3rd Term

SCRIPTED
LESSONS
2023/2024 ACADEMIC SESSION

PHYSICS
SS 2 WEEK 6
 PHYSICS SS 2
3RD TERM WEEK 6
PERIOD 1
Subject Physics
Theme Waves motion without material transfer
Topic Sound waves
Class Level SS Two
Lesson Duration 40 Minutes
Instructional Objectives By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
i.state sources of sound
ii. Explain transmission of sound
iii state and explain characteristics of sound
Instructional Materials Physics textbooks by M.W. Anyakoha Ph.D, whiteboard, bottle, bell etc.
Teacher Preparation for Teacher provide the instructional materials beforehand.
Lesson
Teaching Method – Participatory and interactive method
– Discussion method
Time

Lesson Teacher Activity Student Activity Core Skill

Procedures
Step1: Identification 5 Ask the student to – Listen Attentively – Critical thinking
of Prior Ideas mins 1. State the sources of – Provide varied – Communication
sound they know. responses
2.
Step 2: Main 20 i. Define sound – Listen Attentively – Critical thinking
Lesson mins ii. State sources of sound – Participate in – Communication
iii. Explain transmission of class discussion
sound – Take down
iv. State and explain board summary in
characteristics of sound. their note books
Step 3: Application 8 Share students into small Participate in class – Critical thinking
in Class Exercise mins groups. Each group leader discussion – Communication
to come out and explain – Collaboration
how sound can be
transmitted.
Step 4: Evaluation 5 Student ask the following – Listen Attentively – Critical thinking
mins question: – Provide varied – Communication
1. Define sound responses
2. State sources of
sound.
3.state three
characteristics of sound.

Step 5: Assignment 3 Differentiate between

mins musical note and noise.
 BOARD SUMMARY
SOUND WAVES
PRODUCTION AND TRANSMISSION OF SOUND
Sound is a form of energy produced by vibrating bodies. The vibrations cause the
surrounding air to vibrate, also producing a disturbance of the air. This disturbance travels
out from the source of vibration in the form of longitudinal waves. Sound requires a
material medium for transmission.

Transmission of sound

sound waves are produced from vibrating systems and travels as a series of compressions
and rarefactions. Sound waves do not travel through a vacuum. It requires a material
medium.

A louder sound is heard if the direction of travel of the wind is the same as the direction of
propagation of the sound. If the two directions are opposite, the sound will decrease. In air
the speed of sound increases by about 0.6ms-1 for each degree rise in temperature. The
rise is much less in solids and liquids. The speed of sound varies with density and the
elastic properties of the medium. Experiment, shows that the velocity, v of sound is
proportional to the Young’s modulus (E) of elasticity and the density, ‘d’ according to the
equation

𝐸
𝑉 ∝√
𝑑
In gas, it is independent of pressure and proportional to the absolute temperature of the
gas. 𝑉 ∝ √𝑇

Experiment to show transmission of sound

It consists of an electric bell covered with a bell jar placed on the plate of a vacuum pump.
The jar is made airtight by applying thick grease round the base of the jar. Electrical
connections make the bell to ring and produce some sound which is clearly audible. The
pump is then switched on to remove the air gradually. As more and more air is pumped out
from the bell jar, the sound of the bell becomes fainter and fainter through the clappers is
still seen to be striking the bell. No sound is heard when all the air has been pumped out
leaving a vacuum in the bell jar. The clapper is still seen to be vibrating even though no
sound is heard, showing that light wave can travel through a vacuum but sound waves
cannot travel through a vacuum. Sound is again heard when air is reintroduced in the bell
jar.

Characteristics of Sound

A musical note is a sound which originates from a source that is vibrating at certain set
frequencies. Noise is produced by source vibrating with no definite frequency. Musical
notes are characterized by pitch, quality and loudness.

Pitch: Pitch is the characteristics of a note which enables us to differentiate a high note
from a low one. Pitch depend on frequency.

Quality: The quality of a note is the characteristics that distinguishes it from another note
of the same pitch and loudness when played on musical instruments. The quality of the
note ‘C’ played on a piano is different from that of the middle ‘C’ played in a violin.

Intensity and Loudness: The intensity of sound at a certain place is the rate of flow of
energy per unit area perpendicular to the direction of the sound wave.

Loudness: Is a sensation in the mind of an individual observer, depending on

sound.

NOTE : Not all sound can be Heard by the human ear. The human ear can respond to
sounds of frequencies ranging between 20Hz to 20000Hz. Sounds with frequencies much
above these are called ultrasounds.

