Unit#7

Surveying and Setting out

ABDUL MOED
SURVEY
In the construction industry, surveying is the process of analysing and documenting the features of a
geographical area span to aid in the drafting of a plan or map for the building site.

Surveying is the technique of finding the relative position of a point on the earth's surface, either
above or below it, using linear and angular measurements to determine its location. Angular and
linear measurements are used to establish points and measure horizontal and vertical distances
between objects. It is also used to measure angles between lines, identify the direction of lines, and
build points using specified angular and linear measurements.

Fundamental techniques used for Surveying are:

Triangulation: Angles are measured from a surveying station using this procedure, which involves
interconnecting and overlapping multiple triangles.

Trilateration: In this case, the same approach as in Triangulation is used, with the addition of the
Electronic Distance Meter (EDM).

Traverse: Angles and distances are measured using this approach, which involves connecting
numerous lines of pre-measured lengths together.

Leveling: With the use of graded rods, this approach is used to determine the difference in heights
between two points on a landscape.

Radiation: In this technique radiating lines are drawn from a focal point to defined boundaries
converted to a small-scale surveying sheet. Surveying finds multiple industrial applications across
various domains. It is an integral part of Civil Engineering Discipline.

Categories of Surveying are:

Geodetic Surveying: Surveys are carried out on a big scale with the assistance of control networks
that extend across broad geographical areas.

Plane survey: The type of survey in which the surface of the earth considered as plate and is used
for short distance. Examples of plane survey are survey for roads buildings etc.

Cadastral Surveying: Land surveys are carried out in order to determine who owns what land and
where the borders are.

Topographical Surveying: To establish the land structure and variations in elevation, surveys are
carried out on a regular basis.

As Built Surveying: Surveys are carried out after the completion of a construction project to
determine if any deviations from the original design have occurred.

Photogrammetry (Aerial Surveying): Photographs taken from high ground stations are used to
conduct the surveys in question.

LiDAR (Aerial Surveying): Surveys are carried out with the use of remote sensors and light
reflected by lasers to determine distances between points.
Plain Surveying Vs Geodetic Surveying
Plain Surveying
 Plain Surface is the term used to describe the earth's surface.
 The earth's curvature is not taken into consideration.
 A straight line is defined as a line that connects any two stations.
 The triangle produced by any three points is referred to as the plain triangle.
 All of the angles of a triangle are referred to as "simple angles."

Geodetic Surveying
 Curved Surface is a term used to describe the earth's surface.
 It is taken into consideration that the earth is curved.
 The line connecting any two stations is referred to as a spherical line.
 A spherical triangle is defined as a triangle produced by any three points in any direction.
 The triangle's angles are referred to as spherical angles in this context.

Classification of surveying
Surveys may be classified under headings which define the uses or purpose of the resulting maps.

Classification based upon the nature of the field survey

Land Surveying
Topographical Surveys: Linear and angular measurements are used to determine the horizontal
and vertical location of specific points on the map. This is done to determine the natural features of
a country such as rivers, streams, lakes, woods, hills, and other natural features and artificial
features such as roads and railways and canals and towns and villages in order to plan a city or a
village.

Cadastral Surveys: Cadastral surveys are made incident to the fixing of property lines, the
calculation of land area, or the transfer of land property from one owner to another. They are also
made to fix the boundaries of municipalities and of State and Federal jurisdictions. (iii) City
Surveying: They are made in connection with the construction of streets, water supply systems,
sewers and other works.

Marine or Hydrographic Survey: The survey of bodies of water for the purposes of navigation,
water supply, harbour construction, or the determination of mean sea level is known as marine or
hydrographic survey. Monitoring the discharge of streams, conducting a topographic survey of
shorelines and banks, finding soundings to assess the level of water, and noting the tidal changes are
all part of the job description. 3. Survey of the sky by astronomers. With the help of an astronomical
survey, any point on the surface of Earth can be pinpointed to its exact location on the globe, and
any line can be pinpointed to its exact location and direction with pinpoint accuracy. This involves of
making observations of celestial bodies such as the sun or any fixed star, among other things.

