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1
H.Kamen, !"#$µ% &'()'"% *+",-./01 23)4"5., µ/C". F. L)$#&,@((1, P:>() 2002, ... 27-29.
2
H.Harbison, The 6ge of Reformation, New York 1968, .. 4.

1
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3
J. T. U)"@+ , 23)4"5. )%7 &'()'"%7 *+"#-%7 1492-1815, B%..)$#(021 2003, .. 80.
4
D.Nicholas, 8 *9:;$9% )4+ <'3.$,=$04> ?(3µ4+. ?4$=,=5., @$.0+A:"=%3% 0.$ 30:B% 3)%= *+"#-%
312-1500, µ/C". <. EG,)(/G>, P:>() 1999, ... 690-694.
5
P.G.Maxwell- Stuart, Chronicle of the Popes. The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Papacy from
St.Peter to the Present, London 1997, .. 169.

2
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3%"03#4 /# 80%, >/)( &4()02%+. * $'&#+ 3#4 &4()02%+ 24"0=+ 2), µ@$,./) 2)/-/%"1+
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6
K.Thomas, Religion and the decline of magic, London 1980, ... 177-181.
7
H.Kamen, !"#$µ% &'()'"% *+",-./01 23)4"5., µ/C". F. L)$#&,@((1, P:>() 2002, .. 124.

3
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8#µ,(,2)(#9+ ,%"#%?%/)./5+ Jacques Sprenger 2), Henry Institoris˙! /# 3%",%7'µ%('
/#4 )C#"#9.% /#( #",.µ' /1+ 5((#,)+ /1+ µ@&,..)+, )$$@ 24"0=+ 3"#=:#9.% /1
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2), /1+ P(/,µ%/)""9:µ,.1+, '/)( %07)( 2):#",.:%0 µ% /"'3# 3,# 2):)"' 2),
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#, 8,-?%,+ ?%20(1.)( 3%"03#4 ./,+ )"75+ /#4 15#4 ),-() 2), /%$%0=.)( ./) /5$1 /#4
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µ@&,..%+ &(-",.)( %30.1+ 8",µ%0+ 8,=&µ#9+. Q./'.#, 0.=+ /# 3,# 7)")2/1",./,2'
3)"@8%,&µ) .C#8">+ 2)/)8021+ 2), :)(@/=.1+ ./1( 34"@ /=( µ)&,..-( () %0(),
)4/' 2@3#,=( 2):#$,2-( (#/,#84/,2-( 3%",#7-( /1+ H%"µ)(0)+ ./,+ )"75+ /#4 17#4
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)()C#",2@ µ% /1( 93)"?1 2), %µC@(,.1 /=( C)(/).µ@/=( ./#( 2'.µ# /=(
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8
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J.A.Sharp, “Magic and Witchcraft”, %(: Po-chia Hsia (%28.), A Companion to the Reformation
World, London 2004, ... 444-445.

4
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C)(/).µ@/=( =+ 3"#D'( µ,)+ )2'µ1 3)3,2>+ %?)3@/1.1+. !5") )3' /) C)(/@.µ)/),
# µ%.),=(,2'+ @(:"=3#+ %07% I):,@ 30./1 2), .% @$$%+ @4$%+ µ#"C5+, '3=+ (%"@,8%+,
?=/,2@, 2)$,2)(/G@"#4+, :)$@..,%+ #(/'/1/%+, &0&)(/%+ 2), /5")/).12
N$) /) 3)")3@(= 2)/)8%,2(9#4( 3=+ /# 7",./,)(,2' .4()0.:1µ) /=(
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3(%4µ@/=( 2), ?=/,2-(, /1+ 08,)+ /1+ )µ)"/0)+ 2),, /# .1µ)(/,2'/%"#, /1+ %()&-(,)+
3"#.3@:%,@+ /#4+ &,) .=/1"0) ./#( @$$# 2'.µ# 2), &,) µ,) :5.1 ./#( 3)"@8%,.#.
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3#$9 3%",..'/%"# &,) /1( )3'2/1.1 4$,2#9 3$#9/#4 3)"@ &,) /1( 3(%4µ)/,2>
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#,2#(#µ,25+ )/).:)$0%+, )2'µ1 2), .%?#4)$,2@ 3)")3/-µ)/), %(/%$-+ )(@"µ#./)
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B) µ3#"#9.% () %,3=:%0 '/, #, 2$1",2#0 7="0G#(/)( .% 89# 2)/1&#"0%+. ;/1(
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3#$5µ#4+. !)"@$$1$), %3%,8> %07)( µ0) .7%/,2> µ'"C=.1, 8,@I)G)( )"7)0#4+

12
K.Thomas, Religion and the decline of magic, London 1980, ... 584, 589, 606.
13
D. Nicholas, 8 '9:;$9% )4+ µ'3.$,=$04> 0(3µ4+. ?4$=,=5., @$.0+A:"=%3% 0.$ 30:B% 3)%= *+"#-%
312-1500, µ/C". <. EG,)(/G> , P:>() 1999, ... 539-542.

5
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8% :) µ3#"#9.% 3)"@ () 5&,(% )(/,$13/> )2'µ1 2), )3' /#4+ )3$#9+ )(:"-3#4+ /1+
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)3#&#>/%4.1 /=( 3,# .2%3/'µ%(=( &,) /1( %?%$,2/,2> 3#"%0) /=( %2C")./-( /#4
M",./,)(,.µ#9 >/)( 3#$9 µ%&@$1.
!5") )3' /1( 2)/@3/=.1 /=( 1:-( 2), /=( 3"#/93=( 43>"7)( 2), @$$) 3,#
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),-() 1 #,2#(#µ0) /=( %4"=3)D2-( 2")/-( 2), .4&2%2",µ5() /1+ H%"µ)(0)+ 2), /1+
J.3)(0)+ )(:#9.%. ;1µ)(/,2' "'$# ./1( %?5$,?1 )4/> )3#/%$#9.% 1 )()2@$461 /#4
X5#4 L'.µ#4 2), 1 %,."#> )3' %2%0 3#$9/,µ=( µ%/@$$=( 2):-+ 2), 1 )(@8%,?1
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'µ=+ 8%( µ3#"#9.)( 3)"@ () 3"#2)$5.#4( /1( )(/08").1 /=( &%"µ)(,2-( $)-(,
3#4 5I$%3)( /%"@./,) 2%C@$),) 3#4 /#4+ )(>2)( () C%9&#4( )3' )4/#9+ 2), ()
%,."5#4( .’ 5()( /'3# ?5(# 2), µ)2",(' 2), &,) $'&#4+ 3#4 2):'$#4 8%( /#4+

14
J. T. U)"@+, 23)4"5. )%7 &'()'"%7 *+"#-%7 1492-1815, B%..)$#(021 2003, ... 79-80.
15
B.Schmeidler, Das spätere Mittelalter, Wien 1980, ... 367-369.
16
S.Bernstein, P.Milza, 23)4"5. )%7 *+"#-%7 547 –1847 .$#=.+, /.1, µ/C". P. T1µ1/")2'3#4$#+, P:>()
1999, .. 327.

6
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2")/-( %07)( 43#./%0 3#$$#9+ /",&µ#9+ 2):’ '$1 /1 8,@"2%,) /#4 <%.)0=(). *,
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2), )4/#2"@/#"), )( 2), 1 2)(#(,2> )3#(#µ> /#4 /0/$#4 3")&µ)/#3#,#9(/)( )3' /#(
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?5.3).µ) /1+ <%/)""9:µ,.1+ 2), 8,2),#$#&%0 )3'$4/) /1( /@.1 &,) 3#,2,$0) ./)

17
J. T. U)"@+, 23)4"5. )%7 &'()'"%7 *+"#-%7 1492-1815, B%..)$#(021 2003, .. 80.
18
S.Lee, Aspects of European History 1494-1789, London 1984, ... 15-17.

7
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19
H.J.Grimm, The Reformation Era 1500-1650, New York 1965, ... 28-31.
20
S.J.Lee, Aspects 4f European History 1494-1789, London 1984, ... 19-20.

8
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2)/-/%"1 /@?1, 3#4 )3#/%$#9(/)( )3' /%7(0/%+ 2), 7=",2#9+. A :5.1 /=(

21
H.G.Koeningsberger, “The Reformation and Social Revolution”, %(: J.Hurstfield (%28.) , The
Reformation Crisis, London 1965, .. 85.
22
S.J.Lee, Aspects of European History 1494-1789, London 1984, .. 21.
23
F.Hartung, Deutsche Geschichte von 1519 bis 1648, Berlin 1971, .. 8.

9
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)8,20)+.24
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)3#$4/)"70)+ /=( 3",&203=(. *, )3#84()µ=µ5(#, )",./#2"@/%+ 2), #, µ,2"#)./#0
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/#4 1526˙!#(#µ@./12% “3'$%µ#+ /=( 7=",2-(”. 26
R/)( 1 %3#7> 3#4 #, :5.%,+ /#4 S#4:>"#4 %07)( &0(%, 3$5#( &(=./5+ 2), /#
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F4)&&%$0#4.27

24
R.Pascal , The Social Basis of the German Reformation. Martin Luther and his time, New York
1971, ... 17-18.
25
R.Pascal, (.-., .. 19.
26
E.Cameron, The European Reformation, New York 1991, ... 202-203.
27
H.J.Grimm, The Reformation Era 1500-1650, New York 1965, .. 172.

10
 T,)C)0(%/), $#,3'( µ0) 3"#.3@:%,), .4(%,81/> > '7,, () )8"@?%, 1
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.1µ)/#8#/#9.% /1( 3"#.8#2-µ%(1 )$$)&> .% :5µ)/) 8'&µ)/#+ 2), )()7"#(,./,2-(
/)2/,2-( 3#4 2):'$#4 8% .4µI@8,G)( µ% /1( 3"=/#7",./,)(,2> 1:,2>. Q./'.#, #,
2#,(=(,25+ %?%$0?%,+ I"0.2#(/)( .% /5/#,# .1µ%0# )()I").µ#9 µ% /1 8,)7"#(,2>
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!")&µ)/,2@ '$%+ #, .4(:>2%+ >/)( %4(#D25+ 2), # $)'+ '3=+ 2), #, 3"0&2,3%+
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28
H.Harbison, The 6ge of Reformation, New York 1968, .. 67.
29
J. T. U)"@+, 23)4"5. )%7 &'()'"%7 *+"#-%7 1492-1815, B%..)$#(021 2003, .. 81.
30
S.J.Lee, Aspects of European History 1494-1789, London 1984, ... 11, 16-17.

11
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12
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13
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%47)",./>.= /) @$$) 89# µ5$1 /1+ /",µ%$#9+ %3,/"#3>+, /#4+ 24"0#4+ 2):1&1/5+ [.
H#9()"1 2), J. <,7)1$081, '3=+ 2), /1( #,2#&5(%,@ µ#4, 3#4 µ% ./>",?% 4$,2@ 2),
24"0=+ 1:,2@ '$# /# 8,@./1µ) /1+ .4&&")C>+ /1+ %"&).0)+.

14
!"#$%&'( 1. ! "#$%&'() *(+,-$() .#/ - 0123/14 %(5 6)
7$6%0$89%- %-) "0%#$$+,µ/:-) :%- ;0$µ#'&#

) *&+,-.(/ 0(123+(/ 4"..5236" 7,'/ 10 8("µ9+-(: 1483 7,( Eisleben ,3/

;(:+'44-&/ (<.&,(%'65 ="+µ&.-&). <:,>/ :?5+@" ( ?+A,"+4$,3/ 6&' ( 61+'(/
"6#+&7,5/ ,3/ ;+376":,'65/ *",&++12µ'73/ 7,3. ?"+'(B5 ,3/ ="+µ&.-&/ 6&'
73µ&,(C>,37" µ'& .D& "?(B5 &?> 2+376":,'65, ?(%','65 6&' 6('.A.'65 $?(E3, ?(:
"?3+D&7" ,3. F:+G?3 4'& ?(%%$ B+>.'&.1
To Eisleben 5,&. ,(. 15( &'G.& µ'& µ'6+5 ?>%3 µ" ?%32:7µ> >B' ?&+&?$.A
&?> ,D77"+'/ B'%'$C"/ 6&,(-6(:/, ?"+-?(: "9C(µ5.,& µ-%'& .(,'(C:,'6$ ,3/
Wittenberg (H:,"µ9D+43). I,3 7:."-C373 ,(: 0(:25+(: :?5+@" A/ ,( ,D%(/ ,3/
JA5/ ,(: ( ?+&4µ&,'6>/ ,>?(/ 6&,&4A45/ ,(:, µ" ,(. (?(-( 5,&. 9&2'$
7:.C"C"µD.(/. ) ?&,D+&/ ,(:, Hans Luder, >?A/ %"4>,&. ,>,", 6&,&4>,&. &?> ,3
*öchra ,3/ I&@(.-&/, ".G 3 µ3,D+& ,(:, *argaretta Lindemann, ?+("+B>,&. &?>
('6(4D."'& &.G,"+3/ 6('.A.'65/ ,$@3/ µ" 6&,&4A45 &?> ,( Eisenach. K". DB"' 4-."'
4.A7,> ?>7& &6+'9G/ &CD%#'& "-B" ( 0(123+(/. L( µ>.( ?(: 4.A+-J(:µ" "-.&' ?A/
&?> (6,G, 6&,$ ?$7& ?'2&.>,3,&, &CD%#'&, µ>.( ( &C"%#>/ ,(: Jacob 6&' ,+"'/
&6>µ3 &C"%#D/ ,(: D#,&7&. 7,3. ".3%'6-A73. <µ#>,"+(' (' 4(."-/ ,(:
C'&C+&µ$,'7&., 6&,$ 6('.5 (µ(%(4-&, 6&2(+'7,'6> +>%( 7,3 C'&µ>+#A73 ,3/
?+(7A?'6>,3,&/ 6&' ,3 µ",D?"',& "@D%'@3 6:+-A/ ,(: C":,"+>,(6(: 4'(: ,(:/
*&+,-.(:.2
M ('6(4D."'& Luder 5,&. #,AB5, 6&2G/ ( ?&,D+&/ 5,&. D.&/ &?%>/
&.2+&6A+1B(/ 6&' 3 µ3,D+& &4A.'J>,&. 76%3+$ 4'& ,3. 6&23µ"+'.5 "?'9-A73 ,3/
('6(4D."'&/. N%%A7,", (' 4(."-/, >?A/ 6&' >%(' (' ?+>4(.(' ,(: *&+,-.(: 0(:25+(:,
5,&. 6&,$ 9$73 BA+'6(-. ) -C'(/ C" C-7,&J" .& C3%G."': “F-µ&' 4'(/ ".>/ BA+'6(1. )
?&,D+&/, ( ?&??(1/ 6&' (' ?+(?&??(1C"/ µ(: 5,&. >%(' BA+'6(-.”3
L( 6%-µ& 7,( 7?-,' ,(: 0(:25+(: 5,&. ,( 71.32"/ 7B"C>. 6$2" 4"+µ&.'65/
&4+(,'65/ ('6(4D."'&/ ,3/ "?(B5/. !1+'(/ 7,>B(/ 5,&. 3 "?'9-A73 6&' D,7' 3 7BD73
4(.DA. µ" ?&'C- 5,&. ,:?'65 6&' 6:+-A/ 76%3+5. O,&. ( µ'6+>/ *&+,-.(/
1
P. Q"'C$/, “0(123+(/ *&+,-.(/”, F6?&'C":,'65 F%%3.'65 F46:6%(?&'C"-& (F6C. <23.G.),
!"#$%&µ'( )'(#*"+'$% ,-.'$%, ,. 5, <25.& 1986, 310-312, 'C-A/ 7. 310.
2
H.A.Oberman, Luther. Man between God and the Devil, trans. E.Walliser-Schwarzbart, 8ew York
1989, 77. 84, 90.
3
G.Rupp, “Luther and the Reformation”, ".: J.Hurstfield ("6C.), /he Reformation Crisis, London 1965,
7. 22.

15
&.&J3,(17" ,3. ,+:#"+>,3,& &?’ ,3 µ3,D+& ,(:, ,( µ>.( ?(: %$µ9&." 5,&.
&:7,3+>,&,3 7Aµ&,'65 ,'µA+-&. L( -C'( 7:.D9&'." 6&' µ" ,(. ?&,D+&, ?(: "-B" D.&.
&?+>9%"?,& "?'2",'6> B&+&6,5+& 6&' 5,&. "@&'+",'6$ 9-&'(/ &?D.&.,' 7,& ?&'C'$
,(:. 4
R&+$ ,3 76%3+5 7:µ?"+'#(+$ ,A. 4(.DA. ,(: ( 0(123+(/ ,(:/ 7"9>,&.
&?"+'>+'7,& 6&' ,'µ(17" ,(. ?&,D+& ,(: %D4(.,&/: “*" D2+"E" µ" ,(. 'C+G,& ,(:
6&' µ" D6&." &:,> ?(: "-µ&'”. <?> ,(:/ 4(."-/ ,(: $%%A7," 6%3+(.>µ37" 6&' ,(
D.,(.( &.,'6%3+'6> 7,('B"-( ?(: ,(. B&+&6,5+'J". =".'6$, ,& ?&'C'6$ 6&' ,& "#39'6$
B+>.'& ,(: *&+,-.(: 6(.,$ 7,3. &:7,3+5 ,(: ('6(4D."'& #&-.",&' >,' ,(.
7,'4µ$,'7&. ,>7(, G7," ?(%%(- .& ?'7,"1(:. >,' C'&µ>+#A7&. 7" µ"4$%( 9&2µ> 6&'
,3 2"(%(4'65 ,(: 76DE3.5
SB"' C'&,:?A2"- 3 $?(E3 ?A/ 3 &.,-%3E5 ,(: 4'& ,(. ;"> A/ D.&. $,"46,(,
&%%$ C-6&'( 6+',5 "-B" $µ"73 7BD73 µ" ,( B&+&6,5+& ,(: ?&,D+& ,(:, ( (?(-(/
&#".>/ DC'." 'C'&-,"+3 9&+1,3,& 7,3 µ>+#A73 6&' 6('.A.'65 &.D%'@3 ,(: 4'(: ,(:,
&#",D+(: :?5+@" "@&'+",'6$ &:7,3+>/ 6&' &?&',3,'6>/. *-& $%%3 &.,-%3E3 "?- ,(:
2Dµ&,(/ "-.&' >,' ( *&+,-.(/ "-B" "?3+"&7,"- 9&2'$ &?> ,'/ 9%(7:+D/
&.&?&+&7,$7"'/ ,(: ;"(1, 6:+-A/ 7" 4%:?,$, ?(: "-B" C"' 6&,$ ,3. ?&'C'65 ,(:
3%'6-&.6
=".'6$, ?$+& ?(%%$ DB(:. C'&,:?A2"- 7B",'6$ µ" ,3. "?'++(5 ?(: "-B"
&7657"' ( Hans Luder 7,( 4'( ,(: *&+,-.(, 7B"C>. "%$B'7,&, A7,>7(, DB(:.
&.&#"+2"- 7B",'6$ µ" ,( +>%( ,3/ µ3,D+&/ ,(: Margaretta, µ'&/ 4:.&-6&/ &?%5/,
&4+$µµ&,3/ 6&' 9&2'$ ?+(%3?,'65/, >?A/ 6&' C"µD.3/ µ" ,3 C(:%"'$ 6&' ,(. &4G.&
,3/ 6&23µ"+'.5/ "?'9-A73/. SB"' 5C3 73µ"'A2"- >,' 3 “Hanna”, >?A/ &?(6&%(17&.
,3 µ3,D+& ,(: 0(:25+(: (' C'6(- ,3/ $.2+A?(', 6&,&4>,&. &?> ":6&,$7,&,3
('6(4D."'& ,(: Eisenach. F?-73/, "-B" ('6(4"."'&65 ?&+$C(73 µ" 7:44"."-/ ?(: "-B&.
%$9"' ?&."?'7,3µ'&65 µ>+#A73, >?A/ ,& ?&'C'$ ,(: µ"4&%1,"+(: &C"%#(1 ,3/, ,(:
(?(-(: ,( >.(µ& C". "-.&' 4.A7,>. ) µ"4&%1,"+(/ @$C"%#(/ ,(: *&+,-.(:, Johann
Lindemann, "-B" 7?(:C$7"' 8(µ'6$, ".G ( µ'6+>,"+(/, Kaspar, "-B" 7?(:C$7"'
'&,+'65. S,7', 3 6&,"12:.73 ?+(/ µ'& &.G,&,3 "6?&-C":73, ?(: DC'.&. 7,( 4'( ,(:/
(' 4(."-/ ,(: *&+,-.(:, "-B" $µ"73 7BD73 µ" ,3. ?&+$C(73 ,3/ ('6(4D."'&/
Lindemann. R'( 7:46"6+'µD.& 3 7,&C'(C+(µ-& ,(: µ"4&%1,"+(: "@&CD%#(: A/

4
R. H. Bainton, 012 &34$(µ"', 5"*367(8 ,(9:;*(8. < =>?, 3( 4*#(7 3(@, ; 1'1"&$"A6" 3(@, µ,#+. =.
T"+9>?(:%(:, <25.&' 1959, 7. 3.
5
M. Mullett, Luther, London 1986, 21994, 7. 18.
6
E.H.Harbison, The Age of Reformation, New York 1968, 7. 48.

16
C'634>+(: #&-.",&' ?A/ 6&2>+'7", A/ D.& 9&2µ> ,(:%$B'7,(., ,'/ µ",D?"',& 7?(:CD/
,(: ?+A,"+4$,3 ,3/ ;+376":,'65/ *",&++12µ'73/.7
N%%& 4".'6$ B&+&6,3+'7,'6$ ?(: ,(: 6%3+(C>,37&. (' 4(."-/ ,(: 5,&. 3
JA.,$.'& 6&' 3 ".D+4"'$ ,(:, 6&2G/ 6&' 3 ,"+$7,'& &.,(B5 ,(: 7,3 76%3+5 "+4&7-&.
M "'%'6+-."'& 6&' 3 +Gµ3 5,&. B&+&6,3+'7,'6$ ,(: ?&,D+& ,(: 6&' ,( 4"4(.>/ >,' (
*&+,-.(/ 5,&. D.,(.& ?+(%3?,'6>/ &?(,"%(17" 'C'&-,"+( 7,('B"-( ,3/
?+(7A?'6>,3,&/ ,3/ µ3,D+&/ ,(:.8 I:46"6+'µD.& ( 0(123+(/ ?-7,":" 7" @A,'6$,
6&%'6&,J$+(:/ 6&' µ$4'77"/. <:,> 5,&. &+6",$ &6+&-( &6>µ3 6&' 7" "?(BD/ >?(: ('
?+(%5E"'/ 6:+'&+B(17&. 7,3. 6&23µ"+'.>,3,& ,A. &.2+G?A., 7:.$C"' >µA/ µ" ,(.
&4+(,'6> 9-( ?(: &+B'6$, ,(:%$B'7,(., C'54" 3 ('6(4D."'$ ,(: 6&' 3 (?(-& "?Dµ"." .&
C'&,3+"- ,D,('(: "-C(:/ ?+(%5E"'/.9
L& 7B(%'6$ B+>.'& ,(: µ'6+(1 *&+,-.(: @"6-.37&. 7,3. 3%'6-& ,A. D@' 5
"?,$ ",G.. M ('6(4D."'$ ,(: 2"A+(17" ,3 µ>+#A73 µ"4$%( "#>C'( 7,3 JA5 6&'
7:46"6+'µD.& ( ?&,D+&/ ,(: "-B" ,3 #'%(C(@-& .& 7?(:C$7"' ( 4'(/ ,(: 8(µ'6$.10
O,&. ( *&+,-.(/ 5,&. %'4>,"+( &?> ".>/ D,(:/ ( ?&,D+&/ ,(: &?(#$7'7" .&
µ",&6(µ-7"' µ" ,3. ('6(4D."'$ ,(: 7,3. ?>%3 Mansfeld, >?(: ?D+&7" ,& ?+G,&
7B(%'6$ ,(: B+>.'& ( µ'6+>/ 0(123+(/. I" 3%'6-& C"6&,"77$+A. ",G. ,( 1497 ('
4(."-/ ,(: ,(. D7,"'%&. 4'& 7?(:CD/ 7,3. ?>%3 Magdeburg, >?(: #(-,37" 7"
%&,'.'6> 7B(%"-(, "?D7,+"E" >µA/ 6&' 7:.DB'7" .& #(',$ 7,( Mansfeld ?%D(., 4'&
%>4(:/ ?(: C". "-.&' 4.A7,(-. 11
L& µ&25µ&,& ?(: µ"%",(17" 7:µ?"+'%$µ9&.&. =+&µµ&,'65, 0(4'65 6&'
U3,(+'65, ,( ?'( B&+&6,3+'7,'6> >µA/ 5,&. >,' &:,$ C'C$76(.,&. 7,& ?&'C'$ µD7&
7,& ?%&-7'& µ'&/ &:7,3+5/ 6&' ?(%%D/ #(+D/ 9$.&:73/ ?"'2&+B-&/. M 7Aµ&,'65 9-&
5,&. 7:.32'7µD.( 6&' 6&23µ"+'.> #&'.>µ".(, "-B" 7:µ9"- ( 0(123+(/ .& B,:?32"-
µDB+' 6&' C"6&?D.," #(+D/ &?> ,( C$76&%> ,(: µD7& 7" D.& ?+A'.>. V7,>7(, C".
"-.&' ,>7( 3 7Aµ&,'65 9-& 7,( 7B(%"-(, ?(: &+4>,"+& ,3. 6&,&C'6$J"', >7( ,(
4"4(.>/ >,' ( C$76&%(/ C". µ?(+(17" .& C'&6+-."' ,(. &C'$#(+( µ&23,5 &?> &:,>.
?(: ?+(7?&2(17", &%%$ 5,&. &?%G/ &."?&+65/. N%%A7,", 6&' ( -C'(/ ( *&+,-.(/
,'µA+(17" µ" B,:?5µ&,& ,& ?&'C'$ ,(:, >,&. ,& &?D6,37" &+4>,"+&, &#(1

7
H.A.Oberman, Luther. Man betwwen God and the Devil, trans. E.Walliser-Schwarzbart, New York
1989, 77. 87, 90-91.
8
M. Mullett, Luther, London 1986, 21994, 7. 19.
9
R.Friedentahl, Luther. Sein Leben und seine Zeit, München 1967, 7. 18.
10
P. Q"'C$/, “0(123+(/ *&+,-.(/”, F6?&'C":,'65 F%%3.'65 F46:6%(?&'C"-& (F6C. <23.G.),
!"#$%&µ'( )'(#*"+'$% ,-.'$%, ,. 5, <25.& 1986, 310-312, 'C-A/ 7. 310.
11
F.Lau, Luther, Berlin 1959, 7. 27.

