Artrac Pinnacle 2022
Artrac Pinnacle 2022
Artrac Pinnacle 2022
Published By
Headquarters, Army Training Command, Shimla (HP), India
Foreword (iii)
From the Editor (iv)
Theme for Next Issue (v)
ARTICLES
Artificial Intelligence and its Brigadier (Dr) Navjot Singh 1-13
Exploitation in Future Warfare Bedi
(i)
PINNACLE 2022
Artificial Intelligence in Modern Captain SBS Bhullar 72-81
Warfare: Drone Detection using
Machine Learning
(SS Mahal)
Lt Gen
GOC-in-C, ARTRAC
(iii)
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From the Editor
Dear Readers, the Editorial Team has the singular privilege of putting
forward this edition of Pinnacle with the theme „Artificial Intelligence and the
Future of Warfare: Roadmap for the Indian Army‟. Overwhelming response to
the theme is a clear indication of the relevance of the topic in the current scenario.
We are also grateful to all the readers who provided us with their valuable
feedback on our previous issue on „Employment of Offensive Cyber as a
Multiplication Tool for Defensive and Offensive Operations by the Indian
Army‟.
Happy Reading
- Editor
(iv)
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Theme for PINNACLE 2023 Issue
- Chief Editor
(v)
PINNACLE 2022
DISCLAIMER
The views expressed and suggestions made in the articles are solely
of the author in his personal capacity and do not have any official
endorsement. Attributability of the contents lies purely with the author.
PINNACLE 2022
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ITS EXPLOITATION
IN FUTURE WARFARE
- Brigadier (Dr) Navjot Singh Bedi
“It seems probable that once the machine thinking method had started, it
would not take long to outstrip our feeble powers… They would be able to
converse with each other to sharpen their wits. At some stage, therefore, we
should have to expect the machines to take control.”
- Alan Turing
Introduction
Modern Warfare
Drivers of Change
The primary drivers of change in the way wars will be fought in times to
come will be the Economy, the Public Pressure/ Public Opinion, the Punitive Cost
of a Nuclear Strike, and the Impact of Emerging Technologies. In the present-day
context, due to the emphasis on economic development and the prohibitive costs
associated with wars, the likelihood of a full-scale war is extremely remote.
Moreover, due to the availability of nuclear weapons, full-scale war carries with it
the prospect of total annihilation, which is a no-win situation for all concerned. In
addition, no government relishes the prospect of its soldiers dying in combat and
being answerable to the public for the same. Lastly, the multitude of technological
developments that have taken place, including those that are on the drawing
board, have revolutionised the way wars will be fought.
1
International Congress Innovation &Technology XXI: Strategies & Policies Towards the XXI
Century, & Soares, O. D. D. (1997). Innovation and technology: Strategies and policies. Dordrecht:
Kluwer Academic.
2
Creveld, Martin Van (2000). "Technology & War I:To 1945". In Charles Townshend. The Oxford
History of Modern War. New York, USA: Oxford University Press. p. 206. ISBN 0-19-285373-2. And
Creveld, Martin Van. "Technology and War II:Postmodern War?". In Charles Townshend. The Oxford
History of Modern War. p. 349.
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Artificial Intelligence and Its Exploitation in Future Warfare
inputs that programmers do not directly control and therefore cannot always
anticipate3. AI is thus a collective term for computer systems that can sense their
environment, think, learn, and take action in response to what they are sensing.
Forms of AI in use today include, among others; digital assistants, chat bots and
machine learning.
3
Chris Curran and Anand Rao; PWC Briefing: Artificial intelligence; http://usblogs.pwc.com/
emerging-technology/briefing-ai/.
4
ibid
5
Andre M Konig, “Some specific tech aspects of Artificial Intelligence”; https://www.linkedin.com
/pulse / some-specific-tech-aspects-artificial-intelligence.
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AI Development Trends
6
Anand Rao, Joseph Voyles and Pia Ramchandani;Top 10 artificial intelligence (AI) technology
trends for 2018; http://usblogs.pwc.com/emerging-technology/top-10-ai-tech-trends-for-2018/.
7
Artificial intelligence arms race; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_ arms_race.
8
https://developingtelecoms.com/telecom-business/telecom-investment-mergers/11904-russian-
operator-mts-launches-us-100m-ai-investment-fund.html
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China China sees itself as a close competitor to the United States in AI.
The Chinese military intends to achieve an advantage through changing
paradigms in warfare with military innovation. The close ties between Silicon
Valley and China, and the open nature of the American research community, have
made the West's most advanced AI technology available to China. The Chinese
industry has numerous home-grown AI accomplishments of its own, such
as Baidu passing a notable Chinese-language speech recognition capability
benchmark in 2015. By 2030, China aims to make great strides in various AI
technologies like Big Data and Autonomous Intelligent Systems. As of 2017,
China’s roadmap aims to create a US$150 billion AI industry by 2030. China often
sources sensitive emerging technology such as drones and AI from private
start-up companies. The Japan Times reported in 2018, that private Chinese
investments in AI were under US$7 billion per year. In 2020, private investments in
AI from China amounted to almost US$ 9.9 billion in funding, ranking it second
after the USA. China's AI start-ups received nearly half of the total global
investment in AI in 2017. Of late, Chinese institutions have filed for nearly five
times as many AI patents as Americans have.
9
https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11150.
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and combat are some military-based AI applications in the US. A few other military
AI combat programmes of the US are the Sea Hunter autonomous warship, which
is designed to operate for extended periods at sea without a single crew member,
and to even guide itself in and out of port.
The USA government is spending billions of dollars preparing for the next
stage in warfare that it believes will be defined by advances in AI. Concepts like
motherships of drones releasing little baby drones from the air and the sea,
infantrymen and women sporting exoskeletons and wearable electronics loaded
up with combat apps, and lone mission commanders directing swarms of
unmanned vessels to carry out operations are already being tested at MIT’s
Computer Science and AI Laboratory.
10
https://acadgild.com/blog/applications-of-ai-in-military.
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making the right battlefield decisions. It analyses the area of conflict and
acts on the data it receives from the set of orders (known as the "Course of
Action" or COA). In controlled settings like military labs, this application can
exploit the weaknesses of the enemy successfully.
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11
"Doctors grapple with the value of robotic surgery". Houston Chronicle 16 September 2011.
Retrieved 24 December 2011.
12
"Robotic surgery making inroads in many medical procedures." The Jakarta Post 8 March 2011.
Retrieved 24 December 2011.
13
"Doctors Perform First Fully Robotic Surgery". PC World. 21 October 2010. Retrieved
24 December 2011.
14
Christopher Mims (2009). "Exoskeletons Give New Life to Legs". Scientific American. Retrieved
21 April 2009.
15
"Riders on a swarm". The Economist. 12 August 2010. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
16
Rachel Kaufman (28 January 2011). "New Invisibility Cloak Closer to Working "Magic"". National
Geographic News. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
17
"Breakthrough in bid to create 'invisibility cloak' as 3D object is made to vanish for first time". Daily
Mail. 26 January 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
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Mine sweeping drone bots that use feature maps to analyse and
identify mines, to deactivate them or carry them away.
Combat simulations using virtual reality, can help train soldiers for a
more realistic battlefield environment.
18
Military Applications Of Artificial Intelligence; March 17,2018 By Deepak Kumar Gupta
(http://www.claws.in/1878/military-applications-of-artificial-intelligence-deepak-kumar-gupta.html).
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Niti Ayog Roadmap The national AI task force at NITI Aayog of India has
also set up a road map for the AI development employing intelligent machines
enabling high-level cognitive processes like thinking, perceiving, learning, problem
solving and decision making, coupled with advances in data collection and
aggregation, analytics and computer processing power. NITI Aayog has decided to
focus on five sectors that are envisioned to benefit the most from AI in solving
societal needs:-
19
"Google 'to unveil' hi-tech Google Glasses that put a screen of information over the world." Daily
Mail 20 December 2011 Retrieved 22 December 2011.
20
"Tuberculosis breakthrough as scientists get funds for 'electronic nose'". The Guardian.
07 November 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
21
"Now, a mobile phone that can smell". The Times of India. 7 November 2011. Retrieved
04 December 2011.
22
"Remapping Computer Circuitry to Avert Impending Bottlenecks". The New York Times.
28 February 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
23
"Memristor revolution backed by HP". BBC News. 2 September 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
24
"The big plan to build a brain". The Telegraph. 21 June 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
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Conclusion
Home to the world’s third largest start-up ecosystem, elite science and
technology institutions like the IITs, robust and ubiquitous digital infrastructure, and
millions of newly minted STEM graduates every year, India is well-positioned to
become a global leader in the development of artificial intelligence. Industry
analysts predict that AI could add up to $957 billion to India’s economy by 2035.
In the spirit of Sabka Saath Sabka Vikas, Prime Minister Shri Narendra
Modi plans to leverage AI for inclusive development, representing the country's ―AI
for All' strategy. Directed by the PM’s vision, India will soon stand out in the
international community not just as a leader in AI, but also as a model to show the
25
Military Applications Of Artificial Intelligence; March 17, 2018 By Deepak Kumar Gupta,
(http://www.claws.in/1878/military-applications-of-artificial-intelligence-deepak-kumar-gupta.html).
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world how to responsibly direct AI for social empowerment. In his words “India is
one of the leading nations in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning,
especially in human-centred and ethical use of artificial intelligence. We are
developing strong capabilities in cloud platforms and cloud computing. This
is key to resilience and digital sovereignty."
Bibliography
2. Artificial Intelligence And The Future Of Defense Strategic Implications For SmallAnd
Medium-Sized Force Providers; The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies-2017.
3. Warfighting 2018 & Beyond; CENJOWS Aug 2013, by Col Navjot Singh.
5. Artificial Intelligence in Military Operations: Technology & Ethics Indian Perspective; Lt Gen
RS Panwar, AVSM, SM, VSM, PhD (Retd); January 2019 - March 2019.
7. Future Warfare and Artificial Intelligence- The Visible Path; Gp Capt Atul Pant; IDSA
Occasional Paper No. 49; August 2018.
9. International law & the military use of unmanned maritime systems Michael N. Schmitt &
David S. Goddard; International Review of the Red Cross (2016), 98 (2), 567–592. War & security at
sea
10. Final report of National Security Commission on AI- Mar 2021 Report; Eric Schmidt –Chair
& Robert Work Vice Chair.
11. Scope for Use of AI in Security: Opportunities and Challenges; 31st IISSM Annual Global
Conclave- 2021; Maj Gen PK Mallick, VSM (Retd); 16 December, 2021.
12. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Its Applications For Defence; CENJOWS/ Indian Def Conclave
Seminar; Brig (Dr) Navjot Singh Bedi; Dec 2018.
13
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STRATEGY TO EVOLVE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN
TACTICAL OPERATIONS FOR THE INDIAN ARMY
- Colonel Bikramjeet Singh
“We can evade reality, but we cannot evade the consequences of evading
reality”
- Ayn Rand
Introduction
Despite an early start in the year 1950, the real development in the field of
Artificial Intelligence (AI) started only around 2010 due to the confluence of three
major enablers in the field: availability of big sources of data; massive
improvement in computing and processing power; and most importantly, the
massive improvement in machine learning science. AI today is being heavily
invested in and researched upon in the scientific and commercial world. It is
already showing up for nascent commercial usage in many gadgets and devices,
search assistance, requirement prediction, data analysis and validation, modelling
and simulation, linguistics, psychology etc.
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Strategy to Evolve Artificial Intelligence in Tactical Operations for the Indian Army
Mules Robots which can work along with armed forces in the
forward areas may be a far-fetched dream as of now. However, in some
countries, research has already gone into the provision of logistic-based
robots which can perform tasks like evacuation of casualties, delivering
heavy loads or acting as mules (e.g. the BigDog project of Defence
Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)). Defence Research and
Development Organisation (DRDO) is also looking forward to develop a
Multi Agent Robotics Framework (MARF) which can be used for
surveillance and casualty evacuation in Counter Terrorism (CT) operations.