Classification based on the object of survey

Engineering Survey
A survey is conducted to determine quantities or to provide adequate information for the design of
engineering works such as highways and reservoirs, as well as those associated with sewage disposal
and water supply.
  Military Survey: This is used in the determination of strategic places of significance. This is
used in the determination of strategic places of significance.
 Mine Survey: Exploration of mineral richness is carried out with the help of this device.
 Geological Survey: Stratigraphy is used to determine the distinct layers of the earth's
crust.
 Archaeological Survey: This is utilised for the excavation of antiquity-related artefacts.

Classification based on instruments used: An alternate categorization system might be based

on the instruments or procedures that were used, with the following being the primary types:

 Chain survey
 Traverse survey
 Photogrammetric survey
 Tachometric survey
 Plane table survey
 Theodolite survey
 Triangulation survey

Advantages and disadvantages of local points:

Advantages Disadvantages
 Low Costs  Poor coordinate level
 Convenient Data Gathering  High chance of error
 Good Statistical Significance  Difficult to assume the coordinate
 Little or No Observer Subjectivity
 Precise Results
 Inflexible Design
 Not Ideal for Controversial Issues

Advantages of National points

 We can extract national points from it with the use of GPS.
 By using accurate coordinates, you may ensure the highest level of accuracy in your job.
 The new surveyor may begin work at the precise location where the previous surveyor left
off.

Discuss other control networks e.g., Primary controls, first and second
order.
Primary control:
A professional surveyor establishes permanent control points that surround the worksite with the
highest level of precision feasible and connects them to the Design Benchmark and Property Line to
ensure that the jobsite is properly aligned. Constructed of concrete, metal measuring pegs, and
targets on natural landmarks or nearby buildings, a control structure is often used to maintain order.
The use of hubs, wooden posts, and other temporary marks is strictly prohibited. The traverse
accuracy that must be attained must be more than 1':50,000', and the level loop (circuits) accuracy
must be first order.
Secondary control:
Located near primary control, secondary control surrounds or supports particular structures while
remaining autonomous in accuracy, allowing it to bring the best within its own structure together.
Secondary control should be in place until the slab of the building is constructed and then
transferred to the slab. For secondary control, it is not recommended to utilise temporary markers.
The system will have a.01' accuracy in terms of precision.

Different methods of marking control points

Control surveys, in general, are concerned with points that have already been established. These
points must be marked by the surveyor in order to be defined. Certain points are made permanent,
but others are just temporary for a period of time. In the case of a line that will be in use for a long
length of time, a bronze disc put in concrete or a center-punched metal rod driven flush with the
ground may be used to mark the ends at either end. Control points that are less permanent in
nature may be established by using wooden stakes or hubs with nails, shiners, and laggings.

 Driven Markers must be placed perfectly vertically on the spot that they are intended to indicate
when they are placed. A slanting drive will result in a marker's top being positioned incorrectly,
which will result in the point not being correctly located. First, line the stake or hub vertically;
then, using a sledgehammer or other driving device, deliver each blow firmly on the flat end of
the hub or stake to drive it vertically into the ground.
 Reposition the transit and repeat steps 3-8 as necessary until horizontal angles have been
created between all control locations.
 Bull-point may be used to start a hole for a stake or hub in frozen or otherwise very hard terrain.
Keep in mind that the stake or hub will be placed along the line of the opening created by the
bull-point. Consequently, if the bull-point is not pushed vertically, the stake or hub will not be
driven vertically, and vice versa.
 The term "Monument" refers to a permanent item or construction that is employed in surveying
when a point or station must be preserved permanently for future reference. It might be as
simple as a prominent point chiseled into the side of a ledge rock outcrop.

Bearing: A bearing is a horizontal angle formed by a line when it intersects with a reference
direction.