17
&?&+.5236" ,3. &4&µ-&, A7,>7( &?D++'?," ?&.,"%G/ ,(:/ +&9C'7µ(1/ 6&' ,&
+&?-7µ&,& 7,(:/ µ&23,D/ A/ µD7( "6µ$2373/, 6&2G/ 2"A+(17" ?A/ ".-7B:&. ,3.
'7B:+(4.Aµ(71.3 ,A. ?&'C'G. 6&' ,"%'6$ &?D9&'.&. "?'9%&95 7,3. "?'2:µ-& ,(:/
4'& µ$2373. <:,> ?(: :?(7,5+'J" &?’ ,3. &+B5 5,&. >,' ,( "6?&'C":,'6> 717,3µ&
?+D?"' .& "-.&' ?+(7&+µ(7µD.( 7,'/ &.$46"/ ,A. µ&23,G., (' (?(-(' ?+D?"' .& DB(:.
,3. ":6&'+-& .& µ&2&-.(:. “µD7& &?> ,3 B&+$ 6&' ,( ?&'B.-C'”.12
L& 7B(%'6$ B+>.'& ,(: *&+,-.(: B&+&6,3+-J(.,&' &?> 76%3+5 µ"%D,3 ,A.
"66%37'&7,'6G. 1µ.A., 4"4(.>/ ?(: C'6&'(%(4"- 6&' ,( >,' "@"%-B236" 7" "@&'+",'6>
µ(:7'6> 6&' :µ.(4+$#(. V7,>7(, 6$,' &6>µ3 ?(: "-B" 7,'4µ&,-7"' ,3 7B(%'65 ,(:
3%'6-&, >?A/ 6&' >%A. ,A. :?>%('?A. ="+µ&.G. µ&23,G., 5,&. 3 :?(B+"A,'65
B+573 ,3/ %&,'.'65/ 4%G77&/ 7,( 7B(%"-(. O?('(/ ,(%µ(17" .& µ'%57"' 7,3
4"+µ&.'65 4%G77& :#-7,&,( µ&7,'4Gµ&,& 6&' "@":,"%'J>,&. C3µ(7-A/.13 R'(
7:46"6+'µD.& 6$?('(/ 6&2(+'7µD.(/ &?> ,(. C$76&%( µ&23,5/ "?(.(µ&J>µ".(/
“lupus”, %>4A ,3/ 'C'>,3,$/ ,(:, µ&+,:+(17" 7,( C$76&%( 6$2" ?&'C- ?(: ,(%µ(17"
.& µ'%57"' 7,& 4"+µ&.'6$. M &+B'65 ,'µA+-& 5,&. ( $,:B(/ µ&23,5/ .& #(+"- µ$76&
4&WC$+(: 6$2" µ"73µD+', µDB+'/ >,(: 6$?('(/ $%%(/ 7:µµ&23,5/ ,(: .& ?D7"' 7,(
-C'( ?&+$?,Aµ&. I,( ,D%(/ ,3/ "9C(µ$C&/ 3 ,'µA+-& (%(6%3+A.>,&. µ" @:%(C&+µ>.
R&+$ ,'/ &?$.2+A?"/ "6?&'C":,'6D/ µ"2>C(:/ ( 0(123+(/ 5,&. 7:."?5/ 6&'
73µ"-A." 'C'&-,"+3 ?+>(C( 7,'/ 7?(:CD/ ,(:.14
*",$ &?> ,3 #(-,375 ,(: 7,( Magdeburg, >?A/ 6&' 7,( Eisenach, >?(: ,&
7B(%"-& ?&+"-B&. ?'( "@"%'4µD.& "6?&'C":,'6$ ?+(4+$µµ&,&, .D(' "6?&'C":,'6(-
C+>µ(' $.('@&. 4'& ,(. 0(123+(. SB"' 'C'&-,"+3 73µ&7-& ,( 4"4(.>/ >,' ( ?&,D+&/
,(:, D?"',& &?> ?(%%$ B+>.'& A/ &.2+&6A+1B(/, 6&,$#"+" .& 4-."' D.&/ &."@$+,3,(/
"?'B"'+3µ&,-&/ 7,(. ,(µD& ,A. µ",$%%A.. M "@D%'@3 &:,5, A7,>7(,
?+&4µ&,(?('5236" µ",$ &?> ?(%:",5 "+4&7-& 6&' ".G ?&+$%%3%& :?5+@" B+"AµD.(/
A/ D.& B+>.( ?+'. &?> ,( 2$.&,> ,(:. M ('6(.(µ'65 ":µ$+"'& ?(: &?D6,37" 3
('6(4D."'& ,(: Hans Luder ,(1 DCA7" ,3 C:.&,>,3,& .& ?%3+G7"' ,& C-C&6,+& 4'&
,3. "44+&#5 ,(: 4'(: ,(: 7,( R&."?'7,5µ'( ,(: Erfurt ,( 1501.15 X,&. ,>," ?(: (
0(123+(/ $%%&@" ,( ?&,+'6> ,(: "?G.:µ( &?> ‘Luder’ 7" ‘Luther’ 4'& .& ,&'+'$J"'

12
H.A.Oberman, Luther. Man between God and the Devil, trans. E.Walliser-Schwarzbart, New York
1989, 77. 94-95.
13
M. Mullett, Luther, London 1986, 21994, 7. 20.
14
R.Bainton, 012 B34$(µ"', 5"*367(8 ,(9:;*(8. < =>? 3(@, 3( 4*#(7 3(@, ; 1'1"&$"A6" 3(@, µ,#+. =.
T"+9>?(:%(:, <25.&' 1959, 77. 4-5.
15
G.Rupp,“Luther and the Reformation’’, ".: J.Hurstfield ("6C.), The Reformation Crisis, London
1965, 7. 23.

18
?"+'77>,"+( 7,3. &6&C3µ&W65 ,(: 'C'>,3,&. I,( R&."?'7,5µ'( 6&,$ ,3. "44+&#5
,(: 6&,&BA+5236" A/ “Martinus Ludher ex Mansfeld” 6&' ( -C'(/ &?> ,( 1518 6&'
µ",$ ?+>#"+" ,( >.(µ$ ,(: “Luther”.16
I,3. ?(+"-& ( 0(123+(/ "@"%-B236" &?> µD,+'(/ #(',3,5/ 7" 6$,(B(
&.G,&,(: ?&."?'7,3µ'&6(1 &@'Gµ&,(/. )%(6%5+A7" ,'/ 9&7'6D/ ,(: 7?(:CD/ ,(
1502, ,+'&6(7,>/ 7" µ'& ,$@3 ?".5.,& C1( #(',3,G.. I,'/ 7 P&.(:&+-(: 1505
,"%"-A7" ,'/ µ",&?,:B'&6D/ ,(: 7?(:CD/ C"1,"+(/ 7" µ-& ,$@3 ,A. C"6&"?,$ &,>µA.
6&', >,&. ?5+" ,( C'C&6,(+'6> ,(:, 5,&. ( D.&/ 6&' µ(.&C'6>/ ,3/ 7"'+$/ ,(: ?(:
"-B" 6&,&#D+"' .& #,$7"' 7" &:,> ,( "?-?"C( ?&."?'7,3µ'&65/ µ>+#A73/.17
L& ?+G,& µ&25µ&,& ?(: ?&+&6(%(1237" ( 0(123+(/ 5,&. =+&µµ&,'65,
K'&%"6,'65, U3,(+'65, ="Aµ",+-&, <+'2µ3,'65, *(:7'65 6&' <7,+(.(µ-&.
=".'6>,"+& 7,( R&."?'7,5µ'( ,(: Erfurt D4'." CD6,3/ ?(%%G. (:µ&.'7,'6G.
7,('B"-A. 6&' C'C$B,36" "9+&W6$ 6&' "%%3.'6$ . F?-73/, CDB236" 6&' ,'/ "?'++(D/ ,(:
7B(%&7,'6'7µ(1, ,3/ 7:4BG.":73/ C3%&C5 ,3/ 2"A+-&/ ,(: <+'7,(,D%3 µ" ,3.
B+'7,'&.'65 ?-7,3.18 =".'6>,"+& ?$.,A/ ,( "6?&'C":,'6> 717,3µ& ,(: ?&."?'7,3µ-(:
#&-.",&' ?A/ "?DC+&7" 6&' µ" $%%& µD7& 7,3 76DE3 6&' 7:µ?"+'#(+$ ,(:
0(:25+(:. I,( Erfurt DC'.&. 'C'&-,"+3 Dµ#&73 7,'/ “6&%D/ ?+$@"'/”, ?(:
7:µ?"+'%$µ9&.&. µ:7,&4A4'6D/ 6&' "2'µ(,:?'6D/ C'&C'6&7-"/, >?A/ µ",$.('&,
.37,"-&, ?+(76:.5µ&,&, #'%&.2+A?-&, &6>µ3 6&' ,3. "-7(C( 7,( µ(.&B'7µ>. M (:7-&
,3/ C'C&76&%-&/ 5,&. >,' ( $.2+A?(/ µD7& &?> ,3 C'65 ,(: ?+(7?$2"'& µ?(+"- .&
DB"' D.& µ"+-C'( 7,(. 6&2(+'7µ> "-," ,3/ 7A,3+-&/ ,(: "-," ,3/ 6&,&C-63/ ,(:.19
R&+$ ,'/ ?'2&.D/ ,(: "?'++(D/ &?> ,(. 7B(%&7,'6'7µ> ( 0(123+(/ ,(.
&?&+.5236" ?&.,"%G/, 6&2G/ ,(. 2"A+(17" &.&?(,"%"7µ&,'6> 6&' 4"%(-(
"6?&'C":,'6> 717,3µ&, ?(: "?'9$%"' ,3. "6µ$2373 4%A77G. 6&' 6&,&?'DJ"' ,&
?&'C'$. F?'?%D(., (' C'C&6,'6D/ µD2(C(' 6&' ,& 7B(%'6$ 9'9%-& ,(: 7B(%&7,'6'7µ(1
C". 9(32(17&. 6&2>%(: 7,3. 6&,&.>373 ,3/ H-9%(:, 71µ#A.& µ" ,(. 0(123+(.
O7( 4'& ,& "66%37'&7,'6$ 7B(%"-&, ,& B&+&6,5+'J" 7B(%"-& ,(: 7&,&.$.20

16
H.A.Oberman, Luther. Man between God and the Devil, trans. E.Walliser-Schwarzbart, New York
1989, 7. 86.
17
R.Schwoebel, “Renaissance Men and Ideas”, ".: L.W.Spitz ("6C.), Luther and Humanism, London
1996, 7. 70.
18
F.Lau, Luther, Berlin 1959, 7. 31.
19
E.H.Harbison, The Age of Reformation, New York 1968, 7. 48.
20
M. Wriedt, “Continuity and competition: Luther’s call for educational reform in the light of
medieval precedents”, ".: B. Kümin ("6C.), Reformations Old and New. Essays on the Socio-Economic
Impact of Religious Change c. 1470-1630, Suffolk 1996, 77. 178-179.

19
 S.& &6>µ3 ?(%1 73µ&.,'6> J5,3µ& 5,&. &:,> ,3/ 7BD73/ ,(: *&+,-.(:
0(:25+(: µ" ,(. (:µ&.'7µ> 6&' ,( 6&,$ ?>7( "?3+D&7" ,3. ?+(,"7,&.,'65 6-.373.
F-.&' 4"4(.>/ >,' :?5+B" µ"4$%3 7BD73 ,(: 0(:25+(: µ" ,(. (:µ&.'7µ> 6&' &:,>
&?(C"'6.1",&' &?> ?(%%$ 7,('B"-&. <?> ,(. 8(Dµ9+'( ,(: 1517 DA/ 6&' ,( 1519 (
0(123+(/ "-B" :'(2",57"' ,( (:µ&.'7,'6> >.(µ& “Eleutherius”, C3%&C5 “"%"12"+(/”
5 “"%":2"+A,5/” 6&' ,3. -C'& "?(B5 &?(6&%(17" ,( F:&44D%'( “eruditio divina”,
C3%&C5 “2"-& 6&,5B373”. OB' µ>.( 7:.&.&7,+"#>,&. µ" (:µ&.'7,D/ ?(: ,(.
2"A+(17&. 5+A$ ,(:/, &%%$ 6&' ( -C'(/ 7:7B",'J>,&. ?(%1 µ" ,'/ µ"2>C(:/ 6&' ,'/
?+(,'µ57"'/ ,(:/. N%%A7,", ,( R&."?'7,5µ'( ,(: Erfurt, &?’ >?(: &?(#(-,37" (
0(123+(/, 5,&., µ",$ ,( R&."?'7,5µ'( ,(: Heidelberg, ,( ?'( &.('B,> 7"
(:µ&.'7,'6D/ 'CD"/ 6&' 6%&7'6D/ "?'++(D/. 21
O,&. ,( 1512 ( *&+,-.(/ 0(123+(/ D4'." C'C$6,(+&/ ,3/ ;"(%(4-&/ 6&'
6&2343,5/ ,3/ "+µ3."-&/ ,3/ =+&#5/ 7,( R&."?'7,5µ'( ,3/ H:,"µ9D+43/, (' "?&#D/
,(: 6&' (' &%%3%"?'C+$7"'/ µ" ,( (:µ&.'7,'6> 7,('B"-( 7:."B-7,36&..22 <?> ,(
@"6-.3µ$ ,(:, ,( 1502, ,( R&."?'7,5µ'( &:,> 7:."+4&J>,&. µ" (:µ&.'7,D/
"?'7,5µ(."/, >?A/ ( Maternus Pistoris 6&' ( Nikolaus Marschalk. V7,>7(, "?"'C5
"?+>6"',( 4'& D.& .D( 6&' BA+-/ 6$?('& 'C'&-,"+3 C'$6+'73 "6?&'C":,'6> -C+:µ&, C".
?+A,(7,&,(17" 7,(. ,(µD& &:,>. µDB+' ?(: D6&." ,3. "µ#$.'75 ,(: "6"- ,( 1518 (
Philippus Schwarzerd (*"%$4B2A.), D.&/ &?> ,(:/ ?(%1 '7B:+(1/ :?(7,3+'6,D/ ,(:
o:µ&.'7µ(1. M 7BD73 ?(: &.D?,:@&. ( 0(123+(/ 6&' ( *"%$4B2A. µ" ,( ?D+&7µ&
,(: B+>.(: "-.&' 4.A7,5. M "?-C+&73 ,(: ".>/ 7,(. $%%( 5,&. "µ#&.5/ ?$.,(,"
µD7& 7,& ?%&-7'& ,(: 7"9&7µ(1 6&' ,3/ &%%3%("6,-µ373/ ?(: D,+"#&. ( D.&/ 4'&
,(. $%%(.23 *$%'7,&, ( *"%$4B2A. 5,&. &:,>/ ?(: C3µ'(1+437" D.&
µ",&++:2µ'7µD.( #'%(7(#'6> 717,3µ& DB(.,&/ A/ 9$73 ,(. <+'7,(,D%3 6&' ,'/
%(:23+&.'6D/ &+BD/. I6(?>/ ,(: 5,&. 3 :?"+$7?'73 ,A. 2D7"A. ,(: 0(:25+(:.24
N%%A7,", "?+>6"',( 4'& D.&. 9&2'$ µ(+#AµD.( $.2+A?(, 4.57'( (:µ&.'7,5 6&'
6&2343,5 ,(: R&."?'7,3µ-(: ,3/ H:,"µ9D+43/ "?- 7&+$.,& C1( B+>.'&. ) Q-%'??(/
*"%$4B2A. "?3+D&7", >7( 6&."-/ $%%(/ ?+'. &?> &:,>., ,(:/ µ",&4".D7,"+(1/ ,(:

21
M.J.Harran, “Luther and Learning: The Wittenberg University Symposium”, ".: L.W.Spitz ("6C.),
Luther and German Humanism, London 1996, 77. 71-72.
22
P.8.!&+µ-+3/, “0(123+(/ *&+,-.(/”, C*;&$-@3'$? $"' <:'$? 0#$@$A(D"'1-6" (C<0), ,. 8 (1966),
359-363 'C-A/ 7. 360.
23
*.J.Harran, %.D., 7. 72.
24
S. Kusukawa, Lutherian uses of Aristotle. A comparison between Jacob Schegk and Philip
Melanchton. Philosophy in the 16th and 17th centuries. Conversations with Aristotle, Ashgate 1999, 7.
182.

20
µD7& &?> ,( #'%(%(4'6>, #'%(7(#'6>, 2"(%(4'6>, '7,(+'6> 6&' ?&'C&4A4'6> ,(:
D+4(.25
*-& &6>µ3 7BD73 ?(: &@-J"' 7B",'65 &.&#(+$ "-.&' &:,5 ,(: 0(:25+(: µ"
,(. S+&7µ(. R+D?"' .& 73µ"'A2"- ?A/ ?&+$ ,3. ?"+'++D(:7& "B2+'65 &,µ>7#&'+&, (
-C'(/ ( *&+,-.(/ ?(,D C". :?5+@" µ.37-6&6(/ &?D.&.,' 7,(. S+&7µ(, &#(1 6&' "-B"
µ",&#+$7"' D.& 4+&?,> ,(:, &%%$ 6&' "-B" 7:µ?"+'%$9"' 6$?('& $%%& &?> &:,$ 7,3
%-7,& µ" ,& 9'9%-& ?(: 2& "?'2:µ(17" .& C'&9$7"'. M D.7,&73 ,(: 0(:25+(:
7B",'6$ µ" ,(. S+&7µ( C". "-B" .& 6$."' 7" 6&µ-& ?"+-?,A73 µ" ,'/ (:µ&.'7,'6D/
,(: 'CD"/, &%%$ (' %>4(' 5,&. 6:+-A/ 2"(%(4'6(-. I" ?(%%D/ ?"+'?,G7"'/ µ$%'7,& (
0(123+(/ ,(. µ'µ5236" 6&' 4".'6$ ,(. 2&1µ&J".26
L( 6&%(6&-+' ,(: 1505 ( 0(123+(/, ?(: 5,&. 5C3 #(',3,5/ ,3/ 8(µ'65/,
"?D7,+"#" 7,( Erfurt µ",$ &?> µ-& "?-76"E3 7,(:/ 4(."-/ ,(:. L3 µD+& "6"-.3, 7,'/ 2
P(:%-(:, µ"+'6$ µ-%'& ?+'. #,$7"', 9+D236" 7,3 µD73 µ'&/ #(9"+5/ 6&,&'4-C&/.
Q(95236" ,>7( ?(%1 &?> ,(:/ 6"+&:.(1/, ?(: "?'6&%D7,36" ,3 9(52"'& ,3/ <4-&/
N..&/ %D4(.,&/: “H(5237D µ", <4-& N..&, 6&' "4G 2& 4-.A µ(.&B>/.”27 M "?'%(45
,3/ <4-&/ N..&/ 4'& ,3. "?-6%373 9(52"'&/ 7B",'J>,&. µ" ,( 4"4(.>/ >,' &:,5 5,&. 3
?+(7,$,'C& &4-& ,A. &.2+G?A. ?(: 9+-76(.,&. 7" &?>4.A73, >?A/ 6&' ,A.
&.2+&6A+1BA.. 28
V7,>7(, (' (:7'&7,'6(- %>4(' ?(: (C5437&. ,(. 0(123+( 7,( µ(.&7,5+' C".
"-.&' ?%5+A/ @"6$2&+('. I-4(:+& 6$?('(. +>%( D?&'@" 3 ?+(7A?'6>,3,$ ,(: 6&' 3
'7B1/ ,(: >+6(: ?(: ?5+" 7" 7:.C:&7µ> µ" ,3. 4&%(1B373 &?> ,( 7?-,' ,(:. S.&/
$%%(/ %>4(/, ?(: ".CDB",&', 6&,$ ?(%%(1/, .& 7:.,D%"7" 7,3. &?>#&75 ,(: &:,5,
5,&. ( 2$.&,(/ 6$?('A. #-%A. 7:µ#(',3,G. ,(: ?'2&.>. &?> #:µ&,-A73 ,( 1505.
L( 4"4(.>/ &:,> ,(. 4Dµ'7" µ" ".&4G.'"/ 76DE"'/ 7B",'6$ µ" ,3 7A,3+-& 6&' ,3.
&'G.'& 6&,&C-63 ,(: &.2+G?(:.29
S,7', DB(.,&/ (:7'&7,'6$ ?&+&6(%(:257"' "%$B'7,& µ&25µ&,& 8(µ'65/ (
*&+,-.(/ 0(123+(/ ,3+G.,&/ ,(. >+6( ,(: µ?56" 7,( &:7,3+> µ(.&7,5+' ,A.
&:4(:7,-.A. 7,( Erfurt 6&' D4'." 6&%>4"+(/. )' $%%"/ "?'%(4D/ ?(: "-B" 5,&. .& µ?"'

25
Stern L. “Philpp Melanchthon. Humanist, Reformator, Praeceptor Germaniae” ".: <kademie-Verlag
("6C.), Philipp Melanchthon, Berlin 1963, 77. 1-3.
26
M.J.Harran, %.D., 7. 75.
27
G.Lottes, “Luther und die Frommigkeitskrise im Spätmittelalter”, ". : M.Greschat, G.Lottes ("6C.),
Luther in seiner Zeit. Persönlichkeit und Wirken des Reformators , Stuttgart 1997, 77. 15-16.
28
H.A.Oberman, Luther. Man between God and the Devil, trans. E.Walliser-Schwarzbart, New York
1989, 7. 93.
29
F.Lau, Luther, Berlin 1959, 7. 32.