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Strategy to Evolve Artificial Intelligence in Tactical Operations for the Indian Army
Doctrines Though the doctrines for integrated warfare exist with the
Indian armed forces, stringent policies exist for evolving any integrated procedures
for data infusion. This will result in inconsistent logic in algorithms, which
eventually forms the backbone of any AI-based systems. Also, the rapid changes
in Tactics, Techniques and Procedures (TTPs) of the Armed Forces is a major
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Strategy to Evolve Artificial Intelligence in Tactical Operations for the Indian Army
Strategy for Evolving AI based Defence Capabilities for the Indian Army
AI is a technology that will provide the Indian Army with greater advantages
than any other technology. Other technologies such as big data, cryptography, and
cyber aspects can also be proliferated to the next level using AI. However, to fully
exploit AI, there is a requirement to go ahead with certain requirements shown in
Figure 2 that will come a long way in the future. Some of them are highlighted in
the succeeding paragraphs.
Data Storage AI data storage and its scaling is one of the biggest
contemplations as the volume of data for AI keeps on growing. As
organisations concoct AI stratagems and build the essential structure,
storage must be of the utmost precedence. Storage will include ensuring
the appropriate storage capacity and consistency to deal with the
enormous data required for AI. Typically, the storage may depend on
factors which include the level of AI, real-time decisions, and the source of
data. As databases cultivate with time, organisations need to monitor
capacity and plan for expansion as needed. Moreover, for military data, this
data needs to be secured to prevent any misuse.
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Strategy to Evolve Artificial Intelligence in Tactical Operations for the Indian Army
Data Storage
Civil-Defence
Prepare Data
Cooperation
Processing
Skill Set Strategy
Data
Data Networking
Management Infrastructure
Processing
Tools
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Strategy to Evolve Artificial Intelligence in Tactical Operations for the Indian Army
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Strategy to Evolve Artificial Intelligence in Tactical Operations for the Indian Army
Conclusion
The Indian defence forces should realise the dual nature of AI and make
necessary amendments in the policies to enhance the participation of AI-based
start-ups in defence.
Bibliography
3. https:// www. c4isrnet.com/ ome/ 2017/ 09/ 07/army – logistics – integrating – new – ai -
cloud-capabilities/.
4. https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/drdo-news-documents/NPC_10-12_April_2021_ 0.
pdf.
6. T Chand, AI and its applications for defence and security forces, Synodos Paper Vol - XII
NO-7/Jun 2018.
7. The Global Race for Artificial Intelligence: Weighing Benefits and Risks, IDSA Issue Brief,
23 Feb 2018 by Munish Sharma.
8. Discussion Paper NITI Aayog National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence June 2018.
9. Report of The Artificial Intelligence Task Force, Ministry of Commerce and Industry (Govt of
India).
10. https:// www. c4isrnet. com/ ome/ 2017/ 09/ 07/army – logistics – integrating – new – ai -
cloud-capabilities/.
11. T Chand,AI and its applications for defence and security forces, Synodos Paper Vol - XII
NO-7 / JUN 2018, PP 6.
12. The Global Race for Artificial Intelligence: Weighing Benefits and Risks, IDSA Issue Brief,
by Munish Sharma.
14. Report of The Artificial Intelligence Task Force, Ministry of Commerce and Industry (Govt of
India) Pp 25.
15. https://searchenterpriseai.techtarget.com/feature/Designing-and-building-artificialintelligence
infra-structure.
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Artificial Intelligence: Impact on Warfighting and Perspective Planning
Introduction
The term "Artificial Intelligence" (AI) generally means that those tasks
which humans could do with organic intelligence will be executed by machines,
viz., identifying a pattern, learning by repetition, making a conclusion, or acting in a
particular manner.1 It is about the study of computations that makes it possible to
perceive, reason, and act. In addition to hardening the mechanisms to counter
threats to important infrastructure like medical assets, power grids, stock markets
etc., AI can optimise our combined abilities to identify, respond, and forecast
threats from a variety of sources. If we turn to AI, the prevailing definitions typically
denote a wide range of capabilities covered by human intelligence that includes
these elements. In a military context, the United States Defence Science Board
states that AI is "the capability of computer systems to perform tasks that normally
require human intelligence." Together, these provide relevant building blocks of a
definition of AI.2
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Artificial Intelligence: Impact on Warfighting and Perspective Planning
Throughout the history of warfare, it has been seen that the advent of new
technology has a profound impact on strategy. Character of war was transformed
by inventions like gun powder, rifles, tanks, or steam power, but they affected
strategy moderately at best. These changes, however, did not affect the primacy
of fundamental principles like surprise, concentration of force in space and time,
etc.9 Inspite of the previous technological advancements transforming war and
society, they did not change psychology as such, i.e., the primacy of evolved
human mind in strategy.10
firm international law and ambiguous rules of engagement. Robotic systems when
deployed with Electro Magnetic (EM) jammers can cloud jammers, confuse enemy
Command, Control, and Communication (C3) systems, penetrate hostile systems,
as well as provide layered defence. The doctrines and concepts are likely to
undergo changes consequent to the speed and nature of war due to the presence
of weapons like autonomous robots.21
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Figure 1
Conclusion
Bibliography
1. Summary of the 2018 Department of Defense Artificial Intelligence Strategy, Harnessing AI
to Advance Our Security and Prosperity.
2. Artificial Intelligence and Its Future Impact on Security. Testimony prepared by Dr. Tim
Sweijs for The Committee on Foreign Affairs and the subcommittee on Security and Defense of the
European Parliament. Bruxelles, ro October 2018.
3. Ibid.
4. Sergey Levine, Timothy Lillicrap and Mrinal Kalakrishnan, „How Robots Can Acquire New
Skills from Their Shared Experience‟, Google Research Blog, 10 March 2016,
ttps://research.googleblog.com/2016/10/how-robotscan-acquire-new-skills-from.html.
6. Kareem Ayoub and Kenneth Payne, „Strategy in the Age of Artificial Intelligence‟, Journal of
Strategic Studies, vol. 39, nos 5–6, 2016, pp. 793–819, https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2015.
1088838. See also Michael Horowitz, „Artificial Intelligence, International Competition and the
Balance of Power‟, Texas National Security Review, 15 May 2018, https://tnsr.org/2018/05/artificial-
intelligenceinternational-competition-and-thebalance-of-power/; and Paul Scharre, Army of None:
Autonomous Weapons and the Future of War (New York: W.W. Norton, 2018).
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7. Nicholas Ernest et al., „Genetic Fuzzy Based Artificial Intelligence for Unmanned Combat
Aerial Vehicle Control in Simulated Air Combat Missions‟, Journal of Defense Management, vol. 6,
no. 1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0374.1000144.
9. See Beatrice Heuser, The Evolution of Strategy: Thinking War from Antiquity to the Present
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
11. Kenneth Payne, „Prospect Theory and the Defence in Clausewitz‟s “On War”‟, paper
presented to the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Atlanta, GA, 16March
2016, http://web.isanet.org/ Web/Conferences/Atlanta%202016/ Archive/968b741d-130c-4912-a4ee-
997345a57ce1.pdf.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
17. Michael C Horowitz and Paul Scharre, „AI in international Stability: Risk and Confidence
Building Measure (Centre for New American Security 2021) pp5.
18. James s. Johnson, „Artificial Intelligence and Future Warfare: Implications for international
Security (2019) pp 35 Defence & Security analysis pp147.
19. Mark Fitzpatrick, „Artificial Intelligence and Nuclear Command & Control 2019 pp 61.
20. Niklas Mashur. AI in military Enabling Applications. CSS Analyses in Security police no 251
Oct 2019 pp 3.
21. Ibid.
22. Summary of the 2018 Department of Defense Artificial Intelligence Strategy op cit pp.
23. The US DoD has already established a Joint Artificial Intelligence Center (JAIC) to
accelerate the delivery of AI-enabled capabilities, scale the Department-wide impact of AI, and
synchronize DoD AI activities to expand Joint Force advantages.
24. Ibid.
25. Atul Pant, Artificial Intelligence The Visible Path, IDSA Occasional paper. No 49, Aug 2018.
26. Ugo Pagallo, „Robots of Just War:A Legal Perspective‟, Philosophy &Technology, vol. 24,
no. 3, September 2011, pp. 307–23, https://doi.
27. Ibid.
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30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
35. Draft Guidelines on Developing National Defense Policy And Doctrine Papers ("White
Papers") (Approved by the Committee on Hemispheric Security at its meeting held on October 22,
2002).
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN CYBER SPACE:
TOWARDS MODERN WARFARE
- Miss Khyati Singh
Introduction
Weaponization of AI in Cyberspace
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Artificial Intelligence in Cyber Space: Towards Modern Warfare
Cyberspace operates on data, and with its exponential growth, the data it
works upon will also increase. This will make it next to impossible to keep it in
check through a human agency alone. This is where the element of AI comes in.
AI helps in assuring the security of cyberspace along with managing the enormous
data. However, tampering with the hardware and software can be extremely
dangerous. For instance, autonomous systems based on AI models can be used
to disguise or divert people. Researchers at UC Berkeley firm developed a model
based on this feedback. They devised a false stop sign for the autonomous driver,
which confused fellow drivers and almost caused a road accident. Inducting this
prototype into the military can be worrisome. Enemies can hack into the systems
of army vehicles and alter the settings.
AI advancements are not new and have been in the works since the 1950s,
However, the current rate of progress is unprecedented. The Defence Advanced
Research Projects Agency (DARPA) 4 led the research in AI and paved the way for
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However, reaching such an equilibrium is a tall order since the loss functions
oscillate. The following picture17 is a pictorial representation of the GAN diagram.
AI Induced Cyberattacks
Machine learning also plays it‟s part both as an offensive and defensive
actor. On the offensive end, cyber security tools like spearfishing, evasive malware
and botnets can be used. While on the defensive front, machine learning tools like
malware detection is being used. The hacker needs to crack the code just one
time, and that one single access can help in corrupting the entire system. Military
intelligence needs to be on their toes 24x7 and must work with 100% accuracy to
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block these attacks. To facilitate this, machine learning can imitate human
behavior and prepare a database that gives out possible services based on the set
of behavior. This can even help in preventing attacks that have not yet taken
place. However, leakage of data is very much a possibility in machine learning
systems. Big companies like Google and Amazon have had such experiences. A
shadow training technique has been devised to resolve this issue. This helps in
filtering the actual data from nosy interference data.
On the audio front, deep fakes are increasingly becoming an attack force to
reckon with. An attacker no longer needs a voice actor or performer to mimic or
copy the desirable voice. Deep Fake generates the exact voice that can be used
to give commands. In warfare, or in military operations in general, orders come via
various audio devices owing to the different locations of operations. Under this
scenario, fake voices imitating the actual person in charge can cause confusion
throughout the entire operation. These kind of fake audio-induced attacks are
known as „vishing‟25.
biggest challenge that AI faces is the acquisition of required data that facilitates
the creation of accurate models. This the military can resolve by expanding their
resource base and incorporating more data analysis tools. Furthermore, with the
introduction of new and advanced technologies like 5G/6G, better infrastructure
will be required.27
Another set of security systems that can help counter security breaches in
cyberspace are: signature-based, which try to map out all the cyber-attacks with
those attacks' specific signature or pattern; anomaly-based, which keep track of
regular machine behaviour and raises an alarm if there is any deviation from the
normal sense; hybrid based, is a combination of the previous two, that is,
anomaly and signature. It keeps an account of the intrusion rate and thereafter
tries to bring down the range of unknown attacks.28
Cyber attackers often exploit the overfitting attribute of GAN where the
algorithms learn the distribution of the training data accurately; however on the
validation set they lack precision. This overfitting is easier to deal with in the case
of convolutional neural networks, Boltzmann machines and auto encoders, but
when GANs are involved, it becomes rather challenging. Hackers exploit this
aspect to produce data to foul the networks. The way to deal with such a threat is
through „network regularization‟ which aims at developing sophisticated
regularisation. Moreover, a generalised model can be more helpful in mitigating
these odds.
These attacks can be on multiple levels, but the military of any country, for
example, needs to recruit AI measures for cyber defence. These include anti-
phishing measures30, kill chains, attack visualization, etc. Phishing is the most
prevalent method of stealing data using the internet. Military operations rely on
information, and during wartime, any information leakage proves to be detrimental
to the entire operation. This needs to be tackled at all levels. Researchers have
tried to develop machine learning algorithms that train the model to detect phishing
attacks. The current AI-based techniques include the Synthetic Minority Over-
Sampling Technique (SMOTE) algorithm for detecting phishing. Furthermore,
there are attacks that are taking place on the grid systems and essential
infrastructure. These are generally controlled by human operators, but has its
limitations, and are generally erroneous. It is important to devote resources to the
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Conclusion
It was initially just the development of AI that the world was dealing with,
but as technology climbed the ladder of development, it got clubbed with cyber
space as well. Cyber-attacks are not new to humans. What is new about them is
their clubbing with AI. This has unfolded a new dimension, where the attackers are
accessing the capabilities faster than the defenders. Moreover, the fact that AI has
not been autonomous to the extent it was believed to be, has further made it
difficult to define a definite trajectory. Therefore, timely involvement, active
measures, and sincere R&D concerning AI in cyber space is the need of the hour.
