyar
elat
ivecl
aus
e

(
who,
what
,whi
ch,
whom, e)Thevi
whos cti
m whowasal
l
egedl
y
s
alvagedi
saf
res
hman.

Adver
bial
Claus
e-Acl
aus
ethatmodi
fi
esver
b/adj
ect
ive/adver
b

NOTE:I
nsent
encecons
truct
ion,
usageDEPENDSonwhet
hert
hever
bmodi
fi
edi
sTRANSI
TIVE/

I
NTRANSI
TIVE

Thes
tudent
soozedwi
thconf
idencewhi
l
etheywer
eper
for
mingt
hei
rdance.

Addi
ti
onal
Signi
fi
cantTer
ms
El
l
ips
is Par
tsofs
ent
encear
elef
toutt
oavoi
drepet
it
ion;del
eti
on
Bi
rdscanf
ly,andIcanf
lyt
oo.

Bi
rdscanf
lyandIt
oo.
(“canf
ly”i
sdel
etedt
oavoi
dredundancy.
)
Pr
oFor
m Us
inganot
herwor
dtoavoi
dredundancy.
Kl
ayandFi
delhavecar
s.Idon’
thaveone.
(oner
epl
acescar
)
Gappi
ng Del
eti
ngawor
dbet
weent
wononi
dent
ical
subj
ect
s
Gi
ant
oppedt
heLET,andFeyt
heCi
vilSer
viceExam.
(
toppedi
sremovedi
nthes
econds
ent
ence;
LETandCi
vil
Ser
vicear
enott
hes
ame
butpar
all
el.
)

PREPOSI
TIONS-Mar
kti
me,
place,
locat
ion,
etc,
.
aboutappr
oxi
mat
ely;concer
ning Thepr
obl
em wi
thmanyoft
heor
gani
zat
ion’
sof
fer
sis
t
hatt
heyar
eof
tencons
ciousaboutwhatt
hemember
sthi
nkors
ayaboutt
hei
rpr
oject
pr
opos
als
.

at s
peci
fi
car
ea/addr
esss
peci
fi
crange -Ourof
. fi
cei
ssi
tuat
edat6/
F,Sampal
oc
St
.,Br
gy.
StaMoni
ca,
QuezonCi
ty.
-ThePhi
l
ippi
neeconomygr
ewatas
izzl
i
ngpacei
nthe
s
econdquar
teroft
hisyear
.

bes
idei
naddi
ti oI
ont havecarpayment
stomakebes
idest
hemor
tgage.

Bes
idesnextt
o If
eel
giddywhenIs
itbes
ideyou.

f
or goal
,reas
on,
dur
ati
on Ihavewai
tedf
ort
woyear
s.

f
rom as
tar
ti
ngpoi
nt/s
our
ce Wet
ravel
edf
rom Puer
toPr
inces
aCi
ty.

I
n Non-
speci
fi
cti
me,
ref
erst
olandar
eas
,mar
ker
s
Itayi
nSt
o.Tomas
.
Mos
tpeopl
eli
kes
urf
ing,
buti
nmyopi
nion,
iti
squi
ter
isky.
des
pit
e s
howscont
ras
t;negat
ivepr
emi
se,
pos
iti
veout
come
Des
pit
ethehar
dshi
ps,
Sal
viemer
gedvi
ctor
ious
.
i
nspi
te s
howscont
ras
t; pos
iti
vepr
emi
se,
negat
iveout
come
I
nspi
teofhi
sofaf
fl
uence,
Fidel
endedupchoos
ingt
hewr
ongdeci
si
ons
.
on Nameofs
treet
s,r
oads
,avenues
, c.Myhous
et eisonNehemi
ahSt
reet
.
Concer
ning Thebes
tsel
l
erbook,
Irecent
lyboughti
sanaut
hor
it
yon
aut
hent
icmedi
ci
ne.

t
o Di
rect
ion Il
i
kegoi
ngt
othemovi
es.

unt
il upt
o(t
hepoi
nti
nti
meoreventment
ioned
Myf
ri
endi
snotj
oini
ngourgr
oupunt
ilheget
sappr
oval
ofhi
spar
ent
s
wi
th pos
ses
sing(
somet
hing)asaf
eat
ureoraccompani
ment
.
Thepr
ocedur
eisi
nconf
ormi
tywi
tht
hegi
veni
nst
ruct
ions
.
Keepi
ngupwi
tht
hel
ates
tfas
hioni
spocketdr
aini
ng.
VERBALSar
eVERBSi
nFORM,
butFUNCTI
ONasot
herPARTSOFSPEECH