PERIOD 2
Subject Physics
Theme Waves motion with material transfer.
Topic Sound Waves
Class Level SS Two
Lesson Duration 40 Minutes
Instructional Objectives By the end of the lesson, students should be able to
i. Explain the term forced vibrations.
ii. Explain the term Resonance.
iii.explain Harmonic and Overtones in streched string.
iv. Solve problems.
Instructional Materials Physics textbooks, loud speaker, whiteboard, marker etc.
Teacher Preparation for Teacher provides the instructional materials beforehand.
Lesson
Teaching Method – Participatory and interactive method
– Discussion method
– Demonstration
 Time
Lesson Teacher Activity Student Activity Core Skill
Procedures
Step1: 5 Ask the student to – Listen Attentively – Critical thinking
Identification mins 1.explain how sound can be – Provide varied – Communication
of Prior Ideas transmitted. responses
2 explain the term pitch.
Step 2: Main 20 1. explain the term forced vibration – Listen Attentively – Critical thinking
Lesson mins 2.explain the term Resonance – Participate in – Communication
3. Explain Harmonic and Overtones class discussion
in streched string. – Take down board
summary in their
note books
Step 3: 8 Share student into small groups. Participate in class – Critical thinking
Application in mins Each group to choose a leader to discussion. – Communication
Class come out and demonstrate how – Collaboration
Exercise sound can be produced.

Step 4: 4 Student ask the following question: – Listen Attentively – Critical thinking
Evaluation mins 1. Explain the term forced vibration – Provide varied – Communication
2. State two examples of forced responses
vibration .
3.state the fundamental frequency
of the wave

Step 5: 3 Explain how sound waves can be propagated in air.

Assignment mins

BOARD SUMMARY

FORCED VIBRATIONS

All types of vibrating systems have their own natural frequency of vibration. This is the
frequency with which the body or system will vibrate when it is left undisturbed after being
set into oscillatory motion. For example the natural frequency (F) of a simple pendulum at
any of the pendulum according to the relation.

𝑙
𝑇 = 2𝜋√
𝑔

Where T = 1/f

If a vibrating body is placed in contact with another body, the later will also be forced to
vibrate at the same frequency as the former. The vibration of the second body is called a
forced vibration.

Forced Vibration are those vibrations that result from an external periodic force acting on a
system and setting the system vibrating at the same frequency as the external periodic
force.
Examples of Forced Vibration

1. When a vibrating turning fork is placed in contact with a table top. The sound is
observed to become louder because the vibrating fork forces a larger surface (the table
top) to vibrate, setting in motion a greater mass of air in contact with it.

2. The vibrations of the cone of a loudspeaker caused by the fluctuations in the current
flowing through the adjoining voice coil.

3. The vibrating body of a violin caused by the vibrations of the strings of the instrument.

Resonance

Resonance is a phenomena which occurs whenever a particular body or system is set in

Oscillation at its own natural frequency as a result of impulses or signals received from
some other system or body which is vibrating with the same frequency.

Resonance finds an application in the tuning of a radio set to a broadcasting station. The
radio is turned to a station when the frequency of its receiver circuit is set in resonance by
the incoming radio wave,

An example of a mechanical resonance is observed when a diver jumping up and down at

one end of a diving board sets the board into resonance and so gain a considerable uplift
before diving.

Harmonic and overtones in a stretched string

The lowest frequency obtained from a plucked string when the string vibrates in one loop is
called the fundamental frequency Fo. Higher frequency which are integral or whole number
multiples of the fundamental frequency can also be produced in the string. These are
called the Harmonic or Overtones of the fundamental e.g. 2f o, 3fo, 4fo etc. Fo is the first
harmonic .
𝑣
First Harmonic Fo =
2𝑙

𝑣
2nd harmonic or 1st Overtone F1 = = 2fo
𝑙

3𝑣
3rd harmonic or 2nd Overtone F2 = = 3fo
2𝑙

The fundamental frequency is the lowest frequency but the strongest audible frequency.
The Overtones are higher frequency but are quitter or softer than the fundamental note.
Overtones are the next higher frequencies or modes of vibration above the fundamental
that the body can emit. Overtones which are whole number multiples of the fundamental
frequency are known as Harmonics.
PERIOD 3 & 4
Subject Physics

Theme Waves motion with material transfer

Topic Propagation of sound waves and vibrations in closed and open

Pipes.

Class Level SS Two

Lesson Duration 40 Minutes each

Instructional Objectives By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
(i). Carryout Propagation of sound waves in
a.air b.liquid c. Solid
(i) Explain the velocity of sound.
(ii). Solve problem involving velocity of sound.
(iii). Explain the vibrations produced in closed pipes .
(iv). Explain the vibrations produced in open Pipes
(v). State the application of sound waves.
Instructional Materials Physics textbooks by M.W. Anyakoha, Ph.D, chalkboard,
marker,etc.