Militaries are primarily trained in conventional warfare. It is crucial to understand
that, with the changing dynamics of war, it should be our obvious action to
upgrade and update our modes of operation. To provide more cyber training to the
personnel, develop systems and machine learning algorithms that could safeguard
the system. In a war of AI against AI, only technology will win.
Bibliography
2. Weaponized AI for cyber attacks Muhammad Mudassar Yamin a,∗ , Mohib Ullah a , Habib
Ullah b , Basel Katt.
3. Yamin Muhammd Mudassar, Katt Basel, Kianpour Mazaher. Cyber weapons storage
mechanisms. In: International conference on security, privacy and anonymity in computation,
communication and storage. Springer; 2019, p. 354–67.
5. Geist Edward Moore. It’s already too late to stop the AI arms race—We must manage it
instead. Bull At Sci 2016;72(5):318–21.
6. Li Jian-hua. Cyber security meets artificial intelligence: a survey. Front Inf Technol Electron
Eng 2018;19(12):1462–74.
7. Duddu Vasisht. A survey of adversarial machine learning in cyber warfare. Def Sci J
2018;68(4):356–66.
8. Abbas Naveed Naeem, Ahmed Tanveer, Shah Syed Habib Ullah, Omar Muhammad, Park
Han Woo. Investigating the applications of artificial intelligence in cyber security. Scientometrics
2019;1–23.
9. Bekerman Dmitri, Shapira Bracha, Rokach Lior, Bar Ariel. Unknown malware detection
using network traffic classification. In: 2015 IEEE conference on communications and network
security (CNS). IEEE; 2015, p. 134–42.
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10. Ullah Mohib, Ullah Habib, Khan Sultan Daud, Cheikh Faouzi Alaya. Stacked lstm network
for human activity recognition using smartphone data. In: 2019 8th European workshop on visual
information processing (EUVIP). IEEE; 2019, p. 175–80.
11. Abdallah Aisha, Maarof Mohd Aizaini, Zainal Anazida. Fraud detection system: A survey. J
Netw Comput Appl 2016;68:90–113.
12. Biggio Battista, Roli Fabio. Wild patterns: Ten years after the rise of adversarial machine
learning. Pattern Recognit 2018;84:317–31.
13. Ullah Habib, Altamimi Ahmed B, Uzair Muhammad, Ullah Mohib. Anomalous entities
detection and localization in pedestrian flows. Neurocomputing 2018;290:74–86.
14. Abbas Naveed Naeem, Ahmed Tanveer, Shah Syed Habib Ullah, Omar Muhammad, Park
Han Woo. Investigating the applications of artificial intelligence in cyber security. Scientometrics
2019;1–23.
15. Yi Xin, Walia Ekta, Babyn Paul. Generative adversarial network in medical imaging: A
review. Med Image Anal 2019;101552.
16. Nash John F, et al. Equilibrium points in n-person games. Proc Natl Acad Sci
1950;36(1):48–9.
17. https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/gan/gan_structure.
18. Chachra Anjali, Sharma Deepak. Applications of machine learning algorithms for
countermeasures to cyber attacks. 2019, Available at SSRN 3370181.
19. BishopFox/deephack: PoC code from DEF CON 25 presentation. 2020, https:
//github.com/BishopFox/deephack.
22. ThoughtfulDev/EagleEye: Stalk your friends. Find their Instagram, FB and Twitter Profiles
using Image Recognition and Reverse Image Search. 2020, https://github.com/
ThoughtfulDev/EagleEye.
25. Griffin Slade E, Rackley Casey C. Vishing. In: Proceedings of the 5th annual conference on
information security curriculum development. ACM; 2008, p. 33–5.
26. Avgerinos Thanassis, Brumley David, Davis John, Goulden Ryan, Nighswander Tyler,
Rebert Alex, et al. The mayhem cyber reasoning system. IEEE Secur Privacy 2018;16(2):52–60.
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27. Ali Sher, Ahmad Ayaz, Faheem Yasir, Altaf Muhammad, Ullah Habib. Energyefficient RRH-
association and resource allocation in D2D enabled multi-tier 5G C-RAN. Telecommun Syst 2019;1–
15.
28. Yamin Muhammad Mudassar, Katt Basel, Sattar Kashif, Ahmad Maaz Bin. Implementation
of insider threat detection system using honeypot based sensors and threat analytics. In: Future of
information and communication conference. Springer; 2019, p. 801–29.
30. Sundararajan Aditya, Khan Tanwir, Aburub Haneen, Sarwat Arif I, Rahman Shahinur. A tri-
modular human-on-the-loop framework for intelligent smart grid cyber-attack visualization. In:
SoutheastCon 2018. IEEE; 2018, p.1–8.
42
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FUTURE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS IN
THE INDIAN ARMY COMMUNICATION NETWORK
- Colonel PS Mehta
Introduction
The Army Communication Network has a varied set of needs that include
diversity, security, and ruggedisation. With the smart soldier concept being
introduced in armed forces across the world, it is all the more necessary to
introduce AI in the army communication network. This will assist the soldier in
taking timely decisions based on inputs received through communication devices
or equipment. The outcome of an operation or battle will depend on the availability
of better and more advanced communication equipment, to equip the soldier with
all the necessary inputs to take a timely decision to influence the outcome of the
battle. In addition, a lot of surveillance and intelligence data is available as inputs
to a commander. It is important to sort the data into useful and generic information
so that only that information is fed to the commander that is relevant to him, so as
to assist him in passing necessary directions timely to his subordinates. Trends in
the field of communication, which necessitate the inclusion of AI in the Army
Communication Network, are given in the succeeding paragraphs.
PINNACLE 2022 43
Future of Artificial Intelligence Applications in the Indian Army Communication Network
44
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Future of Artificial Intelligence Applications in the Indian Army Communication Network
Conclusion
Indian Army recognises the qualitative edge AI systems will provide in near
future, and will assist commanders faced with unconventional adversaries in high-
speed engagements. AI system will augment analysis and decision-making
capabilities of commanders and speed up learning and improve their ability to act
with discretion, accuracy and care under uncertain and changing conditions.
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Future of Artificial Intelligence Applications in the Indian Army Communication Network
Bibliography
3. SUI Dan, JIN Xian-Hua, Network Cognition Control Method Based on Artificial Intelligence,
Computer Simulation, Sept. 2011, vol. 19, no.2:317-329.
4. Sandra Sendra, et al, including Artificial Intelligence in a Routing Protocol Using Software
th
Defined network, ICC2017: wt04-5 IEEE International Workshop on Smart Communication
Protocols and Algorithms (SCPA 2017).
10. J. Holland, Can there be a unified theory of complex adaptive system?, in: The Mind, the
Brain and the Complex Adaptive Systems, H. Morowitz and J. L. Singer, Eds., Addison-Wesley,
1995.
47
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EMPLOYMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
TO ENHANCE EFFICACY OF ARTILLERY
- Major Sharad Sagar Joshi
Introduction
In wars of the future, the side with shorter and effective Observe, Orient,
Decide and Act (OODA) loop will be able to achieve effect based application of its
lethal and non-lethal assets to break the enemy’s will to fight. A shorter OODA
loop can be achieved by ensuring seamless command and control architecture
with targeting capability of firepower assets providing the cutting edge. The
ultimate role of artillery aims at effective application of all firepower assets to
achieve the desired degree of neutralization, suppression and destruction. This
entails multifarious tasks, primarily including rapid deployment, handling of Artillery
Target Intelligence (ATI), establishment of surveillance grid, target acquisition,
target analysis, allotment of most suitable firepower asset for engagement and
Post Strike Damage Assessment (PSDA). There are well established procedures
for these functions and automated systems such as ACCCS (Artillery Combat
Command and Control System) have been employed to perform these tasks to
some extent. Since the process of handling ATI is tedious involving handling of
overwhelming data and considerations of various variables simultaneously,
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to increase the efficacy of artillery in the
battlefield.
India’s Conundrum
1
Pant Atul, Future Warfare & Artificial Intelligence, The Visible Path, IDSA Occasional Paper, August
2018.
PINNACLE 2022 48
Employment of Artificial Intelligence to Enhance Efficacy of Artillery
strategy and framework for employment of AI for national security and defence
needs in the years ahead.
Operational Functions
The armed conflicts during the recent times have ushered in major
changes in war fighting philosophy which now seek to defeat enemy by shattering
his morale and physical cohesion, his ability to fight as an effective whole, rather
than to destroy him physically through incremental attrition. Firepower is going to
play a crucial role, more important than ever before, and contribute substantially in
achieving success in operations. The essence of optimal exploitation of such an
asset of immense firepower lies in certain prerequisites. These are the operational
functions mentioned below which artillery needs to undertake in order to perform
its operational role in the battlefield:-
All the above mentioned functions are presently based on human intellect.
The capability of human mind to analyse voluminous data simultaneously,
considering all variables within short duration is limited. Thus, AI presents scope in
each of the above mentioned functions for its employment and enhancing the
overall efficacy of artillery. Present methodologies to perform these functions and
identify the shortcomings which can be overcome with the application of AI.
2
Hoadley D,Lucas N, Artificial Intelligence and National Security, April 2018, Pp 10.
50
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Employment of Artificial Intelligence to Enhance Efficacy of Artillery
3
Hoadley D,Lucas N, Artificial Intelligence and National Security, April 2018, Pp 10.
4
Ibid .
5
Ibid .
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Employment of Artificial Intelligence to Enhance Efficacy of Artillery
location of hostile guns, accuracy of the fire which is being applied for
engagement of these locations and availability of resources for
engagement. The procedure involves detection of hostile gun locations by
WLRs, aerial assets, crater examination and manual acquisition by troops
operating behind enemy lines. The present system is time consuming and
does not ensure full proof integration of all sensors with shooters. Further,
in a dynamic and fluid situation, allotment of resources for this task will be a
challenge. AI based sys will enable quick engagement of enemy gun
areas. Crater examination, shell report and bomb report process can be
automated by utilising AI based system. Just the visual input of the crater
or image of the crater would suffice for the system to decipher the location
of the hostile gun position. This, when combined with the ability to learn
patterns, terrain analysis of own and enemy area, will enable the system to
suggest safe deployment areas to obviate the threat of counter
bombardment by the enemy.6
Conclusion
The dynamics of the present and future battlefield demand near real time
combat intelligence and engagement, which existing systems cannot provide. The
proliferation of sensors and fluid battlefield situation will generate enormous
volume of information, which will be humanly impossible to process. It is therefore
imperative to develop a fully automated, autonomous and intelligent system, which
will receive information from directly interfaced system, carry out target
identification and situational assessment, present a cohesive picture and nominate
the firepower resources for near real time engagement of targets.
6
Thesis on Artillery Survivability Model performed by MOVES Institute.
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING:
THE WAY AHEAD FOR FUTURISTIC IMAGERY
INTERPRETATION
- Captain Shreya Sood
Introduction
Every day, millions of photos are shot in space and returned to Earth by
ever-increasing number of satellites. Satellite imaging enables unprecedented
degrees of remote surveillance of an adversary's locations, movements,
concentration, training drills, naval manoeuvres, damage assessment, and so on.
They assist military observers and commanders in detecting changes in hostile
terrain across a large area. Satellites are now transmitting significantly more data
for processing and analysis. As a result, AI might be utilised to automate the study
of this data from various sources and alert analysts to unusual events that require
their expertise.
PINNACLE 2022 53
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: The Way Ahead for Futuristic Imagery Interpretation
human analysts so they can handle the growing amount of imagery data being
collected.
ML and CV, can help the end-user to process the data collected to
find solutions from remote sensing data. It can also improve the overall
accuracy of the data classification and enhance the reliability and
assessment – IMINT analysis.
an object or any changes within the same. These features are then fed into
a regression model that predicts the location of the object along with its
label. Object detection is not just a requirement for contemporary combat
but also a key factor in the development of early strategic warning systems.
A large dataset is needed in order to train an AI model to recognise military
artefacts. There must be a significant number of photos with labels in the
dataset. Analysts can automate detection and analysis of activity-based
data by combining electro-optical satellite imagery with advanced
algorithms to detect and flag objects with high accuracy to include trucks,
tanks, ships, and aircraft.