21
7" µ(.&7,5+' ,A. C(µ'.'6&.G. 5 ,A. #+&46'76&.G.. V7,>7(, ( -C'(/ "?D%"@" ,(
,$4µ& ,A. &:4(:7,-.A., ?'2&.>,&,& "?"'C5 C'D2"," &C"%#>,3,& ?+(/ ,'µ5 ,3/ <4-&/
N..&/, 7,3. (?(-& ?-7,":" >,' >#"'%" ,3 7A,3+-& ,(:. L( 4"4(.>/ ,3/ &?>#&75/ ,(:
.& 4-."' µ(.&B>/ &?(,D%"7" 9&+1 ?%54µ& 7,'/ 7BD7"'/ ,(: µ" ,(. ?&,D+& ,(:, ,(.
Hans, ?(: ,>7( ?(%1 "-B" "?".C17"' 7,'/ .(µ'6D/ 7?(:CD/ ,(: 4'(: ,(:, 6&' D,7'
"?5%2" +54µ& 7,'/ 7BD7"'/ ,(:/. 30
*",$ ,'/ 16 P(:%-(: 1505, (?>," 6&' "'75%2" 7,( µ(.&7,5+', &6(%(1237&.
4'& ,(. 0(123+( B+>.'& 4"µ$,& ?"+'7:%%(45 6&' "7A,"+'65 ?$%3 µ" ,(. "&:,> ,(:,
?+(6"'µD.(: .& 6"+C-7"' ,3 7A,3+-& 6&' ,( D%"(/ ".>/ ;"(1 ?(:, 6&,$ ,( µ(.&B>
*&+,-.(, 5,&. D.&/ ?(%1 &:7,3+>/ 6+',5/. !1+'( µD%3µ$ ,(: µD7& 7,( µ(.&7,5+'
5,&. .& 4-."' >7( ?'( ":%&95/, "?'µ"%5/ 6&' "+4&,'6>/ 4'.>,&. 6&' 6&,$ 6('.5
(µ(%(4-& ,( "-B" "?',1B"'. V7,>7(, C'&+6"-/ 6&' 9&7&.'7,'6D/ 76DE"'/ ,(.
&?&7B(%(17&. 4'& ,( ?G/ 2& µ?(+(17" .& '6&.(?('57"' ,(. C-6&'( ;">. K".
µ?(+(17" .& .'G7"' ,( &-723µ& ,3/ 7:4BG+"73/, ?&+$ ,'/ C'&+6"-/ .37,"-"/, ,&
µ&7,'4Gµ&,& 6&' ,'/ ?+(7":BD/. K'&6&,"B>,&. C'&+6G/ &?> ,3. &µ#'9(%-&, 3 (?(-&
(C34(17" 7,( #>9( 6&' ,3. &?>4.A73. F@(µ(%(4(1.,&. &6>µ3 6&' ,'/ ?'( µ'6+D/ ,(:
&µ&+,-"/ 6' >µA/ C". µ?(+(17" .& &?&%%&4"- &?> ,( &-723µ& ,3/ ".(B5/.31 F-B"
9&2'$ +'JAµD.( µD7& ,(: ,( &-723µ& >,' 5,&. &µ&+,A%>/ 6&' ?A/ >,,' 6' &. D6&."
C". µ?(+(17" .& ":B&+'7,57"' ,(. C-6&'( ;">. K". "-.&' 4.A7,> &. "-B" C'&?+$@"'
6$?('( &µ$+,3µ& ?(: .& 6&2'7,(17" "?',&6,'65 µ-& ,D,('& "-C(:/ 7:µ?"+'#(+$ &?>
µD+(:/ ,(:, ,( ?'( ?'2&.> ?$.,A/ "-.&' >,' "-B" .& 6$."' µ" ,3. &-72375 ,(: >,' C".
µ?(+(17" .& 4-."' &?(C"6,>/ &?> ,(. ;">.32
*D7& 7,( µ(.&7,5+', A7,>7(, ( 0(123+(/ 9+56" :?(7,5+'@3 6&'
6&2(C54373 &?> ,(:/ &.A,D+(:/ ,(:, (' (?(-(' ,(: &.D2"7&. &6&C3µ&W6(1
?"+'"B(µD.(: C+&7,3+'>,3,"/ 7" Erfurt 6&' H:,"µ9D+43 6&' ?+(",(-µ&J&. ,3.
B"'+(,>.375 ,(: A/ '"+D& 7,'/ &+BD/ ,(: 1507. I,3. ?+G,3 ;"-& 0"',(:+4-& ?(:
,D%"7" ( ."&+>/ '"+D&/, 7B"C>. 6&,D++":7" &?> ,+>µ(, ?+'. #D+(:. ,( “7Gµ&” 6&'
,( “&-µ&” ,(: Y+'7,(1 7,3. <4-& L+$?"J&. <:,5 3 ?$%3 µ" ,(. "&:,> ,(:

30
P.G.Maxwell-Stuart, Chronicle of the Popes. The Reign-by-Reign Record (f the Papacy from
St.Peter to the Present, London 1997, 7. 174.
31
H.Harbison, The Age of Reformation, New York 1968, 77. 47-48.
32
H.Hillerbrand, The World of the Reformation, London 1975, 7. 13.

22
7:."B'J>,&., 6&2G/ "@&6(%(:2(17" .& µ"%",$ &6&,$?&:7,& 6&' .& &.&%&µ9$."'
C'('63,'6$ 6&256(.,& 7,( ,$4µ& ,A. &:4(:7,-.A. 6&%(4D+A.. 33
S.&/ &6>µ3 $.2+A?(/ ?(: 7,5+'@" ,(. *&+,-.( 0(123+( &:,$ ,& C176(%&
B+>.'& ,3/ ?"+'7:%%(45/ ,(: 5,&. ( &@'(7D9&7,(/ 2"(%>4(/ 7,3. ?"+'(B5 ,3/
Nürnberg (8:+"µ9D+43) 6&' &:4(:7,-.(/ "#3µD+'(/, Johann von Staupitz.34 <:,>/
DC'." 7:µ9(:%D/ 7,(. 0(123+(, 3 6:+'>,"+3 &?> ,'/ (?(-"/ 5,&. .& µ"%",$ 7:."BG/
,3. <4-& =+&#5. F?-73/, ?+(A2(17" ,3. "@D%'@5 ,(: &.&2D,(.,$/ ,(:
7:µ9(:%":,'6D/ &+µ(C'>,3,"/ 7,( ."(WC+:2D. R&."?'7,5µ'( ,(: "6%D6,(+& ,3/
I&@(.-&/ Q+"'C"+-6(: ,(: I(#(1.35
<6(%(:2G.,&/ ,'/ .(:2"7-"/ ,(: ?(%1 6&%(1 ,(: #-%(:, Johann von Staupitz,
( *&+,-.(/ 0(123+(/ "?'C>236" 7" ".C"%"B5 µ"%D,3 6&' "+µ3."-& ,3/ <4-&/ =+&#5/
6&' ,( 1512, >?A/ "-C&µ", &.&63+1B236" C'C$6,(+&/ ,3/ ;"(%(4-&/ 6&' 6&2343,5/
,3/ "+µ3."-&/ ,3/ <4-&/ =+&#5/ 7,( R&."?'7,5µ'( ,3/ H:,"µ9D+43/.
F@&6(%(:2(17" .& C'&6&,DB",&' &?> ,3. &4A.-& 4'& ,3 7A,3+-& ,3/ E:B5/ ,(: 6&'
D6&." 7:."B"-/ ?+(7?$2"'"/ .& "µ9&21."' 7,3. D..('& ,3/ C'6&'(71.3/ ,(: ;"(1 µ"
9$73 ,3 C'C&76&%-& ,(: <?(7,>%(: R&1%(: (UAµ. & 17) : “K'6&'(71.3 4&+ ;"(1 ".
&:,G (,A Y+'7,G) &?(6&%1?,",&' "6 ?-7,"A/ "'/ ?-7,'. 6&2G/ 4D4+&?,&' : ( C"
C-6&'(/ "6 ?-7,"A/ J57",&'”. F+µ5.":7" %('?>. ,3 %D@3 “C'6&'(71.3” >B' A/
“,'µA+-&”, &%%$ A/ ,3 “7A,5+'& ".D+4"'&” ,(: ;"(1, ?(: C" 2D%"' .& ,'µA+57"',
&%%$ .& 7G7"' ,(. &µ&+,A%>. <:,> 2"G+37" >,' 5,&. 6&' ,( ?+&4µ&,'6> .>3µ& ,A.
>7A. 4+$#(.,&.. 36
S,7' %('?>. 41+A 7,& 1512-1513, 7,& ,+'$.,& ,(: B+>.'&, ( 0(123+(/
9+D236" @&#.'6$ µ?+(7,$ 7,3. &?$.,373 ?(: DE&B." B+>.'&, 6&2G/ 6+&,(17"
73µ"'G7"'/ ?$.A 7" 6$?('(:/ E&%µ(1/. <:,> ?(: 7:."'C3,(?(-37" 5,&. >,' D.&/
B+'7,'&.>/ 7GJ",&' >B' µD7& &?> ,3. 32'65 6&' ,'/ ,"%",(:+4'6D/ ?+$@"'/, &%%$ µD7&
&?> ,3. ?-7,3 7,(. "%"5µ(.& R&,D+&. M 7A,3+-& C". µ?(+"- .& &?(6,32"- 5 .&
&4(+&7,"- µ" 6&%D/ ?+$@"'/, .37,"-"/, ?+(7":BD/, µ",$.('"/ 6&' ?+(76:.5µ&,&,
&6>µ3 6&' µ" ,( .& 4-."' 6$?('(/ µ(.&B>/. !&."-/ $.2+A?(/ C". µ?(+"- .& ?%3+(-
>%"/ ,'/ ?+(Z?(2D7"'/ ,(: ;"(1 4'& ,3 7A,3+-&, "?"'C5 >%(' "-.&' &µ&+,A%(-. *>.(
3 ?-7,3 (Sola Fide) µ?(+"- .& %"',(:+457"' A/ '7>,'µ( ,3/ C'6&'(71.3/ 6&' .& 7G7"'
33
R.Kolb, “Martin Luther and the German Nation”, ".: R. Po-chia Hsia ("6C.), E Companion to the
Reformation World, London 2004, 7. 40.
34
H.A.Oberman, Luther. Man between God and the Devil, trans. E.Walliser-Schwarzbart, New York
1989, 77. 100-101.
35
R.Kolb, %.D., 7. 41.
36
P.8.!&+µ-+3/, “0(123+(/ *&+,-.(/”, C<0, ,. 8 (1966), 359-363, 'C-A/ 7. 360.

23
,(. $.2+A?(.37 <?> ,>," ( 0(123+(/ D4'." &'7'>C(@(/ 6&' &?D6,37" ,3. ?"?(-2373
>,' µ" ,3. ?-7,3 "?D+B",&' 6&' 3 ?+&4µ&,'65 7A,3+-&. S,7', 4'’ &:,>. (' 6&%D/
?+$@"'/ 5,&. ?"+',,D/.38
O?A/ 5,&. %(4'6>, 3 .D& &:,5 &?(6$%:E3 7:.,$+&@" ,(. 0(123+(, &#(1 ,(:
&.D,+"?" 73µ&.,'6> µD+(/ &?> &:,$ ?(: 4.G+'J" 6&' 9-A." A/ "66%37'&7,'65
?+&4µ&,'6>,3,&. I,&C'&6$ 2& ?+&4µ&,(?('(1.,&. 3 &?(6+:7,$%%A73 ,3/
?+(,"7,&.,'65/ 2"A+-&/ ?"+- ?-7,3/ 6&' 3 "@D%'@3 ,3/ ?(+"-&/ ,(: ."&+(1 6&2343,5
2& $%%&J" 4'& ?$.,&.
XC3 &?> ,( 1513 "-B" &.&%$9"' ,3. ?&+$C(73 µ&23µ$,A. 7B",'6$ µ"
6"#$%&'& ,3/ H-9%(:, >?A/ (' “[&%µ(-” (1513-1515), “R+(/ UAµ&-(:/”(1515-1516),
“R+(/ =&%$,"/”(1516-1517), “R+(/ F9+&-(:/”(1517-1518). F?-73/, ,( 1510
&?(µ&6+1.236" &?> ,3. “&%%34(+'65 µD2(C(” "+µ3."-&/, ?(: C'D6+'." ,(.
*"7&-A.&, 6&' $+B'7" .& µ",D+B",&' ,3. “"?- %D@"' – ?+(#3,'65” "+µ3."-&
"46&'.'$J(.,&/ µ-& .D& "?(B5 7,3 2"(%(4'65 µD2(C( 6&' ,3. "+µ3."-& ,3/ H-9%(:.39
R&+$ ,& ?(%%$ ,(: ?+(7>.,& 6&' ,3. ":%&9'65 ,(: &#(7-A73 7,3 µ"%D,3 6&'
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,(: 4'& &.&4.G+'73 6&' C3µ>7'& &?(C(B5. !&."-/ C" 2& ?"+-µ"." ?(,D ?A/ 2&
?:+(C(,(17" ,>7( "6+36,'6D/ 6&,&7,$7"'/ 6&' 2& "+B>,&. 7" $µ"73 &.,'?&+$2"73
µ" ,(. -C'( ,(. ?$?& 0D(.,& P\. I-4(:+& &.&4.A+-J(.,&. ,& ?+(7>.,& ,(:, &%%$
µ$%%(. ?(%%(- &'#.'C'$7,36&. &?> ,( C:.&µ'7µ> ?(: "?DC"'@" ( ."&+>/ 6&2343,5/.
) 0(123+(/, $%%A7,", C" µ'%(17" ,>7( ?(%1 C3µ(7-A/ DA/ ,3. $.('@3 ,(: 1517,
>,&. ( C(µ'.'6&.>/ 6&%>4"+(/ Johannes Tetzel $+B'7" .& ?(:%$ ,& %"4>µ".&
“7:4BA+(B$+,'&” 7,3. ?"+'#D+"'& ,(: Brandenburg, 6(.,$ 7,3. H:,"µ9D+43.40
) ?$?&/ 0DA. P\ B+"'&J>,&. B+5µ&,& 4'& ,3. &?(?"+$,A73 ,(: .&(1 ,(:
<4-(: RD,+(: 7,3 UGµ3. *D+(/ &?> ,& B+5µ&,& &:,$ "@&7#&%'J>,&. µ" ,3. D6C(73
6&' ?G%373 ?+(/ ,(:/ ?'7,(1/ "'C'6G. ?'7,(?('3,'6G., "46"6+'µD.A. &?> ,3. -C'&
,3. 6&2(%'65 F66%37-&, ,& (?(-& 5,&. 4.A7,$ A/ “7:4BA+(B$+,'&”. *" ,3. &4(+$
&:,G. ,A. ?'7,(?('3,'6G. %"4>,&. ?A/ 4'.>,&. $#"73 &µ&+,'G. 6&' 7" >7(:/ ,&
&4>+&J&., &%%$ 6&' 7" 5C3 ."6+(1/ 7:44"."-/ ,(:/. ) 5B(/ ,(: µ",&%%'6(1
B+5µ&,(/, ?(: 2& 3B(17", 2& D7,"%." ,3. E:B5 &?> ,( 6&2&+,5+'(, C3%&C5 ,(
37
H.Harbison, The Age of Reformation, New York 1968, 77. 49-50.
38
P. ;. !(%',7&+$/, F' G'"µ"*3@*%µ-7(', <25.&' 1960, 77. 15-16.
39
R.Kolb, “Martin Luther and the German Nation” , ".: R. Po-chia Hsia ("6C.), E Companion to the
Reformation World, London 2004, 7. 41.
40
H. A.Oberman, Luther. Man between God and the Devil, trans. E.Walliser-Schwarzbart, New York
1989, 7. 187.

24
".C'$µ"7( 7,$C'( µ",&@1 6>%&73/ 6&' ?&+&C"-7(:, 6&,":2"-&. 7,(. ?&+$C"'7(.41
“Wenn das Geld im Kasten klingt, die Seele aus dem Fegfeuer springt”. M D6#+&73
&:,5 &?(6+:7,$%%A." ,3 .((,+(?-& ,A. &.2+G?A. ,3/ "?(B5/. *" &#(+µ5 ,& D@(C&
,(: <4-(: RD,+(: ,3/ UGµ3/ "-B" C3µ'(:+432"- D.& ":+A?&W6> C-6,:( ('6(.(µ'6G.
7:.&%%&4G. µD7& &?> ,& 7:4BA+(B$+,'&.42
X,&. 3 "?(B5 ?(: (' $.2+A?(' "?'2:µ(17&. &?"%?'7µD.& ,3. $#"73 ,A.
&µ&+,'G. ,(:/ 6&' 7-4(:+& 5,&. C'&,"2"'µD.(' .& ?%3+G7(:. D.& ?(7> 4'& .&
&?(#14(:. ,3. µ",&2&.$,'& ,'µA+-& 6&' ,3. 6>%&73. L& 7:4BA+(B$+,'& %('?>.
&#(+(17&. "-," &?&%%&45 &?> ,3. 6>%&73 "-," µ"'AµD."/ µD+"/ 7,( 6&2&+,5+'(.43
*$%'7,&, ,3. 6&2(%'65 F66%37-& &6(%(1237" 6&' 3 (+2>C(@3 7" >,,' &#(+$ ,3.
D6C(73 7:BA+(B&+,'G.. L& 7:4BA+(B$+,'& &:,$ 5,&. 4+&µµD.& &?> ?&,+'$+B"/,
&+B'"?'76>?(:/ 6&' 7?&.-A/ "?'76>?(:/ 6&' 7,D%.(.,&. (?(:C5?(," :?5+B&. ?'7,(-
?(: ,& J3,(17&..44
F-.&' "?-73/ &?&+&-,3,( .& 73µ"'A2"- >,' ?-7A &?> ,3. '7,(+-& µ" ,&
7:4BA+(B$+,'& 6+19(.,&. C'$#(+A. "'CG. 7:µ#D+(.,&. L& ?"+'77>,"+& &?> ,&
B+5µ&,& ?(: "@('6(.(µ(1.,&. &?> ,3. ?G%373 &:,G. ,A. B&+,'G. C". C&?&.(1.,&.
>.,A/ 4'& ,3. &.('6(C>µ373 6,'+-A. 6&' µ.3µ"-A. 7,3 UGµ3, &%%$ 6&,D%34&. 7,&
BD+'& ,A. -C'A. ,A. C(µ'.'6&.G. 6&%(4D+A., (' (?(-(' ,& ?(:%(17&., 7,(:/
,+&?"J-,"/ ?(: B"'+-J(.,&. ,'/ "'7?+$@"'/ 6&' 7,(. µ"4$%( "66%37'&7,'6> ?+-46'?&
Albert von Hohenzollern. <:,>/ D?+"?" .& CA+(C(6"- &C+$ ,(. ?$?&, "?"'C5 ,(:
"?D,+"?" .& C'&,3+"- ,+"'/ "?'76(?D/, ".G ( .>µ(/ D%"4" ?A/ 6&."-/ C". µ?(+(17"
.& 6+&,57"' ?$.A &?> µ-&. V7,>7(, ( 0(123+(/, >,&. "@D#+&7" ,3. ".&.,-A75 ,(:
7B",'6$ µ" ,& 7:4BA+(B$+,'&, C" 4.G+'J" &?(%1,A/ ,-?(," 4'& ,& 7:µ#D+(.,& ?(:
:?(2$%?(.,&..45
F-.&' 4"4(.>/ ?A/ ( -C'(/ ( ?$?&/ "-B" CG7"' 7,(. Johannes Tetzel ,3. $C"'&
.& ?(:%$ ,& B&+,'$ &:,$ 7,3. ?>%3 Mainz ,(: U5.(:. ) *&+,-.(/ 0(123+(/
"@(+4'7µD.(/ µ" ,3. ".D+4"'& &:,5 :?(7,5+'@": “<. ( ?$?&/ "-.&' 7,’ &%52"'& 7"
2D73 .& µ"'G7"' ,3 C'$+6"'& ,3/ ?&+&µ(.5/ ,A. E:BG. 7,( 6&2&+,5+'(, 4'&,- C"

41
P. K. [&+$/ , H&3(*6" 3;8 I-%3-*;8 0@*2D;8 1492-1815, ;"77&%(.-63 2003, 7. 83.
42
J. Burkhardt, Das Reformations-jahrhundert. Deutsche Geschichte zwischen Medienrevolution und
Institutionenbildung 1517-1617, Stuttgart 2002, 7. 33.
43
D.Olivier, The Trial for Luther, Oxford 1978, 7. 5.
44
C. Nicas, I primi tentativi di latinizzazione dei Greci di Napoli e le prime “carte assolutorie”
orientali in Occidente ( P,&%("%%3.'6$ Quaderni, 4, Napoli, Instituto Universitario Orientale-
Dipartimento di Studi dell’Europa Orientale), Napoli 1998, 7. 48. H%. 6&' 9'9%'(6+'7-& :?> P.K.[&+$,
0AAA;7'$J 51,2 (2001), 438-443.
45
E.H.Harbison, The Age of Reformation, New York 1968, 7. 50.

25
7,D+4"' .& ,3 CG7"' &?> &4.5 ":7?%&B.-&;”46 M >%3 '7,(+-& µ" ,& 7:4BA+(B$+,'&
"+B>,&. 7" $µ"73 &.,-2"73 µ" ,3. &?(6+:7,&%%AµD.3 $?(E3 ?(: "-B" ?%D(.
C'&µ(+#G7"' ( 0(123+(/ 7B",'6$ µ" ,3 C'6&'(71.3 ,(: ;"(1 6&' ,3 7A,3+-&. H&2'$
"?3+"&7µD.(/ &?> ,(. .(µ'.&%'7µ> ?(: ?+>9&%%" ,3 µ(+#5 ,(: &?>%:,(: ;"(1,
&%%$ 6&' &?> ,'/ 2"A+-"/ ,(: <4-(: <:4(:7,-.(: 4'& ,3. ?&.,(C:.&µ-& L(:, C".
µ?(+(17" .& C"B2"- >,' 2& µ?(+(17" .& "?D%2"' 3 $#"73 &µ&+,'G. µ" ,3. &4(+$ 6&'
µ>.( &:,G. ,A. B&+,'G.. N%%A7,", 3 :?>2"73 &:,5 "+B>,&. .& &.&,+DE"' ?&.,"%G/
,3 C'65 ,(: &.,-%3E3 4'& ,3 7A,3+-&, ?(: 9&7'J>,&. µ>.( 7,3. ?-7,3.47
<+B'6$, &?%$ &?(C(6-µ&7" µ" 63+14µ&,& ,3. ?G%373 ,A. B&+,'G. &:,G.,
&+4>,"+& >µA/, 6&' 7:46"6+'µD.& 7,'/ 31 )6,A9+-(: 1517, &.5+,37" 7,(.
µ3,+(?(%','6> .&> ,3/ H:,"µ9D+43/ ,'/ 95 2D7"'/ ,(:, µ" ,'/ (?(-"/ 6&,D6+'." ,'/
&#D7"'/ &µ&+,'G. µ" 7:4BA+(B$+,'& (de virtute indulgentiarum) 6&' D6&." 7&#"-/
:?&'.'4µ(1/ 4'& ,& >+'& ,3/ C'6&'(C(7-&/ ,(: ?$?&. K". "-.&' 4.A7,> &. (' 2D7"'/
?(: &.5+,37" 5,&. B"'+>4+&#"/ 5 ,:?AµD."/, &%%$ 7-4(:+& &+4>,"+& ,:?G236&.
6&' µ",&#+$7,36&. &?> ,& %&,'.'6$ 7,& 4"+µ&.'6$. F?-73/, 6$?('"/ &?> ,'/ 2D7"'/
,(: &?":21.(.,&. 7,(. -C'( ,(. ?$?& 4'& .& ,(. ".3µ"+G7"' 4'& ,'/ 6&,&B+57"'/ ?(:
4-.(.,&. 7,( >.(µ$ ,(:.48
)' 2D7"'/ ,(: 6:6%(#>+37&. µD7& 7" C1( "9C(µ$C"/ 7" (%>6%3+3 ,3
="+µ&.-& 6&' "-B&. 2",'65 &?5B373, 6:+-A/ 7,(:/ (:µ&.'7,D/ 6&' 7" ?(%%(1/
6%3+'6(1/, &%%$ 6&' 7,( %&> 4".'6>,"+&.49 R(%1 73µ&.,'6> +>%( 7,3 C'$C(73 ,A.
2D7"A. ,(: 0(:25+(: D?&'@" 6&' 3 ,:?(4+&#-&, ?(: ?+>7#&,& "-B" "#":+"2"-.50
H .D& &:,5 "#"1+"73 ?+&4µ&,(?('5236" &?> ,(. ="+µ&.> Johannes
Gutenberg (1397-1468), ?(: 6&,&4>,&. &?> ,3. ?>%3 Mainz ,(: U5.(: 6&' "-B"
,:?G7"' ,( ?+G,( 9'9%-(, ,3. <4-& =+&#5 (Biblia latina vulgata), 5C3 &?> ,( 1455.51
M B+573 ,3/ ,:?(4+&#-&/ :?5+@" 6&,&%:,'65 4'& ,3 C'$C(73 ,A. 'C"G. ,(:
0(:25+(: 6&' 5,&. ?%D(. &C1.&,3 3 &.&6(?5 ,3/ "@D%'@3/ &:,5/. M µ"4$%3
73µ&7-& &:,5/ ,3/ D6C(73/ D46"',&' 6&' 7,( 4"4(.>/ >,' &?(,D%"7" µ-&
"?'6('.A.'&65 "?&.$7,&73 4'& ,3. "?(B5. M ,"B.(%(4-& ,(: Johannes Gutenberg "-B"

46
H. H. Nolte, “;+376"-"/ 6&' ;+376"1µ&,&”, ".: F. <+9"%D+ - *. Aymard ("6C.), F' 0@*>D"6(',
I-%3-*; $"' B9#K*(7; -D(K? , ,. 2, µ,#+. R. *?(:+%$63/, <25.& 2003, 7. 110.
47
M. Mullett, Luther, London 1986, 21994, 7. 29.
48
R.Friedentahl, Luther. Sein Leben und seine Zeit, München 1967, 7. 155.
49
P.8.!&+µ-+3/, “0(123+(/ *&+,-.(/”, C<0, ,. 8 (1966), 359-363, 'C-A/ 7. 361.
50
G. Rupp, “Luther and the Reformation”, ".: J.Hurstfield ("6C.), The Reformation Crisis, London
1965, 7. 24.
51
P.K. [&+$/, H&3(*6" 3;8 I-%3-*;8 0@*2D;8 1492-1815 , ;"77&%(.-63 2003, 7. 59.