Ger
und -Act
sasnoun-Endsi
n-i
ng,
(Nounf
unct
ionsass
ubj
ect
),I
nSVA,
ger
und
s
ubj
ect
sar
esi
ngul
ar.
Li
steni
ngt
ocl
ass
ical
mus
ici
smyf
avor
it
eact
ivi
ty.
Readi
ngmaket
haf
ull
man.
Par
ti
ci
ple Act
sasanadj
ect
ive ;Endsi
n-i
ngorpar
ti
ci
plef
orm(
ex.
seen.
l
ear
ned)
Thedanci
ngqueeni
smyf
ri
end.
(
danci
ngmodi
fi
est
hequeen)
t
hei
ncr
eas
ingnumberofbul
l
yingi
nschool
s.
(
incr
eas
ingmodi
fi
esnumber
)
I
nfi
nit
ive Mos
tver
sat
il
easi
tcoul
dbeus
edasnoun,
adj
ect
ives
,oradver
bs
To+bas
efor
m(ex.
Tos
ing,
tot
op)
Tot
opt
heexam i
smygoal
.(Nounact
ingass
ubj
ect
)
Thet
imet
oponder(
Adj
ect
ivemodi
fyi
ngt
henoun“
ti
me”
)
Ican’
twai
ttot
opt
heexam.
(Adver
bmodi
fyi
ngt
hever
b“wai
t”
)
*Al
lger
undsi
n-i
ngNOTal
l-i
ngwor
dsar
eger
und.
Somear
eus
edaspar
ti
ci
ples
(
whenmodi
fyi
ng)orver
bs(
whenus
edaspr
ogr
ess
ivef
orm ofver
b).

CATEGORYI
I–I
NTROTOLI
NGUI
STI
CS

PHONETI
CS -Thes
tudyofaSPEECHPRODUCTI
ON
PHONOLOGY-Thes
tudyofSPEECHSYSTEM
MORPHOLOGY-Thes
tudyofWORDFORMATI
ON/CREATI
ON
SYNTAX-Thes
tudyofARRANGEMENT/ORDERI
NGofwor
dsi
nsent
ence.
Thel
i
ngui
sti
cnot
iont
hatdes
cri
best
her
elat
ions
hipbet
weenver
band
nouns
/nounphas
e.
SEMANTI
CSThes
tudyoft
heMEANI
NGofwor
dsi
nthes
ent
ence
PRAGMATI
CS Languagei
nus
eandt
heCONTEXTi
nwhi
chi
tisus
ed.
GRAPHOPHONEMI
CSYMBOLSYSTEMSofor
alandWRI
TTENandt
her
elat
ions
hip
bet
weent
hem.
CONCEPTS
 PHONEME-Vowel
orcons
onant-Thes
mal
l
estmeani
ngf
uluni
tins
ound
Onephonemi
cdi
ff
erence:Sai
d–s
eed
 ALLOPHONES-Thevar
iat
ion/var
iantoft
hephoneme;us
ual
l
yaf
fect
edbyi
ts
l
ocat
ioni
nthewor
d
Pi
nandSpi
nWhi
l
ebot
hwor
dsus
ethes
amecons
onant/p/
,onei
s
as
pir
ated(
pin)andt
heot
heronei
snot(
spi
n)
*Avoi
cel
esss
topi
sas
pir
atedi
nthecas
eofpar
don,
appear
,ti
nker
,
cr
adl
e
 CONSONANTS-As
toppedl
ett
erdef
inedbyt
hewayt
hel
ett
eri
sfor
medi
nthe
or
alandnas
alcavi
ty
*Voi
cedi
fther
eisvi
brat
ion.
Voi
cel
essi
fther
eisnone/wi
thoutvi
brat
ion
 DI
GRAPHS Acons
onantdi
graphi
sat
woort
hreel
ett
ercons
onant
combi
nat
iont
hatr
epr
esent
sanewanddi
ff
erents
ound,
dif
fer
entf
rom i
ts
l
ett
ers
;takenasonephoneme
ex.
Sh-s
ashCh-t
eachTh-t
hing***I
dent
if
yingdi
graphsi
nawor
d,he/
s
hecaneas
il
yreadt
hewor
dwi
theas
e.
 DI
PHTHONGS-Ones
ider
esembl
i
ngagl
i
de(
w);combi
nest
wovowel
Sounds
/
aI/-hi
gh;/
aU/
-now;/
)I
/-boy
 ONSET-Oneormor
econs
onants
oundst
hatpr
ecedet
hevowel
Inawor
d.
ex.
BR-Br
at TH–Thi
nk CR-Cr
eam
***Notal
lwor
dshaveons
etex.
ice,
i,age
 RI
ME Let
ter
sfr
om t
hevowel
tot
heendoft
hewor
ds
ex.
AT-br
at;I
NK–t
hink;EAM-
cream
 VOWELS Speechs
oundsmades
impl
ybys
hapi
ngt
heor
alcavi
tyt
ogi
ve
t
hes
oundapar
ti
cul
arcol
oror"
ti
mbr
e"
***Thes
oundandt
hel
ett
erar
enoti
dent
ical
int
heEngl
i
shl
anguage.
Br
anchesofPhonet
ics
1
.ARTI
CULATORYThes
oundt
hehumanpr
oduces
2.ACOUSTI
C Thes
oundwavest
ravel
i
ngf
rom s
endert
orecei
ver
3.AUDI
TORY Thes
oundar
ri
vingatt
her
ecei
ver
’send