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Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: The Way Ahead for Futuristic Imagery Interpretation
or unintentional sharing.
other large imagery sets (including oblique drone imagery). There is built-in
support for chip classification, object detection and semantic segmentation.
Prognosis
be extremely useful to all Armed Forces, including the Defence Space Agency
(DSA). Utilisation of above for creating a framework for introduction of AI and ML
should be thought about and planned by the NTRO in consultation with DSA and
the three services.
Bibliography
Publications/ Books
1. Du, E., Ives, R., van Nevel, A. et al. Advanced Image Processing for Defense and Security
Applications. EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process. 2010, 432972 (2011).
2. Military Intelligence Satellite, Dr Manish Chandra, Surendra Publications, 2018, New Delhi.
3. Artificial Intelligence: A Guide for Thinking Humans, Melanie Mitchell, Pelican Publications,
2019, UK.
4. A fast military object recognition using extreme learning approach on CNN by International
Journal of Advanced Computer Science (IJACSA) and Applications, Vol. 11, No. 12, 2020.
5. Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Power: 5 Battlegrounds, Rajiv Malhotra, Rupa
Publication, 2021, New Delhi.
Web Links
1. https://www.geospatialworld.net/blogs/machine-learning-in-satellite-imagery/.
2. https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/OrbitsCatalog.
3. https://medium.com/vsinghbisen/ai-applications-for-satellite-imagery-or-satellite-images-
dataset-3b1a2499c5e5.
4. https://techfastly.com/satellite-imagery-and-ai/.
5. https://emerj.com/ai-sector-overviews/ai-applications-for-satellite-imagery-and-data/.
6. https://www.coe.int/en/web/artificial-intelligence/history-of-ai.
7. https://opendatascience.com/the-history-and-future-of-ai-with-michael-i-jordan/.
8. https://www.geospatialworld.net/blogs/difference-between-ai%EF%BB%BF-machine-
learning-and-deep-learning/.
9. https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Preparing_for_the_Future/Discovery_and_Preparatio
n /Artificial_intelligence_in_space.
10. https://concisesoftware.com/history-of-machine-learning/.
11. https://insights.regenesys.net/how-is-artificial-intelligence-transforming-business/.
12. https://web.archive.org/web/20130719163905/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/d
ocuments/apcity/unpan002006.htm.
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13. https://cloud.withgoogle.com/build/data-analytics/explore-history-machine-learning/.
14. https://www.ibm.com/in-en/cloud/learn/what-is-artificial-intelligence.
15. https://www.sas.com/en_us/insights/analytics/what-is-artificial-intelligence.html#industries.
16. https://insights.regenesys.net/ai-and-machine-learning-the-relationship-explained/.
17. https://concisesoftware.com/history-of-machine-learning/.
18. https://insights.regenesys.net/how-is-artificial-intelligence-transforming-business/.
19. https://www.fritz.ai/object-detection/.
20. https://www.pixxel.space/technology.
21. https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/7/10/216/htm.
22. https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/research/a37014065/how-to-spy-on-military-
bases-use-satellite-imagery/.
23. https://wsimag.com/science-and-technology/64215-artificial-intelligence-has-changed-our-
world.
24. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/10/top-10-ethical-issues-in-artificial-intelligence/.
25. https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/AI-code-of-ethics.
26. https://www.brookings.edu/research/how-to-address-ai-ethical-dilemmas/.
27. https://orbitalinsight.com/geospatial-solutions/defense-intelligence.
28. http://interactive.satellitetoday.com/via/october-2020/10-ways-ai-is-making-a-difference-in-
the-satellite-industry/.
29. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1812.05815.pdf.
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ARMY DESIGN BUREAU - CONNECTING CAPABILITIES IN
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR NEW AGE WARFARE
- Colonel Amandeep Singh Bains
“Victory will smile upon those who anticipate changes in the character of
war, not upon those who wait to adapt themselves after changes occur.”
- General Giulio Douhet, The Command of the Air (1921)
Introduction
AI Enabled Battlefield
The underlying technologies
Military capability is not only themselves (the internal
dependent on fielding weapon systems combustion engine, radio
with superior technology. History has communications, radar etc.) as well
shown that improving military
as the new military systems to
effectiveness requires organizational and
doctrinal innovation. For example, which they gave birth (airplanes,
German Blitzkrieg was a military concept tanks, amphibious landing craft,
that combined organizational and aircraft carriers, radar and so forth),
doctrinal innovations.2 One still had to formed only a part of the
integrate advanced weapons systems innovations.
with appropriate tactics, operational
1
https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/chief-of-the-defence-staff.
2
Emerging Technologies and Military Capability Dr Andrew D. James.
PINNACLE 2022 64
Army Design Bureau-Connecting Capabilities in Artificial Intelligence for New Age Warfare
concepts and doctrines in order to realize the full potential of new ways of fighting
(see box)3. This is where the challenge to integrate AI into systems and war
fighting lies.
At the same time, the recent events in Saudi Arabia, the Azerbaijan-
Armenian conflict over the contested Nagorno-Karabakh region, and Ukraine
are reminders of the paradigm and showed how UAVs/Drones can dominate
ground operations and inflict crippling losses. Future wars will also involve low
technology, which is easy to obtain but difficult to defeat. Since World War II,
high-tech militaries have been consistently
thwarted by low-tech opponents. Thus, there is 4 IR Technologies
a need to maintain a balance while infusing
technology into our inventory and doctrines. AI
Robotics
IoT and Cloud Computing
AI - Enabling Fourth Industrial Revolution Quantum Computing
Technologies Blockchain
Big-data Analytics
AI is playing a predominant role in Novel materials
connecting Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR)6 Additive manufacturing
The development of 4IR-enabled military Bio Technology
Smart Sensors
capabilities raises a critical analysis in the VR & AR
difference between four important concepts Energy Storage
that sit roughly on a continuum ranging from Space Technologies
science to technology to capability to effect.
3
Barry Watts and Williamson Murray in Military Innovation in the Interwar Period (In experimentation:
The Road to Discovery - Tom Greenwood and Jim Greer, 2018).
4
Anna Ahronheim in ‘The Jerusalem Post” on 27 May 21.
5
Younis Dar in ‘Eurasian Times’ on 29 May 21.
6
SIPRI Report on Emerging Military and Security Technologies.
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Army Design Bureau-Connecting Capabilities in Artificial Intelligence for New Age Warfare
Figure 2: AI Domains
7
Atlantic Council Report on Emerging Technologies.
8
Emerging Technologies and Military Capability Dr Andrew D. James.
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Army Design Bureau-Connecting Capabilities in Artificial Intelligence for New Age Warfare
Threat Modelling Use cases like aerial threats from drones and
suspicious vehicle detection in Counter Insurgency are a focus area for
development.
AI systems will be the future enablers for the Armed Forces to operate in
the future Multi Domain Operations where AI-infused autonomous weapon
systems will become Force Multipliers and be the fulcrum around which Big
Data will be turned into actionable intelligence and a decision advantage. We
in the Army realise that AI needs data for the development of intelligent machines,
and we need to breed a culture in which we recognise and value data as a
strategic asset!
The 21st Century is a „risk-on’ environment and does not reward timidity -
if we remain cautious then we carry significant risks. AI and Big Data will have a
disruptive impact on war fighting and we have to pay adequate emphasis on AI
technologies that have dual use and are being driven by commercial entities and
innovations. However, predicting changes will be challenging, so we will have
to take risk and accept some failures.
9
‘Algorithmic Warfare - Applying AI to War fighting’ - Peter Layton.
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Army Design Bureau-Connecting Capabilities in Artificial Intelligence for New Age Warfare
The above graph figure shows a pattern that arises with each innovation/
technology. In the Army as we integrate AI, we will also have our breakthroughs in
AI technology, buzz around the potential operational expectations, failure &
frustration when use cases are delayed, experience benefits of commitment in few
AI use cases and finally Capacity Enhancement and Capability Development
in critical AI domains.
The Indian Army has been advocating the need for increased self-reliance
in the defence sector as only indigenous technologies will be available during
conflicts. In order to take advantage of new government policies to foster a robust
defence industry in emerging technologies/systems and realise our Atmanirbhar
Bharat Vision, the Army Design Bureau is at the forefront of all initiatives.
10
Steinert, Martin. "Scrutinizing Gartner's hype cycle approach". Research Gate. IEEE Xplore,
September 2021.
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Army Design Bureau-Connecting Capabilities in Artificial Intelligence for New Age Warfare
The Indian Army established the Army Design Bureau as a single point
of contact with all innovators, industrial houses, DRDO and budding
entrepreneurs. The ADB has initiated a focused Outreach Program in AI
applications with the Industry and Academia and significant progress has been
made. Initiatives in getting Industry, Academia, R&D establishments & Start
Ups together have started bearing fruits towards rapidly advancing technological
needs. ADB is also looking at establishing mechanisms for technical cooperation
and co-development of AI Technology through strategic alliances. The time is
now apt where there is a need to augment the private sector with enabling
provisions and facilities to make them the starting blocks of R&D in AI.
Tech
Support
Industry
Global
Connect
Army
Design
Bureau
MoD Academia
Innovation DRDO
Conclusion
The Chief of Army Staff has often highlighted the impact of disruptive
technologies in warfare and emphasised that our current modernisation drive is
focused on upgradations with available indigenous technologies.11 Today, the
domain of ‘Non-Contact Warfare’ is as important as ‘Contact Warfare’; and
the virtual fight is assuming as much salience as the physical fight - that is where
AI will play a big role.
11
https://pib.gov.in/PressRelease, August 20.
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MODERN WARFARE:
DRONE DETECTION USING MACHINE LEARNING
- Captain SBS Bhullar
Introduction
1
Norouzi Ghazbi, S.; Aghli, Y.; Alimohammadi, M.; Akbari, A.A. Quadrotors Unmanned Aerial
Vehicles: A Review. Int. J. Smart Sens. Intell. Syst. 2016, 9, 309–333.
2
Case, E.E.; Zelnio, A.M.; Rigling, B.D. Low-cost acoustic array for small DRONES detection and
tracking. In Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE National Aerospace Electronics Conference, Dayton, OH,
USA, 16–18 July 2008.
3
Busset, J.; Perrodin, F.;Wellig, P.; Ott, B.; Heutschi, K.; Rühl, T.; Nussbaumer, T. Detection and
Tracking of Drones Using Advanced Acoustic Cameras. In Unmanned/Unattended Sensors and
Sensor Networks XI; andAdvanced Free-Space Optical Communication Techniques and
Applications; International Society for Optics and Photonics: Bellingham, WA, USA, 2015; Volume
9647.
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Artificial Intelligence in Modern Warfare: Drone Detection Using Machine Learning
4
Shi, X.; Yang, C.; Xie,W.; Liang, C.; Shi, Z.; Chen, J. Anti-drone system with multiple surveillance
technologies:Architecture, implementation, and challenges. IEEE Commun. Mag. 2018, 56, 68–74.
[CrossRef].
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5
Bradski, G.; Kaehler, A. Learning OpenCV: Computer Vision with The OpenCV Library; O’Reilly
Media, Inc.:Newton, MA, USA, 2008.
6
Koniar, D.; Hargaš, L.; Štofan, S. Segmentation of motion regions for biomechanical systems.
Procedia Eng.2012, 48, 304–311. [CrossRef].
7
Uijlings, J.R.; Van De Sande, K.E.; Gevers, T.; Smeulders, A.W. Selective search for object
recognition. Int. J.Comput. Vis. 2013, 104, 154–171. [CrossRef].
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9
Abadi, M.; Barham, P.; Chen, J.; Chen, Z.; Davis, A.; Dean, J.; Devin, M.; Ghemawat, S.; Irving, G.;
Isard, M.;et al. Tensorflow: Asystem for large-scale machine learning. In Proceedings of the 12th
{USENIX} Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation ({OSDI} 16), Savannah,
GA, USA, 2–4 November 2016.
10
Abadi, M.; Agarwal, A.; Barham, P.; Brevdo, E.; Chen, Z.; Citro, C.; Corrado, G.S.; Davis, A.; Dean,
J.;Devin, M.; et al. Tensorflow: Large-scale machine learning on heterogeneous distributed systems.
arXiv2016, arXiv:1603.04467.
11
Creative Commons (CC) License. Tensors. Available online: https://www.tensorflow.org/
programmers_ guide/tensors (accessed on 28 April 2018).