26
µ?"' 7,3. :?3+"7-& ,(: *&+,-.(: 0(:25+(: 6&' ,3/ 2"A+-&/ ,(:. F-.&' &6>µ3
4"4(.>/ >,' DA/ ,( 1520 6:6%(#>+37&. ?"+-?(: 30 "6C>7"'/ µ" ,3. :?(4+&#5 ,(:
0(:25+(:, C3%&C5 ?"+-?(: 600.000 ?A%57"'/ &.,',1?A.. <6>µ3, ,( 20% ,A.
#:%%&C-A. ?(: 6:6%(#(+(17&. 7,3 ="+µ&.-& µ",&@1 1500 6&' 1530 D#"+&. ,3.
:?(4+&#5 ,(:.52
<.&#(+'6$, A7,>7(, µ" ,'/ 95 2D7"'/ ,(: ( 0(123+(/ ?'2&.>,&,& C". "-B" ,3.
?+>2"73 .& 6$."' 6$,' ?&+&?$.A &?> µ-& "?- ,3/ (:7-&/, µ&6+$, &6&C3µ&W65
7:J5,373 ?$.A 7,( 2Dµ& µD7& 7,& ?%&-7'& ,(: R&."?'7,3µ-(: ,3/ H:,"µ9D+43/.
V7,>7(, &:,> ?(: 6&,D7,3 &?(%1,A/ 7&#D/ &?> ,3. D6,&73 ?(: ?5+" ,( J5,3µ&,
5,&. >,' "-B" &44-@"' ,3. ?'( ":&-723,3 B(+C5 ,3/ "66%37'&7,'65/ (+4$.A73/ ,3/
"?(B5/ ,(:. )' ?A%57"'/ ,A. 7:4BA+(B&+,'G. D?"7&. 6&,&6>+:#& 6&' ('
C(µ'.'6&.(- 6&%>4"+(' &?&-,37&. ,3. $µ"73 B&%'.&4G4373 ,(: *&+,-.(: 0(:25+(:
&?> ,(. ?$?&.53
*$%'7,&, 7,(. -C'( ,(. Tetzel &.&,D236" .& &?&.,57"' 7,'/ 95 2D7"'/ ,(:
0(:25+(:. *" ,'/ 156 ?+(,$7"'/ ,(: &:,>/ ( C(µ'.'6&.>/ 6&%>4"+(/ 6&2'7,(17"
7&#D/ >,' 3 C1.&µ3 6&' 3 &+B5 ,(: ?$?& 5,&. &?>%:,"/. *",$ ,3. "6,1?A73 ,A.
2D7"A. 6&' ,3. D%":75 ,(:/ 7,3 H:,"µ9D+43, (' -C'(' (' µ&23,D/ ,(: 0(:25+(:, ?(:
5,&. 2"+µ(- (?&C(- ,(:, ,'/ D6&E&.. ]7,"+& >µA/ &?> ?'D7"'/ ?(: &765236&. 7,(:/
&:4(:7,-.(:/ 4'& .& 7:.",-7(:. ,(. "?&.&7,$,3 µ(.&B>, &?> ,(. &C"%#> *&+,-.(
J3,5236" .& ?&+(:7'&7,"- 7" µ'& 7:."C+-&73 ,(: ,$4µ&,(/ ,(. <?+-%'( ,(: 1518.
<:,>/ :?D9&%" 7:µ?%3+Aµ&,'6$ 28 2D7"'/, µ" ,'/ (?(-"/ 4'& µ'& &6>µ3 #(+$
&?D++'?," ,& 7:4BA+(B$+,'& A/ µD7( 7A,3+-&/ ,(: &.2+G?(:. F?-73/, ,(.
<14(:7,( ,(: 1518 ?+(BG+37" 7,3. D6C(73 µ'&/ ?%5+(:/ "?"@54373/ ,A. 95
2D7"G. ,(:.54
I,( µ",&@1, 7,'/ 31 )6,A9+-(: 1517 ( 0(123+(/, &#(1 ,('B(6>%%37" ,'/
2D7"'/ ,(: 7,(. µ3,+(?(%','6> .&> ,3/ H:,"µ9D+43/, ,'/ D7,"'%" 6&' 7,(. 6&+C'.$%'(
Albrecht von Mainz, 7,'/ :?3+"7-"/ ,(: (?(-(: 9+'76>,&. ( Tetzel. ) Hieronymus
Schultze, "?-76(?(/ ,(: Brandenburg, 7,(. (?(-( &.56" 3 "?'76(?'65 DC+& ,3/
H:,"µ9D+43/, "-B" "?-73/ ".3µ"+A2"- 4'& ,'/ 2D7"'/ &:,D/. <.,- .& &?&.,57"' ( -C'(/,
( Hieronymus D7,"'%" ,& D44+&#& &:,$ 7,3 UGµ3 ,(. K"6Dµ9+'( ,(: 1517. F6"-,
&.&,D236" 7,(. C(µ'.'6&.> Sylvester Mazzolini .& &?&.,57"'. <:,>/ B+"'$7,36"

52
R. Kolb, “Martin Luther and the German Nation” , ".: R.Po-chia Hsia ("6C.), E Companion to the
Reformation World, London 2004, 7. 41.
53
E. H.Harbison, The Age of Reformation, New York 1968, 77. 51-52.
54
E. H.Harbison, %.D, 7. 52.

27
µ>.( ,+"'/ µD+"/ 4'& .& ,( 6$."'. *" ,( “K'$%(4(/ &.&#(+'6$ µ" ,3 C1.&µ3 ,(:
R$?&” 6&' ,& ,D77"+& 73µ"-& 7,& (?(-& "7,-&7", 6&,D%3@" 7,( 7:µ?D+&7µ& >,'
>?('(/ C5%A." >,' 3 F66%37-& ,3/ UGµ3/ C". ?+D?"' .& "6C-C"' 7:4BA+(B$+,'& 5,&.
&'+",'6>/.55
M "?>µ".3 ".D+4"'& 7,3. (?(-& ?+(D93 ( Mazzolini 5,&. .& &7657"' ?'D7"'/,
G7," .& µ",&9"- ( 0(123+(/ 7" C-63, ?(: 2& C'"@&4>,&. 7,3 UGµ3 µD7& 7" 60 µD+"/.
I,( 73µ"-( &:,> %"',(1+437&. ":.(W6$ (' ?(%','6D/ C'&7:.CD7"'/ ?(: C'&,3+(17" (
µ(.&B>/ *&+,-.(/ µ" ,(. Q+"'C"+-6( ,(. I(#>, "6%D6,(+& ,3/ I&@(.-&/ 6&' 'C+:,5
,(: ?&."?'7,3µ-(: ,3/ H:,"µ9D+43/, 7,( (?(-( 6&' C-C&76". ) Q+"'C"+-6(/,
&76G.,&/ ,( µD4'7,( ,3/ "?'++(5/ ,(: ?+(6"'µD.(: .& ,(. :?"+&7?'7,"-, &+.5236"
.& "6CG7"' 7,3 UGµ3 4'& C-63 ,(. ?'( (.(µ&7,> 6&2343,5 ,(: R&."?'7,3µ-(: ,(:.
!&,$#"+" .& ,(. 6+-.(:. 7" 4"+µ&.'6> DC&#(/. L"%'6$, ,( #2'.>?A+( ,(: 1518 (
0(123+(/ ?&+(:7'$7,36" 7,3. &:,(6+&,(+'65 K-&',& 7,( Augsburg, >?(: 6%5236"
".G?'(. ,(: ?&?'6(1 ?+D793 Thomas de Vio, 6&+C'.&%-(: Cajetan. <:,>/ &+.5236"
.& &6(17"' ,& "?'B"'+5µ&,& ,(: 0(:25+(: &.&#(+'6$ µ" ,3 *",&++12µ'73 6&'
&?&-,37" ,3 C5%A73 µ",&.(-&/ 6&' :?(,&45/ 7,(. ?$?&.56
) 6&+C'.$%'(/ Cajetan 5,&. &?(#&7'7µD.(/ .& &?(7?$7"' ,3 µ",$.('& ,(:
0(:25+(:, &%%'G/ 2& ,(. (C34(17" 7" C-63 7,3 UGµ3. ) 0(123+(/ &?’ ,3. ?%":+$
,(: ?-7,":" >,' 2& "-B" µ'& C-6&'3 6&' &@'(?+"?5 &6+>&73. <%%$ (' 7:."C+-"/ ?(:
&6(%(1237&. 5,&. 2:"%%GC"'/. L"%'6$, ,( &?(,D%"7µ& 5,&. .& C'":+:.2"- ,( +54µ&
µ" ,(. ?$?&, &#(1 "6C>236" 6&' ?&?'65 9(1%& ,(. 8(Dµ9+'( ,(: 1519, 71µ#A.& µ"
,3. (?(-& 6&,&C'6$J(.,&. ,& “%$23 (+'7µD.A. µ(.&BG.” 7B",'6$ µ" ,&
7:4BA+(B$+,'&. I" >%"/ &:,D/ ,'/ "@&'+",'6$ C:7$+"7,"/ 6&,&7,$7"'/ ?(: "-B" .&
&.,'µ",A?-7"' ( 0(123+(/ C". 5,&. ?(,D µ>.(/ ,(:. *>.'µ(/ 7:µ?&+&7,$,3/ ,(:
:?5+@", >?A/ ?+(&.&#D+236", ( Q+"'C"+-6(/ ( I(#>/, ( (?(-(/ 7,& ?%&-7'& ,(: ,>,"
?(%','6(1 763.'6(1 "-B" ?+&4µ&,'6$ µ"4$%3 "?'++(5.57
) Q+"'C"+-6(/ 5,&. D.&/ &?> ,(:/ "?,$ "6%D6,(+"/-?+-46'?"/ ,3/ ="+µ&.-&/,
&#(1 3 4"+µ&.'65 µ(.&+B-& 5,&. "6%(4'65. ) &:,(6+$,(+&/ *&@'µ'%'&.>/, ( (?(-(/
9+'76>,&. 7,3. ,"%":,&-& #$73 ,3/ 9&7'%"-&/ ,(:, >#"'%" .& (+-7"' C'$C(B(. )
-C'(/, 9D9&'&, "?'2:µ(17" .& ,(. C'&C"B2"- ( "44(.>/ ,(: !$+(%(/ ,(: Habsburg.

55
H.A.Oberman, Luther. Man between God and the Devil, trans. E.Walliser-Schwarzbart, New York
1989, 77. 193-194.
56
R.Kolb, “Martin Luther and the German Nation”, ".: R. Po-chia Hsia ("6C.), A Companion to the
Reformation World, London 2004, 7. 42.
57
M. Mullett, Luther, London 1986, 21994, 77. 33-34.

28
OµA/ µ",$ ,( 2$.&,( ,(: *&@'µ'%'&.(1 ,(. P&.(:$+'( ,(: 1519, ( Q+"'C"+-6(/
?+(9%5236" A/ µ-& &+6",$ ?'2&.5 :?(E3#'>,3,&, ?(: DB&'+" 6&' ,3/ 'C'&-,"+3/
"6,-µ373/ ,A. :?>%('?A. ?+'46-?A.. <%%$ 6&' ( ?&?'7µ>/ 5,&. &+6",$ :?D+ ,(:,
6&2G/ 52"%" .& &?(C:.&µG7"' ,(. 5C3 ".'7B:µD.( !$+(%( ,(: Habsburg, ( (?(-(/
2& &?(,"%(17" µ&6+(?+>2"7µ& µ"4&%1,"+3 &?"'%5. !&,’ &:,>. ,(. ,+>?( 6&,$#"+"
( Q+"'C"+-6(/ ( I(#>/ .& &?(,+DE"' ,3. D6C(73 ,(: 0(:25+(: 7,3 UGµ3. *D7&
7,& ?%&-7'& ,3/ ":.(W65/ µ",&B"-+'75/ ,(: 6&,$#"+" .& ,(. ?+(7,&,"1"' 7,'/ ?(%1
6+-7'µ"/ G+"/ ?(: ?"+.(17". 58
X,&. ,>,", >µA/, ?(: ( 6&2343,5/ Johannes Eck ,(: R&."?'7,3µ-(: ,(:
Ingolstadt, :?(7,3+'6,5/ ,(: ?$?& 6&' C+'µ1/ &.,-?&%(/ ,(: 0(:25+(:, ,(.
?+(6$%"7" 7" µ-& C3µ>7'& 7:.C'$%"@3 7,( Leipzig ,( 6&%(6&-+' ,(: 1519.59 ) Eck
5,&. D.&/ '6&.>,&,(/ 7:.(µ'%3,5/, ?(: ( 0(123+(/ 2&1µ&J" ?(%1. I,3. &.('B,5
,(:/ 7:J5,373 5+2&. 7" ":2"-& +5@3 µD7& &?> µ'& D.,(.3 #'%(.'6-&. O Eck
?&+&%%5%'7" ,(. 0(123+( µ" ,(. Jan Hus, ,(. L7DB( µ",&++:2µ'7,5,
:?(7,3+-J(.,&/ >,' ?(%%D/ &?> ,'/ 'CD"/ ,(:/ 5,&. -C'"/ 6&' ( Hus 6&,D%3@" 7,3.
?:+$ 4'’ &:,D/ µ",$ ,( 7:.DC+'( ,3/ !A7,$.,J&/ ,( 1415.60 ) Eck "-B" C'&6+-."' ?A/
( 0(123+(/ C" 2& µ?(+(17" .& "?'µ"-."' 7,'/ 2D7"'/ ,(: 7B",'6$ µ" ,&
7:4BA+(B$+,'& BA+-/ .& B+"'&7,"- .& &µ#'793,57"' &.('B,$ ,3. "@(:7-& ,(: ?$?&.
) 0(123+(/ CDB,36" ,3. ?+>6%373 6&', &#(1 @&.&"?"@"+4$7,36" ,'/ 2D7"'/ ,(:,
D#,&7" .& &+.32"- >B' µ>.( ,( 2"W6> C'6&-Aµ& ,(: ?$?&, &%%$ 6&' (%>6%3+3/ ,3/
'"+&+B-&/ ,3/ 6&2(%'65/ F66%37-&/.61
F-B" 4-."' ?%D(. 7&#D/ >,' ( µ(.&B>/ ,(: ,$4µ&,(/ ,A. &:4(:7,-.A.
6&%>4"+A. 6&' 6&2343,5/ ,(: R&."?'7,3µ-(: ,3/ H:,"µ9D+43/ *&+,-.(/ 0(123+(/
"-B" C'&µ(+#G7"' µ-& C'65 ,(: &.,-%3E3 ?+&4µ$,A. 7B",'6$ µ" ,3 C'6&'(71.3 ,(:
;"(1 6&' ,( 6&,$ ?>7( &6>µ3 6&' ( -C'(/ ( ?$?&/ µ?(+(17" .& ,3. &76"-. M >%3 ,(:
2"A+-& &?(,D%"7" D.& 6+$µ& ,A. ?+(7A?'6G. ,(: "µ?"'+'G. 6&' ,3/ 4&%(1B375/
,(: µD7& 7,3. ('6(4D."'$ ,(: 6&' ,3 4"+µ&.'65 6('.A.-& ,(: *"7&-A.&, ,3/
C'&+6(1/ C-E&/ ,(: 4'& µ$2373 6&' &.&J5,373/ ,3/ &%52"'&/, ,(: &.57:B(:
?."1µ&,>/ ,(:, ,3/ 7:.&.&7,+(#5/ ,(: µ" 73µ&.,'6D/ 4'& ,3. "@D%'@5 ,(: µ(+#D/

58
Mullett, %.D., 7. 34.
59
P.8.!&+µ-+3/, “0(123+(/ *&+,-.(/”, C<0, ,. 8 (1966), 359-363, 'C-A/ 7. 361.
60
E.H.Harbison, The Age of Reformation, New York 1968, 7. 54.
61
F. E. Cranz, An essay on the development of Luther’s thought on justice, law and society, London
1959, 7. 123.

29
?(: ,(. 7,5+'@&. 6&' ?-7,"E&. 7’ &:,>. 6&' 6:+-A/ ,3/ 9&2'$/ ?-7,3/ ,(: 7" D.&.
Y+'7,'&.'7µ> ?(: 6&2>%(: C". Dµ('&J" µ" &:,>. ,3/ "?(B5/ ,(:.
^"6'.G.,&/ &?> µ3C".'65 9$73, µ" "#>C'( ,3. &4$?3 ,(: 4'& ,3 4.G73 6&'
"?'#(+,'J>µ".(/ µ" ,( CD(/ 6&' ,( #>9( ?(: D,+"#" 4'& ,(. ;"> 6&' ,3 C'6&'(71.3
L(:, C-."' ,3. ".,1?A73 ?A/ &.&J3,(17" ,3. &%52"'& 4'& ,3 7A,3+-& µ" 76(?> ,3.
?+(7A?'65 ,(: %1,+A73 &?> ,'/ 9&7&.'7,'6D/ &µ#'9(%-"/ ?(: 7,(-B"'A.&. ,3 76DE3
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F66%37-&/ µ?56" 6&' ( -C'(/ 7" C'&C'6&7-"/, ?+(9%3µ&,'7µ(1/ 6&' &?(#$7"'/, ?(:
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6&' ,(:/ :?(7,3+'6,D/ ,(:, 6&2G/ ,& 4"4(.>,& ?(: D%&9&. BG+& 5,&. µ('+&-& 6&'
6&,&%:,'6$. R+(D6:E" D.& (%>6%3+( .D( C>4µ&, ?(: ?+(7D%6:7" D.2"+µ(:/
:?(7,3+'6,D/, C3µ'(1+437" #&.&,'6(1/ "B2+(1/ 6&' ?:+(C>,37" "6+36,'6>,&,"/
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4-4."72&' µ"4$%(: µD+(:/ ,3/ F:+G?3/.

30
!"#$%&'( 2. !" #$%&'%µ' ()* +,('--./µ0%)*, ) ,#$10#2 ()*
3'0 (' 4$' 5-0%(0'4036 789µ'('

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4/& 9354-"+/'-$ *3:µ",& /52 "0(;.2 03(-$%"4", <0=2 ./&, #+4'-<, 0(%%>2
&,/'*3$4"'2 -&' &0< *'$#(3"2 0%"+3>2. 6"/$ /5, &,(';/. 4+,(µ'%7& /(+ -&95?5/.
Eck µ" /(, 8(1953( 4/( Leipzig /( 1519, -&/$ /5, (0(7& >?',&, *5µ(47=2 ?,=4/>2
(' "0&,&4/&/'->2 &,/'%.@"'2 /(+ *"+/>3(+, &-(%(1954" 5 -&/&*7-5 /52 9"(%(?7&2
/(+ 8(+9.3(+ &0< /& A&,"0'4/.µ'& /=, 0<%"=, Köln -&' Louvain.1
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4+??3$#(,/&2 #+%%$*'&. 6$%'4/&, /(, C(1,'( µ" D1?(+4/( /(+ 7*'(+ >/(+2 4+,>/&E"
/( “An den christlichen Adel deutscher Nation”, µ" /( (0(7( *.%=," /5, $µ"45
&0&7/545 ?'& &%%&?>2 4/5, -&9(%'-. F--%547&.2 T(, D1?(+4/( µ" G-/:H3'(
>?3&@" /( µ&,'#>4/( “De captivitatae Babylonica ecclesiae praeludium”, 0(+
&#(3(14" /5 %&/3"7& /52 F--%547&2 -&' ./&, ?3&µµ>,( 4/& %&/','-$. 6" &+/<
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/( “Von der Freiheit eines Christenmensches” "0&,>%&H" µ" 0'( 4+µH'H&4/'-(12
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8(1953(2 -&/$#"3" ,& *'&µ(3#:4"' µ7& 4&#. "'-<,& ?'& /( 0:2 >03"0" ,& "7,&' 5
;3'4/'&,'-. J=. -&' 0:2 9& µ0(3(14" ,& *'&µ(3#=9"7 µ" H$45 /& /</" *"*(µ>,& 4.
G 8(1953(2 *", &,&?,:3'J" 0$,= &0< /37& 6+4/.3'&, /( K$0/'4µ&, /5 L"7&
F+;&3'4/7& -&' /5, FE(µ(%<?545. G %<?(2 ./&, </' 9"=3(14" </' /& 6+4/.3'&
>03"0" ,& #>3(+, >,& "E=/"3'-< 45µ$*', <0=2 /( @=µ7 -&' /( -3&47, -&' /5 L"7&
M0<4;"45 ?'& /5 4=/537& <4=, 03&?µ&/'-$ 0'4/"1(+,. A'( 4+?-"-3'µ>,&, 4;"/'-$
µ" /( K$0/'4µ&, *" 9"=3(14" 0=2 -&/’ &+/<, /(, /3<0( &#&'3(1,/&, 5 &µ&3/7&,
&%%$ 4+µH<%'J" /5, 0,"+µ&/'-. &,&?>,,545 µ" /5 4+,*3(µ. /(+ F%>(+2 -&' /52
N$352 /(+ L"(1. O4( ?'& /5 L"7& F+;&3'4/7&, &+/. ./&,, -&/$ /5 ?,:µ5 /(+, >,&
9"P-< 45µ$*' /52 >,=452 /=, 0'4/:, µ"/&E1 /(+2 -&' µ" /( N3'4/<. Q2 /( 1520 (

1
H.A.Oberman, Luther. Man between God and the Devil, trans. E.Walliser-Schwarzbart, New York
1989, 4. 357.
2
K. G. Steck, Luther, Frankfurt 1955, 4. 46.
3
P.Johnston-B.Scribner, The Reformation in Germany and Switzerland, Cambridge 1993, 4. 17.
4
G.R.Elton, Reformation Europe 1517-1559, London 1967, 4. 21.