Types of Bearing: Whole circle bearing (WCB) is the measurement of the bearing of a line at any
point in relation to a meridian around the circle. Its value ranges from zero to 360°, rising in
clockwise direction as the rotation is completed. Zero degrees represents the north direction, 90
degrees represents the east direction, 180 degrees represents the south direction, and 270 degrees
represents the west way. WCB stands for whole circle bearing, and it is the bearing of a line at any
point in relation to a meridian that is measured. Its value ranges from zero to 360°, rising in
clockwise direction as the rotation is completed. The north direction is zero degrees, the east
direction is 90 degrees, the south direction is 180 degrees, and the west way is 270 degrees. (In the
reference bearing (RB) system, bearings are measured from the north or south direction in the
direction of the east or west. As a result, angles range from 0 to 90 degrees (Fig. 13.2). This sort of
bearing is employed in prismatic compass and is denoted by the letters N or S at the beginning to
indicate whether it is coming from the north or the south, respectively, It is indicated by the letter E
or W written immediately after the angle that the bearing read is towards the east or west,
respectively. The conversion of the bearing from one system to another may be accomplished
quickly and simply by sketching a diagram to indicate WCB or RB, as illustrated in Fig. 13.4. It is
possible to see that the following conversion table has been created:
Traverse: Traversing is a kind of geometrical surveying that consists of a series of locations that are
linked by a straight line. As shown in the illustration.

Types of traverses:
There are two types of traverses:
Open traverse: The open traverse is a traverse in which the initial and final points are not linked. It
is defined as follows:

Close traverse: Close traverse is a sort of traverse in which the start and final points are related; this
type of traverse is also known as a close traverse.

Discuss about height and coordinates of our project:

In order to comply with common rules and techniques, we began our survey work at the site, using
the base point as a local control, and began the survey on the local point base. Because it is a
common rule and technique, the surveyor placed some random coordinates before beginning the
survey work, so we placed some random coordinates and the back site first and shifted the total
station through an angle, and we set a percent mark on both points back and for side, and we
checked the accuracy of the coordinate, so the accuracy of And then we moved it to another point
and checked the back site, which had an accuracy of 2.45. In this manner, we were able to
continuously change the machine while also continuously checking the back site. This was the
method of changing the position and coordinates of the surveying machine of the surveying
company.

Method of earth work

There are of two method of earth work.

 Line of collimation method.

 Rise and fall method.

Rise and fall method:

The following measurements were performed using a level and a 4-meter staff with B.M 100: 0.578,
0.933, 1.768, 2.450, 2.005, 0.567, 1.888, 1.181, 3,679, 0.612, 0.705, 1.810, and the instrument was
moved after the 5th and 9th measurements.

Station B.S I.S F.s Rise Fall RL Remarks

1 0.578 100

2 0.933 0.355 9 9.6 45

3 1.768 0.835 98.81

4 2.450 0.682 9 8.5 73

5 0.567 2.005 0.445 97.2

6 1.888 1.321 9 7.9 59

7 0.612 3.679 2.498 9 5.3 68

8 0.705 0.093 9 4.2 63

9 1.810 1.105

10 1.181 0.707 9 5.4 61

 Collimation method or Height of Instrument
method:

Station B .S I.S F.S H.I R .L Remarks or B.M

1 0.578 100.578 100 100

2 .933 99.645

3 1.768 98.81

4 2.450 89.128

5 0.567 2.005 99.14 98.593

6 1.888 97.252

7 1.181 97.959

8 0.612 3.679 96.073 95.461

9 0.705 95.368

10 94.263

Accuracy of the coordinates with the help of manual double check method.

Surveys are often carried out to determine the relative position or the location of points on or near
the surface of the Earth.

Accuracy reached during close traverse:

We collected some points which are given below:
• We drew some lines on the ground that we were surveying. In this case, we deemed one
point to be a station point.
• Set our total station machine to the station point with the use of a level.
• Place the bubble in the machine and turn it on.
• We began the survey and finished our assignment in a timely manner.

Effect of precision checkpoints on topography survey:

There are some errors located during the survey. There are some errors given below:

 Instrumental
 Personal

Natural Instrumental:
Survey mistake might arise as a result of the imperfection or improper adjustment of the equipment
that will be used for measurement. Depending on the situation, a tape measure may be excessively
lengthy or an equipment for measuring angles may be out of alignment. Instrumental error is the
term used to describe this kind of mistake.
Personal:
Additionally, failure might arise owing to the inability to accurately observe human vision and the
need for touch while manipulating instruments. When taking the reading or reading degree and
angle on a theodolite circle, for example, it is possible to make a clerical or mathematical error.
Those errors are referred to as "personal mistakes."