12
Creative Commons (CC) License. Graphs and Sessions. Available online: https://www.tensorflow.
org/ programmers _guide/graphs (accessed on 28 April 2018).
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Machine-Learning Approach
Training.
Conclusion
may be even more efficient than one that has taken two classes of training.
On the other hand, a detection rate of 97 percent of detectors trained in
two classes is adequate for basic security applications. The system's
reliability and success can be compared to those of a regular human
observer. Based on the provided data and settings, this paper suggests a
practical approach for multi-rotor drone detection under ideal flight
conditions. Future research using this methodology might focus on other
instances where the detector could act as both a common observer and a
complex detection system that can be applied in challenging settings.
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COMBAT “AI-EFFECTIVENESS”: ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE IN COMBAT EFFECTIVENESS
- Colonel G Praveen, SM
Introduction
The famous Observe, Orient, Decide, and Act (OODA) loop will have
technology-assisted inputs at each stage of Observe, Orient, Decide, and Act.
Faster processing capabilities of Big Data and inferential analytics and seamless
integration of inputs by machines would simplify the complexities associated with
the five Vs of Big Data, ie, Volume, Velocity, Veracity, Value, and Variety. A
complex dynamic of man-machine interaction is the future, which would mandate
increased trust in a machine in a similar manner to that between two soldiers in
the same team. Human machine teams and xAI, or explainable Artificial
Intelligence (AI), are working towards improving this "Trust" factor, which would
impact Combat Effectiveness.
Some Definitions
associated with AI, like Big Data, Machine Learning, etc, even though all are
loosely termed as AI.
Figure 1: Specturm of AI
Developments in AI
Countries like the United States of America (USA), China, and Russia have
made rapid progress in the realm of AI in various domains, including that of
military capability. India has undertaken a series of steps to develop and exploit
the capabilities of AI, which include setting up a national level structure and
Centres of Excellence at various institutes. The Defence AI Council and the
Defence AI Project Agency have been established, and efforts are being made to
1
Encyclopedia Britannica at https://www.britannica.com/topic/combat-effectiveness.
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identify and develop projects across multiple domains. Ten Centres of Excellence
and two dedicated laboratories of the Defence Research Development
Organisation (DRDO) are focused on identifying and developing key technologies
and applications. The Indian Army has set up the AI Centre of Excellence at
Military College of Telecommunication Engineering (MCTE), Mhow and added
AI-oriented curriculum at various training institutes.
2
Jadhav, Ajinkya, Leveraging AI in the Indian Army, Manekshaw Paper, 10 June 2021, available at
https://www.claws.in/publication/leveraging-artificial-intelligence-in-the-indian-army/ accessed on
15 February 22.
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In any fighting unit or subunit or what could be called a team, each team
member, over a period, having trained together, is aware of the strengths and
weaknesses of the other. Camaraderie and esprit de corps amongst the team
members finally make the team a combat-effective, cohesive unit. Much more than
anything, a key factor amongst the team members is "trust," which gets validated
when the team has to operate under enemy fire, wherein the life of one is
dependent on the covering or supporting fire from the other member or mate. The
introduction of a machine, a faceless, emotionless member into such a cohesive
unit, impinges on the trust factor. Human beings traditionally resort to
anthropomorphism, which is a habit of ascribing human emotions to other beings,
which is commonly seen at homes with pets. A machine that would exhibit human-
like features, habits, and emotions has greater chances of winning over trust in a
team.
3
Explainable AI (xAI) techniques, utilizing abstractions or explanations that provide the user insight
into the AI’s rationale, strengths and weaknesses, and expected behaviour, can supply the human
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field wherein the actions and deliberations undertaken by a machine will be more
transparent to the other teammates, which in the long run is expected to increase
the trust factor, which is an important element for battle winning and thereby being
combat effective. In future warfare scenarios wherein, enemies will target the
cognitive domain as part of the Information Warfare spectrum, this factor will
become a key ingredient.
AI-Effectiveness in a Battalion/Regiment
teammate a representation of the collaborative robot’s behaviour policy and may assist in the human
teammate’s ability to predict and develop a collaboration plan. Available at https://
proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2021/file/05d74c48b5b30514d8e9bd60320fc8f6-Paper.pdf accessed
on 15 March 2022.
4
Value and Methods of Measuring Combat Effectiveness: A New Approach, available at
https://assets. researchsquare.com/files/rs-408649/v1_covered.pdf?c=1631861993
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effect of weaponry efficiency and tactical efficiency. The Lanchester model5 used
for combat modelling, only considers numerical changes in forces deployed, but
the troop strength must be complemented with skills and morale to estimate the
combat effectiveness of an army. In a traditional attack and defence model, certain
research also focuses on the capability of a unit to hold or capture ground as a
measure of Combat Effectiveness.
5
https://www.maa.org/press/periodicals/loci/joma/an-interactive-use-of-the-lanchester-combat-model-
the-lanchester-combat-model.
6
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/heres-what-future-haptic-technology-looks-or-rather-
feels-180971097/.
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field craft and tactics, basic medical clarifications, tenets of Professional Military
Education (PME), etc.
The Future
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The Utility of Explainable AI in Ad Hoc Human-Machine Teaming, available at
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19. Kahneman, D., 2012. Thinking Fast, Thinking Slow [Interview] 2012.
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LEVERAGING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) FOR
FURTHERANCE OF MILITARY OPERATIONS
IN THE INDIAN ARMY
- Brigadier S Balakrishnan and Lieutenant Colonel Bikash Biswakarma
“Computers will overtake humans with AI within the next 100 years. When
that happens, we need to make sure the computers have goals aligned with ours”.
- Stephen Hawking
Introduction
Leveraging AI
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Implementation Strategy
the interactions of individual entities, that are easy to manipulate and thus can
cover a large portion of the analytical landscape, and that they eliminate the
logistical headaches associated with conducting human-based experiments. AI,
agents include reflex agents, goal-based agents, utility-based agents, and learning
agents, etc. The structure of the command entity is shown in Figure 2 that
captures the key C2 processes.1
has been integrated into the hierarchical structure from units to higher formations
to Army Headquarters. Based on use cases, anomalies are being detected and
suggestive measures are recommended for ensuring a robust defensive posture of
ADN. Implementation of Security Orchestration and Automatic Response (SOAR)
to streamline security operations of an organisation is one of the suggested
methods for threat and vulnerability management, incident response, and security
operations automation. The AI-enabled cyber tools could provide a distinct
advantage in defending our networks in future cyber operations.
more accurately read, understand, and verify if the content is safe to send
from one domain to another. It also helps to minimise data aggregation
risks and reduce the risk of inadvertent leaks.
Conclusion
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this technology and provide the industry and academia necessary impetus for
utilisation of AI in every possible military domain is essential.
Endnotes
1. J. Liu and X. Li, "Artificial Intelligence in Modeling Command and Control," 2010 Second
International Conference on Computer Modeling and Simulation, 2010, pp. 383-386, doi:
10.1109/ICCMS.2010.449.
2. Scott Rosenberg, “Firewalls Don‟t Stop Hackers, AI Might,” Wired, August 27, 2017,
https://www.wired.com/story/ firewalls-dont-stop-hackers-ai-might/.
3. „Mayhem‟ Declared Preliminary Winner of Historic Cyber Grand Challenge,” August 4, 2016.
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AIR DEFENCE BATTLE
- Major Akhand Pratap
Introduction
Evolution of AI
1
Author: Virtul Mittal, https://sharedservicesforum.in/think-big-start-small/.
2
Discussion Paper National Strategy for AI NITI Ayog 2018.
3
Author: Virtul Mittal, https://sharedservicesforum.in/think-big-start-small/.
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Exponential increase in digital data is a key factor that accounts for this
optimism. International Data Cooperation (IDC) predicts that by 2025, the amount
of data generated worldwide would increase to 163 (ZB), or a trillion gigabytes, or
ten times the 16.1 ZB generated in 2016.
4
Source: Accenture
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Figure 2: Evolution of AI 5
Almost every imaginable sector of the civil sector has been affected by AI.
It has revolutionised how people live and conduct business, and it is now swiftly
advancing to play a crucial role in contemporary combat. Investment in this area is
the highest in some of the most developed countries when compared to other
sectors.
5
Source: Discussion Paper National Strategy for AI NITI Ayog 2018.
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Russia is renowned for its military might. The Foundations for Advanced
Research Projects is the nation's version of DARPA. Higher hierarchies have been
seen supporting the development of AI-based technology on the front of AI for the
military. According to reports, in order to conduct more effective Information
Operations, the Russian defence forces are considering leveraging AI, big data,
and machine learning. Currently, Russia makes significant investments in AI for
the commercial and defence sectors in order to detect, analyse, and refute
misinformation.
Domains of AI in Military
6
https://analyticsindiamag.com/what-are-the-scope-and-challenges-of-using-ai-in-military-operations/.
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7
Joseph Trevithick, ―Navy Establishes First Squadron to Operate Its Carrier-Based MQ-25 Stingray
Tanker Drones,‖ The Drive, 1 October 2020, https://www.thedrive.com/; Kyle Mizokami, ―Russia‘s
‗Hunter‘ is Unlike Anything in America‘s Arsenal,‖ Popular Mechanics, 10 August
2020, https://www.popularmechanics.com/
8
Patrick Tucker, ―An AI Just Beat a Human F-16 Pilot in a Dogfight — Again,‖ Defense One, 20
August 2020, https://www.defenseone.com/; and Secretary of Defense Dr. Mark T. Esper, ―Secretary
of Defense Remarks for DoD Artificial Intelligence Symposium and Exposition,‖ US Department of
Defense, 9 September 2020, https://www.defense.gov/
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9
https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Wild-Blue-Yonder/Article-Display/Article/2548127/ai-enabled-war-in-
the-air/.
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108
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Conclusion
10
Author: Shraddha Goled, https://analyticsindiamag.com/what-are-the-scope-and-challenges-of-
using-ai-in-military-operations/.
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Bibliography
1. Allan, M Din, ―Arms and Artificial Intelligence‖, Oxford University Press, 1987.
2. Bostrom, ―Superintelligence‖.
3. Clayton M Christensen, ―The Innovator‘s Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great
Firms to Fail‖.
5. Zachary, S Davis, ―Artificial Intelligence on The Battle Field – A realistic appraisal of AI, Big
Data & Machine Learning‖.
7. Artificial Intelligence and Its Impact on the Indian Armed Forces by Maj Gen PK
Chakravorty.
8. Cummins ML, Article on ―Artificial Intelligence and The future of Warfare‖- Defence
Technology (January 2017, Number 128).
9. Gronlund Kirsten, Article on ―State of AI : Artificial Intelligence, the Military and Increasingly
Autonomous Weapons‖, Future of Life.
10. Kulshrestha S, Dr Rear Admiral, Article on ― Indian Armed Forces Approach To
Managing ISR Big Data‖,IndraAstra Oct 2016 Edition.
11. Talwar Surjeet Singh, ‗Disruptive Technologies : Impact on Warfare and Their Future in
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Conflicts of 21 Century – Centre for Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS)‘, accessed 12 September
2020.
12. Article on ―What are the Scopes and Challenges of using AI in Military Operations‖.https://
analyticsindiamag.com/what-are-the-scope-and-challenges-of-using-ai-in-military-operations/.
13. Article on ―AI in Air Combat Indian Air Force leads the Defence‖. https://www.financial
express.com/defence/artificial-intelligence-in-air-combat-indian-air-force-leads-the-defense-initiative
/2228352/.
14. Article on ―Using Artificial Intelligence in Big Data‖ by Analytics Insightchttps://www.analytics
insight.net/using-artificial-intelligence-in-big-data/, accessed on 07 Oct 20.
15. Article on AI enabled War in the Air https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Wild-Blue-
Yonder/Article-Display/Article/2548127/ai-enabled-war-in-the-air/.
16. Article on ―Navy Establishes First Squadron to Operate Its Carrier-Based MQ-25 Stingray
Tanker Drones‖ https://analyticsindiamag.com/what-are-the-scope-and-challenges-of-using-ai-in-
military-operations/.
17. Joseph Trevithick, ―Navy Establishes First Squadron to Operate Its Carrier-Based MQ-25
Stingray Tanker Drones‖ The Drive, 1 October 2020.
18. Article on Russias Hunter is unlike Anything in America‘s
Arsenal https://www.thedrive.com/, Kyle Mizokami, ―Russia‘s ‗Hunter‘ is Unlike Anything in America‘s
Arsenal,‖ Popular Mechanics, 10 August 2020, https://www.popularmechanics.com/.