31
8(1953(2 "7;" &0&3,59"7 *'& 0&,/<2 /5, -&9(%'-. 9"=37& /52 µ"/(+47=452, </' *5%&*.
/( @=µ7 -&' /( -3&47, -&/$ /5 *'$3-"'& /52 L"7&2 F+;&3'4/7&2, µ"/(+4':,(,/&, 4"
R:µ& -&' D7µ& /(+ N3'4/(1. D,&?,:3'J", =4/<4(, </' ( N3'4/<2 0&3&H3'4-</&, -&/$
/5 *'$3-"'& /(+ 6+4/537(+. I>%(2, &,&#(3'-$ µ" /5 6"/$,('&, 074/"+" </' µ<,( 5
074/5 9& µ0(3(14" ,& (*5?.4"' 4’ &+/., -&' <;' (' -&%>2 03$E"'2. 5
F0'0%>(,, /& 6+4/.3'& µ" /( -.3+?µ& /(+ %<?(+ /(+ L"(1 ./&,, -&/$ /(,
8(1953(, 5 4+?-"-3'µ>,5 µ(3#. µ" /5, (0(7& #/$,"' 5 *7-&'5 ",>3?"'& /(+ L"(1
4/(, $,93=0(. 6$%'4/&, 074/"+" 0=2 /& 6+4/.3'& #>3,(+, /5 4=/537& µ<,( 4"
<4(+2 0'4/"1(+, 4/5, "0&??"%7& /(+ L"(1. I>%(2, 5 074/5 -&' µ<,( &+/.
&0(/"%(14" ?'& /(, 8(1953( /(, 0'( &0(#&4'4/'-< 0&3$?(,/& 4=/537&2 /(+
&,93:0(+.6 F0'0%>(,, 45µ&,/'-. ./&, -&' 5 &E7& /(+ "0&??>%µ&/(2 ?'& /(,
03(/"4/&,/'4µ< -&' &+/< *'&#&7,"/&' -&' &0< /(, 7*'( /(, <3( 4/5 ?"3µ&,'-.
?%:44& (Beruf).L"=3(1,/&, &0(4/(%. *(4µ>,5 &0< /(, L"<. S&7,"/&' 0=2 µ<,( ('
%&(7 0(+ &40$4/5-&, 03(/"4/&,/'-$ *<?µ&/& >*',&, &+/., /5, ",,('(%(?'-.
*'$4/&45 4/(, 4+?-"-3'µ>,( <3(.7
F7,&' ",*'&#>3(, </' 03(2 /( />%(2 /(+ 1519 -&' /'2 &3;>2 /(+ 1520 (
8(1953(2 $3;'4" ,& *"7;,"' &+E5µ>,( ",*'&#>3(, ?'& /(, Jan Hus -&' /5 9"=37&
/(+, ?'& /5, (0(7& "7;" 0(%%>2 &µ#'H(%7"2 0&%&'</"3&. D#(1 µ"%>/54" /( “De
Ecclesia” /(+ Hus, /(+ I4>;(+ µ"/&33+9µ'4/. 0(+ "7;" .*5 µ&3/+3.4"', o 8(1953(2
-&/$%&H" 0=2 "7;" ,& -$,"' µ" >,&, 41µµ&;( ",$,/'& 4T &+/(12 0(+ +0(,<µ"+&, /5,
"+&??"%'-. &%.9"'&, &%%$ -&' ",$,/'& 4/(, 0$0&. Q4/<4(, 03(2 /( />%(2 /(+ 1520
-&' /'2 &3;>2 /(+ 1521 ( 8(1953(2 >?'," 0'( 03(4"-/'-<2 &,&#(3'-$ µ" /5, 0%.35
/&+/(0(7545 /=, '*":, /(+ µ" &+/>2 /(+ Jan Hus. Q2 /( />%(2 /(+ C(+,7(+ 1520 "7;"
&0"'%59"7 µ" &#(3'4µ< &0< /5, 0&0'-. H(1%& “Exsurge Domine” (15 C(+,7(+ 1520),
4/( 13( $393( /52 (0(7&2 ?',</&, &,&#(3$ 4/5, &0&3$*"-/5 +0"3$40'45 /=,
*(?µ$/=, /(+ Hus &0< /(, 7*'(. D+/<2 (0'49(;=3:,/&2, ", µ>3"', &3,.95-" ?'& /(,
"&+/< /(+ /(, /7/%( /(+ (0&*(1 /(+ Hus, &, -&' &,&?,:3'4" /'2 &0<@"'2 /(+ =2
H&9'$ ;3'4/'&,'->2.8

5
H.J.Grimm, The Reformation Era 1500-1650, New York 1965, 4. 127.
6
U. C. I4"%"??7*52, ! "#$%&'()(*+, $(- .(-/0&(-, "-µ1()0 "$% µ2)3$% $%4 52()(*+,4 $(- .(-/0&(-
,67 (&/78(9% :6(;%, L"44&%(,7-5 1991, 44. 108-109.
7
M.Weber, ! 6&($2"$,<$'=0 %/'=0 =,' $( 6<2>µ, $(- =,6'$,)'"µ(>, µ/#. 6.V.!+03&7(+, D9.,& 1993,
4.85.
8
S.H.Hendrix,“Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte 65”, Tradition and Authority in the Reformation,
Hampshire 1996, 44. 146-148.

32
 6" /5, >-*(45 /(+ “Exsurge Domine” ( 8(1953(2 "7;" 60 µ>3"2 ?'& ,&
0&3&*(9"7. O/&, ( ;3<,(2 "7;" 0%>(, /"%"':4"', 4/'2 19 U"-"µH37(+, >-&@" µ&J7 µ"
/(+2 µ&95/>2 /(+ /5, 0&0'-. H(1%& 4/5 K+/"µH>3?5, =2 >,*"'E5 "-*7-5452 ?'& /5,
-&145 /=, *'-:, /(+ H'H%7=,, 0(+ "7;" 03&?µ&/(0('59"7 03', &0< %7?"2 µ>3"2 4/5,
!(%=,7&. F7;" >39"' 0%>(, 5 :3& ,& &0&3,59"7 *'& 0&,/<2 /5, +0(/&?. /(+ 4/5
W:µ5.9
N&3&-/53'4/'->2 ./&, -&' (' &0<@"'2 /(+ 4;"/'-$ µ" /5, /(+3-'-. "0>%&45
0(+ &0"'%(14" /5, F+3:05. D0< /( 1514 =2 /( 1518 ( 4(+%/$,(2 R"%7µ DT "7;"
-&/&-/.4"' /5, 0"3'(;. /(+ !(+3*'4/$,, /5 R+37& -&' /5, D7?+0/(. I5, 0"37(*(
&+/. *'>-(@" /'2 "0'9>4"'2 /(+ 4/5, -('%$*& /(+ U(1,&H5. I( 1521 <µ=2 -&/>-/54"
/( K"%'?3$*' -&' /( 1522 /5 W<*(. I( 1529 ( R(+%"Pµ$, 0(%'(3-(14" /5 K'>,,5
;=372 /"%'-$ ,& "0'/1;"' /5, -&/$-/54. /52. ) $0(@5 /(+ 8(+9.3(+ 4;"/'-$ µ" /5,
/(+3-'-. &0"'%. ./&, </' &0(/"%(14" /5, /'µ=37& /(+ L"(1 ?'& /'2 &µ&3/7"2 /=,
;3'4/'&,:,. 6$%'4/&, /5, 0"37(*( 1518-1521 "7;" +'(9"/.4"' µ7& 0&95/'-. 4/$45
&0>,&,/7 /52 &-3'H:2 ?'’&+/< /( %<?(, "0"'*. *5%&*. 9"=3(14" 0=2 ./&,
"0'H"H%5µ>,5 &0< /(, 7*'( /(, L"< -&' >/4' 9& >03"0" ,& /5, +0(4/(1,. A&3’ <%&
&+/$ /( 1529, %7?( 03', /5, 0(%'(3-7& /52 K'>,,52, 4+,>?3&@" >,& &,/'/(+3-'-<
>3?(, /( “Vom Kriege der Türcken”. Dµ>4=2 µ"/$ /5, 0(%'(3-7& >?3&@" /( “Eine
Heerpredigt wider der Türcken” -&' *:*"-& ;3<,'& &3?</"3&, /( 1541, /(
“Vermanunge zum Gebet wider den Türcken”. G 8(1953(2 ./&, /5, "0(;. &+/.
",$,/'& 4/(+2 I(13-(+2 <0=2 -$9" $%%(2 ;3'4/'&,<2 -&' 5 $0(@. /(+ ./&, </' ('
I(13-(' ./&, (' +053>/"2 /(+ *'&H<%(+. 6$%'4/&, &4-(14" 07"45 4/(+2 037?-'0"2
,& 4/537E(+, /5, &,/'/(+3-'-. 03(40$9"'& /(+ &+/(-3$/(3& !&3<%(+ FT -&' ,& µ5,
"#54+;$J(+,.10
A&3’<%& &+/$ 4/'2 &3;>2 /52 *"-&"/7&2 /(+ 1520 ( &0%<2 %&<2 9"=3(14" /(,
(9=µ&,'-< -7,*+,( "E&'3"/'-$ µ&-3',<. 6$%'4/&, (' 0&0'->2 "--%.4"'2 ?'&
('-(,(µ'-. ",74;+45 4/(, &?:,& -&/$ /=, G9=µ&,:, "-%&µH$,(,/&, =2
03(40$9"'& &0<40&452 /52 03(4(;.2 &0< /5, -374'µ5 -&/$4/&45 0(+ "0'-3&/(14"
4/5 V"3µ&,7& -&' =2 µ7& &-<µ5 &#(3µ. ?'& ('-(,(µ'-. "-µ"/$%%"+45 /(+
?"3µ&,'-(1 %&(1. D, -&' (' *'&,((1µ",(' /52 "0(;.2 ./&, -&%1/"3(' ?,:4/"2 /52
-&/$4/&452 0(+ "0'-3&/(14" 4/5, F+3:05 4;"/'-$ µ" /(, (9=µ&,'-< -7,*+,( -&'
9
6.Mullett, Luther, London 1986, 21994, 4. 38.
10
K.M.Setton, “Lutheranism and the Turkish peril”, Balkan Studies 3 (1962) 133-168, '*7=2 44.
144,147-49.

33
0$%' 5 0%"'(,</5/& "0'9+µ(14" /5 *'"+9>/545 /52 "4=/"3'-.2 -&/$4/&452 4/5
V"3µ&,7& 03', &0< (0('&*.0(/" ",'&7& "+3=0&P-. -7,545 -&/$ /52 (9=µ&,'-.2
&0"'%.2.11
O%& /& 0&3&0$,= ?"?(,</& *'&*3&µ&/7J(,/&, 0&3$%%5%& µ" +@74/52
45µ&47&2 0(%'/'-$ *3:µ",&. G' H&4'%"72 /52 C40&,7&2 S"3*',$,*(2 -&' C4&H>%%&
µ"/$ /( ?$µ( /(+2 /( 1469 "7;&, 4/5, -&/(;. /(+2 /& 4/5 /52 CH53'-.2 N"34(,.4(+,
"-/<2 &0< /5, A(3/(?&%7&. !&/"7;&, &-<µ5 /5 R'-"%7&, /5 R&3*5,7&, -&9:2 -&' /(
-3&/7*'( /52 X$0(%52. 6&J7 &0>-/54&, µ7& -<35, /5, C=$,,&, ?,=4/. -&' =2 /3"%..
D+/. 0&,/3"1/5-" 4/& 1496 /(, ?'( /(+ &+/(-3$/(3& /52 V"3µ&,7&2 6&E'µ'%'&,(1,
/(, S7%'00(, -&' ?>,,54" 4/& 1500 /(, !$3(%( /52 C40&,7&2. Q2 ?<,(2 /(+
&@H(+3?'-(1 (7-(+ ( !$3(%(2 "-%>;/5-" /( 1519, /5, "0(;. /(+ µ"?$%(+
9354-"+/'-(1 &,&H3&4µ(1, &+/(-3$/(3&2 /52 V"3µ&,7&2. Y/4', >?'," >,&2
0&,74;+3(2 5?"µ<,&2 µ" /"3$4/'"2 -/.4"'2, 0(+ 4+µ0"3'%$µH&,&, &-<µ5 -&' /'2
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B*5 &0< /( 03:/( *'$4/5µ& /52 H&4'%"7&2 /(+ ( ,"&3<2 &+/(-3$/(3&2,
"0(,(µ&J<µ",(2 0%>(, !$3(%(2 FT (./&, ?,=4/<2 -&' =2 !$3(%(2 !(+7,/(2), "7;"
,& &,/'µ"/=074"' >,& 4(H&3< 9354-"+/'-< J./5µ&, 0(+ 4/&*'&-$ "E"%'44</&, -&'
4" 0(%'/'-<, &+/< /(+ "--(%&0/<µ",(+ %(+953&,'4µ(1. B/&, /<4( 45µ&,/'-<,
"0"'*. >9'?" $µ"4& /( 9354-"+/'-< &7495µ& /=, -&9(%'-:, -&' -',*1,"+" ,&
&,&/3>@"' /5, "--%54'&4/'-. -&9"4/5-+7& /$E5 &':,=,, µ" <,/' 9& 4+,"0&?</&,
-$/' />/('(.
O 8(1953(2 -%.95-" /"%'-$ ,& &0(%(?59"7 4/5 U7&'/&, /(, C&,(+$3'( /(+
1521, 4/5, 0<%5 Worms. D3;'-$, ( &+/(-3$/(3&2 "7;" &0&?(3"14"' 4/(, 8(1953(
,& 0&3(+4'&4/"7 -&' 03</"'," ,& /(, "E(374(+, &0< /5 V"3µ&,'-. D+/(-3&/(37&.
6" /5 4+,*3(µ., <µ=2, /(+ S3"'*"37-(+ /(+ R(#(1 -%.95-" /"%'-$ ",:0'(, /52
4+,>%"+452 /=, &+/(-3&/(3'-:, &,/'03(4:0=, (Reichstag).13
) 4+,$,/545 &+/. "7;" 0(%1 µ"?$%5 45µ&47& -&' ?'& /(, 7*'( /(, 8(1953(.
G µ>;3' /</" /&0"',<2 9"(%<?(2 "7;", ?'& 0(%%(12, µ"/&/3&0"7 4" 03(#./5, ;$35 4/5
*'-. /(+ "+#+Z& -&' /5, "#"13"45 /52 /+0(?3&#7&2. Q4/<4(, ",: /& -531?µ&/$ /(+
>H3'4-&, "+3"7& &0.;545 4" <%=, /=, "'*:, /(+2 &,93:0(+2, &0< 037?-'0"2 µ>;3'

11
S.A.Fischer-Galati, Ottoman Imperialism and German Protestantism 1521-1555, New York
1972, 4. 17.
12
C. U. [&3$2 , ?"$(&+, $%4 @27$2&%4 A-&B6%4 1492-1815, L"44&%(,7-5 2003, 44. 97-98.
13
E. Cameron , The European Reformation, New York 1991, 4. 102.

34
;=3'-(12, *", "7;" *'&µ(3#=9"7 &-<µ5 5 %"?<µ",5 %(+953&,'-. 6"/&3319µ'45 -&'
5 %(+953&,'-. F--%547&. G 8(1953(2 &0"7;" &-<µ5 0(%1 &0< /( 4;74µ& µ" /5,
-&9(%'-. F--%547& -&' 4/( 03<4=0( /(+ !&3<%(+ FT &,&J5/(14" /(,
µ"/&33+9µ'4/. &+/(-3$/(3&.14
D,/79"/& µ" /& <4& .%0'J" ( 8(1953(2, (' 03(9>4"'2 /(+ !&3<%(+ ./&,
",/"%:2 *'&#(3"/'->2. ) µ"/&3319µ'45 /(+ "0&,&4/$/5 µ(,&;(1 &0"'%(14" /&
4;>*'$ /(+ ?'& 4/&9"3(0(7545 /52 "E(+47&2 /(+ 4/5 V"3µ&,7&, ",: &,/79"/&
"E+053"/(14" /& 4+µ#>3(,/& /=, /(0'-:, 03'?-70=,, 0(+ "0'J5/(14&, µ"?&%1/"35
&,"E&3/547& &0< /(, &+/(-3$/(3&. Y/4', 4/5 4+,>%"+45 4/5, 0<%5 Worms, 4/5,
(0(7& 0&3(+4'$4/5-" ( 8(1953(2 /(, D037%'( /(+ 1521, 3=/.95-" &, 0&3&*";</&,
</' /& ?3&0/$ ./&, *'-$ /(+ -&', &, ,&', &, 4+µµ"3'J</&, &-<µ5 /'2 *'&/+0=9"74"2
&0<@"'2. G 7*'(2, µ"/$ /5, "'-(4'/"/3$=35 03(9"4µ7& 0(+ 0.3", *", &0&3,.95-" /&
?3&0/$ /(+, J./54" 4+??,:µ5 ?'& -$0('& 03(4H%5/'-$ 4;<%'&, 0&3&*>;95-" 0=2
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9"=37&.15. 8>?"/&' µ$%'4/& 0=2 "70" /5, 0"37#5µ5 #3$45: “Hier stehe ich. Ich kann
nichts anders. Gott hilfe mir, Amen!”, J5/:,/&2 µ" &+/<, /(, /3<0( /5 H(.9"'& /(+
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8(1953( -&' *>4µ"+4" /5, -+H>3,54. /(+ ,& -&/&4/3>@"' /& ?3&0/$ /(+ -&' ,&
"E(,/:4"' /(+2 +0(4/53'-/>2 /(+.17 G 7*'(2 ( 8(1953(2, 0$,/=2, *.%=4"
;&3&-/53'4/'-$ </' (' $,93=0(' "7;&, H&4&,'4/"7 /<4( 0(%1 &0< /(+2 ,<µ(+2 /(+
0$0& -&' /'2 0&3&*<4"'2 /=, &,93:0=,, :4/", &-<µ5 -&' &, &+/<2 &0(-.3+44" /'2
'*>"2 /(+, 9& ./&, 4&, ,& $,('?" <;' µ<,( /( 0&3$9+3(, &%%$ -&' /5, 7*'& /5, 0<3/&
4/5, &9"Z& -&' /5, &4>H"'&.18
6"/$ &0< &+/., /5 *3&µ&/'-. "E>%'E5 ( S3"'*"37-(2 ( R(#<2 (3?$,=4" /5,
&0&?=?. /(+ 8(+9.3(+ &0< µ7& (µ$*& '00>=,, -&9:2 &+/<2 "0>4/3"#" 4/( 407/'
/(+. D0.;95 4/'2 4 6&Z(+ -(,/$ 4/( Altenstein, &#(1 "7;" .*5 "0'4-"#/"7 /(+2
4+??","72 /(+ 4/5, 0<%5 Möchra, -&' µ"/&#>395-" 4" &4#&%>2 µ>3(2, 4’ >,& -$4/3(
/(+ 037?-'0& 4/( Wartburg. I( 4;>*'( &+/< "7;" 03&?µ&/(0('59"7 -$/= &0< 0%.35

14
G.R.Elton, Reformation Europe 1517-1559, London 1967, 4. 50.
15
Elton, 7.6., 4. 51.
16
R.Friedenthal, Luther. Sein Leben und seine Zeit, München 1967, 4. 327.
17
R.Kolb, “Martin Luther and the German Nation’’, ",: R. Po-chia Hsia ("-*.), A Companion to the
Reformation World , London 2004, 4. 46.
18
R.L. DeMolen , “Leaders of the Reformation”, ",: S.H.Hendrix, ("-*.), Tradition and Authority in
the Reformation, Hampshire 1996, 4. 52.

35
µ+4/'-</5/& -&' >/4' 5 "E&#$,'4. /(+ 03(-$%"4" &749545 4/(+2 0,"+µ&/'-(12
-1-%(+2 /'2 "0(;.2.19 6$%'4/&, "-"7 /(+ *<95-" -&' /( '00(/'-< @"+*:,+µ( “Junger
Jorg” (. -&/$ $%%(+2 Junker Georg).20
I( 03:/( *'$4/5µ& 4/(, 013?(, 0(+ H3'4-</&, 4" *$4(2 /52 L(+3'??7&2, (
8(1953(2 /"%(14" +0< 0%.35 &03&E7&, 5 (0(7& /(, ",(;%(14", &#(1 "7;" 4+,5974"'
,& H374-"/&' 4/( "07-",/3( *3&µ&/'-:, ?"?(,</=,. Y/4', /<4( 5 "E$,/%54. /(+ <4(
-&' 5 ;3<,'& -&/$9%'@5 &0< /5, (0(7& +0>#"3" /(+ 03(-$%"4&, &\0,7&. D+/., /5,
0"37(*( ( 3<%(2 /(+ 6&3/7,(+ 8(+9.3(+ &,&#(3'-$ µ" /5, 6"/&3319µ'45 >?'," 0'(
0&95/'-<2 -&' *", 03=/(4/&/(14" 0'& ( 7*'(2 4/& ?"?(,</&. A(%%(7 µ$%'4/&
074/"+&, 0=2 ./&, ,"-3<2.21
]%%=4/", <%( &+/< /( *'$4/5µ& /(+ &?:,& /(+ "7;" -&/&#>3"' ,&
03(4"%-14"' 0(%%(12 (0&*(12 -&' &0< *'$#(3(+2 ;:3(+2. B/&, 0(%%(7 ('
*+4&3"4/5µ>,(' µ" /5, +0$3;(+4& -&/$4/&45, 9354-"+/'-., 0(%'/'-. . -(',=,'-.
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/& &7/'& /52 /<4( >,/(,52 *'&µ&3/+37&2 /(+. D,$µ"4& 4/(+2 +0(4/53'-/>2 /(+ -&' ('
(+µ&,'4/>2, (' (0(7(' 074/"+&, </' +0"3&40'J</&, /5, "%"+9"37& /52 0,"+µ&/'-.2
/(+2 >-#3&452 -&' *3$452. F7,&' ?"?(,<2 0=2 -&' ( 7*'(2 ( 8(1953(2 >,'=9" 0(%1
-(,/$ /(+2 &+/., /5, 0"37(*(. G Y3&4µ(2 /(+ "7;" ?3$@"' 0=2 0(%12 -<4µ(2 4/'2
!$/= N:3"2 -&' /5, K3"/&,7& ",*'&#"3</&, ?'& /'2 '*>"2 /(+, &%%$ ( 7*'(2 9&
03(/'µ(14" ( 8(1953(2 ,& µ5, ./&, /<4( &,/'*3&4/'-<2. G Y3&4µ(2 *.%=," </'
*", .9"%" ,& &,&µ"';9"7 4" 9"(%(?'->2 &@'µ&;7"2, 0(+ 0+3(*(/(14&, "-35-/'->2
-&/&4/$4"'2 µ"/&E1 /=, 0'4/:,. A$,/=2, ( 8(1953(2 ?,:3'4" /5, &0(*(;. -&' /5
4+µ0&3$4/&45 &0< 0(%%(12, &,$µ"4& 4/(+2 (0(7(+2 ( S7%'00(2 6"%$?;9=,,
"0'4-(0'-$ *'-&4/.3'& -&' A&,"0'4/.µ'&.22
Y,&, &-<µ5 >,9"3µ( +0(4/53'-/. H3.-" ( 8(1953(2 4/( 03<4=0( /(+
Ulrich von Hutten (1488-1523), ( (0(7(2 +0.3E" (+µ&,'4/.2 4+??3&#>&2,
&+/(-3&/(3'-<2 '00</52 -&' /&+/<;3(,& *3'µ12 "0'-3'/.2 /(+ 0$0& -&' /(+
4;(%&4/'-'4µ(1. D+/<2 >?'," (0&*<2 /52 6"/&3319µ'452 µ" /5, "%07*& &+/. ,&
"E"%';9"7 -$0('& 4/'?µ. &0< 9354-"+/'-. 4" "9,'-. -&' ,& 0$@"' 5 "E(+47& /=,
&+/(-3&/(3'-:, '00(/:, ,& &0"'%"7/&' &0< /(+2 /(0'-(12 037?-'0"2. 6$%'4/&,

19
E.Cameron , The European Reformation, New York 1991, 4. 103.
20
C.X.!&3µ7352, “8(1953(2 6&3/7,(2”, (5!A), /. 8 (1966) 359-363, '*7=2 4. 361.
21
M.Mullett, Luther, London 1986, 21994, 4. 41.
22
H.J.Grimm, The Reformation Era 1500-1650, New York 1965, 44. 128-129.

36
0(%%(7 &+/(-3&/(3'-(7 '00</"2 0.?&, µ" /( µ>3(2 /(+ 8(+9.3(+ -&' /(+
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4" -7,*+,(.23
I>%(2, "E&'3"/'-$ 45µ&,/'-< "7,&' /( &0(/>%"4µ& /(+ 0&3&%%5%'4µ(1 0(+
"7;" -$,"' ( -&95?5/.2 Eck, ( (0(7(2 "7;" /&+/74"' 4/( Leipzig /(, 8(1953( µ" /(,
Jan Hus. 6"/$ &0< &+/. /5 *.%=45 0(%%(7 -$/('-(' /52 K(5µ7&2 "E>#3&4&,
'*'&7/"3( ",*'&#>3(, ?'& /( µ"/&33+9µ'4/'-< 03<?3&µµ& /(+ 6&3/7,(+ 8(+9.3(+.24
Y;(,/&2 -"3*74"' &3-"/. #.µ5 -&' 4+µ0&3$4/&45 ( 8(1953(2 -&/$ /5
*'$3-"'& /=, *>-& 0"370(+ µ5,:, 0(+ *'>µ"'," 4/(, 013?( /(+ Wartburg "0'*<95-"
4/5 µ"/$#3&45 /52 !&',.2 U'&9.-52 4/& ?"3µ&,'-$, >3?( 0(+ +0.3E" 4/&9µ<2 4/5,
<%5 0(3"7& /(+ -&' /( (0(7( (%(-%.3=4" µ<%'2 4" >,/"-& "H*(µ$*"2.
N354'µ(0(754" /& "0745µ& ?"3µ&,'-$ /(+ 4&E(,'-(1 &,:/&/(+ *'-&4/537(+ -&' <;'
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R"0/>µH3'( /(+ 1522 -&' 0"370(+ 5.000 &,/7/+0& 0(+%.95-&, µ>4& 4/(+2 "0<µ",(+2
*1( µ.,"2.25
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4" '"3"72 (' (0(7(' *", "7;&, /'2 &0&3&7/5/"2 ?,:4"'2 ?'& ,& -531//(+, -&/$ /(, (39<
/3<0(. D3?</"3&, ( 8(1953(2 "E>*=4" µ7& &,&,"=µ>,5 8"'/(+3?7& 4/& %&/','-$
(1523) -&' /( “Deutsche Messe” (1526), 0(+ &#(3(14" /5 L"7& 8"'/(+3?7&. F07452,
"E&'3"/'-$ ",*'&#>3(, "7,&' /( ?"?(,<2 </' 4+,>?3&@" -&' >,& µ'-3< "?;"'37*'( ?'&
0&'*'$, /( “Der kleine Kathechismus”, 0(+ &#(3(14" /5, -&95µ"3',. J=. -&' >-&,"
&,&#(3>2 4/& 6+4/.3'& (K$0/'4µ&, FE(µ(%<?545, L"7& F+;&3'4/7&), /5, 03(4"+;.
-&' /( *'&%(?'4µ<.26
R/&*'&-$ ( 8(1953(2 $3;'4" ,& >;"' "0'-(',=,7& µ" /(+2 #7%(+2 -&' /(+2
4+,"3?$/"2 /(+, ;=372 (' 7*'(' ,& ?,=37J(+, /( 0(1 H3'4-</&,. D0< /( -&/&#1?'< /(+
4/( *$4(2 /52 L(+3'??7&2 >4/"%," ?3$µµ&/& µ" (*5?7"2, 4+µH(+%>2 -&' 03(/3(0>2 µ"
-13'( 4-(0< /5, *'$*(45 /52 *'*&4-&%7&2 /(+. F07452, 4+,>;'4" ,& &,&0/144"' /'2
&0<@"'2 /(+ 4;"/'-$ µ" /5 ;3'4/'&,'-. J=. µ>4& &0< /( #+%%$*'< /(+ “Von der

23
G.R.Elton, Reformation Europe 1517-1559 , London 1967, 44. 26, 32.
24
H.J.Grimm, 7.6.,4. 129.
25
Grimm, 7.6, 4. 147.
26
R.Kolb , “Martin Luther and the German Nation”, ",: R. Po-chia Hsia ("-*.), A Companion to the
Reformation World, London 2004 , 4. 46.