Supr
asegment
alFeat
ureofPhoneme
St
res
s Pr
osodi
cst
res
s
us
edpr
agmat
ical
l
ytoemphas
ize(
focusat
tent
ionon)par
ti
cul
arwor
dsort
he
i
deasas
soci
atedwi
tht
hem.
Canchangeorcl
ari
fyt
hemeani
ngofas
ent
ence.
Ex.
Engl
i
sht
eacher-t
heonewhot
eachesEngl
i
sh
Engl
i
sht
eacher–at
eacherf
rom Engl
and
I
ntonat
ion Ther
iseandf
all
ofvoi
cei
nspeaki
ng.
J
unct
ure Mannerofmovi
ngbet
weent
wos
ucces
sives
yll
abl
esi
nspeech
Ex.
Icecr
eam -I
scr
eam

MORPHEME -Thes
impl
estuni
tofani
dea
FREEMORPHEME Mor
phemest
hatcans
tandal
oneaswor
ds
Ex.
Counci
l(noun)notder
ivedf
rom anypar
tofs
peech
BOUNDMORPHEME Cannots
tandaswor
ds;canbei
nfl
ect
ional
order
ivat
ional
-
ion,
-un,
de-
,-
ati
on,
etc.
I
NFLECTI
ONALMORPHEME Ther
ear
eEI
GHT(
8)I
NFLECTI
ONSi
ntheEngl
i
sh
l
anguage.
All
pres
ent
edass
uff
ixes
.
Noun(
2)genderandcas
e(whi
chmeansei
thers
ingul
arorpl
ur )-
al sand-
’s
Ex.
Plur
al–pl
ural
s;Shopper-s
hopper
’s
Modi
fi
ers(
2)degr
eeandi
ntens
it erand-
y-- est
/mor
eandmos
t
Ver
b(4)t
ens
eandnumber-
s,-
ed,
-en-
ing
DERI
VATI
ONALMORPHEME Theyf
orm di
ff
erentwor
d,s
amel
exeme(
rootwor
d)
Coul
dbepr
efi
x,s
uff
ix,
inf
ix,
cir
cumf
ix
Act-Act
Ex. ion(
Ver
btonoun)Tr
ue-
unt
rue;Pai
nt-
repai
nt
Pr
efxEpi
i inepi
graphandepi
taph
***Cont
ract
ion-Shor
tenedf
orm oft
wowor
dsus
ingapos
trophe(
‘)
.
Ex.
That+i
s=That
’s
Wi
l
l+not=Won’
t
WORDFORMATI
ONPROCESSES
1
.BACKFORMATI
ON/REVERSAL -REMOVI
NGwhati
sMI
STAKENf
oran
AFFI
X. Edi
tfr
om edi
tor
2.BLENDI
NG COMBI
NINGPARTSofTWOpr
eexi
sti
ngf
orms
Br
it
ish+Exi
t=Br
exi
t
Smoke+Fog=Smog
Gl
ob+Bob=Gl
ob
3.CLI
PPI
NGASHORTENEDFORMofawor
d
Cabf
rom Taxi
cab;Phot
ofr
om Phot
ogr
aphy;Ps
ychof
rom Ps
ychot
ic;
Ki
nderf
rom Ki
nder
gar
ten

4.COI
NING/ROOTCREATI
ON Abr
andnewwor
dbas
edonpr
e-exi
sti
ng
mor
pheme
Kodakf
orcamer
a;Xer
oxf
orphot
ocopyi
ng