Teacher Preparation for Teacher make available the instructional materials beforehand.
Lesson

Teaching Method – Participatory and interactive method

– Discussion method
– Peer group
Lesson
Time

Procedures Teacher Activity Student Activity Core Skill

Step1: 5 Revise the previous lesson by – Listen – Critical thinking
Identification of mins asking the student questions. Attentively – Communication
Prior Ideas – Give varied
responses.
Step 2: Main 20 i. Explain propagation of sound – Listen – Critical thinking
Lesson mins waves in Attentively – Communication
a. Air – Participate in
b.liquid class discussion
C .Solid – Take down
ii. Explain the velocity of sound board summary in
iii. Calculation of velocity of their note books
sound.
iv. Explain the vibrations
produced in
a. Closed pipes
b. Open Pipes
V.Explain the application of
sound waves.
Step 3: 8 Share the class into group into Participate in – Critical thinking
Application in mins small group, each group to class discussion. – Communication
Class Exercise demonstrate how sound is – Collaboration
propagated in air.
Step 4: 5 1.Explain how sound can be – Listen – Critical thinking
Evaluation mins propagated in air. Attentively – Communication
2. what is the wavelength of the – Give varied
sound from a tuning fork which responses.
vibrates at a frequency of
300Hz in air? Take the velocity
of sound as 330m/s.
3. State two applications of
sound waves.
4. Define Echo
Step 5: 2 1. Define Echo
Assignment mins 2. State two applications of
sound waves .

BOARD SUMMARY (PERIOD 3)

PROPAGATION OF SOUND WAVES IN AIR

Sound waves are propagated through air by the displacement of air molecules. The
molecules vibrate in a direction parallel to the direction of travel of the waves.
The propagation of sound waves produced by the vibration of the prongs of a turning fork.
When the vibrating prong moves to the right (position B) it compresses the air molecules
nearest to it. This disturbance is then transmitted from particle to particle through the air. In
this way, a pulse of compression (air pressure above normal) moving outwards from the
prong is produced. When the prong moves to the left (Position A), the pressure on the
nearest layer of air is reduced and the air layer expands to the left producing a rarefaction
(air pressure below normal). As a result of these movements, a series of alternate
compressions and rarefactions travel outwards and propagates through the air

Speed of Sound in Liquid

The speed of sound in water is more than that of the air, and sound travels faster in water
than in air. The speed of sound in the air. The speed of sound in water is 1480ms-1.

The speed may vary between 1450 to 1498 metres per second in distilled water. The
speed of sound varies from substance to substance.

Speed of Sound in Solid

The speed of sound is faster in solid materials and slower in liquid or gases. The speed of
a sound wave is related to the elastic properties and density of the medium it is in. Elastic
properties relate to the tendency of a material to maintain its shape and not deform when a
force is applied to it.

Velocity of Sound

The velocity, the frequency and the wavelength of sound waves are related by the formula
𝑉=𝑓⋌

Where V = Velocity of sound waves

F = Frequency of sound waves

⋌ = Wavelength of sound waves

Example

(1) A source of sound produces waves in air of wavelength 1.65m. If the speed of sound in
air is 330ms-1 . Find the period of vibration in seconds
Solution

𝑉=𝑓⋌ V = 330ms-1 , ⋌ = 1.65m

𝑉 330
F= = F = 0.005s.
⋌ 1.65

(2) What is the wavelength of the sound from a tuning fork which vibrates at a frequency of
250Hz in air? Take the velocity of sound as 330ms-1.

Solution

𝑉=𝑓⋌ V = 330ms-1 , ⋌ = ?, F = 250Hz

𝑉 330
⋌= = = 1.32m
𝐹 250

BOARD SUMMARY (PERIOD 4)

Vibrations produced in closed pipes. The simplest mode of vibration produced in a closed
pipe is illustrated below

The diagram shows the stationary wave formed in the air column when we blow ently at
the open end. The disturbance created at this open end travels through the air column and
is reflected at the closed end. There is therefore a node (N) at the open end. Since the
⋌
distance between a node and a consecutive antinode in a waveform is , we have from
4
⋌
the diagram that the length of the tube, 𝐿 = 𝑜𝑟 ⋌= 4𝐿
4

𝑉 𝑉
Therefore the fundamental frequency Fo is given by Fo = =
⋌ 4𝐿

Where V is the velocity of the wave. By blowing harder across the open end of the pipe, we
can generate a note of higher frequency. For the first overtone, we have from the diagram
3
that L is related to the wavelength of the vibrating air column by 𝐿 = ⋌ 1
4