37
Beichte, ob die der Papst Macht habe zu gebieten” -&' "0>-/"'," /'2 -&/5?(37"2 /(+
&0< /(, -%.3( 4/(+2 µ(,&;(12 µ" /( “De votis monasticis iudicium”.27
Q4/<4(, 5 &0(+47& /(+ *5µ'(13?54" -$0('& $µ"4& 03(H%.µ&/&. D+/<2 0(+
&,>%&H" -&9.-(,/& &,/'-&/&4/$/5 *", ./&, ( %<?'(2 -&' 0(%1 µ"/35µ>,(2 4/'2
&0(#$4"'2 /(+ S7%'00(2 6"%$?;9=, (1497-1560), &%%$ ( ",9(+4':*52 -&' &4/&9.2
Andreas Carlstadt. D+/<2, <0=2 -&' ( &+?(+4/7,(2 -&%<?"3(2 -&' #7%(2 /(+
8(+9.3(+ Gabriel Zwilling (1487-1558) ./&, +0>3 /52 H7&'52 -&' $µ"452 >-#3&452
-&' &,/7*3&452 /52 6"/&3319µ'452 -&' *7*&4-" -&/$ /52 &?&µ7&2 /=, -%53'-:,.28
F07452, ( Carlstadt "'4.?&?" -&' $%%"2 -&',(/(µ7"2 4+,";7J(,/&2 ,&
03(-&%"7. I& N3'4/(1?",,& /(+ 1521 "?-&',7&4" µ7& &,&,"=µ>,5 -&' &0%(0('5µ>,5
L"7& 8"'/(+3?7&, ",: 4/'2 19 C&,(+&37(+ 1522 ,+µ#"1/5-" *5µ<4'&. R/( µ"/&E1 ('
,>"2 µ"/&33+9µ74"'2 4/5, K+/"µH>3?5 "7;&, 03(-&%>4"' /"3$4/'"2 /&3&;>2, 0(+
",'4;195-&, &0< /5, >%"+45 "-"7 /3':, “03(#5/:,” &0< /( Zwickau. F03<-"'/( ?'&
>,&, #('/5/., /(, Marcus Thomae . Stubner -&' *1( +#&,/(+3?(12, /(, Nikolaus
Storch -&' /(, Thomas Drechsel. R/'2 25 C&,(+&37(+ /(+ 1522 /( *5µ(/'-<
4+µH(1%'( /52 K+/"µH>3?52 ",>-3'," -$0('& ,>& µ>/3& 0(+ &#(3(14&, 4/5,
&0&?<3"+45 /52 "0&'/"7&2 -&' /52 0(3,"7&2, /5, ('-(,(µ'-. 4/.3'E5 <4=, "7;&,
03&?µ&/'-. &,$?-5 -&' /5 *5µ'(+3?7& ,>=, -&,<,=, ?'& /5, "--%54'&4/'-.
%&/3"7&. O%& /& 0&3&0$,= /& 03(4+0>?3&#" ( Carlstadt, &, -&' 03(>3;(,/&, -+37=2
&0< /( >3?( /(+ 8(+9.3(+ “An den christlichen Adel deutscher Nation”. A&3’ <%&
&+/$ ( "-%>-/(3&2 S3"'*"37-(2 ( R(#<2 *", ",>-3'," /& ,>& µ>/3& 0"3'µ>,(,/&2 /5,
>%"+45 /(+ 8(+9.3(+ &0< /( Wartburg ?'& ,& *'&%"+-$,"' /5, +0<9"45.29
Y0"'/& &0< µ'& 41,/(µ5 "074-"@5 /(+ 8(+9.3(+ 4/5 K+/"µH>3?5 /(,
U"->µH3'( /(+ 1521, 0(+ 4-(0< "7;" ,& 4#+?µ(µ"/3.4"' /5, -&/$4/&45, 5
(+4'&4/'-. >%"+4. /(+, 0(+ &0(-&/>4/54" /5, 53"µ7&, 03&?µ&/(0('.95-" /(,
6$3/'( /(+ 1522. R/( "1-(%(, <0=2 &0(*"7;/5-", >3?( /(+ H(.954&, -&' µ7& 4"'3$
&0< (-/: *'&#(3"/'-$ -531?µ&/&, /& (0(7& 4+,>?3&@" ( 7*'(2. D+/$
&0(-&9'4/(14&, 4/5 4+,"7*545 /=, &,93:0=, /5, &%.9"'& /(+ *<?µ&/<2 /(+. )
-&/&%+/'-. "0'4/3(#. /(+ "0&,&4/$/5 µ(,&;(1 -&' -&95?5/. A&,"0'4/5µ7(+
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-&' "-*7=E" <%=, /=, "'*:, /(+2 “;&3'4µ&/'-(12”, 0(+ "-µ"/&%%"1(,/&, /5,
27
H.J.Grimm, 7.6., 44. 144-145.
28
G.R.Elton, Reformation Europe 1517-1559, London 1967, 4. 53.
29
E.Cameron, The European Reformation, New York 1991, 4. 213.

38
&0(+47& /(+. G Carlstadt "E(374/5-", ",: ( 6"%$?;9=, *>;95-" /'2 "0'0%.E"'2 /(+
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6"/&3319µ'452 4/5 V"3µ&,7& &0< /5, -&3*'$ /=, ?"?(,</=,, >4/= -&' ?'& /( µ'-3<
*'$4/5µ& /=, (-/: µ5,:,, ",9$33+," 0(%%(12 &-<µ5 -&' &0< /(, *'-< /(+ -1-%( ,&
"-µ"/&%%"+/(1, -&/&4/$4"'2 . 4/5, -&%1/"35 0"370/=45 ,& "0'H$%(+, /'2 &0<@"'2
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03(-$%+µµ&.
!$/' &-<µ5 0(+ &E7J"' '*'&7/"352 03(4(;.2 "7,&' 5 &,/7*3&45 /(+
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K+/"µH>3?5. F7,&' 47?(+3( 0=2 ( "-%>-/(3&2 /52 R&E(,7&2 .9"%" ,& "0'H3&*1,"'
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03(-"'µ>,(+ ( 7*'(2 ,& /"%"7 µ>4& 4/& 0%&74'& /52 ,(µ'µ</5/&2, $#54" /5, &0<#&45
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) "0(;. µ"/$ /5, 0&3&µ(,. /(+ 4/( -$4/3( /52 L(+3'??7&2 ./&, 5 :3& /=,
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1526 ( 6&3/7,(2 8(1953(2 µ" /( >3?( /(+ “Deutsche Messe” "'4.?&?" µ7& ,>&
8"'/(+3?7&. 6" /(, -&'3< (' ,>"2 "+&??"%'->2 F--%547"2 "E&0%:95-&, 4/(
µ"?&%1/"3( µ>3(2 /52 V"3µ&,7&2. F07452, ( S7%'00(2 6"%$?;9=, >?3&@" µ'&
4+4/5µ&/'-. 9"(%(?7& /(+ %(+953&,'4µ(1, /( “Loci Communes”, 0(+ "-*<95-"
03:/5 #(3$ /( 1521 -&' E&,&/+0:95-" 0(%%>2 #(3>2 µ" H"%/':4"'2 -&' "0"E5?.4"'2
/(+ *<?µ&/(2, 0(+ ./&, 0(%1 &,&?-&7"2 /5, "0(;. "-"7,5. I5 4+?-3</545 -&' /5,
(3?$,=45 /=, ,>=, F--%54':, &,>%&H" ( Johann Bugenhagen (1485-1558),
4+,"3?$/52 /(+ 8(+9.3(+.32

30
M.Mullett, Luther, London 1986, 21994, 4. 42.
31
Mullett, 7.6., 44. 42-43.
32
G.R.Elton , Reformation Europe 1517-1559, London 1967, 44. 54-55.

39
 G 7*'(2 ( µ"/&33+9µ'4/.2 9"(%<?(2 >?3&@" 0$µ0(%%& #+%%$*'& -&'
?3$µµ&/& 4/5, 03(40$9"'$ /(+ ,& -&/&3?59"7 5 0&0'-. L"7& 8"'/(+3?7& -&' 5
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?"3µ&,'-$ -&' %&/','-$, *'&*<95-&, 0(%1 ?3.?(3& µ>4= /52 /+0(?3&#7&2. O,/' "7;"
?3$@"' 4/& %&/','-$ &,&-+-%=,</&, -&' *'&H&J</&, 4/'2 !$/= N:3"2, /5 K3"/&,7&,
/5 V&%%7&, /5, A(%=,7&, /5, F%H"/7&, &-<µ5 -&' /5, C/&%7& -&' /5, C40&,7&.
]%%=4/", 5 K+/"µH>3?5, &, -&' /( 0'( 45µ&,/'-< ->,/3( /(+ 03(/"4/&,/'4µ(1, *",
./&, 0%>(, /( µ(,&*'-<. D-(%(1954&, 5 ^+37;5 (µ"/$ /( 1523) µ" -13'( "-#3&4/.
/(, Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) -&' /( R/3&4H(13?( (µ"/$ /( 1525) µ" -13'(
"-#3&4/. /(, Martin Bucer (1491-1551).35 6"/$ /5 ^+37;5 $%%"2 0<%"'2
&-(%(1954&, µ" &3?(12 3+9µ(12, <0=2 (' Berne, Basle (Basel), St.Gallen -&'
Schaffhausen.36

33
H.J.Grimm, The Reformation Era 1500-1650, New York 1965, 44. 153-154.
34
R.Friedenthal, Luther. Sein Leben und seine Zeit, München 1967, 44. 562-565.
35
E.H.Harbison, The Age of Reformation, New York 1968, 44. 59-60.
36
E. Cameron, The European Reformation , New York 1991, 4. 221.

40
 A'( 4+?-"-3'µ>,& ( Zwingli, ( '*3+/.2 /52 "%H"/'-.2 µ"/&3319µ'452, +0.3E"
>,&2 µ(3#=µ>,(2 (+µ&,'4/.2 -.3+-&2 4/(, -&9"*3'-< ,&< /52 ^+37;52 -&' (0&*<2
/(+ F3$4µ(+. D0< /5, &3;. >*"'E" µ"?$%( ",*'&#>3(, ?'& /'2 &0<@"'2 /(+
8(+9.3(+. G' 9"=37"2 /(+ &#(3(14&, /5, $µ"45 "0&#. 0(+ 9& >03"0" ( $,93=0(2
,& >;"' µ" /(, L"< -&' ?",'-$ &0&3,(1,/&, /5, &E7& /=, -&%:, 03$E"=,. V'’ &+/<,
5 4=/537& ./&, &0(-%"'4/'-$ "4=/"3'-. +0<9"45, ",: (' /"%"/>2 *", >0&'J&,
-&,>,& 3<%( 4/5, -&/$-/54. /52. I( -.3+?µ$ /(+ 03(-$%"4" µ"?$%( 9<3+H( -&'
/"%'-$ µ"/$ &0< *5µ<4'& #'%(,'-7& 5 µ"/&33+9µ'4/'-. /(+ -7,545 93'$µH"+4".37
!&/$ /& ;3<,'& 1523-1525 4/&*'&-$ µ"/&3319µ'4" (%<-%535 /5, F--%547& /52
^+37;52 -&' 41,/(µ& -&' /=, "%H"/'-:, 0<%"=, Berne, Basel, St.Gallen, Glarus,
Grisons. F07452, (' &0<@"'2 /(+ Zwingli H3.-&, &0.;545 -&' 4/5 V"3µ&,7&.38
I( 1523 ( 6&3/7,(2 8(1953(2 *.%=," </' /( 41,(%( /=, 0'4/:, "7;" /(
&,&#&73"/( *'-&7=µ& ,& "-%>?"' /(+2 '"3"72 /(+ -&' ,& -37,"' /& J5/.µ&/& 074/52.
Y/4', (' 5?"µ<,"2, (' "+?","72 -&' (' *.µ&3;(' $3;'4&, ,& "-%>?(+, /(+2 '"3"72 /(+2
-&' ,& -%"7,(+, µ(,&4/.3'&. ) &0<4/&45 µ"/&E1 -%.3(+ -&' %&P-:, µ"':95-" -&' (
7*'(2 ( 8(1953(2 &0&3,.95-" /5, &?&µ7&. X+µ#"1/5-" 4/'2 13 C(+,7(+ 1525 /5,
03:5, µ(,&;. Katharina von Bora.39
A$,= 4/( 9>µ& /(+ ?$µ(+ -&' /52 #+4'-.2 >%E52 /(+ $,*3& µ" /5 ?+,&7-& ('
&0<@"'2 /(+ 8(+9.3(+ ./&, "E&'3"/'-$ "0&,&4/&/'->2 -&' ",*'&#>3(+4"2 ?'& >,&,
µ(,&;< /52 "0(;.2 /(+. U", µ0(3(14" ,& *";9"7 /5, -&/&07"45 /(+ &,93:0',(+
",4/7-/(+ -&' 03("'*(0('(14" ?'& /'2 (%>93'"2 4+,>0"'"2 0(+ &+/< 9& µ0(3(14" ,&
>;"' 4/5, -(',=,7&. L"=3(14" 0=2 &,&µ#7H(%& -$0('(' 9& >03"0" ,& µ"7,(+,
&,1µ#"+/(' =2 >,*"'E5 &#(47=452 4/(, L"<, &%%$ &+/(7 9& >03"0" ,& "7,&'
"E&'3"/'-$ %7?(', 74=2 >,&2 4/(+2 ;7%'(+2. A74/"+" 0=2 ( 7*'(2 ( L"<2 ./&, 0&3:,
4/5, /"%"/. /(+ ?$µ(+ -&' 0=2 ( *'$H(%(2 03(40&9(14" ,& /(, &0(/3>@"' ?'& ,&
"E&%"7@"' /(+2 &?&9(12 -&30(12 0(+ 03(4#>3"'.40
F0'0%>(,, +0(4/.3'J" 0=2 *", &3-(14" >,& J"+?$3' ,& "0'9+µ"7 ,&
0&,/3"+/"7. L& >03"0" ,& >;"' -&' /5, 4+?-&/$9"45 /=, ?(,>=, /(+, ",:
&0&3&7/5/5 ./&, -&' 5 *5µ<4'& 4+µ#=,7& J"+?&3'(1 -&' ?(,>=,. D+/. 5 *5µ<4'&

37
G.R.Elton, Reformation Europe 1517-1559, London 1967, 44. 66-67.
38
H.J.Grimm, The Reformation Era 1500-1650 , New York 1965, 44. 189-191.
39
H.H.Nolte, “L354-"7"2 -&' L354-"1µ&/&” ",: F. D3H"%>3, M. Aymard ("-*.), C' A-&#6,+('.
@27$2&% =,' D>*E&(<% 26(E0 , /.2 , µ/#3.A. 60(+3%$-52 , D9.,& 2003, 4. 111.
40
H.A.Oberman, Luther. Man between God and the Devil, trans. E.Walliser-Schwarzbart, New York
1989, 44. 272.

41
+0<4;"45 /(+ J"+?&3'(1 "7;" ?'& /(, 8(1953( /5, 7*'& '4;1 µ" /(, ?$µ(.41 6$%'4/&,
/'2 &'3"/'->2, ?'& /5, "0(;., &0<@"'2 /(+ 4;"/'-$ µ" /( >,4/'-/( /52 &,93:0',52
>%E52 /'2 "E>#3&4" 4/( “Wider den falsch genannten geistlichen Stand” /( 1522. 6"
/5, Katharina von Bora &0>-/54&, >E' 0&'*'$, /3"'2 ?'(+2 -&' /3"'2 -<3"2.42
) %'?</"3( 03(H"H%5µ>,5 0%"+3$ /(+ 6&3/7,(+ 8(+9.3(+, =2 4+J1?(+ -&'
0&/>3&, 9& µ0(3(14" ,& "E+053"/.4"' /5, 0&3(+47&45 µ'&2 0'( (%(-%53=µ>,52
"'-<,&2 &+/.2 /52 /<4( &µ#'%"?<µ",52 03(4=0'-</5/&2. B/&, >,&2 /+0'-<2
0&/>3&2, 0(+ "7;" <,"'3& ?'& /& 0&'*'$ /(+. G ?'(2 /(+ Hans &4;(%.95-" µ" /&
X(µ'-$ -&' >?'," &+/< 0(+ ( 8(1953(2 03((3'J</&, ,& ?7,"', o *"1/"3(2 ?'(2 /(+,
Martin, 40(1*&4" L"(%(?7& -&' ( /37/(2, ( Paul, >?'," 0"3'J./5/(2 ?'&/3<2. D0< /'2
-<3"2 /(+ Elisabeth, Magdalena -&' Margaretta µ<,( 5 /"%"+/&7& >#/&4" 4/5,
",5%'-7=45 -&' 0&,/3"1/5-" /(, "+?",. von Kunheim &0< /( Brandenburg. G
9$,&/(2 /=, *1( /(+ 9+?&/>3=, 4/(7;'4" 0$3& 0(%1 4/(, 0&/>3& /(+2, 0(+
*+4-(%"1/5-" ,& E"0"3$4"' /( ;&µ< /(+2. Q2 41J+?(2, ( 6&3/7,(2 8(1953(2
"µ0'4/"+</&, &0"3'<3'4/& /5 41J+?< /(+ 4/5 *'&;"73'45 /=, ('-(,(µ'-:, /52
('-(?>,"'&2 (<0=2 -&' ( 0&/>3&2 /(+ /5 µ5/>3& /(+) -&' *" 9"=3(14" µ"'=/'-< ?'&
/(, &,*3'4µ< /(+ ,& /5 H(59$ 4" -$0('"2 *(+%"'>2 /(+ 40'/'(1 /(+2, 0(+ ./&, /(
"+31;=3( 03:5, µ(,&4/.3' /=, &+?(+4/7,=, -&%<?"3=,. 43
A&3$%%5%& µ" /5, ('-(?","'&-. /(+ J=. -&' /'2 &,&/&3&;>2 /52 ('
9354-"+/'->2 -&',(/(µ7"2 0(+ "0';"7354" ,& "'4&?$?"' $3;'4&, ,& &0(#>3(+,
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0<%"=,, <0=2 /=, Nürnberg, Ulm, Constance ",>-3',&, /5, "'4&?=?. /52
6"/&3319µ'452 µ" 03=/(H(+%7& 0(%%>2 #(3>2 /=, &0%:, &,93:0=,. )
%(+953&,'-. -7,545 "E&0%:95-" 4/5, -",/3'-. -&' ,</'& V"3µ&,7& -&'
4+?-"-3'µ>,& 4" 0<%"'2 <0=2 (' Crailsheim, Heilbronn, Kitzingen, Reutlingen,
Schwabisch-Hall, Weissenburg, Windsheim, Rothenburg -&' Schweinfurt, (' (0(7"2
+'(9>/54&, /& µ"/&33+9µ'4/'-$ µ>/3&. R/5 H<3"'& V"3µ&,7& -&' /5, K&%/'-. 5
6"/&3319µ'45 "'4.;95 µ" /5 H(.9"'& /(+ 4+,"3?$/5 /(+ 8(+9.3(+ Johann
Bugenhagen -&' 4+4;"/74/5-" µ" /5, 0(%'/'-. *+4&3>4-"'& (3'4µ>,=,

41
P.Biel, “Let the Fiancées Beware: Luther, the Lawyers and Betrothal in Sixteenth-Century Saxony”,
",: B.Gordon ("-*.), Protestant History and Identity in Sixteenth-Century Europe. The later
Reformation, vol.2, Cornwall 1996, 44. 126-127.
42
Oberman, 7.6., 44. 275, 278.
43
Oberman , 7.6., 44. 277-279.

42
&0(-%"'4µ>,=, &0< /5, $4-545 /52 "E(+47&2. I& -531?µ&/& /(+ %(+953&,'4µ(1
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4" 0<%"'2 /52 A(%=,7&2, <0=2 /( Danzig (Gdansk) /( Thorn (Torun) -&' /(
Braunsberg.44
L& $E'J" ,& 45µ"'=9"7, "07452, /( ?"?(,<2 </' 4" 0"3'(;>2 <0=2 (' Anhalt,
Braunschweig, Hesse -&' K+/"µH>3?5, (' (0(7"2 "7;&, &0(*";9"7 /( ,>( *<?µ&,
µ"?$%( 0(4(4/< /52 "--%54'&4/'-.2 0"3'(+47&2, "'*'-$ /=, µ(,:,, 0"3'.%9" 4/&
;>3'& /=, &,/74/(';=, 03'?-70=, ?'& ,& /( *'&;"'3'4/(1,. F*: "?"73(,/&'
&µ#'H(%7"2 ?'& /( -&/$ 0<4( 5 &0<#&45 /=, 03'?-70=, ,& &40&49(1, /(,
%(+953&,'4µ< 0.?&J" &0< H&91 9354-"+/'-< &7495µ& . &0< -&9&3$ #'%(;3.µ&/5
*'$9"45. G 7*'(2 ( 8(1953(2 "7;" 9>4"' +0< &µ#'4H./545 /'2 &?,>2 03(9>4"'2
-$0('=, 03'?-70=,, /(+2 (0(7(+2 <µ=2 *", -&/(,<µ&J". F7,&' ?"?(,<2 0$,/=2 0=2
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&0<3(+2 , 4" ,(4(-(µ"7& -&' A&,"0'4/.µ'&.45
R/( µ"/&E1, .*5 &0< /( 1525, µ"/$ /( 9$,&/( /(+ "-%>-/(3& /52 R&E(,7&2
-&' 03(4/$/5 /(+ 8(+9.3(+ S3"'*"37-(+ /(+ R(#(1,46 /& 5,7& &,>%&H" (
"-%>-/(3&2 C=$,,52 (1525-1532), ( (0(7(2 &0(*"7;95-" 03<9+µ(2 ,& 03(=9.4"' /&
4+µ#>3(,/& /(+ 8(+9.3(+ 4;"/'-$ µ" /5, (3?$,=45 -&' /5, "E$0%=45 /(+ ,>(+
*<?µ&/(2.47 6'& 45µ&,/'-. "E>%'E5 ./&, </' 4/'2 19 -&' 20 6&Z(+ (' "+&??"%'-(7
&0519+,&, *'&µ&3/+37& -&' >/4' &0>-/54&, /( <,(µ& “U'&µ&3/+3<µ",('”. D+/(7
03<H&%%&, /5 9>45 </' &,&#(3'-$ µ" /5 4=/537& /=, @+;:, ( -&9>,&2 >;"' ,&
%(?(*(/.4"' µ<,( 4/(, L"<.48
6"/$ /5 *.%=45 &+/. /=, "+&??"%'-:, -&' µ" /5 4+,*3(µ. /(+ ,>(+
"-%>-/(3& $,('E" ( *3<µ(2 ?'& 0'( *3&4/'->2 &%%&?>2. G3?&,:95-" >,& 0"'9&3;'-<
4+µH(1%'( "0(,(µ&J<µ",( “Visitation”, /( (0(7( &0(/"%(1,/&, &0< *1( "-%(?'-(12
4+µH(1%(+2 -&' *1( 9"(%<?(+2, 0(+ &,>%&H&, /5 *'(7-545 /52 F--%547&2 &0< /(+2
"0'4-<0(+2. ) “Visitation” "0>H&%" (µ('(?>,"'& 4/5 %&/3"7&, &,&,>=4" /& .95 -&'

44
E.Cameron , The European Reformation, New York 1991, 44. 214-216.
45
M.Mullett , Luther, London 1986, 21994, 4. 47.
46
H.A.Oberman, Luther. Man between God and the Devil, trans. E.Walliser-Schwarzbart,
New York 1989, 4. 20.
47
R.L.DeMolen , “Leaders of the Reformation”, ",: S.H.Hendrix ("-*.), Tradition and Authority in
the Reformation, Hampshire 1996, 4. 55.
48
H.J.Grimm, The Reformation Era 1500-1650 , New York 1965 , 4. 155.