5.COMPOUNDI
NGPut
ti
ngt
oget
hert
womor
phemest
ocr
eat
eanewwor
d
OpenCompoundWor
ds-ex.
Towel
Rack;Cof
feeCup
Cl
osedCompoundWor
ds-ex.
Ever
ywher
e
Hyphenat
edCompoundWor
ds-ex.
Shor
t-t
erm
6.CONVERSI
ON Wor
dbel
ongi
ngt
oonecat
egor
ycanbeconver
tedt
o
anot
her
Cat
egor
ywi
thoutanychangest
othewor
dfor
m
Out
break=Br
eakout
7.DERI
VATI
ON Addi
ti
onofder
ivat
ionaf
fi
xchangi
ngi
tss
ynt
act
iccat
egor
y
(
par
tofs
peech)Beaut
y-nount
obeaut
if
y(ver
b)
8.EPONYMY/PROPERNOUNCREATI
ON Nameder
ivedf
rom PROPER
NOUN.Sandwi
chf
rom Ear
lofSandwi
ch;Hambur
gerf
rom Hambur
g
 9.REDUPLI
CATI
ON-Amor
phemeorpar
tofmor
phemeI
srepeat
edt
ocr
eat
e
anewwor
d(notcommoni
ntheEngl
i
shl
anguage)
***NotREPETI
TIONwher
ewor
dsar
eonl
yaddedf
oremphas
isandnonew
wor
dismade.
ex.
Iam ver
yver
yhappy.

SUMMARY
ALLTHETYPESOFWORDFORMATI
ON
1
.bor
rowi
ng-(
croi
ssant
,sof
a,)
2.
der
ivat
ion,
addi
ti
onpr
oces
s,oppos
iteofbackf
ormat
ion(
happy-
happi
nes
s)–adjt
o
noun
3.
backf
ormat
ion-r
educt
ionpr
oces
s,oppos
iteofder
ivat
ion(
happi
nes
stohappy,
ent
hus
ias
mtoent
hus
e,bur
glar
-bur
gle)
4.
cli
ppedf
orm(
bra)
,abbr
evi
ati
on(
Doct
or–Dr
.)
5.
compoundi
ng(
rai
ncoat
)
6.
cat
egor
yext
ens
ion/conver
sion(
chops
tick-nounus
edasver
b-Shechops
ticked
t
henoodl
es.
)nount
over
b
7.
blend/por
tmant
eau/
pormant
ow (
li
ger
,spor
k)
8.
rootcr
eat
ion/
coi
nage(
kodak,
xer
ox)
9.
propername/
eponym -hambur
gerf
rom Hambur
g

STYNTAX

SENTENCE -Agr
oupofwor
dst
hathasacompl
etet
hought
;ani
ndependent
cl
aus
e
CLAUSE Acl
aus
eisagr
oupofwor
dswi
thas
ubj
ectandpr
edi
cat
eandi
sus
edas
apar
toft
hes
ent
ence.
I
ndependentCl
aus
e(Mai
n/Pr
inci
pal
)Cans
tandoni
tsown.
Ex.
Shel
i
vesher
e.
Dependent(
Subor
dinat
e)Cannots
tandoni
tsown;needst
obeat
tachedt
o
t
hei
ndependentcl
aus
e.Becaus
eshel
i
vesher
e.
FRAGMENT Agr
oupofwor
dst
hatdoesnothaveacompl
etet
hought
;Ani
ncor
rect
ly
us
eddependentcl
aus
e.
Bef
oret
her
icef
iel
dswer
elus
hgr
een.
LI
NEARDI
SLOCATI
ONDi
sl
ocat
ionoccur
swhent
hes
ubj
ectber
ear
rangedi
nei
ther
l
eftorr
ightdi
sl
ocat
ion
Nag-
ii
gibngt
ubi
gangbat
a=Fet
chi
ngt
hewat
ert
hechi
l
d.
l
eftdi
sl
ocat
ion-Toemphas
izet
het
opi
c,t
hiscons
tit
uentoccur
sear
li
erout
side
ofi
tsus
ual
boundar
ies
.Ex
.Mr
.Car
l,he’
sani
ceman.
r
ightdi
sl
ocat
ion-Asacl
ari
fyi
ngaf
ter
thought
,thi
scons
tit
uenti
spos
tponed,
occur
ri
ngt
owar
dst He’
heendex. sani
ceman,Mr
.Car
l