.
19. Patrick Tucker, ―An AI Just Beat a Human F-16 Pilot in a Dogfight - Again,‖ Defense One,
20 August 2020, https://www.defenseone.com/; and Secretary of Defence Dr. Mark T. Esper,
―Secretary of Defense Remarks for DoD Artificial Intelligence Symposium and Exposition,‖ US
Department of Defense, 9 September 2020, https://www.defense.gov/.
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ROADMAP FOR THE INDIAN ARMY
- Lieutenant Colonel Deepak Kumar Tiwari
Introduction
Applications of AI in Military
manually, and in countries with large armed forces, this process takes a
long time. Successful implementation of AI in force structuring might lead to
new concepts of operation that could influence how militaries organise
themselves and plan operations.3
3
Artificial Intelligence: Autonomous Technology (AT), Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS)
and Peace Time threats By Regina Surber, Scientific Advisor, ICT4Peace Foundation and the Zurich
Hub for Ethics and Technology Pp 5.
4
HoadleyD,Lucas N, Artificial Intelligence and National Security, April 2018, Pp 9.
5
https://www.c4isrnet.com/home/2017/09/07/army-logistics-integrating-new-ai-cloud-capabilities/
accessed on 10 December 18.
6
HoadleyD,Lucas N, Artificial Intelligence and National Security, April 2018, Pp 9.
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7
ibid, Pp 10.
8
HoadleyD,Lucas N, Artificial Intelligence and National Security, April 2018, Pp 10.
9
ibid Pp 11,12.
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AI has a distinctive "dual-use" nature. While its benefits for humanity are
immense, they all come with a multitude of risks from a multitude of factors. The
situation is not about humans vs. machines but about harnessing camaraderie
10
H Michael, Artificial Intelligence, International Competition, and the Balance of Power, Texas
National Security Review: Volume 1, Issue 3 (May 2018).
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between humans and machines to make better decisions. Today, AI has opened
up a geopolitical debate and intense competition among nation-states.11
This will result in inconsistent logic in algorithms, which eventually form the
backbone of any AI-based system. Whenever ready, this backbone will
decide the exact timelines for application. Also, the nature of rapid
changes in tactics in armed forces owing to hybrid threats is one
thing which needs to be kept in mind to avoid incorrect decision
making by these AI systems if implemented.
17
https://searchenterpriseai.techtarget.com/feature/Designing-and-building-artificial-intelligence-
infrastructure accessed on 10 December 2018.
18
https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/mar/24/tay-microsofts-ai-chatbot-gets-a-crash-
course-in-racism-from-twitter accessed on 25 December 2018.
19
https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/indian-army-site-hacked-does-india-have-the-right-
attitude-to-tackle-cyber-crime-3666607.html accessed on 10 December 18.
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20
Cyber Security: Avoiding a 2020 Pearl Harbour GurmeetKanwal CLAWS Journal.
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Figure 1
21
Cummings ML, Artificial Intelligence and Future of warfare, Chatham House, The Royal Institute of
International Affairs,pp3,4,5.
22
https://searchenterpriseai.techtarget.com/feature/Designing-and-building-artificial-intelligence-
infrastructure accessed on 01 January 2019.
23
https://searchenterpriseai.techtarget.com/feature/Designing-and-building-artificial-intelligence-
infrastructure accessed on 01 January 2019..
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can handle basic AI workloads, but complex applications, such as for the
military, involve multiple large data sets and deploying scalable AI
algorithms. CPUs are best at handling single, more complex calculations
sequentially, while GPUs are better at handling multiple but simpler
calculations in parallel. To provide the necessary compute capabilities,
companies will have to resort to GPUs. Deploying GPUs will enable
organisations to optimise their data centre infrastructure and gain power
efficiency. Nvidia and Intel are both pushing AI-focused GPUs.24
24
Ibid.
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Conclusion
25
https://searchenterpriseai.techtarget.com/feature/Designing-and-building-artificial-intelligence-
infrastructure accessed on 01 January 2019.
26
Ibid.
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE
INTELLIGENTIZED WARFARE
- Lieutenant Colonel Manu Joseph Chacko
Introduction
The military architecture of future will consist of a new array of sea, ground,
and space-based sensors; unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAV); and missile
defence technologies. Military forces will be agile, and attacker will take advantage
by operating faster than a defender can observe, orient, decide how to respond,
and act on that decision. The attacker will thus place himself inside the defenders'
Observe, Orient, Decide, and Act (OODA) loop, destroying an adversary’s ability
to conduct an active defence. To execute the OODA process faster than the
enemy is the core concept of future digital and information warfare. Automated
systems, assisted by AI in some form or another, may be a way out of this
problem. The advances gained in the field of AI can be utilised by unmanned
systems to be able to assess operational and tactical situations and decide on an
appropriate action. Information will drive the success of command and control.
These systems will collect and analyse data and provide options to the
commander. The essential ingredients for development of AI are as listed below: -
1
Data Is the New Oil - And That's A Good Thing by Kiran Bhageshpur, https://www.forbes.com/
sites/forbestechcouncil/2019/11/15
of AI, uses algorithms to analyse data and make intelligent decisions based on
what it has learned without being explicitly programmed. Machine learning
algorithms are formulated with large sets of data to suitably process, match, and
recognise patterns to come to a logical conclusion.
The present dimensions of the battle fields like land, sea, air, EM, and
cyber will be further upgraded to include a cognitive dimension in warfighting. AI
will reshape warfare in every dimension and within every realm. AI will avoid
human fighters being the first line of fighting, and the future of warfare will be
upgraded to "machine-on-human" or "machine-on-machine" warfighting. It is
believed and has been discussed that the human brain will not be able to keep
pace with the future complex and dynamic conflict scenarios, further necessitating
2
Narrow AI vs Artificial General Intelligence – the key difference and future of AI Narrow AI vs
Artificial General Intelligence - the key difference and future of AI - ai.nl 18 February 2022.
3
Ibid.
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4
The US and its UAVs: A Cost-Benefit Analysis By Ashley Boyle on Jul 24, 2012 The US and its
UAVs: A Cost-Benefit Analysis American Security Project.
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5
“India’s AI market to reach USD 7.8 billion by 2025,” says IDC’s latest report on AI (indiaai.gov.in)
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Conclusion
6
Centre for Artificial Intelligence & Robotics (CAIR) | Defence Research and Development
Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India
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embracing the upcoming technology promptly and reviewing and adjusting the
policies to cater for the quick, successive changes that are likely to ensue in the
future, including in the defence sector.
134
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INDIAN MILITARY LOGISTICS
- Brigadier Achal Dilip Kumar
Introduction
Circa 2035: A military convoy carrying troops and supplies is well on its
way to its destination. The convoy itself is a mix of human-driven vehicles and
Autonomous Vehicles (AV). The AV at the head of the convoy changes course/
route based on information received on the current route being untenable, other
vehicles follow. The convoy commander gets all the requisite information
simultaneously on the screen in his vehicle. The large convoy is split into two,
based on the developments in the fast-moving battle taking place necessitating
troop re-deployment and redistribution of supplies. Signal communications for the
same have been obviated as all changes (route deferment, re-deployment and re-
distribution of resources) have been executed through Internet of Things (IoT).
Stores at the depots in the hinterland are accordingly replenished based on these
changes, from the source prime vendor, seamlessly. Simultaneously, Intelligence,
Surveillance & Reconnaissance (ISR) UAVs and Cargo UAVs are operational in
order to both watch the emerging battlefield dynamics as well as to supply niche
small teams of Special Forces at their point of concentration. A sudden specific
logistics requirement that has emerged, has resulted in a smart contract being
triggered and executed with clearly laid down delivery times including locations.
Robots work incessantly sorting, stacking and identifying varied items in dual-use
warehouses, while loading robots and cobots (collaborative robots) ensure fast
loading of essential cargo vehicles leaving soon for their destinations. The entire
warehouse is overseen by just one Junior Commissioned Officer with one
assistant.
The above scenario may appear as a scene out of a sci-fi movie but
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is making such possibilities come within the realm of what
is implementable in the very near future. Some of these technologies are already
in use by leading firms like Amazon, Walmart etc. AI will soon touch every facet of
life, with warfare being no exception. Logistics and supply chain leads itself
easily to the adaption of AI, as many of the processes are already complex
(complex relationships between end-users/suppliers/manufacturers/transporters
etc) and use humongous volumes of data and data processing. Technologies like
AI-enabled blockchain will ensure security of logistics processes making them less
susceptible to manipulations or distortions. The need for asset visibility too has
exponentially increased to facilitate better Decision Making (DM). In the Armed
Forces too, these complexities will manifest further as we increase our adaption of
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the logistics and supply chain of the civil sector. Hence, a seamless interface
would speed the processes at both ends. The answer lies not only on the use of
technology but specifically AI, in order to tackle these challenges without breaking
a sweat.
For the purposes of this article, the scope of logistics includes Army Supply
Corps (ASC), Army Ordnance Corps (AOC), Corps of Electronics and Mechanical
Engineers (EME) as also Engineer and Medical stores, since they lend themselves
rather easily to benefit from advances in the field of logistics. The minor logistics
services have been excluded.
What is AI?
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Supplies/ Technology
Planning Transportation Functioning Back office Training
Stores
Smart Automated
Demand Autonomous Transparency &
Warehousing with Document Big data LMS
Forecasting vehicles Decision Making
Robots Processing
Automate Manual
Supply Planning Damage detection FMS, GPS Customer care Cloud computing Robots for training
Office Tasks
Metaverse convoy
Risk Management
planning
Route
Optimisation
The DHL Logistics Trends Radar 2020 lists AI as a „High Impact‟ trend in
the time horizon of less than five years as shown below.
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In the coming years, the fusion between military logistics efforts and civil
logistics infrastructure and supply chain, will form an important component for
overall mission accomplishment facilitated by a seamless support system.
Characteristics Features
• Transparency & Decision -Making • Quality control
• Contextual Intelligence • Supply Chain 4.0
• Predictive capabilities • Blockchain, big data, IoT, cloud computing, 5G
• Generic optimization algorithms for faster delivery, lower commuications
costs; solve logistics problems • Efficient warehousing, robots, cobots
• Empower smart logistics systems • Intelligent DM support
• Risk management in supply chain, logistics flow • Uberization of transport, Fleet Management Systems (FMS),
optimisation at situations of crisis AV, drones
• Intelligentization of logistics • 3D/4D printing, additive manufacturing
• Logistics network orchestration • Swarm intelliegence
• Teeth-to-Tail Ratio (T3R) • Chatbots for customer support
• AI to tackle cyber threats to logistics
• Back office automation
As the Internet moves from Web 1.0 to 2.0 and now 3.0, it
empowers technologies like AI to touch any facet of logistics
support. AI would significantly empower smart logistics/ supply
systems, which along with an integrated supply chain, constitute
Supply Chain (SC) 4.0. The four layers of a smart logistics system
(all of which would get impacted through AI) are: (a) perception
layer, (b) transport layer, (c) storage layer, and (d) service layer.
The technologies that underpin SC 4.0 include blockchain, smart
contracts, applications of AI, cyber physical systems (CPS), IoT etc.
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Existing Empowered
IoT It is argued that logistics should be the first application field for
IoT, where the possibilities of its employment are endless. It would enable
hardware, vehicles and equipment to communicate with each other. In
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reducing errors. The delicate balance between JIT and Just-in-Case (JIC)
stocking and distribution would be resolved through AI tools.
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Transportation Paradigms
convoy planning can be done by the senior „Q‟ staff in the metaverse which
can fully and safely replicate the routes, terrain and operational conditions.
Warehousing Technologies
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Data-driven AI/ ML requires high integrity data for their use in AI functions
and requires significant amounts of training data from diverse sources including
Internet of Things (IoT) devices/ sensors, which will be facilitated by blockchains,
which thus offer significant data management benefits.
Increased transparency
Unified and more
and granularity on
accurate price and
integrated margin by
demand forecasts.
sale.
Marketing
On time, and Sales Full data
undamaged integration
deliveries. with suppliers.
Logistics
and AI for
Distribution Transparency Procurement
and DM
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AI will help reshape T3R freeing combatants for critical areas like Intelligence,
Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR). An appropriate aspiration for the
restructuring of our forces is to ensure that the „teeth‟ as it were, does not get
overwhelmed by the „tail‟. AI will radically transform so many logistics processes
that it would be possible to significantly cut down logistics manpower in the
foreseeable future. Such optimised manpower could either be used for critical new
raisings or could lead to force cuts itself bringing huge savings to the exchequer.