Natural:
It is also possible for errors in surveying to be caused by changes in natural phenomena such as
temperature, humidity, gravitational pull, wind, magnetic decline, and refraction. The results of the
tests would be erroneous if the samples were not collected accurately. For example, a tape may be
20 metres long at 200 degrees Celsius, but its length may fluctuate if the field temperature is
different.

Accuracy with the help of shifting instrument:

It is critical to understand that throughout the survey, we should examine our back-sight points to
see whether they are correct or not. In order to examine the accuracy of the back sight point, we
first place our machine on the first point, which is called the station point. Then we take the
measurement of the second point and place our machine on that second point to check the accuracy
of the second point. So, after we accomplished this, the machine provided us with the proper spots
in the machine, and we repeated the process on each point until we had completed an accurate
survey.

Write about the accuracy achieved during shifting the instrument

D uring our survey w e ha ve chang e th e to tal station 3 tim e so as w e ha ve m ade five

perm an ents points

S/no. Northing easting elevation A ccu ra cy remarks

1 3690638.991 704119.625 634.269 .097 Sub 2nd from
first
2 3690629.827 704119.635 634.172
3 3889585.218 702528.699 632.520 .30
4 3889585.217 702528.696 632.517
5 3688687.761 700669.766 668.952 0.692
6 3688694.714 700668.526 669.260

Topographic Survey
Survey report:
Let me tell you about the report of our survey that how we’ve done our project.

Objective
The aim of our survey was to read the area level and it can help us in the design and it has also
helped to gain survey experience.

So here is the explanation of our project that how we done our project.

My colleagues and I inspected the region and identified three permanent sites, which we designated
with names such as CP1, CP2, and so on. As a result, we set the machine on CP1, completed the
centering of the machine, and then concentrated on taking CP2 readings, before relocating the
machine to CP2 and repeating this process until CP1 was back in sight to ensure the precision of the
operation. The machine then provided us with the same coordinates, and from the same position,
we took CP3's foresight, recorded the coordinates, and saved them in the total station; this is how
we completed our survey by moving the machine five times and reading the coordinates.

Codes we used in our survey:

We've surveyed a road where we haven't used many codes, some are given below that we've
used:

• R was once used to indicate a road.

• A curve was previously shown on a computer.
• TR was used to represent the tree, EP was used to represent the electric poll, and PT was
used to represent the end of the curve.

Data exchange process:

R was once used to indicate a road.

A curve was previously shown on a computer.

TR was used to represent the tree, EP was used to represent the electric poll, and PT was used to
represent the end of the curve.

We can covert files into DXF, DAT, DWG, TXT, CSV format and start working on it.

Converting DXF file into DWG file:

R was once used to indicate a road.

A curve was previously shown on a computer.

TR was used to represent the tree, EP was used to represent the electric poll, and PT was used to
represent the end of the curve.
Cut and fill

The table that I have shown above is one that we received from the structural engineer of our
company, and it contains the coordinates of a building. The coordinates of the building include
different wall columns and foundation of the building, and we must put the layout of the building,
which we have done accurately as we set the total station on a point and entered the coordinates
and took the back site, and then enter the given coordinate which we were to put on the ground
where the foundation of the building was to be placed, and so on.

What is setting-out?

It is frequently referred to as the inverse of surveying, which is a phrase that is used to describe it.
That is to say, although surveying is the process of creating a plan or map of a given region, laying
out is the process of starting with a plan and ending with a specific engineering project being
properly put in that area. This statement might be confusing since it implies the polar opposite of
heading out and surveying, which is incorrect.

Setting out of our project:

While putting up the layout design for our project, let me tell you that the construction area is
around 50 feet away from the road, and the building area is 12157,52 SM, and we have built up the
building using the whole station. This is according to my layout plan. While putting up the layout
design for our project, let me tell you that the construction area is around 50 feet away from the
road, and the building area is 12157,52 SM, and we have built up the building using the whole
station. This is according to my layout plan.

Starting out of our project as per drawing:

A drawing is given below:

It shows both close and open traverse

Accuracy achieved during layout:

When it comes to creating an appropriate layout, it is essential that the area coordinates are precise,
and that the data transformation procedure has been carried out correctly inside the system. After
that, the computer will give you the angle and distance from your station point, which you entered
in the total station when you input the coordinates there. When the angle distance is zero, you must
take into consideration the point and permanently mark it so that the builder may utilise it for his
task in the future.