EXTRAPOSI
TION -
Removi
ngt
hedependentcl
aus
einas
tat
ement
-
Acl
aus
eact
sasas
ubj
ecti
smovedt
otheendoft
hes
ent
ence
andr
epl
acedbydummy"
it
".
Thel
adywhowont
hecas
eiscor
rect
.=Thel
adyi
scor
rectwhowont
hecas
e.
Someonewhom wedon'
tknowl
eftames
sage.
=Someonel
eftames
sagewhom we
don'
tknow.
(Ext
rapos
iti
onofr
elat
ivecl
aus
eoutofs
ubj
ect
)
 I
tisobvi
oust
hatyouhavebeenmi
sl
ed
 *I
tthatI
bur
nedt
hepot
atoeswasf
rus
trat
ing.
-Fai
l
eds
ent
ence
(
becaus
eext
rapos
iti
oni
sobl
i
gat
orywheni
tappear
s)
 I
twasf
rus
trat
ingt
hatI
bur
nedt
hepot
atoes
.

SEMANTI
CS
***Gener
alSemant
ics-as
tudyofhowwecanus
etot
hinkourwaysof
communi
cat
ionf
orbet
tercommuni
cat
ion;coul
dbeus
edi
nst
oppi
ngwar
,decr
eas
ing
pr
ejudi
ce,
etc.

For
msofRef
erent
COREFERENCE Twol
i
ngui
sti
cexpr
ess
ionst
hatr
efert
othes
ameent
it
y
Mer
cur
yist
hecl
oses
tpl
anett
othes
unandt
hes
mal
l
estpl
aneti
nours
olars
yst
em
ANAPHORA Al
i
ngui
sti
cexpr
ess
ionwher
etheant
ecedentcomesbef
oret
hepr
onoun
Mycous
in,Myr
na,deci
dedt
hats
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LI
TERATURE

Met
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rat
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LI
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.Li
steni
ngf
ordet
aill
i
steni
ngf
ors
peci
fi
cinf
ormat
ion
2.Li
steni
ngf
orgi
st l
i
steni
ngt
ogetonl
ythemai
nandmos
timpor
tanti
deas
3.Dr
awi
ngi
nfer
encesl
i
steni
ngt
ofi
l
lingapsanddr
awconcl
usi
onsf
rom t
he
mes
sagesut
ter
ed
4.Li
steni
ngs
elect
ivel
y l
i
steni
ngonl
ytos
peci
fi
cpar
tsoft
hei
nput
Maki
ngpr
edi
cti
onsl
i
steni
ngt
ocr
eat
eant
ici
pat
ionsbef
oreandwhi
l
eli
steni
ng

TypesofLi
steni
ng
1
.Appr
eci
ati
vel
i
steni
ngf
orenj
oyment(
li
steni
ngt
omus
ic)
2.I
nfor
mat
ive/
compr
ehens
ive l
i
stent
olear
nsomet
hing
3.Cr
it
ical t
hegoal
ist
oeval
uat
eors
crut
ini
zewhati
sbei
ngs
aid
4.Ther
apeut
ic/
ext
ens
ive Li
stent
osuppor
tot
her
sbutnott
ojudget
hem

SPEAKI
NG

Li
ngui
sti
cInt
erf
erence-appl
yingknowl
edgef
rom t
hei
rnat
ivel
anguaget
oas
econd
l
anguage
TheI
nter
cul
tur
alSpeaker-whoi
sal
l
owedt
oret
ainhi
sorhers
oci
al,
li
ngui
sti
c,and
cul
tur
albaggageandi
sn’
trequi
redt
oimi
tat
ethenat
ives
peaker
I
ntel
l
igi
bil
i
ty-i
swhet
heranut
ter
ancei
sunder
stoodbyani
nter
locut
or
Compr
ehens
ibi
l
ity- i
sal
i
stener
'sper
cept
ionofhoweas
yordi
ff
icul
tsecond-
l
anguages
peechi
stounder
stand
Accent-i
showdi
ff
erentt
hephonol
ogyofani
ndi
vidual
'
sspeechi
sfr
om t
hatoft
he
l
i
stener