Training
Training
Training on Training
AI through AI
Using
Robots
Using Learning
Management Systems
The Roadmap
Summary
Every few years, a new revolution comes along with potential to change
the paradigms of warfighting and AI is surely one such development. But the
success of any country‟s military is largely dependent on ability to absorb,
implement and exploit such technologies as opposed to mere intellectual
discussions on the same ad nauseam. The need of the hour is to jettison
anachronistic thinking and be early adapters of emergent technologies like AI.
At government level too, there is the need for adequate R&D push, funding
and the nurturing of educational and scientific ecosystems that empower the
growth of AI and similar technologies. Within the Armed Forces, initiatives like
setting up the Army Design Bureau and the Army Technology Hubs (under aegis
of ARTRAC) are steps in the right direction, as these agencies act as effective
interfaces with industry and academia and facilitate the assimilation of cutting-
edge technology in the Armed Forces.
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Endnotes
1. R. Fedasiuk, J. Melot, and B. Murphy, “Harnessed Lightning How the Chinese Military is
Adopting Artifical Intelligence,” Centre for Security and Emerging Technology (CSET), no. October,
2021.
3. D. W. Cearley and B. Burke, “Gartner: Top 10 Strategic Technology Trends for 2019,”
Gartner Research, no. October 15, 2018.
4. McKinsey and Company, “Supply Chain 4.0 – the next-generation digital supply chain,”
2016.
5. E. Krmac, “With Artificial Intelligence towards Intelligent Logistics and Supply Chains : the
state of the,” ICEST, no. June, pp. 198–207, 2019.
6. DHL Trend Research, “Logistics Trend Radar 5th Edition,” 2020. [Online]. Available:
https://www.dhl.com/global-en/home/insights-and-innovation/insights/logistics-trend-radar.html.
7. D. Khasis, “Four Ways AI Is Impacting Logistics and Supply Chain Management,” Supply
Chain Brain, 2019. https://www.supplychainbrain.com/blogs/1-think-tank/post/30045-four-ways-ai-is-
impacting-logistics-and-supply-chain-management.
10. D. Ge, G. Li, Z. Wei, and X. Wen, “Exploration of Key Technologies of Smart Logistics
Based on Big Data,” Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR),
vol. 184, no. Icesem, pp. 1256–1259, 2018, doi: 10.2991/icesem-18.2018.293.
11. T. Sobb, B. Turnbull, and N. Moustafa, “Supply chain 4.0: A survey of cyber security
challenges, solutions and future directions,” Electronics (Switzerland), vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 1–31, 2020,
doi: 10.3390/electronics 9111864.
12. P. Svenson, C. Martenson, H. Sidenbladh, and M. Malm, “Swarm Intelligence for logistics :
Background,” 2004.
13. D. Brahmabhtt, “How Artificial Intelligence Benefits Logistics and Supply Chain
Management,” Becoming Human: AI Magazine, 2021. https://becominghuman.ai/how-artificial-
intelligence-benefits-logistics-and-supply-chain-management-c32b43845af1.
14. L. Kota, “Artificial intelligence in logistics Applications and Algorithms,” Advanced Logistic
Systems, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 47–60, 2018, doi: 10.1007/s13218-010-0022-6.
15. R. Siddharth, “Bringing the „Meta‟ change in supply chain through VR,” Logistics Insider,
2022. https://www.logisticsinsider.in/bringing-the-meta-change-in-supply-chain-through-vr/ (accessed
Jan. 30, 2022).
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16. Dr. A. P. Pandian, “Artificial Intelligence Application in Smart Warehousing Environment for
Automated Logistics,” Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Capsule Networks, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 63–72,
2019, doi: 10.36548/ jaicn.2019.2.002.
17. K. Alicke, V. Dilda, S. Görner, L. Mori, P. Rebuffel, and R. Samek, “Succeeding in the AI
supply-Chain Revolution,” 2021.
18. A. Kendall, A. Das, B. Nagy, and A. Ghosh, “Blockchain Data Management Benefits by
Increasing Confidence in Datasets Supporting Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Analytical Tools using
Supply Chain Examples,” in Eighteenth Annual Acquisition Research Symposium, 2021, no. May 11-
13, pp. 209–230. doi: 10.1080/19342039.2020.1822712.
19. Z. Davis, “Artificial Intelligence on the Battlefield,” PRISM, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 114–131, 2019.
20. G. Baryannis, S. Dani, S. Validi, and G. Antoniou, “Decision Support Systems and Artificial
Intelligence in Supply Chain Risk Management,” Springer Series in Supply Chain Management, vol.
7, pp. 53–71, 2019, doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-03813-7_4.
22. I. Chakir, M. El Khaili, and M. Mestari, “Logistics flow optimization for advanced
management of the crisis situation,” Procedia Computer Science, vol. 175, pp. 419–426, 2020, doi:
10.1016/j.procs.2020.07.059.
23. P. K. Mallick, “Artificial Intelligence in Armed Forces: An Analysis,” CLAWS Journal, no.
Winter, pp. 63–79, 2018.
24. S. Modgil, R. Singh, and C. Hannibal, “Artificial Intelligence for Supply Chain Resilience:
Learning from Covid-19,” The International Journal of Logistics Management, 2021.
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LEGAL AND ETHICAL ASPECTS OF ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE IN FUTURE WARS
- Colonel Surendra Tanwar
Introduction
This article aims to explore the legal and ethical aspects of using AI in
warfare. It will first discuss how international law applies to AI-enabled weapons
systems. Next, it will consider the arguments for and against of using AI in combat
operations. Finally, actions taken by various nations to ensure that deployment of
AI-enabled weapons systems complies with international law and respects human
rights principles will be discussed.
1
Morgan, F. E., Boudreaux, B., Lohn, A. J., Ashby, M., Curriden, C., Klima, K., & Grossman, D.
(2020). Military Applications of Artificial Intelligence: Ethical Concerns in an Uncertain World. RAND
Corporation.
Critics of autonomous weapon systems have also argued that they cannot
satisfy the principle of proportionality, which requires that any attack be
proportional to the threat posed. For example, an autonomous weapon system
might be programmed to destroy a tank, even if that would also kill innocent
civilians nearby.
Two counter arguments against these are firstly, any weapon can be used
in a manner that violates these laws and secondly, AI based agents maybe more
capable of strongly implementing these norms as against the human soldier, who
is prone to emotional biases and prejudices.
2
Morgan, F. E., Boudreaux, B., Lohn, A. J., Ashby, M., Curriden, C., Klima, K., & Grossman, D.
(2020). Military Applications of Artificial Intelligence: Ethical Concerns in an Uncertain World. RAND
Corporation.
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Governments must also ensure transparency about how they are using AI
in warfare. They should disclose information about what kind of AI is being used;
how it is being used; who makes decisions about its use; and what safeguards are
in place to protect civilians from harm.3
The use of AI in warfare can raise difficult ethical questions. For example,
when a human is responsible for making a decision about whether or not to launch
a missile, they can be held accountable if something goes wrong. But what
happens if the decision is made by AI? Who is responsible then? And how do we
ensure that the AI’s actions are morally justified?
Interpretability
3
Eleanor Bird, Jasmin Fox-Skelly, Nicola Jenner, Ruth Larbey, Emma Weitkamp and Alan Winfield
(2020). The ethics of artificial intelligence: Issues and initiatives. European Parliament.
4
Morgan, F. E., Boudreaux, B., Lohn, A. J., Ashby, M., Curriden, C., Klima, K., & Grossman, D.
(2020). Military Applications of Artificial Intelligence: Ethical Concerns in an Uncertain World. RAND
Corporation.
5
De La Torre, L.F. The ‘Right to an Explanation’ under EU Data Protection Law. Available online:
https://medium.com/golden-data/what-rights-related-to-automated-decision-making-do-individuals-
have-under-eu-data-protection-law-76f70370fcd0 (accessed on 15 Mar 2022).
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death situations. If we can't trust that an AI system will make the right decision
every time, then it's not worth using it in warfare at all.
Trust and reliability are two more important factors when using artificial
intelligence in warfare. One of the biggest concerns with using artificial intelligence
in warfare is trust. Can we trust that AI will do what we expect it to do? Will it follow
our orders faithfully, or will it go rogue? For this reason, we need to be sure that
we can trust AI before employing it in battle.
Accuracy
AI has already been used in warfare in limited ways, with drones being the
most commonly known example. But as AI continues to develop, there are
growing concerns about its accuracy and its potential to be hacked. For example,
what happens if a country's AI-controlled drone fleet is hacked by another country?
Or what if an AI system makes a mistake that results in civilian casualties? These
are just some of the issues militaries need to consider when it comes to using AI in
warfare.
One concern is that hackers could take over an AI system and use it for
their own benefit. For example, they could send drones on missions they wouldn't
want the original country to know about or even cause accidents that results in
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civilian deaths. This possibility raises questions about who would be responsible if
something goes wrong: the person who designed the AI system or the hacker who
took control of it?
Each nation has taken a slightly different approach when it comes to using
Artificial Intelligence within Defence and Military Applications ethically and
responsibly, but they all share one common goal: protecting civilians from harm
while still using this new technology efficiently.
6
Šimák, V.; Gregor, M.; Hruboš, M.; Nemec, D.; Hrbček, J. Why Lethal autonomous weapon systems
are unacceptable. In Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 15th International Symposium on Applied
Machine Intelligence and Informatics (SAMI), Herl’any, Slovakia, 26–28 January 2017; pp. 359–364.
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Conclusion
The ethical and legal issues of using artificial intelligence in warfare are
complex. On the one hand, AI could be used to make battlefield decisions more
quickly and effectively than humans can. This could lead to fewer casualties on
both sides of the conflict. On the other hand, there is a risk that AI could be used
to commit atrocities or engage in war crimes that would be difficult for human
beings to carry out.
There are also concerns about how AI might be used outside of actual
combat situations. For example, it is possible that AI will be used for surveillance
purposes, or as part of targeted assassination programs. There are also questions
about who will bear responsibility for any mistakes made by artificial intelligence
systems – the programmers, the military officials who deploy them, or someone
else entirely?
Bibliography
2. Artificial Intelligence: An Introduction to the Legal, Policy and Ethical Issues James X.
Dempsey Berkeley Center for Law and Technology August 10, 2020.
3. The ethics of artificial intelligence: Issues and initiatives for European Parliament (2020).
5. Ethical Principles for Artificial Intelligence in National Defence by Taddeo, M., McNeish, D.,
Blanchard, A. et al. accessed from https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-021-00482-3.
7. The Ethics of War and Peace: An. Introduction, 2nd ed.; Routledge: London, UK, 2015 by
Frowe, H.
9. Routledge Handbook of Ethics and War by Fritz Allhoff, Nicholas G Evans and Adam
Henschke.
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BOOK REVIEW: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE
FUTURE OF POWER: 5 BATTLEGROUNDS BY
MR RAJIV MALHOTRA
- Lieutenant Colonel Manish Rawat
Basic Information
Introduction
Production Value
Theme
Content
Layout The book has been divided into two parts. In the first part, the
author discusses the Algorithm versus Being, and Part Two is attributed to
Battleground for India. Four battlegrounds are discussed in part one, which
constitutes' The Battle for Jobs, The Battle for World Domination, The Battle
for Agency, and The Battle for Self’. The final battle, ‘The Battle for India',
constitutes part two of the book, which comprises chapters six to ten.
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The Battle for Self This chapter deals with the domain of
metaphysics. The author explains how AI has successfully transformed
machines to behave and act intelligently, covering all biological processes.
He is critical to the digital industry's development, which has led to a battle
between algorithms and consciousness.
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How Robust is the Rashtra? The author has explained how anti-
nationals exploit India’s internal fault lines attributed to vote bank politics.
He further elaborates on how AI systems on social media platforms have
been developing algorithms to predict and exploit Indians. He has raised
the issue of AI proliferation and how these breaking forces are being
trained on AI to destroy the Indian social fabric. The looming Chinese
threat has been discussed in detail, as should be how India should be
responding to it. The author has suggested certain practical possibilities
using AI systems to unify the nation against the threats discussed
previously.
Verdict
Recommendation
Overall, the book is informative and alarming, and that makes it must-read.