Different accuracy techniques used for topographic survey:

The topographic survey makes use of a variety of different technologies. Allow me to speak about
them in more detail;

In addition to geographic information systems (GIS), we made a significant contribution to the

mapping movement. GIS provides for the integration of several layers of digital data from diverse
sources, as well as the modification and investigation of how the various levels interact with one
another. The process of translating 3D topographic maps to digital form, which is accomplished via
the use of CAD-based technologies such as AutoCAD, entails rastering to vector conversion.
When it comes to terrain surveying, LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) devices are a good choice
since they can provide exceptionally precise terrain elevation models (even when measuring ground
height through trees), and they are inexpensive, simple, and efficient. In addition to being able to
create exceptionally exact terrain elevation models (even when measuring ground height through
trees), airborne LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) devices are a readily accessible, easy, and
efficient technique of doing terrain surveying and mapping.

Photogrammetry; In this approach, stereographic pairs of photographs are used to indirectly

measure locations on the ground, and subsequently to calculate measurements of points and
changes in height from those measurements.

Different accuracy techniques used for setting out survey:

Methods of Setting Out Survey

• Setting out buildings by coordinates

• Checking verticality
• Setting out with theodolite

Setting Out Building by Coordinates:

It is possible to construct a structure by using a model that has already been specified. Using the
same method, it may also be feasible to discover a survey of odd structures or buildings with
complicated geometrical characteristics. From the baseline, a grid line may be constructed for each
and every corner of the structure.

Checking Verticality: In order to determine the verticality of locations inside a structure, the
following surveying tools may be used:

• Bob Plumb (for buildings below 20 m in height).

• Optical plummet (To test verticality of high buildings, a transparent plastic sheet is used as
the target).
• Theodolite

Setting out with theodolite:

Set the horizontal circle with theodolite to read null in this direction by moving the circle around.
The telescope is then turned by an angle in order to establish the direction and to compute in that
direction in order to estimate the location of the point. Angle and distance determinations are two
terms used to describe this process.
Putting out equipment and materials:
Alidade Graphometer Ramsden surveying Tellurometer Suspension
instruments theodolite

Alidade Ranging rod Surveyor's chain Theodolite Non-transit theodolite

table

Cosmolabe Groma (surveying) Tachymeter (surveying) Half theodolite Traveling theodolite

Dioptra Laser scanning Tape (surveying) Plain theodolite Transit theodolite

Dumpy Level staff Prismatic compass (angle Plain theodolite Seconds theodolite
level measurement)

Engineer's Measuring tape Prism (surveying) (corner Simple theodolite Electronic theodolite
chain cube retroreflector)

Geodimeter Plane table Pole (surveying) Great theodolite

Technical things during our control survey:

Control point survey:
Due to the fact that the survey of an area that we conduct on the basis of control points provides us
with vertical and horizontal coordinates that are different from those obtained on the basis of local
points, we consider the survey conducted on the basis of national control points to be more
accurate.

Keywords
1. National survey
2. Bench mark
3. Geodetic survey
4. National geodetic survey
5. Vertical control

Report on easting and checkpoint northing errors:

For example, the easting and northing of Cartesian geographic co-ordinates are two different things.
The distance measured to the east (or the x-coordinate) is known as easting, while the distance
measured to the north is known as northing (or the y-coordinate). We are working for a group and
we are required to do a topographical survey with the close traverse. We have altered our system
five times, which means we have established our five control points, which are as follows:

Causes of error during survey checks:

Many errors can impact survey control and all of them are described below:

• Systematic error
• Random error

Systematic error.
Systemic error (also known as systematic bias) is a chronic, repeated mistake that is caused by
malfunctioning equipment or a bad experiment design. It is sometimes referred to as systematic
bias. Typically, such inaccuracies are generated by measuring devices that have been incorrectly
calibrated or that have been inappropriately operated.
Random error.
For random mistake, there is no logical reason (also called unsystematic error, system noise or
spontaneous variation). One minute may be insufficient time for your readings. Perhaps the next
time they will be too high. It is impossible to forecast mistakes at random, and these errors are
almost always unavoidable.