St
agesi
naSpeaki
ngLes
son

Pr
esent
ati
ons
tage(
Pre-
act
ivi
tyPhas
e)
 Teacher
:inf
ormant
 St
udent
sli
stenandt
ryt
ounder
stand
Pr
act
ices
tage(
Whi
l
eorMai
nAct
ivi
ty/Speaki
ngAct
ivi
ty)
 Teacher
:moni
tororf
aci
l
itat
or
 St
udent
sdomos
toft
het
alki
ng
 Meani
ngf
ul,
aut
hent
ic,
andmemor
abl
epr
act
ice
Pr
oduct
ions
tage
 Teacher
:manager
,gui
de,
advi
ser
 St
udent
sus
ethel
anguagef
ort
hems
elves
 Fr
eeus
eofl
anguage(
freeexpr
ess
ioni
smor
eimpor
tantt
hanmi
stakes
)

Thedi
ff
erentcat
egor
iesofcommuni
cat
ioni
ncl
ude:

SpokenorVer
bal
Communi
cat
ion -i
ncl
udesf
ace-
to-
face,
tel
ephone,
radi
oor
t
elevi
si
onandot
hermedi
a
Non-
Ver
bal
Communi
cat
ion-cover
ingbodyl
anguage,
ges
tur
es,
howwedr
essoract
,
wher
ewes
tand,
andevenours
cent
Wr
it
tenCommuni
cat
ion-Thi
sincl
udesl
ett
ers
,e-mai
l
s,s
oci
almedi
a,books
,
magazi
nes
,theI
nter
net
Vi
sual
i
zat
ions-gr
aphsandchar
ts,
maps
,logos

READI
NG

SchemaTheor
y-s
tat
est
hatal
lknowl
edgei
sor
gani
zedi
ntouni
ts.
Wit
hint
hes
euni
tsof
knowl
edge,
ors
chemat
a,i
sst
oredi
nfor
mat
ion.
 - As
chema,
then,
isagener
ali
zeddes
cri
pti
onoraconcept
ual
sys
tem f
or
under
standi
ngknowl
edge-howknowl
edgei
srepr
esent
edandhowi
tis
us
ed

Compr
ehens
ionmoni
tor
ingi
stheabi
l
ityt
oaccur
atel
yas
ses
sone'
sowncompr
ehens
ion
Goal
sofTeachi
ngReadi
ng
1
. SchemaAct
ivat
ion
2. Vocabul
aryDevel
opment
3.Readi
ngCompr
ehens
ion
4.Under
standi
ngt
extor
gani
zat
ion
5.Appl
i
cat
ion

Readi
ngPr
oces
s
1
. Pr
ereadi
ng
2. Readi
ng
3.Res
pondi
ng
4.Expl
ori
ng
5.Appl
ying/
Ext
endi
ng

Readi
ngSt
ages
PRE-
READI
NGSTRATEGI
ES
-
toPREPARELEARNERSf
ort
het
extt
heyar
egoi
ngt
oread
-
toact
ivat
est
udent
s’SCHEMATAandPREVI
OUSKNOWLEDGEaboutt
het
opi
c.
WHI
LE-
READI
NGSTRATEGI
ES
-
toact
ual
l
yREADt
heTEXTandDECODEt
heMESSAGEbei
ngconveyed
-
topr
ovi
det
hem wi
tht
heAPPROPRI
ATESTRATEGI
ES t
odevel
opt
hei
r
r
eadi
ngs
kil
l
s
POST-
READI
NGSTRATEGI
ESt
oREACTt
otheTEXTt
heyhavej
ustr
ead

Readi
ngSt
rat
egi
es
SPAWNSt
rat
egy
t
oexami
necompl
exi
ssueswhi
l
ethi
nki
ngcr
it
ical
l
yaboutar
eadi
ngs
elect
ion:
 S-Speci
alPower
s
  P-Pr
obl
em Sol
ving
 A-
Alt
ernat
ivevi
ewpoi
nts
 W-Whati
f
 N-Next
Cl
i
nesar
egr
adi
ent
sus
edt
ohel
plear
ner
sref
inet
hei
rknowl
edgeofwor
dsdes
cri
binga
s
imi
l
arat
tri
but
e,ors
hadesofmeani
ng.
EX.
tepi
d,hot
,boi
l
ing,
cool
,col
d,war
m,chi
l
ly,
andf
reezi
ng.