3
⋌1= 𝐿
4

𝑉 3𝑉
Hence, the frequency (F1) of the first overtone is given by F1 = = = 3f0
⋌1 4𝐿

5𝑉
Similarly for second overtone F2 is given by F2 = = 5f0
4𝐿
 7𝑉
Third overtone F3 is given by F3 = = 7f0
4𝐿

Thus in a closed pipe, only odd numbers of harmonics are present as overtones
accompanying the fundamental note. The possible harmonics are Fo, 3Fo, 5Fo, 7Fo

Vibrations in open pipes

Stationary waves set up in an open pipe have antinodes of both ends. The fundamental or
simplest mode of vibration is that in which the midpoint is a node

⋌
Therefore 𝐿 = 𝑜𝑟 ⋌= 2𝐿
2

𝑉 𝑉
The fundamental frequency Fo is given by Fo = =
⋌ 2𝐿

2𝑉 𝑉
The frequency (F1) of the first overtone is given by F1 = =
2𝐿 𝐿

F1 = 2f0
3𝑉
Similarly the frequency (F2) of the second overtone is given by F2 = = 3f0
2𝐿

Therefore in an open pipe the harmonics present are 2Fo, 3F0, 4Fo etc. that is both odd and
even harmonics are present as overtones.

Application of Sound Waves

(1) Reflection of sound gives rises to Echoes: An echo is a sound heard after the
reflection of sound waves from a plane surfaces. When one stands in front of a wall and
claps the hands, the time which elapses before the echo is heard depends on the distance
away of the wall. The sensation of sound persists in the ear for above 0.1 second. So in
order to hear the echo separately from the original clap, it must arrive at least 0.1 seconds
later.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
Time taken to hear the echo is given by 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 =
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑

Since the sound travels from the person to the wall and returns as an echo to the person,
the total distance travelled is 2d meters.
2𝑑 2𝑑 𝑣𝑥𝑡
Hence 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 or 𝑡 = 𝑑=
330 𝑣 2
Echoes can sometimes be a nuisance in an auditorium if not controlled. The nuisance is
brought about by the production of multiple echoes by walls, the floor and ceiling of the
auditorium. The listener hears an echo each time the reflected sound passes him. These
echoes together with the original sound, given rise to long drawn sound which confuses
the listener. This continuous occurrence of echoes due to multiple reflection of the original
sound is called reverberation.

Reverberation is perseverance of the sound after the source ceases. An auditorium or hall
where reverberation occurs is said to have poor acoustical properties. Reverberation is
reduced in halls by covering the ceiling and walls with soft perforated boards which can
minimize the reflection of sound waves by absorbing them quickly. Other methods of
controlling reverberation are by hanging curtains round the hall, and by having more
opening in the walls.

Echo sounding method is also used to determine the depth of a sea-bed from a ship. The
principle involves sending a sound impulse down into the sea-bed and detecting with a
receiver, the impulse reflected back after striking the sea-bed

(2) Exploration for gas and oil: Echoes are also used in the exploration for gas and oil.
For such explorations, the geophysicists set off a small explosion on or just below the
earth’s surface. The resulting sound waves bounce off underground layers of rock. The
nature of each echo and the time it takes for the reflected waves to reach the surface
indicate the types and thickness of each rock layer present. By interpreting these they can
locate possible mineral or oil – bearing rock formations.

(3) Detection of Submarine: Underwater sound systems or devices called Sonar use
sound waves to detect underwater objects. Warship can use sonar to locate enemy
submarine, and fishing beats can also use sonar system to locate schools of fish.

(4) Beat: This is a phenomenon whereby two notes of nearly equal frequency (pitch) are
sounded together resulting to a rise and fall of intensity of the sound. This happens as a
result of the constructive interference of sound. The beat frequency is the difference in the
frequencies.

(5). Doppler Effect: This is a change in frequency (pitch) of a sound when there is relative
motion between the source and the observe. For example, if you are stationary, and an
ambulance with siren passes with speed, you will observe a sudden drop in the pitch of the
sound.

Calculation

A boy standing some distance from the foot of a tall cliff claps his hands and hears an echo
o.5s later. If the speed of sound in air is 340ms-1. how far is he from the cliff?

Solution

Velocity of sound in air, V = 340ms-1, Time = 0.5s, Distance = unknown

𝑣𝑥𝑡 340 𝑥 0.5
𝑑= = 𝑑= Distance = 170 x 0.5 = 85m
2 2