Error during topographic survey:

Several factors may play a role in measuring errors, and each has its own significance. There are
three types of errors that might occur: natural errors, instrument errors, and human mistakes.

Human errors:
The physical limitations of the surveyor, as well as inconsistent patterns of setup and observation,
contribute to the occurrence of human mistakes. Minor mistakes might arise as a result of
misalignment of the telescope crosshairs on the target or failure to maintain the target rod
completely plumb, to name a few examples. Each observation still has some degree of mistake due
to this kind of error.

Natural error:
Natural factors such as temperature, humidity, gravity, wind, magnetic decay, and refraction may all
cause errors in surveying, as can fluctuations in surveying equipment. When measurements are
taken, it is possible that the findings will be erroneous if they are not thoroughly examined.

Instrument errors:
The physical limits of the surveyor, as well as inconsistent patterns of setup and observation, are the
primary causes of human mistake. Minor mistakes might arise as a result of misalignment of the
telescope crosshairs on the target or failure to maintain the target rod completely plumb, to name a
few examples. Each observation still has some degree of mistake due to this kind of error.

Report on errors of easting and northing of control points:

What we mean of Northing and Easting in our survey:

During the course of learning the coordinate system, we reach the intermediate level, in which the
two axes that cross at a 90-degree angle each other form a coordinate system, with the X-axis value
designated as north and the Y-axis value designated as easting in surveying.

Now we will talk about the value of the Northing and Easting during survey

Consider that we have taken the topography of a park and that the different parts of the park have
different coordinates that are different from one another due to the unevenness of the surface of
the earth. The table below shows that there is a clear difference between the coordinates of
different points under surveying process because of the unevenness of the surface of the earth.

Table of coordinates

FAREED BOOK 1

Accuracy:
Solution:
As we can see that we have error of .72 in northing and .32 in easting.
If we are solving the northing, we may divide the error by the total number of station points and
then add the result to every northing value, and if we are solving the easting, we can do the same
thing.

Current sheet

Common causes of error during survey

There are several errors which can affect our work and they are given below:

• Human error
• Wind error
• Systematic error
• Natural error

Causes of error during control survey:

There are various errors which can affect control survey and all of them are discussed below:

 Systematic error
 Random error

Systematic errors
The error that occurs in a survey as a result of a flat in the instrument is referred to as systematic
error, and it may arise as a result of the survey machine not being correctly calibrated, or as a result
of the survey machine's calibration being disturbed by a violent shock.

Although some systematic errors are difficult to detect, the surveyor must recognize the conditions
that cause such errors. The following list includes several examples of systematic errors:

• Temperature and/or pressure measurements that are inaccurate are used.

• Not taking into account the curvature and refraction constants.
• Incorrect instrument and/or target heights are being used.
• Using a prism offset that is improper.
• Using an instrument that has been improperly adjusted.

Random errors
A survey error can occur when the conditions, temperature, and air pressure are not optimal. For
example, if the temperature is above 40 degrees centigrade, the survey accuracy may be
compromised because Mercury is used in the instrument level system, and its properties may shift
as the temperature changes. In spite of their name, random mistakes may occur at any time and are
often caused by events beyond of the surveyor's control.
Error during topographic survey:
Several factors may play a role in measuring errors, and each has its own significance. There are
three types of errors that might occur: natural errors, instrument errors, and human mistakes.

Human errors:
The physical limitations of the surveyor, as well as inconsistent patterns of setup and observation,
contribute to the occurrence of human mistakes. Minor mistakes might arise as a result of
misalignment of the telescope crosshairs on the target or failure to maintain the target rod
completely plumb, to name a few examples. Each observation still has some degree of mistake due
to this kind of error.

Natural error:
Natural factors such as temperature, humidity, gravity, wind, magnetic decay, and refraction may all
cause errors in surveying, as can fluctuations in surveying equipment. When measurements are
taken, it is possible that the findings will be erroneous if they are not thoroughly examined.

Instrument errors:
Human errors are due to the physical limitations of the surveyor and to incoherent patterns of setup
and observation. For example, minor errors occur due to misalignment of the telescope. crosshairs
on the target or inability to hold the target rod perfectly plumb. Such errors are still to some extent
present in each observation.