43
/& >9'µ& /(+ -%.3(+ -&' "0>H%"0" /5, 59'-. -&' 0,"+µ&/'-. "+5µ"37& /(+ 0('µ,7(+.
G' "074-(0(' ./&, +0<%(?(' 0%>(, 4/5, &3;. /(+ ,>(+ &+/(1 4+µH(+%7(+. I>%(2, (
7*'(2 ( 8(1953(2 &,>9"4" 4" "'35,(*7-5, 0'4/< /(+ *<?µ&/<2 /(+, /5, "+91,5 /52
4=4/.2 (3?$,=452 /52 F--%547&2 -&' /52 “Visitation” µ"/&/3>0(,/&2 µ" &+/<, /(,
/3<0( /5, F--%547& /52 R&E(,7&2 4" “-3&/'-. F--%547&”. I( ,>( &+/< 414/5µ&
&,/'?3$#/5-" µ" (3'4µ>,"2 /3(0(0('.4"'2 &0< <%"2 /'2 0"3'(;>2 0(+ *'&*<95-" 5
6"/&3319µ'45 -&' >/4' (' 037?-'0"2 4/'2 "0'-3$/"'>2 /(+2, /& 4+µH(1%'& /=, 0<%"=,
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F--%54':,.49
R/5, /&;1/&/5 *'$*(45 /(+ %(+953&,'4µ(1 H(.954&, 0$3& 0(%1 ('
'"3(-.3+-"2, 0(+ -.3+//&, &*'$-(0& /( ,>( *<?µ& <;' µ<,( 4/'2 "--%547"2, &%%$
-&' 4/(+2 *3<µ(+2, -&' /10=,&, #+%%$*'& ?'& ,& /( -$,(+, ?,=4/< 4/(, -<4µ(.
Q4/<4(, 0(%%(7 ;"'3(/(,5µ>,(' '"3"72 0(+ 03>4H"+&, /( ,>( *<?µ& *", ./&, /70(/"
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>?',&, 5 R&E(,7& -&' 5 L(+3'??7&, &%%$ (' &+?(+4/7,(' -&%<?"3(' "7;&, *'&*:4"' /'2
&3;>2 /(+ %(+953&,'4µ(1 -&' 4/'2 !$/= N:3"2. D0< "-"7 03(>3;(,/&, -&' ('
Hendrik Vos -&' Jan van der Eschen, 0(+ >?',&, (' 03:/(' µ$3/+3"2 /(+ ,>(+
*<?µ&/(2, /5, 15 C(+%7(+ 1523.50
) *'&3-.2 "E$0%=45 /(+ %(+953&,'4µ(1 -&' 5 03&?µ&/(0(7545 /=, 4/<;=,
/(+ 03=/"3?$/5 /(+ ,>(+ *<?µ&/(2 4+,(*"1(,/&, -&' &0< *'$#(3=, "'*:,
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;&3&-/53'4/'-. />/('& 0"370/=45 ./&, ( 0<%"µ(2 /=, ;=3'-:,, 0(+ "-*5%:95-"
4/& µ>4& /(+ -&%(-&'3'(1 /(+ 1524 4/5, 0"3'(;. Stülingen, 4/( ,(/'(*+/'-< /µ.µ&
/(+ 6>%&,& U3+µ(1. ) 0"3'(;. &+/. H3'4-</&, +0< /5, &3;. /=, -(µ./=, /(+
Lüpfen. M7& &0< /'2 ",/(%>2 /(+2 4/$95-" 5 &#(3µ. ?'& /5, &'µ&/53. "E>%'E5 /=,
03&?µ$/=,, 0(+ "053>&4" -&' /5, 7*'& /5 6"/&3319µ'45. ) &0<#&45 &+/.
&#(3(14" /5 4+?-(µ'*. -"%1#=, 4&%'?-&3':,, 0(+ 9& ;3547µ"+&, ?'& ,& /+%7?(+,
(' +053>/"2 ,.µ&. S+4'-$ "7;&, 03(5?59"7 -&' $%%"2 #(3>2 &0&'/.4"'2 03(2 /(+2
&0%(12 ;=3'-(12, "E"+/"%'4/'->2 -&' 0&3$%(?"2.51

49
G.R.Elton , Reformation Europe 1517-1559 , London 1967, 4. 56.
50
H.J.Grimm , 7.6., 4. 158.
51
T.Scott , “The Peasants’ War ”, ",: R. Po-chia Hsia ("-*.), A Companion to the Reformation World,
London 2004 , 4. 56.

44
 Q4/<4(, /& H&4'-$ &7/'& 0(+ 03(-$%"4&, /5, "E>?"345 /=, ;=3'-:, ./&, 5
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"0&,$4/&45 &+/. /=, ;=3'-:, *'&*<95-" µ" 0(%1 ?3.?(3(+2 3+9µ(12 4/'2 0"3'(;>2
?13= &0< /5 %7µ,5 Constance -&' µ"/$ 4/5 Swabia -&' /( Würtemberg -&%10/(,/&2
/"%'-$ /( 1/3 /52 V"3µ&,7&2. F07452, /(, S"H3(+$3'( /(+ 1525 (' "0&,&4/$/"2
.39&, 4" "0&#. µ" /(+2 -&/(7-(+2 /(+ Tyrol -&' >/4' 5 "0&,$4/&45 "E&0%:95-" -&'
4" &+4/3'&-$ "*$#5, 4+?-"-3'µ>,& 4/'2 -('%$*"2 Adige -&' Isarco.52
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8(1953(.54
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/52 Weimar, ./&, '-&,</&/(2 -&' &3;'-$ "7;" 03(/&9"7 &0< /(, 8(1953( ?'& ,& ?7,"'
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-&9'4/(14" &+/(µ$/=2 µ'& "0&,&4/&/'-. µ(3#.. A'4/"1(,/&2 </' /( />%(2 /(+
-<4µ(+ ./&, -(,/$, 9>%54" ,& /"3µ&/74"' /( -(',=,'-< -&' 0,"+µ&/'-< µ&3/13'( /(+
%&(1 -&' ?'’ &+/<, /( %<?( J./54" /5 4+,*3(µ. /=, 03'?-70=, -&' µ"%%(,/'-:,
"-%"-/<3=, /52 R&E(,7&2, *(1-& C=$,,5 /52 R&E(,7&2 -&' /(+ ?'(+ /(+ C=$,,5
S3"'*"37-(+ /( -&%(-&73' /(+ 1524, ;=372 <µ=2 ,& H3"' &,/&0<-3'45.55 G Münzer
"7;" &,&0/1E"' µ7& µ+4/'-'4/'-. 9"(%(?7& -&' ;&3&-/.3'J" /(+2 0'4/(12 /(+ "07%"-/&

52
E.Cameron , The Reformation Europe , New York 1991, 44. 203-207.
53
W.G.Naphy, Documents on the continental Reformation, London 1996, 4. 52.
54
H.J.Grimm, The Reformation Era 1500-1650, New York 1965, 4. 172.
55
P. Johnston - B.Scribner, The Reformation in Germany and Switzerland, Cambridge 1993, 4. 101.

45
0&'*'$ /(+ L"(1, ",: &0(-&%(14" /(, 8(1953( -&' <4(+2 074/"+&, 4’&+/<,
4-%$H(+2 /52 K7H%(+. A3=/(4/$/54" 4/5, "0&,&4/&/'-. -7,545 /=, ;=3'-:, 4/5
L(+3'??7&, -&9:2 H3.-" >/4' /5 *+,&/</5/& ,& "-µ"/&%%"+/"7 /5, -&/$4/&45,
9>/(,/&2 4" "#&3µ(?. /& 4;>*'$ /(+.
6>4& 4/& 0%&74'& &+/.2 /52 "0&,&4/&/'-.2 -7,5452 0(%%$ µ(,&4/.3'&
>-%"'4&,, ",: 5 -&/$4/&45 $3;'4" ,& ?7,"/&' 0'( H7&'5 -&' &0"'%5/'-.. ) &,/7*3&45
/=, -+H"3,:,/=,, &, -&' -&9+4/"35µ>,5, +0.3E" 0(%1 4-%53. -&' (' ;=3'-(7
&0(*"7;95-&, &,+0"3$40'4/('. O/&, ( 4/3&/<2 /52 “Schwabische
Liga”-&/"+91,95-" ,</'& -&' &,&/(%'-$ -&' </&, (' 5?"µ<,"2 4/'2 0"3'(;>2 Hesse,
Brunswick -&' R&E(,7& >,=4&, /'2 *+,$µ"'2 /(+2 ",$,/'& 4/(, Münzer 4/5
L(+3'??7&, <%& /"%"7=4&, ?'& /(+2 "0&,&4/$/"2 ;=3'-(12. V13= 4/'2 100.000
;=3'-(7 4-(/:95-&, -&' ( &,/7-/+0(2 4/& *'-&':µ&/$ /(+2 ./&, µ"?$%(2, -&9:2 *",
"7;&, 0%>(, /5 *1,&µ5 ,& &4-(1, "0'33(. 4/& ?"?(,</&.56
) 03:/5 &,/7*3&45 /(+ 8(+9.3(+ &0>,&,/' 4/& ?"?(,</& 03&?µ&/(0('.95-"
µ" /5 *5µ(47"+45 /=, “U:*"-& ]393=,” 4/( >3?( /(+ “Ermahnung zum Frieden auf
die 12 Artikel der Bauernschaft”, 0(+ ?3$#/5-" /(, D037%'( /(+ 1525. F0>33'0/"
"+91,"2 /<4( 4/(+2 -+H"3,:,/"2 ?'& /5, -&/&07"45 0(+ &4-(14&,, <4( -&' 4/(+2
;=3'-(12 0(+ ","3?(14&, =2 -3'/>2 /=, 0$,/=,. I( *'$4/5µ& 21 D03'%7(+ µ" 4
6&Z(+ 1525 /&E7*"@" 4/5 R&E(,7& -&' -.3+E" 4/(+2 ;=3'-(12 µ" 4-(0< /5,
"E(µ$%+,45 /52 -&/$4/&452 9>/(,/&2 4" -7,*+,( /5, 7*'& /(+ /5 J=..57 Q4/<4(,
</&, (' "E"%7E"'2 (*.?54&, 4" &'µ&/53>2 4+?-3(14"'2 +0(-',(1µ","2, =2 >,& H&9µ<,
&0< /(, Münzer, >?'," 4&#>4/"3& &,/'%50/. 4/(, 8(1953( 5 4(H&3</5/& /52
-&/$4/&452 -&' 5 4/$45 /(+ &0>,&,/' 4/( <%( J./5µ& >?'," 0'( 4-%53..58
A(/> *", "7;" /5, 03<9"45 ,& ?7,(+, /& -531?µ&/$ /(+ &#(3µ. ?'& µ7&
&'µ&/53. "0&,$4/&45, 0(+ 9& 4+,/$3&J" /& 9"µ>%'& /52 -(',=,7&2. ]%%=4/",
9"=3(14" 0=2 /( 03&?µ&/'-< ,<5µ& /=, <4=, 03>4H"+", *5%&*. 5 4=/537& µ>4=
/52 074/52 4/(, L"<, 0"3'9=3'(0('(1,/&, &0< /( µ>,(2 /=, ;=3'-:,. Y/4',
4+,>?3&@" /( “Ein Sendbrief von dem harten Buchlein wider die Bauern”, µ7& 0(%1
*+,&µ'-. &0$,/545 4/'2 ",>3?"'"2 /=, ;=3'-:,, µ" ?%:44& '*'&7/"3& 4-%53..59

56
G.R.Elton, Reformation Europe 1517-1559, London 1967, 4. 59.
57
E.Cameron, The European Reformation, New York 1991, 4. 207.
58
R.L. DeMolen, “Leaders of the Reformation”, ",: S.H.Hendrix ("-*.), Tradition and Authority in the
Reformation, Hampshire 1996, 4. 56.
59
G.R.Elton, 7.6., 44. 59-60.

46
 G &,/7-/+0(2 0(+ "7;" 5 "0&,$4/&45 /=, ;=3'-:, 4/5, "E>%'E5 /52
6"/&3319µ'452 ./&, µ"?$%(2. G' 037?-'0"2 -&/>0,'E&, /5, "0&,$4/&45 &0< µ<,('
/(+2, ;=372 /5 H(.9"'& /(+ &+/(-3&/(3'-(1 4+µH(+%7(+, /(+ &+/(-3$/(3& . /(+
%(+953&,'4µ(1, 0(+ &0%:2 +0(4/.3'J" /5, &,/74/&45 4/(+2 /+3$,,(+2 -&' &3;'-$
",>0,"+4" /(+2 ;=3'-(12. Y/4', (' 037?-'0"2 4+40"'3:95-&, -&' 5 0"37(*(2 /52
*+,&µ'-.2 +0(4/.3'E.2 /(+2 03(2 /( ,>( *<?µ& >#/&4" 4/( />%(2 /52. A(%%(7
;=3'-(7 -&' &4/(7 4/3$#5-&, 03(2 /(+2 &,&H&0/'4/>2, 0(+ +0<4;(,/&, /5, >%"+45
60
/(+ K&4'%"7(+ /=, G+3&,:, 4/5 ?5.
G' &,&H&0/'4/>2 . &%%':2 “D3'4/"3. A/>3+?&” /52 6"/&3319µ'452 +0.3E&,
>,& &-<µ5 0&3&-%$*' /52 -&' >,& &?-$9' ?'& /5, "E>%'E. /52. I& -(',=,'-$
4/3:µ&/& &0< /& (0(7& 03(>3;(,/&, (' (0&*(7 /(+2 ./&, 0('-7%&. M0.3;&, -&'
*'&,((1µ",(' /(+ µ"4&7(+ ;:3(+, (' (0(7(' >0&'E&, 45µ&,/'-< 3<%( 4/5, <%5
-7,545, &%%$ -+37=2 &0(/"%(1,/&, &0< -&/:/"3& 4/3:µ&/&, &,93:0(+2
&?3$µµ&/(+2, -+37=2 ;=3'-(12, &,93&-=31;(+2 -&' /";,7/"2, 0(+ "7;&, +0(4/"7 /'2
4+,>0"'"2 /=, ('-(,(µ'-:, &%%&?:, -&' /=, -(',=,'-:, &,&/&3&;:, /52 "0(;.2.
Y,& &0< /& 03:/& ->,/3& /(+ &,&H&0/'4µ(1 ./&, 5 0<%5 Zwickau 4/5 ,</'&
R&E(,7& -&' &-(%(1954&,, -&/$ -&'3(12, -&' $%%"2 0<%"'2, 0(+ ./&, 03:5, ->,/3&
/(+ %(+953&,'4µ(1, <0=2 (' Zürich, Basel, Strasbourg, Nürnberg -&' Augsburg.61!
G' &,&H&0/'4/>2 &0"7;&, &0< /5 ?'(3/. /(+ A$4;&, /5 L"7& F+;&3'4/7& -&'
&3,(1,/&, /5 H$0/'45 /=, ,"(?,:,, -&9:2 9"=3(14&, 0=2 (' 0'4/(7 9& >03"0" ,&
H&0/7J(,/&' µ"/$ /5, ",5%'-7=45. I& 0'4/"1= /(+2 4+,'4/(14&, &73"45 ?'& /5,
"0(;. -&' (' 7*'(' 9"=3(1,/&, &0< 0(%%(12 0(%'/'-<2 -7,*+,(2. A74/"+&, </' 5
U"+/>3& A&3(+47& -&' /( />%(2 /(+ -<4µ(+ ./&, 0(%1 -(,/$, ?'’ &+/<
&0(µ(,:,(,/&, &0< /(+2 +0(%(70(+2 -&' 4+,&,&4/3>#(,/&, µ<,( µ" (µ<*(E(12
/(+2, ?'& ,& µ"7,(+, &µ<%+,/('. F07452, &3,(1,/&, ,& -$,(+, <3-(+2 -&' ,& #>3(+,
<0%&. I>%(2, 0'4/"1(,/&2 </' 9& µ0(3(14&, ,& "0'/&;1,(+, /5 U"+/>3& A&3(+47&
03("/('µ$J(,/&2 µ7& X>& C"3(+4&%.µ, µ7& 0<%5 0'4/:, &0< <0(+ (' ]?'(' -&' (
N3'4/<2 9& µ0(3(14&, ,& -+H"3,.4(+, /(, -<4µ(, /( 1534 -&/>%&H&, /5, 0<%5
Münster 4/5 K"4/#&%7& µ>4= ",<2 0(%'/'-(1 03&E'-(0.µ&/(2. ) -&/$%5@5 /52
0<%52 *", *'.3-"4" 0(%1, 0&3’<%& &+/$ >?',&, 03(40$9"'"2 ?'& -&/$%5@5 -&' $%%=,
0<%"=,, <0=2 /( Amsterdam -&' /( Leiden. ]%%=4/", "7;&, /<4( -&%. (3?$,=45,

60
H.J.Harold, The Reformation Era 1500-1650, New York 1965, 4. 176.
61
E.H.Harbison, The Age of Reformation, New York 1968, 44. 67-68.

47
0&3$ /& 0(%%$ 0&3&-%$*'& 4/& (0(7& ./&, ;=3'4µ>,(', 0(+ "7;&, 03(4"%-14"'
0'4/(12 -&' &0< /'2 !$/= N:3"2. 62
G' &,&H&0/'4/>2 "7;&, -3&/.4"' /(, 03(/"4/&,/'-< /(+2 ;&3&-/.3&, =4/<4(
*", "7;&, &0&%%&?"7 0%.3=2 -&' &0< -$0('"2 -&9(%'->2 "0'33(>2. D0(/"%(14&,
%('0<, µ7& ",&%%&-/'-. %145 &,$µ"4& 4/& *1( *<?µ&/&, *7;=2 ,& &,.-(+, 4"
-&,>,& &0< &+/$.63 D+/<2 ./&, ( %<?(2 0(+ 5 "-*7=E5 /=, &,&H&0/'4/:, +0.3E"
-(',<2 4/<;(2 -&9(%'-:,, %(+953&,:, -&' -&%H','4/:,. Y/4' 0(%%(7, -+37=2 &0< /&
&,:/"3& 4/3:µ&/&, "-/"%>4/5-&, -&' ;'%'$*"2 µ&3/1354&,, -&/$ /( 03</+0( /=,
03:/=, ;3'4/'&,:,, ?'& /5, 074/5 /(+2. A&3&-%$*'& /(+2 +0.3E&, (' µ",,(,7/"2
4/5, Dµ"3'-. -&' (' -(+$-"3(' /(, 17( &':,& 4/5 K3"/&,7&.64
I( -1µ& /(+ 03(/"4/&,/'4µ(1 4+,>;'4" ,& "0"-/"7,"/&' -&' ,& 0&73,"' ,>"2
µ(3#>2 -&/$ /( *"1/"3( µ'4< /(+ 16(+ &':,&. ) 0'( ;&3&-/53'4/'-. µ(3#.
µ"/&33+9µ'4/. 0(+ &-(%(1954" /(, 8(1953( ./&, ( V$%%(2 Jean Cauvin . Calvin
(1509-1564). G Calvin ?",,.95-" 4/5, 0<%5 Noyon, 0"370(+ 60 ;'%'<µ"/3&
,(/'(&,&/(%'-$ /(+ A&3'4'(1, 4/'2 10 C(+%7(+ 1509.65 G 0&/>3&2 /(+ +0.3E"
%5E7&3;(2 /52 0<%52, ,(µ'-<2 41µH(+%(2 /(+ "0'4-<0(+, ?3&µµ&/>&2 /52 "0'4-(0.2
-&' ?",'-$ "0'#&,.2 0(%7/52 /52 0"3'(;.2 /(+. B/&, $,93=0(2 µ" µ"?$%"2
#'%(*(E7"2 ?'& /& 0&'*'$ /(+ -&' 4+?-"-3'µ>,& /(, Jean /(, 03("/(7µ&J" ?'& /5,
'"3(41,5, &#(1 &0< ,=372 "7;" *"7E"' µ'& '*'&7/"35 -%745 4/& 9354-"+/'-$ J5/.µ&/&.
I( 1523, 4" 5%'-7& *"-&/"44$3=, "/:,, (' ?(,"72 /(+ /(, >4/"'%&, 4/(
A&,"0'4/.µ'( /(+ A&3'4'(1 -&' >0"'/& 4/( Collège de Montaigu, <0(+ "7;"
40(+*$4"' -&' ( Y3&4µ(2. G%(-%53:,(,/&2 /(, 03:/( -1-%( /=, 40(+*:, /(+
4+,>;'4" /5 #(7/54. /(+ 4/( A&,"0'4/.µ'( /52 R(3H<,,52 40(+*$J(,/&2 L"(%(?7&.
B/&, /</" 0(+ ( *+,&µ'-<2 0&/>3&2 /(+ &0(#$4'4" ,& µ"/&05*.4"' ( ?'(2 /(+ 4/5
µ"%>/5 /(+ ,<µ(+ -&' >4/"'%" /(, Jean 4/5, 0<%5 Orléans, <0(+ /( 03<?3&µµ&
40(+*:, 4/(, 4+?-"-3'µ>,( -%$*( ./&, 0'( '-&,(0('5/'-<. 6>;3' /</" ( Calvin *",
"7;" *"7E"' 45µ$*'& 03(/"4/&,/'-:, /$4"=,, =4/<4(, -&/$ /5 *'$3-"'& /52
0&3&µ(,.2 /(+ 4/5, Orléans &,&0/1;95-" 5 &?$05 /(+ ?'& /(, (+µ&,'4µ< -&' /5,
>3"+,&. I( 1529 4/5, 0<%5 Bourges, <0(+ 0.?" ?'& ,& 0&3&-(%(+9.4"' /& µ&9.µ&/&

62
J.Spaans, “Reform in the Low Countries”, ",: R.Po-chia Hsia ("-*.), A Companion to the
Reformation World , London 2004, 44. 120-121.
63
H.J.Goertz, Die Täufer. Geschichte und Deutung, München 1980, 21988, english language
translation by T. Johnson: The Anabaptists, London 1996, 4. 6.
64
J.H.Nichols, Primer for Protestants, New York 1949, 4. 55.
65
C. L. !(%'/4&3$2, C' F',µ,&$-&7µ2<(', D9.,& 1960, 4. 59.