A small consolation is that the author says he is working on the next book, where
he provides solutions to the problems listed in this one. The author has mentioned
the United States of America and China as a benchmark for developments in AI
capabilities and articulated what lies ahead for India on its road to glory.
Substantiated by facts, reasoning, analogies, and witty observations, the book
serves as a call to action for public intellectuals to become more active and intend
to challenge the narrative that is being fed to the Indian diaspora about its
trajectory of becoming a technological superpower.
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Book Review: AI by Design: A Plan For Living With Artificial Intelligence
Basic Information
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Book Review: AI by Design: A Plan For Living With Artificial Intelligence
Description of Book
The book gives a thorough explanation of the challenges with AI and starts
to talk about how we may avoid the worst-case scenarios. This book will assist
readers in developing a critical perspective on technology and challenging the
myths they have heard about how horrible AI is. Instead, they could opt to seize
the initiative and develop better technologies through design and planning. The
book is also a critical and authoritative overview of the exciting future of AI that
serves as a wake-up call to humanity to work together to regulate the development
of AI for the good of humanity and, potentially, its preservation. This book
introduces the reader to Artificial Intelligence and its importance to our future.
Campbell uses behavioural psychology, explores technology, economics, and
real-life and historical examples to predict five future scenarios with AI.
The book is divided into eight chapters. Chapter One of the book
introduces the readers to the stages of AI and Singularity. The first generation of
modern AI is called "Narrow-AI," such as Netflix recommendations or automated
chat bots. Using machine learning (ML) to teach itself by feeding lots of
information about one task, narrow-AI will continuously hone its accuracy. They
don’t have general intelligence like humans and can only work on that particular
task. More worryingly, the second stage, Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), will
exponentially be more potent than narrow-AI. AGI does not exist yet, but, helpfully,
it may tell us when it arrives. AGI has the potential to reshape the world. The
author has taken an example of the biggest killer of the world, i.e., hunger, and
posed a scenario where AGI would be able to do all the agriculture with AGI-driven
machinery and could alter the crop pattern depending on the weather, location,
etc.
The third and final stage of AI is Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI). There,
the author introduces the readers to the ‘Singularity’. It is the stage where AI
attains human levels of intelligence, when machines can think for themselves and
don’t need humans, when they have grown so powerful that they have exceeded
our human intelligence and have developed the capability to increase their
intelligence. This moment will be very critical for mankind. The author further
argues that the Singularity may not happen. Things could still go another way.
Humans may yet end up controlling AI like a highly trained house pet. But AI will
grow until it reaches a point where it has the capability to exceed human
capability. Does it matter when it happens, or does it matter if it happens?
all. Time alone will answer questions like: Are we heading toward a work-free
utopia, or will the coming robot age merely exaggerate the income inequality that’s
rampant across the globe?
Chapter five talks about the current state of AI ethics. In November 2021,
the 193 Member States at UNESCO’s General Conference adopted the
Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence, the very first global
standard-setting instrument on the subject1. It will not only protect but also promote
human rights and human dignity, and will be an ethical guiding compass and a
global normative bedrock, allowing us to build strong respect for the rule of law in
the digital world. The author brings out that big companies like Microsoft, Google,
and Deep-Mind claim their teams are working on ethics to ensure that tech is built
and used responsibly, and that AI can benefit society without reinforcing bias or
unfairness. The author has brought out eight challenges that need to be answered.
A few of them, like if an AI arms race exists and left unchecked, the criminal
hacking which is already disrupting business and threatening to interfere with
politics; a handful of mega-companies will use their mastery of AI and data to
dominate their industries and, with reduced labour costs, attain unheard of profits
and contribute fewer tax receipts.
Chapter Six discusses the possibilities for our future with AI with the
readers. Five plausible scenarios have been painted to draw on diverse expertise,
including academics, businesspeople, politicians, and futurologists. Firstly, could
AI be stopped at this stage? which is not possible as AI is already pervasive in our
society. We are already ankledeep in narrow-AI technology challenges – deepfake
technology, AI hacking, and military AI weapons. Secondly, several movies have
initiated the thought that we are living in a simulation. This simulation theory itself
has a reason why there is no evidence of being in a simulation because any
evidence could be simulated. Thirdly, if we want to avoid fixing AI, then there’s
another big solution being bandied about right now: escaping Earth. Big
1
Ethicsofartificialintelligence-UNESCO,https://www.unesco.org/en/artificial-intelligence/
recommendation-ethic.
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technologists like Elon Musk, with his Mars Spaceflight Architecture, Star ship,
hope that by 2030 we’ll set off to make this a reality, becoming a "multi-planetary
species".
Chapter Seven creates a roadmap—a plan for living with AI. In this
chapter, the author brings out the reality of AI incrementally creeping up on us until
we can’t live without it. Every device will be smart. So, we need to ensure that the
choices we make today move us in the right direction. We must plan for the
journey to arrive on time. The Singularity won’t be a surprise to us. There is an
inevitability to our merging with technology. Once we accept this, we need to plan
for the future. Short term guidelines (2022-2025), ethics, regulations, and policies
for AI governance, one agreed framework, and improving policymakers’ technical
knowledge can be a few of the steps towards embracing AI in a smoother manner.
The author has brought out one very valid point about the education of AI
engineers. This is very crucial if we’re to ensure safe, inclusive, and fair AI
systems. AI engineers understand the ethical elements they’ve coded into the
systems before going live. As bias is subjective, this is problematic, but there are
ways of educating people to provide clarity and instruction. Medium-term
milestones (2025-2028) like police AI to prevent misuse and protect people and
creating a Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons style treaty for laws; medium-to
long-term milestones (2025-2030) like educating the world to understand and to
work alongside AI; reskilling the existing workforce; and managing the economic
consequences of AI have been amply batted.
Chapter Eight gives the reader a new hope for the AI. Giving some cause
for optimism, the author says, if we effectively manage the challenges of AI, there
are great benefits for humanity”. The author discus the role of purpose in life and
for individuals, work is probably the single most crucial factor for how people get
purpose on a day-to-day basis. Work is vital for many people to derive their sense
of purpose. But when your life’s purpose comes from work, when that work goes
away, it can be devastating. Here the author refers if people lose their jobs due to
AI. If Artificial Intelligence (AI) reduces or removes the purpose gained from work,
how do we replace it? But there is ray of hope and optimism as outside work,
people’s purpose focuses on family, friends, spirituality, hobbies and sport.
Parents spending more time with their children should improve relationships, boost
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confidence and ultimately, create more opportunities – meaning that their talents
would flourish. People can look after their elderly parents. The author concludes
with the ray of hope stating that the Singularity could be next golden age for
humanity, where we take the benefits of AI and use it to design a better world and
by using the future-back approach, we design for a future that we want.
Recommendations
Critique
Though a well-researched book which covers the current state of AI and its
ethics, options for the future, and a roadmap for living with AI, it does not give a
clear answer to how the fear of losing jobs due to AI will develop more wealth for a
common man whose job has been affected by AI. Although people will have more
time for themselves, their families, and to pursue their hobbies, how will they earn
their living after losing their job? Optimism for the future of using AI is clearly
visible in the last chapter, but at certain points it lacks backing from practical
aspects of human life and behaviour.
Conclusion
The book is a pleasant read and gives an insight and perspective into AI
encompassing the current state of AI, ethics and regulations, options for the future,
and a roadmap which may lead us to smoothly embrace AI in our lives. We are
currently at a tipping point where we can change and design the future before it
overtakes us-for good or for ill. The ultimate level of design sits with government
and regulatory bodies, and they have the power to make or break AI. We do know
that AI will, at some point, dominate every aspect of human life. Every country,
industry, and individual will be impacted by Artificial General Intelligence (AGI).
The world will never be the same. If we choose to grow with AI, we must decide
how to select the best possible future for humanity.
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Issue Themes
Mar 01 Cost Effective Total Quality Training for the 21st Century
Soldier
Mar 02 International Terrorism
Sep 02 Revolution in Military Affairs in the Armed Forces
Mar 03 Involvement of the Non-uniformed Citizenry in the Affairs of the
Armed Forces
Oct 03 Involvement of the Armed Forces in the Long Term National
Development Projects
Apr 04 Specialization: Need of the Hour
Oct 04 Border Management - A Model
Apr 05 Doctrinal Approach to Sub Conventional Warfare
Oct 05 Synergy in Jointmanship
Apr 06 Transformation Doctrine for Indian Army
Jan 07 Leadership Challenges in The 21st Century
Oct 07 Dynamics of Short Intense War: Conceptual and Doctrinal
Ramifications for the Army
Apr 08 Internal Security Paradigm Emerging Challenges
Jun 09 China Defence Modernisation and Its Implications
Jun 10 Indian Army’s Role in Nation Building
Oct 11 Emerging Technologies and their Impact on Future Warfare
Dec 12 Training Challenges for a Transforming Army
Sep 13 Back to Basics - Need of the Hour
Nov 14 Shaping Tomorrow’s Military Leaders
Oct 15 Empowerment of the Indian Soldier for Future Conflicts
Oct 16 Next Generation Warfare
Oct 17 Role of Armed Forces in Meeting India’s Regional Aspirations
Oct 18 A Growing China – Implications for Asia
Oct 19 Manifestation of Grey Zone Warfare and Limited Wars Under
the Conditions of Informationisation in Indian Context and
Capability Development to Counter the Same
Oct 20 Utilisation of Space Capability by IA in Future Wars
Oct 21 Employment of Offensive Cyber as a Multiplication Tool for
Defensive and Offensive Operations by Indian Army
Oct 22 Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Warfare: Roadmap for
the Indian Army
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CHANGING CHARACTER OF WAR
Introduction
identify the ways in which emerging domains could potentially impact the
Character of War.
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General Since wars are not merely military endeavours but represent
whole of the nation approach, developing a unitary understanding of strategy for
war is fraught with risks. Strategy for war would involve synergising multiple
activities in the vertical levels with each level representing numerous actions in the
horizontal plane. The sub-theme will attempt to explore the following:-
Purpose, Triggers and the Desired End State This part shall
attempt to answer the following:-
What could be the desired end state for India, Pakistan and
China at the political and military-strategic level?
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GUIDELINES FOR THE AUTHORS
General In our endeavour to generate a debate on a particular issue,
over-riding preference will be given to theme articles during selection of articles for
publication. Only researched and well substantiated articles with end notes and
bibliography are likely to find favour for publication in Pinnacle. All ideas generated
must be covered in a comprehensive manner and taken to a logical conclusion, so
that a tangible road map is perceived by the reader.
Synopsis.
Title page.
Main body.
Acknowledgements.
Title Page The title page should also include the full name, address,
email-id, contact number and a brief bio-data of the author.
Main Body A minor staff duty as per service writing is not required.
Preferably no abbreviations/ acronyms should be used. However, should they be
used to avoid repetition of big terms/ names, the expanded form should be given
when first used, with abbreviations/ acronyms inside the brackets. The length of
the articles may vary between 2500-4000 words, which should appear on the
last page at the end of the main body. Articles may be written in passive voice/
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Last Dates for Receipt of Articles The articles must reach the ‘The
Editor’, PINNACLE, latest by 30 Apr for the next Issue. Articles, along with bio-
data and synopsis may also be e-mailed to the editor at
theartracjournal@hotmail.com. Certificates duly signed will, however, need to be
forwarded through post only. Also, the articles alongwith requisite certificates may
be submitted online on Army Intranet ARTRAC webpage.
Editing The Editorial Board reserves the right to suitably modify the
articles, without reference to the authors, for reasons of clarity, style, accuracy and
space limitations.
Honorarium An honorarium of up to ₹4000/- will be paid to the
authors, for each article, depending upon its quality, content and length.
Honorarium will also be paid for ‘Book Reviews’ and ‘Critical Reviews’ @ ₹1000/-
and ‘Letters to the Editor’ @ ₹500/-. Authors must intimate the details of their
bankers to enable despatch of Demand Drafts.
Correspondence All correspondence to be addressed to The Editor,
‘Pinnacle’, Doctrine Branch (CS Sec), Headquarters Army Training
Command, Shimla-171003 (Himachal Pradesh), India.
173
PINNACLE 2022
FOR THE ATTENTION OF READERS
PINNACLE is published every year on 01st Oct i.e. ARTRAC Raising Day
The Editor
PINNACLE
Doctrine Branch (CS)
Headquarters Army Training Command
Shimla (HP)-171003
E-mail : theartracjournal@hotmail.com
The Journal is available on ARTRAC ADN website and indianarmy.nic.in
on Internet.
2022
VOL 21