ME 211: Thermofluids Engineering I

Assignment 3

1. Regarding the figure below, determine the pressure difference between point A and point
B (ρoil = 875 kg/m3 , ρmercury = 13550 kg/m3 , ρwater = 998 kg/m3 ).

Ans: 37.7 kPa

2. Determine the elevation difference, ∆h between the water levels in the two open tanks
shown in figure below.

Ans: 0.04 m
3. A manometer is attached to a tank containing three different fluids as shown in figure
below. What will be the difference in elevation of the mercury column in the manometer
(ρoil = 875 kg/m3 , ρmercury = 13550 kg/m3 , ρwater = 998 kg/m3 )?

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Ans: 0.64 m

4. A monometer is attached to a conduit, as shown in below figure, calculate the pressure at

point A.

Ans: 148.7kPa
148 kPa
5. A manometer is attached to a pipe to measure pressure. Calculate the pressure at point A.

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Ans: 116 kPa

6. A differential manometer is attached to a pipe, as shown in figure below. Calculate the

pressure difference between points A and B.

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Ans: 12.4 kPa

7. Find the difference in pressure between tanks A and B.

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Ans: 88 kPa
8. The closed vessel shown below contains water with an air pressure of 70 kPa at the water
surface. One side of the vessel contains a spout that is closed by a 15 cm diameter circular
gate that is hinged along one side. The horizontal axis of the hinge is located 3 m below
the water surface. Determine the minimum torque that must be applied at the hinge to
hold the gate shut. Neglect the weight of the gate and the friction at the hinge.

Ans: 126.58Nm
143 Nm

9. Determine the force exerted on the conical stopper at the bottom of the tank in the below
figure due to the incompressible fluid of density, ρ.

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Ans: 1598
10. A sliding gate, which has a weight of 3500 N per unit length is shown in the figure.

a. Determine the elevation, h, of water with a density of 1000 m3 at which the gate will
open,

b. Determine also the resultant horizontal force on the gate and its line of action for this
elevation of water.

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Ans: h > 1.2 m, Rx = 7063 N, y = 0.48 m above the ground

11. Determine whether the part sinks, suspends, or go upward when placed in the water reser-
voir when released in the reservoir as shown position (ρpart = 1.7ρwater ). Find the net force
acting on the part.

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Ans: FB = 6.1γt2 w
12. A cylindirical can with one end open is observed to be floating on a liquid of density, (ρ),
with the open end down. The can is of weight, W , and is supported by the air that is
trapped in the can, as shown in the figure. The can floats out of the liquid a distance of h.
If the air is assumed to be isothermal, determine the force, F , necessary to submerge the
can. The internal cross-sectional area of the can is A. Note that the thickness of the wall
is assumed to be zero, and the static pressure due to the atmosphere may be neglected.
The quantities, x1 , and x2 may be used as auxiliary quantities, but they should not appear
in the final answer.

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Ans: F = W + ρgAW h − W

13. Air flows steadily between two cross sections in a long, straight section of 0.1-m inside
diameter pipe. The static temperature and pressure at each section are indicated in below
figure. If the average air velocity at section (1) is 205 m/s, determine the average air
velocity at section (2).
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Ans: V2 = 314 m/s

14.
The tank given in the figure is being filled with
water by two inlets with uniform velocities of V1
and V2 . Air is trapped at the top of the tank. The
water height is h. Find an expression for the change
in the water height, dh/dt. Repeat the problem also
for the tank open to the atmosphere from the top.
dh V1 A1 + V2 A2
Ans: =
dt At

15. Consider a flow of an incompressible fluid along a horizontal tube with a variable cross-
section. The diameter of the tube is changing in the form of D(x) = A exp(−Bx), where
A and B are two constants. For the given configuration below, obtain an expression for
the average velocity inside the tube as a function of x in terms of D1 , D2 , L and Q, where
Q is the volumetric flow rate.
 2Q[(D1 /D2 )2 − 1]
Ans: Vavg =
π ln(D1 /D2 )D12

16. A jet of water flows from a nozzle of diameter do with speed Vo as shown in figure below.
If viscous effects are negligible, determine the jet diameter as a function of elevation, d(z).
Repeat your calculations for a jet of air.

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Ans: d(z) = do , d = do
V12 − 2gz

17. Air is drawn into a small open circuit wind tunnel as shown in figure. Patm = 98.7 kPa
(abs) and T = 27 o C. If viscous effects are negligible, determine

a. the pressure at the stagnation point on the nose of the airplane.

b. the manometer reading (h) for the manometer attached to the static pressure tap within
the test section of the wind tunnel if the air velocity within the test section is 50 m/s.
 Ans: P2 = 0, h = 0.146 m

18. Water flows steadily from a large tank and exits through a vertical, constant diameter pipe
as shown in figure. The air in the tank is pressurized to 50 kN/m2 . Determine

a. the height (h) to which the water rises.

b. the water velocity in the pipe.

c. the pressure in the horizontal part of pipe.

d. Draw the EL and HGL.

Ans: h = 7.1 m, V = 7.8 m/s, P = 39.2 kPa

19. A manometer is attached to an inclined tube. The liquid in the manometer has a specific
˙ Determine the h in terms
gravity of SG. Water is flowing with a volumetric flow rate of ∀.
˙ A1 , A2 , h and SG. Draw EL and HGL.
of ∀,

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Ans: h =
A2 2g(1 − SG)

20. A water jet pump has a area of 0.01 m2 and jet speed 30 m/s. The jet is within a secondary
stream of water having speed of 3 m/s. The total area of the duct (the sum of the jet and
the secondary stream areas) is 0.075 m2 . The water is thoroughly mixed and leaves the jet
pump in a uniform stream. Pressures of the jet and the secondary stream are same at the
pump inlet. Determine the speed at the pump exit and the pressure rise, P2 − P1 .
 Ans: 112 kPa

21. A shallow circular dish has a sharp-edged orifice at its center as shown in figure below. A
water-jet with a speed of V , strikes the dish concentrically. Obtain an expression for the
external force needed to hold the dish in place if the jet issuing from the orifice also has
speed V .

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Ans: F = V (D − d2 )(1 − cos θ)
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22. A deflector elbow is used to deflect water flow at a rate of 14 kg/s while accelerating it,
in such a manner that the fluid makes a 180 o U-turn before it is discharged, as shown in
figure below. The elbow discharges water into the atmosphere. The cross-sectional area of
the elbow is 113 cm2 at the inlet and 7 cm2 at the exit. The elevation difference between
the centers of the exit and the inlet is 30 cm. The weight of the elbow and the water in it
 is considered to be negligible. Determine the anchoring force needed to hold the elbow in
place.

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Ans: 3.8 kN

23. Water accelerated by a nozzle strikes a stationary vertical plate at a rate of 10 kg/s with
a normal velocity of 20 m/s as shown in figure below. After the strike, the water stream
splatters off in all directions in the plane of the plate. Determine the force needed to
prevent the plate from moving horizontally due to the water stream.

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Ans: 200 N