St
rat
egi
esi
nReadi
ngCompr
ehens
ion
DRTA-Di
rect
edReadi
ngThi
nki
ngAct
ivi
ty-compr
ehens
iont
hroughpr
edi
cti
ngt
het
ext
SQ3R-Sur
vey,
Ques
tion,
Read,
Ret
ri
eve,
andRevi
ew-AReadi
ngCompr
ehens
ionMet
hod
SQ4R Sur
vey,
Ques
tion,
Read,
Ret
ri
eve,
Rel
ate,
andRevi
ew
I
RI-I
nfor
mal
Readi
ngI
nvent
ory-det
ermi
nes
tudent
s’needs
Ski
mmi
ng meansl
ooki
ngatat
extorchapt
erqui
ckl
yinor
dert
ohaveagener
ali
deaof
t
hecont
ent
s.
Scanni
ng meansl
ooki
ngatat
extt
ofi
nds
omepar
ti
cul
ari
nfor
mat
ion

Thr
eeTi
ersofVocabul
aryDevel
opment
Ti
er1 -
cons
ist
soft
hemos
tbas
icwor
ds—r
arel
yrequi
redi
recti
nst
ruct
ionandt
ypi
cal
l
ydo
nothavemul
ti
plemeani
ngs
-
Sightwor
ds,
nouns
,ver
bs,
adj
ect
ives
,andear
lyr
eadi
ngwor
ds
-
Exampl
es:book,
gir
l,s
ad,
run,
dog,
andor
ange.
Ti
er2 -
cons
ist
sofhi
ghf
requencywor
dst
hatoccuracr
ossavar
iet
yofdomai
ns,
wor
ds
occurof
teni
nadul
tconver
sat
ionsandl
i
ter
atur
e
-
themos
timpor
tantwor
dsf
ordi
recti
nst
ruct
ionbecaus
etheyar
egood
i
ndi
cat
orsofas
tudent
’spr
ogr
esst
hroughs
chool
.
-
Exampl
es:mas
ter
piece,
for
tunat
e,i
ndus
tri
ous
,meas
ure,
andbenevol
ent
.
Ti
er3--
low-
frequencywor
dst
hatoccuri
nspeci
fi
cdomai
ns—
s
ubj
ect
sins
chool
,hobbi
es,
occupat
ions
,geogr
aphi
cregi
ons
,technol
ogy,
weat
her
,et
c.
-
Exampl
es:economi
cs,
isot
ope,
asphal
t,Revol
uti
onar
yWar
,and,
crepe

TypesofReadi
ngAct
ivi
ty
  Shar
edr
eadi
ng–t
het
eachermodel
sthes
trat
egi
esands
kil
l
sofapr
ofi
ci
entr
eader

St
epsofShar
edReadi
ngi
nCont
entLi
ter
acy
1
. I
ntr
oducet
hes
tor
ybydi
scus
singt
het
it
le,
cover
,andaut
hor
/i
ll
ust
rat
or.
Ask
t
hes
tudent
stomakepr
edi
cti
onsaboutt
hes
tor
y.
2. Readt
hes
tor
yal
oudt
othes
tudent
s.Paus
eandas
kthes
tudent
stomake
pr
edi
cti
ons
.As
kbr
iefques
tionst
odet
ermi
nes
tudent
s'compr
ehens
ionl
evel
.
3. Concl
udet
her
eadi
ngbyr
eser
vingt
imef
orr
eact
ionsandcomment
s.As
k
ques
tionsaboutt
hes
tor
yandr
elat
ethes
tor
ytot
hes
tudent
s's
imi
l
ar
exper
iences
.As
kthechi
l
drent
oret
ell
thes
tor
yint
hei
rownwor
ds.
4. Re-
readt
hes
tor
yand/
oral
l
owt
imef
ori
ndependentr
eadi
ng.
5. Conductf
oll
ow-
upact
ivi
ti
ess
uchasmaki
ngcr
aft
srel
atedt
othes
tor
y.
 Gui
ded–i
nvol
vesat
eacherwor
kingwi
ths
mal
lgr
oupofs
tudent
swhodemons
trat
e
s
imi
l
arr
eadi
ngbehavi
ors
 Buddy-pai
redr
eadi
ng
 Chor
alr
eadi
ng–as
tudentorgr
oupofs
tudent
sreadt
hes
tor
ytoget
her
,wi
thor
wi
thoutt
het
eacher

TypesofReadi
ngCompr
ehens
ionSki
l
ls
1
. Li
ter
alReadi
ng-Readt
hel
i
nes
:recal
li
nfor
mat
ions
tat
eddi
rect
lyandexpl
i
cit
lyi
nthe
t
ext
. Fact
ual
(Recal
lChar
act
er,
Set
ti
ng,
orTi
meDet
ail
s,act
ion,
event
,li
sts
equence)
ans
wer
sfounddi
rect
lyi
nthet
extorbyi
nfor
mat
ionr
eadi
l
yavai
l
abl
einout
side
s
our
ces