Causes of error during topographical survey:

There are a variety of reasons why an error occurs during a topographical survey; the three-man
categories of such errors are as follows:

 Natural error
 Machine error
 Human Error

Natural errors
Variations in natural phenomena such as temperature, humidity, gravity, wind, refraction, and
magnetic declination may be caused by mistakes in surveying as well as by human error. If the
findings are not accurately monitored when measurements are taken, the results will be erroneous.

Instrument errors
Survey mistake may arise as a result of the inaccuracy or inappropriate adaption of the equipment
that is being used to make the measurement in question. Examples include a tape that is too lengthy
or an angle measuring equipment that does not include an adjustment for the angle. These kind of
errors are referred to as instrumental mistakes.

Human errors
A mistake (sometimes known as a major mistake) is a large, unanticipated error caused by human
error that often results in significant disparities. The majority of the time, mistakes are the result of
carelessness, misunderstanding, frustration, or poor judgement. The following are examples of
common survey blunders: • Inappropriately levelling the survey instrument

Causes of error during setting out on our survey

The bearing out is one of the most significant things that the surveyor should thoroughly examine in
the provided survey project. In our previous experience, we neglected to examine the bearing out,
which resulted in an error in our survey project, which we learned the hard way.

Bearing out
When the instrument's bearing is not in proper alignment, it will almost certainly result in an error
during operation. It will cause your coordinates to fluctuate from one location to another, making it
impossible to create an exact layout.

Following the principles outlined below and remembering them for the next time will help us
decrease the consequences of all three types of mistakes (control, topography, and setting out).

 Ensure that the survey instrument is appropriately levelled and that the location is properly
targeted.
 Adjust the foresight and backlight observations to the same level.
 The data collector is configured with the appropriate environmental parameters by setting
the appropriate instrument heights, rod heights, targets heights, and prism offset in the data
collector's configuration.
 The surveying equipment must be adjusted and calibrated on a regular basis.

Causes of error during data transformation:

The transition of data from machine to system is the most critical step in the whole process; without
it, a designer would be unable to create anything at all.

And there are two main reason of errors

• Software problem
• Unit setting
• Corrupt file
• Low quality cable for data transfer from the instrument

Techniques being used for accurate survey:

Ways to Reduce Measurement Error
• All measurements are subjected to a triple precision examination.
• Searching for the proper formulas twice is a good idea.
• Make certain that the testers and the people who will be taking the measurements are
properly trained.
• Allow for calculations to be performed using the most precise equipment available.
• The measurements are carried out under the supervision of a trained professional.

Pilot test your measuring instruments. For example, put together a focus group and ask how easy or
difficult the questions were to understand.

• Precision should be checked on all measures twice.

• Make sure that your formulae are right by checking them again.
• Ascertain that all observers and measurement takers have received adequate training.
• Make the measurement using the instrument that has the greatest level of precision
available.
• Take the measurements under settings that are being closely watched.

How to Prevent Errors during Setting Out of Building?

Following are the different types of control that should be carried out to prevent any errors during
setting out building plan on ground:

• Good practice in office

• On site control
• Equipment and staff
• Checks
• Marking the ground
• Use of grid offset
• Properly marking the control points
• Skills full helper
• Writing of every control point coordinate on the note book
• Setting of the machine in open areas
• Having extra batteries for the machine

We conducted our first survey on the basis of a local point, in which we used the coordinates of
Rawalpindi as a reference for the local point, and we conducted our second survey on the basis of a
national point, after which we conducted a traverse, and we discovered that both types of surveys
were correct, and the accuracy was excellent, with the accuracy being.0093. It is possible to utilise
both local and national points since there was a little inaccuracy in the local point; nevertheless, the
ideal method of conducting surveys is to use national points, which may be obtained from a
Pakistani survey. Please see the attachments for the readings.

References:

https://civiltoday.com/surveying/13-definition-and-importance-of-surveying

https://www.scb.se/contentassets/ca21efb41fee47d293bbee5bf7be7fb3/methods-of- behavior-
coding-of-survey-interviews.pdf

https://www.qualtrics.com/experience-management/research/survey-errors/
https://www.buildingpointsoutheast.com/achieving-layout-accuracy-setting-new-standard/