2.I
nfer
ent
ial
/Int
erpr
eti
veReadi
ng-Readbet
weent
hel
i
nes
:int
erpr
eti
nfor
mat
ion
i
mpl
i
edi
nthet
ext
 I
nfer
ent
ial
—ans
wer
stot
hes
eques
tionsmaybei
mpl
i
ed
(
addr
essmot
iveofaut
hororachar
act
er)
 f
oundbyf
oll
owi
ngpat
ter
nsands
eei
ngr
elat
ions
hipsamong
par
tsoft
het
ext
 i
nter
prett
heme,
mai
nidea,
summar
ize

3.Cr
it
ical
/Eval
uat
iveReadi
ng(
Global
)-Readbehi
ndandbeyondt
hel
i
nes
:eval
uat
e
 i
nfor
mat
ionbas
edonper
sonal
knowl
edgeandexper
iences
.
 Connect
ing-
-ans
wer
stot
hes
eques
tionsemphas
izet
he“
Sowhat
?”of
t
het
ext
 l
i
nkt
extt
opr
iorknowl
edge,
othert
ext
s,orhumanexper
iencesi
nli
fe
 Gi
vinganopi
nionaboutchar
act
er,
event
s,r
eal
i
sti
c
 Aut
hor
’sdeci
si
on,
Poi
ntofVi
ew
WRI
TING

a)Abr
idgment-abook,
play,
orpi
eceofwr
it
ingt
hathasbeenmades
hor
terby
r
emovi
ngs
omedet
ail
sorl
essi
mpor
tanti
nfor
mat
ion
b)Summar
y-as
hor
t,cl
eardes
cri
pti
ont
hatgi
vest
hemai
nfact
sori
deasabout
s
omet
hing
c) Br
ief-f
ormal
documental
awyerus
esbot
htoconvi
nceacour
tthatt
hecl
i
ent
's
ar
gumenti
ssoundandt
oper
suadeacour
ttoadoptt
hatpos
iti
on
d)Cr
it
ique-adet
ail
edanal
ysi
sandas
ses
smentofs
omet
hing,
especi
all
yal
i
ter
ary,
phi
l
osophi
cal
,orpol
i
tical
theor
y

TypesofDi
scour
se
1
) Ar
gument
: t
oconvi
nceanaudi
encet
hatt
hewr
it
erors
peakeri
scor
rect
,us
ing
evi
denceandr
eas
on
2) Nar
rat
ion: t
ell
sas
tor
y,of
tenwi
themot
ionandempat
hyi
nvol
ved.
3)Des
cri
pti
on: r
eli
esont
hef
ives
ens
est
ohel
ptheaudi
encevi
sual
i
zes
omet
hing.
4)Expos
iti
on: i
nfor
mtheaudi
enceofs
omet
hingwi
thr
elat
ivel
yneut
ral
language,
i.
e.,
i
t’
snotmeantt
oper
suadeorevokeemot
ion.

St
epsi
nwr
it
ingaLi
ter
atur
eTes
t
I
. I
dent
if
ythecont
ext
I
I. Pl
anf
ort
het
est
I
II
. Sel
ectt
ext
s(s
eent
extvs
.uns
eent
ext
)
I
V. Gr
oups
kil
l
s
V. Mat
cht
ext
stot
ask
VI
. Wr
it
etes
tit
ems
 VI
I. Cl
ari
fymar
kingcr
it
eri
a

Vi
ewi
ngCompr
ehens
ion r
efer
stot
heabi
l
ityoft
hepar
ti
ci
pant
stoper
cei
vemeani
ngf
rom
vi
sual
pres
ent
ati
onswi
thl
evel
sli
ter
al,
reor
gani
zat
ional
,i
nfer
ent
ial
,eval
uat
ionand
appr
eci
ati
oncompr
ehens
ion

Pr
epar
ati
on&Eval
uat
ionofI
nst
ruct
ional
Mat
eri
als
Poi
ntst
orememberi
nadapt
ingmat
eri
als
:
1
) Techni
quesar
esel
ect
edaccor
dingt
otheas
pectoft
hemat
eri
alt
hatneedsal
ter
ati
on
2) Cont
entcanbeadapt
edus
ingar
angeoft
echni
ques(
singl
econt
entt
echni
quecan
beappl
i
edt
odi
ff
erentcont
entar
ea)
3)I
tcanhavebot
hquant
it
ati
veandqual
i
tat
iveef
fect
s
4)Techni
quescanbeus
edi
ndi
vidual
l
yori
n