48
",<2 %&µ03(1 -&95?5/. /=, X(µ'-:,, 0(+ ;354'µ(0('(14" (+µ&,'4/'->2 µ"9<*(+2
*'*&4-&%7&2, ?,:3'4" /(, %<?'( Melchior Volmar. D+/<2 "7;" µ"%"/.4"' /& ?3&0/$
/(+ 8(+9.3(+ -&' *7*&E" 4/(, Calvin "%%5,'-$ -&' "H3&P-$.66
6"/$ /( 9$,&/( /(+ 0&/>3& /(+ ( Calvin &0(#$4'4" ,& "?-&/&%"7@"' /'2
,(µ'->2 40(+*>2, -&' ,& "-*:4"' µ" *'-$ /(+ >E(*& /( “De Clementia”. V",'-$, ./&,
5 0"37(*(2 0(+ *";</&, 0(%%>2 "0'33(>2, (' 40(+*&'</"3"2 &0< /'2 (0(7"2
03(>3;(,/&, &0< /(+2 (+µ&,'4/>2 -&' µ"/&33+9µ'4/>2 #7%(+2 /(+, <0=2 ( Nicolas
Cop -&' ( E$*"3#<2 /(+ Pierre Olivetan. Dµ#</"3(' "7;&, &40&4/"7 /(,
%(+953&,'4µ<.67
To 1533 o Calvin ?,=374/5-" µ" /(, Gerard Roussel, ( (0(7(2 "7;" $*"'& &0<
/( H&4'%'$ S3&?-74-( DT ,& -531//"' /& "+&??"%'-$ /(+ 0'4/"1= 4" 0%.9(2
&,93:0=, 4/( 8(1H3(. A(%%(7, ",9&33+µ>,(' &0< /5, "%&4/'-. &,/'µ"/:0'45 /(+
H&4'%'$ &0>,&,/' 4/(+2 (+µ&,'4/>2 µ"/&33+9µ'4/>2, 9>%54&, ,& "-#3$4(+, 0'(
*+,&µ'-$ /'2 03(/"4/&,/'->2 /(+2 '*>"2. Y/4', 4" µ7& (µ'%7& /(+ ( Cop /<,'4" /5
45µ&47& /52 L"7&2 N$352 -&' "%&;'4/(0(754" /5 45µ&47& /=, -&%:, 03$E"=,.
A(%%$ &0< /& 4/(';"7& &+/.2 /52 (µ'%7&2 ./&, "µ0,"+4µ>,& &0< /(, 8(1953( -&'
/(, Y3&4µ(. D0(/>%"4µ& /52 *5µ(4'(0(75452 /=, &0(-&%+0/'-:, &+/:, 9>4"=,
./&, /( >,/&%µ& 41%%5@52 /(+ Cop, &%%$ -&' /(+ Calvin, 0(+ 9"=3(1,/&, </'
µ0(3"7 ,& "7;" 4+µµ"/(;. 4/5 4+??3&#. /(+ %<?(+. Dµ#</"3(' -&/$#"3&, ,&
*'&#1?(+,, ( 03:/(2 4/5, 0<%5 Basel -&' ( *"1/"3(2 4/5, 0<%5 Saintonge µ" /(
@"+*:,+µ( Charles d’Espeville. R" &+/., /5, 0<%5 ( Calvin 4+,>?3&@" /(
03(4;>*'( /(+ %&µ03(1 >3?(+ /(+ “Institution de la religion chrestienne” -&' +0>4/5
&+/., /5, “E&#,'-. &%%&?.”, <0=2 -&' ( 7*'(2 /5, ;&3&-/.3'J", 0(+ /(, (*.?54"
4/5 4+,"'*5/(0(7545 /52 &0(4/(%.2 /(+ -&' 4/( -.3+?µ& /=, 9"=3':, /(+. 6"/$
/5, "0&#. /(+ µ" 0(%%(12 03(/"4/$,/"2, <0=2 /(, Bucer 4/5, 0<%5 Strasbourg, /(,
Wolfgang Capito, (+µ&,'4/. -&95?5/. -&' "+&??"%'-<, -&' /(, Simon Grynaeus,
*$4-&%( "H3&P-:, 4/5, 0<%5 Basel, ( Calvin &#(4':95-" 4/5 µ"%>/5 /=, "H3&P-:,
-&' *5µ(47"+4" /5, 03:/5 >-*(45 /(+ H'H%7(+ /(+ “Institution de la religion
chrestienne.”68
I( H'H%7( &+/< &0(/"%"7 4/&9µ< 4/5, '4/(37& /(+ 03(/"4/&,/'4µ(1, -&9:2
4+4/5µ&/(0('"7 /( ,>( *<?µ&. D-(%(1954&, 0(%%>2 "-*<4"'2 µ"/$ /5, 03:/5 (5
66
H.J.Harold, The Reformation Era 1500-1650, New York 1965, 44. 308-310.
67
G.R. Elton, Reformation Europe 1517-1559, London 1967, 44. 211-212.
68
H.J.Grimm, The Reformation Era 1500-1650, New York 1965, 4. 312.

49
/"%"+/&7& >?'," /( 1559) -&' µ"/&#3$4/5-" 4;"*<, 4" <%"2 /'2 -13'"2 "+3=0&P->2
?%:44"2 "053"$J(,/&2 /5 4->@5 0(%%:, ?",':, 03(/"4/&,/:, 4/5, F+3:05 -&'
4/5, Dµ"3'-..69 R/(, 03<%(?( /(+ H'H%7(+ /(+ ( Calvin &0"+9+,</&, 4/( H&4'%'$
/52 V&%%7&2 &,&#"3<µ",(2 4/'2 *':E"'2 -&' /'2 "-/"%>4"'2 03(/"4/&,/:, 4/5 ;:3&.
R/5 V&%%7& /( %(+953&,'-< *<?µ& "7;" &0.;545 4/(+2 *'&,((+µ>,(+2 -&' 4/(, &0%<
%&<, 4/(, (0(7( (' '"3(-.3+-"2 -.3+//&, 4=/537& µ>4= /52 074/52. G "074-(0(2 /52
0<%52 Moux, Guillaume Brisoné,! -$%"4" A&3'4',(12 '"3(-.3+-"2 ,& *'&*:4(+, /(
“-&9&3< F+&??>%'(”. ) µ"/&33+9µ'4/'-. &+/. (µ$*& &0(#$4'4" ,&
03&?µ&/(0('.4"' /5 L"7& 8"'/(+3?7& 4/& ?&%%'-$. S(H(1µ","2 /5, "0>-/&45 /(+
#&',(µ>,(+ (' &3;>2 >%&H&, µ>/3& *7=E52 /=, (0&*:, (1525), ",: ( H&4'%'$2
S3&?-74-(2 DT -&/&*7-&4" 0(%%(12 0'4/(12 4/5, 0+3$. G' µ"/&33+9µ'4/>2 &3;5?(7
&,&?-$4/5-&, ,& "?-&/&%"7@(+, /5 ;:3&.70 6$%'4/&, ( Calvin 4/( >3?( /(+
03(>/3"0" /( H&4'%'$ ,& µ"%"/.4"' µ" “&,(';/< µ+&%<” /& <4& /(+ >?3&#" -&' ,&
4/&µ&/.4"' /'2 *':E"'2, &%%':2 9& +#74/&/( /5, /'µ=37& /(+ L"(1. R/( +0<%('0(
H'H%7( &,&#"3</&, 4/5, 59'-., /5 %&/3"7&, /5 9354-"+/'-. -(',=,7& -&' /&
-&9.-(,/& /(+ &%59',(1 ;3'4/'&,(1. ) -13'& "0'33(. /(+ ./&, 5 K7H%(2 -&' >0"'/&
( ]?'(2 D+?(+4/7,(2.71
R/&9µ< 4/5 J=. /(+ Calvin -&' 4/5, "E>%'E5 /(+ 03(/"4/&,/'4µ(1 &0(/>%"4"
/( 0>3&4µ$ /(+ &0< /5 V","15. A3', /5 6"/&3319µ'45 5 0<%5 /52 V","152 ./&, /(
->,/3( ",<2 µ"?$%(+ "--%54'&4/'-(1 -3$/(+2, 0(+ /( -+H"3,(14" >,&2 037?-'0&2-
"074-(0(2 -&' 0(+ H3'4-</&, +0< /5, "0'-+3'&3;7& /(+ &+/(-3$/(3& /52 D?7&2
W=µ&P-.2 D+/(-3&/(37&2. F-/"',</&, 4" µ'& 0"3'(;. 0(+ 4.µ"3& -&%10/"/&' &0< /(
"%H"/'-< -&,/<,' /52 V","152 -&' µ"?$%( µ>3(2 /52 ,(/'(*+/'-.2 V&%%7&2. I5
µ"?&%1/"35 %&P-. "E(+47& &4-(14" /( *(+-$/( /52 R&H(Z&2, /( (0(7( "-/"',</&,
4/& 41,(3& 0(+ ;=37J(+, 4.µ"3& V&%%7& -&' C/&%7&. Y/4', +0.3;" >,& "7*(2
"0'4-(0'-.2 -+H>3,5452, 0(+ >*3"+" 4/5 V","15, -&' µ'& 0(%'/'-. -+H>3,545 0(+
>*3"+" 4/5 R&H(Z&, (' (0(7"2 4+,"3?$J(,/&, 4/",$.72

69
E.H.Harbison, The Age of Reformation, New York 1968, 4. 76.
70
S.Bernstein-P.Milza, ?"$(&+, $%4 A-&B6%4 5(4 –18(4 ,'B<., /.1, µ/#3. D.U5µ&/3&-<0(+%(2, D9.,&
1997, 4. 332.
71
G.R.Potter, “Zwingli and Calvin” ",: J.Hurstfield ("-*.), The Reformation Crisis, London 1965, 4.
39.
72
R.Kingdon, “Calvin and Geneva” ",: R.Po-chia Hsia ("-*.), A Companion to the Reformation World,
London 2004, 4. 105.

50
 ) µ"/&3319µ'45 4/5 V","15 E"-7,54" 4&, "0&,$4/&45 ",$,/'& 4/(
"0'4-(0'-< -&9"4/:2. M0(H(59.95-" 45µ&,/'-$ &0< /5 K>3,5, 5 (0(7& &,.-" 4/5,
F%H"/'-. R+,(µ(40(,*7& -&' &0(/"%(14" '4;+3. 4/3&/'=/'-. *1,&µ5 /52 "0(;.2. )
0(%'/'-. "0&,$4/&45 "7;" 4+,(*"+/"7 -&' &0< µ'& &,/74/(';5 9354-"+/'-.. ) K>3,5
"7;" ?7,"' 03(/"4/&,/'-. +'(9"/:,/&2 /5 9"=37& /(+ Zwingli, <0=2 &+/. "7;"
*'&µ(3#=9"7 /& 03:/& ;3<,'& 4/5 ^+37;5. V'& ,& H(59.4"' /5, "0>-/&45 /(+
03(/"4/&,/'4µ(1 -&' 4/5 V","15 5 K>3,5 &0>4/"'%" ?&%%<#=,(+2 µ'44'(,$3'(+2 µ"
"0'-"#&%.2 /(, V$%%( Guillaume Farel (1489-1565). 73
) µ"/&3319µ'45 E"-7,54" 4/5 V","15 /( 1533 µ" /5, >%"+45 /(+ Farel. )
V","15 &0(*>;95-" $µ"4& /( ,>( *<?µ& -&' "-*7=E" <4(+2 "-03(4:0(+2 /52
0&0'-.2 -&' "0'4-(0'-.2 &3;.2 "7;&, &0(µ"7,"'. D, -&' ( Farel ./&, >,&2
03&?µ&/'-$ ",9(+4':*52 -.3+-&2, *", "7;" '*'&7/"35 (3?&,=/'-. '-&,</5/&. I5,
&3"/. &+/. /5, &,&?,:3'4" ( Farel 4/(, Calvin, 0(+ "7;" "0'4-"#9"7 /5, 0<%5.74
R+?-"-3'µ>,& ( Farel 4+,$,/54" /(, Calvin 4/5 V","15 /(, D1?(+4/( /(+
1536 -&' /(, 07"4" ,& 0&3&µ"7,"' 4/5, 0<%5 =2 -.3+-&2 -&' *$4-&%(2 /(+ %<?(+
/(+ L"(1. !&' (' *1( 03(40$954&, ,& -&9'"3:4(+, >,& 0('µ&,/'-< 414/5µ&
0"'9&3;7&2 4/5, 0<%5.75 G Calvin µ&J7 µ" /(, Farel 4+,>/&E&, -$0('& $393&, 0(+
&#(3(14&, /5 *'&-+H>3,545 /52 F--%547&2 -&' &,&#>3(,/&, 4" µ'& 4+4/5µ&/'-.
0"'9&3;7& µ"/&E1 /=, 0(%'/:, -&' (µ(%(?7& 074/52 &0< <%(+2. F07452,
-&9'"3:95-&, (' “[&%µ(7” -&9:2 -&' µ7& &4/'-. "0'/3(0., 0(+ 9& 0&3"7;"
4+µH(+%>2 4;"/'-$ µ" 4+J+?'-$ 9>µ&/& -&' 0:2 &+/$ "0'%1(,/&' 41µ#=,& µ" /(
%<?( /(+ L"(1. D-<µ5, '*'&7/"35 45µ&47& *<95-" 4/5, "-0&7*"+45 /=, ,>=, -&'
4/5 µ154. /(+2 4/5 ;3'4/'&,'-. 074/5.76
V",'-$, "#&3µ<4/5-" µ7& &3-"/$ &+4/53. 0(%'/'-. 4/5, 0<%5. ) 9>45 /(+
"0'4-<0(+ "7;" &,/'-&/&4/&9"7 &0< >,& 4+µH(1%'(, 4/( (0(7( &4-(14" 0(%1 µ"?$%5
"0'33(. ( 7*'(2 ( Calvin. G' &3"/>2 0(+ *'>9"/" -&' -+37=2 5 ?,:45 /(+
4/(';"'(9"/(14&, µ'& '*'&7/"3& ;&3'4µ&/'-. 03(4=0'-</5/&, &0(*"-/. &0< /(
µ"?&%1/"3( µ>3(2 /=, 0(%'/:,. Q4/<4(, *", >0&+&, ,& +0$3;(+, -&' ";93(7, 0(+
-&/$#"3&, ,& µ"':4(+, /5, "0'33(. /(+ Calvin 4/( 4+µH(1%'( /52 0<%52 -&' ,& /(,
"-*':E(+, &0< /5 V","15. I& "0<µ",& /37& ;3<,'& ( Calvin H3'4-</&, 4/5, 0<%5

73
R.Kingdon, 7. 6., 4. 106.
74
G.R. Elton, Reformation Europe 1517-1559, London 1967, 4. 225.
75
E.Cameron, The European Reformation, Xew York 1991, 4. 225.
76
H.Grimm, The Reformation Era 1500-1650, New York 1965, 4. 325.

51
Strasbourg, <0(+ 0.3" '*>"2 &0< /( µ"/&33+9µ'4/. Bucer 4;"/'-$ µ" /5 L"7&
8"'/(+3?7& -&' 0(%%$ $%%& 9>µ&/&. F07452, ,+µ#"1/5-" /5, Idolette de Bure -&'
&#(4':95-" 4/5 4+??3&#.. I>%(2, /(, R"0/>µH3'( /(+ 1541 /( 4+µH(1%'( /52
0<%52 /52 V","152 /(, '->/"+4" ,& "0'4/3>@"', -&9:2 -',*1,"+&, &0< /5 R&H(Z& -&'
/5 W:µ5.77
) &0<#&45 /52 "0'4/3(#.2 ./&, "E&'3"/'-$ *14-(%5 ?'& /(, Calvin. G 7*'(2,
=4/<4(, 074/"+" </' ./&, 9"7( 9>%5µ& ,& "E"%';9(1, /& 03$?µ&/& -&/’ &+/<, /(,
/3<0(. G 7*'(2 ( Bucer, µ" /(, (0(7( "7;" >%9"' 4" 4/",. "0&#. 4/( Strasbourg, /(+
03</"'," ,& "0'4/3>@"' 4/5 V","15. G Calvin >9"4" -$0('(+2 <3(+2 =2 03(\0(9>4"'2
?'& /5, "0'4/3(#. /(+. A$,= &0< <%& "0'9+µ(14" µ7& 4&#. *.%=45 &0(*(;.2 /52
"E(+47&2 /(+. D-<µ5, J./54" ,& "#&3µ(4/(1, /& 4;>*'$ /(+ ?'& 59'-. -&'
*(?µ&/'-. 0"'9&3;7& 4/(+2 -&/(7-(+2 /52 V","152. R/5 4+,>;"'& >?',&, -$0('"2
*'&03&?µ&/"14"'2 &,&#(3'-$ µ" /( µ'49< /(+ -&' /5, -&/('-7& 4/5, (0(7& 9&
*'>µ"," -&' /"%'-$ "0>4/3"@" 4/5, 0<%5 /(, R"0/>µH3'( /(+ 1541.78
I( 03:/( /(+ µ>%5µ& ./&, 5 &,&*'$393=45 /52 F--%547&2 µ" /&
“Ordonnances Ecclésiastiques” /(, X(>µH3'( /(+ 1541. D+/< 0(+ ;&3&-/.3'J" /5,
F--%547& /=, -&%H','4/:, ./&, 0(%1 µ"?&%1/"35 "%"+9"37& &0< /'2 &,/74/(';"2 /(+
8(+9.3(+, /(+ ^wingli . /(+ Bucer. G' &3;>2 /52 "--%54'&4/'-.2 (3?$,=452
H&47J(,/&, 4/& $393& /(+ 1537, 0(+ "7;" 4+,/$E"' ( Calvin µ" /(, Bucer, 4"
4+,*+&4µ< µ" /'2 *'('-5/'->2 "µ0"'37"2 0(+ "7;" &0(-(µ74"' ( 03:/(2 4/( Strasbourg
03(4&3µ(4µ>,"2 4/& *"*(µ>,& /52 V","152. I>%(2, <%& &+/$ ./&, ",&3µ(,'4µ>,& µ"
/'2 &3;>2 /52 03:/52 ;3'4/'&,'-.2 F--%547&2, <0=2 0"3'?3$#(,/&, 4/'2 "0'4/(%>2
/(+ D0(4/<%(+ A&1%(+.79
A'( &,&%+/'-$, &0< /5, &3;. >9"/&, />44"3'2 &3;>2 "E(+47&2. D+/>2 ./&, ('
0$4/(3"2, (' *'*$-/(3"2, (' ?53&'</"3(' -&' (' *'$-(,('. ) -$9" -&/5?(37& "7;"
&,&%$H"' -$0('"2 &3µ(*'</5/"2. V'& 0&3$*"'?µ&, (' 0$4/(3"2 "7;&, =2 -&9.-(, /(+2
,& *'*$4-(+, /( 8<?( /(+ L"(1, ,& *'","3?(1, /& 6+4/.3'& -&' ,& ,(+9"/(1,
<4(+2 *'.?&, µ5 ;3'4/'&,'-(12 H7(+2. G' *'*$-/(3"2 (3?&,:95-&, 4" >,&
*'*&4-&%'-< /$?µ&, 0(+ "7;" &0(4/(%. ,& -&9(374"' -&' ,& *'*$E"' /( *<?µ&, -&' ('
?53&'</"3(' ./&, &0%(7 0(%7/"2, (' (0(7(' "7;&, &,&%$H"' ,& "0'H%>0(+, /5 J=. /=,

77
G.R. Potter, “Zwingli and Calvin”, ",: J. Hurstfield ( "-*.), The Reformation Crisis, London 1965,
44. 40-41.
78
M.Mullett, Calvin , London 1989, 44. 32-33.
79
H.J.Grimm, The Reformation Era 1500-1650, New York 1965, 4. 336.

52
0(%'/:, -&' ,& 4+µH(+%"1(+, <4(+2 0&3>--%',&, &0< /5, (39. ;3'4/'&,'-. J=..
I>%(2, (' *'$-(,(' ./&, +0"19+,(' ?'& /5 #'%&,93=07& -&' /5 #3(,/7*& /=,
#/=;:,.80
) -+H>3,545 &+/. &0(/"%(1,/&, 4/5 H$45 /52 &0< >,& “V",'-< R+µH(1%'(”
&0< <%(+2 /(+2 ,/<0'(+2 0(%7/"2 -&' /(+2 %"?<µ",(+2 “bourgeois”. I( 4+µH(1%'(
&+/< 4+,"*37&J" /(+%$;'4/(, µ'& #(3$ /( ;3<,(, /(, S"H3(+$3'(, ?'& ,& "-%>E"'
µ>%5 /=, $%%=, 4+µH(+%7=,. R/( "0<µ",( "070"*( ./&, /( “R+µH(1%'( /=,
U'&-(47=,”, /( (0(7( >0&'3," µ>3(2 4" "-%(?'->2 *'&*'-&47"2 -&' "7;" &3-"/>2 $%%"2
&3µ(*'</5/"2. R/5 4+,>;"'& +0.3;" /( “R+µH(1%'( /=, EE.,/&”, /( (0(7(
4+?-&%(1,/&, ?'& ,& ;"'3'4/"7 -+37=2 9>µ&/& "E=/"3'-.2 0(%'/'-.2. I>%(2, 4/5,
-(3+#. /52 0+3&µ7*&2 ./&, /( “6'-3< R+µH(1%'(”, 0(+ &0(/"%(1,/&, &0< 25
0(%7/"2, 4+?-&%(1,/&, 4;"*<, -$9" µ>3& -&' (+4'&4/'-$ -+H"3,(14" 4" -&95µ"3',.
H$45 /5, 0<%5.81 ) -&3*'$ /(+ *'('-5/'-(1 4+4/.µ&/(2 /52 V","152, =4/<4(, ./&,
>,& "7*(2 *'-&4/537(+82, 0(+ &0(/"%(1,/&, &0< *:*"-& ?53&'(12 0(%7/"2 -&' &3;'-$
0>,/" +0(+3?(12. U"40<J(+4& µ(3#. /(+ 4:µ&/(2 &+/(1 +0.3E" ( Calvin &0< /5,
&3;. /52 *5µ'(+3?7&2 /(+ -&' µ>4= &+/(1 +0"3&40'J</&, /( *'-&7=µ& /52
F--%547&2 ?'& &,"E&3/547& -&' 9>µ&/& 0"'9&3;'-$ -&' *(?µ&/'-$.83
Q4/<4(, *", $3?54" ,& "-*5%=9"7 *+4&3>4-"'& &0< /5, 0%"+3$ /(+ &0%(1
%&(1 &,&#(3'-$ µ" /(, /3<0( 0(+ %"'/(+3?(14" &+/< /( *'-&4/.3'(, -(3+#&7&
µ(3#. /(+ (0(7(+ ./&, ( Calvin. G %<?(2 ./&, </' 0&3",>H&'," 0(%1 4/5, '*'=/'-.
J=. /=, ('-(?","':,, &,&-37,(,/&2 &-<µ5 -&' 0&'*'$ ?'& /(+2 10(0/(+2 ?(,"72 /(+2.
Q2 µ"?$%& &/(0.µ&/& -&/&?3$#(,/&, 5 &0(+47& &0< /& -531?µ&/&, ('
('-(?","'&-(7 -&+?$*"2, 5 0&3(+47& 4/& 9>&/3&, <0(+ *'&*3&µ&/7J(,/&, &,.9'-"2
03$E"'2, <0=2 03<4/+;& /3&?(1*'&, ;(3(7, ",&?-&%'4µ(7, #'%'$ -&' ;&3/(0&'E7&. )
/'µ=37& ?'& -$0('& &*'-.µ&/& ./&, /& H&4&,'4/.3'&, <0=2 -&' 4/5, +0<%('05
F+3:05 "-"7,5 /5, "0(;.. D,&#>3"/&' &-<µ5 0=2 &0< /( 1542 =2 /( 1546 76
$/(µ& "E(374/5-&, &0< /5 V","15 -&' 58 "-/"%>4/5-&, ?'& &73"45, µ(';"7&,
H%&4#5µ7& -&' µ&?"7&.84

80
G.R.Elton, Reformation Europe 1517-1559, London 1967, 4. 226.
81
R.Kingdon, “ Calvin and Geneva”, ",: R.Po-chia Hsia ("-*.), A Companion to the Reformation
World, London 2004, 4. 107.
82
R/5, &??%<#=,5 H'H%'(?3&#7& &,&#>3"/&' =2 “consistory ”.
83
H.J.Grimm, The Reformation Era 1500-1650, New York 1965, 4. 338.
84
Grimm, 7.6.,4. 340.

53
 V",'-$, ( Calvin "7;" ,& &,/'µ"/=074"' -&' 03(4=0'->2 &@'µ&;7"2, <0=2
&+/., µ" /(, C40&,< Miguel Servetus /( 1553. D+/<2 µ" /( >3?( /(+ “Christinissimi
Restitutio” "E>9"4" /'2 &0<@"'2 /(+ 4;"/'-$ µ" /5, D?7& I3'$*&, /( K$0/'4µ& -&' /5
#145 /(+ N3'4/(1. 6$%'4/&, "7;" >39"' 4" "0'-(',=,7& µ" /(, Calvin, 0(+ "7;" H3"'
/'2 &0<@"'2 /(+ &'3"/'->2. ]?,=4/( ?'&/7 ( Servetus 4/( *3<µ( ?'& /5, X$0(%5
>-&," µ'& 4/$45 4/5 V","15, <0(+ 0&3&-(%(1954" /( -.3+?µ& /(+ Calvin. F-"7 /(,
&,&?,:3'4&,, /(, 4+,>%&H&, -&' /(, -&/&*7-&4&, 4" 9$,&/( 4/5, 0+3$. B/&, µ7&
&-<µ5 ;&3&-/53'4/'-. 0"370/=45 /52 &0(#&4'4/'-</5/&2 /(+ 03=/"3?$/5 /(+
-&%H','4/'-(1 *<?µ&/(2 ,& -&/&0,7E"' -$9" >-#3&45 &'3"/'-.2 --&/$ /5, -3745 /(+-
$0(@52.85
R" <,/' &#(3$ /'2 ?",'-</"3"2 &0<@"'2 /(+ ( Calvin >/3"#" H&9'$ &'49.µ&/&
-&/$ /(+ 0$0& -&' #(H</&, 0(%1 /(, -7,*+,( /52 &,&3;7&2, ?'’ &+/< -&' >*'," /<4(
µ"?$%5 H$45 4/5, 0"'9&3;7& -&' /5, (3?$,=45, 0(%1 0"3'44</"3( &0’ <,/' (
8(1953(2. U", &0&3,.95-" -&µ7& &0< /'2 &3;>2 /(+ 8(+9.3(+, &%%$ ./&, &+/<2
0(+ 4+4/5µ&/(0(754" /5, 03(/"4/&,/'-. 9"(%(?7& -&' (3?$,=4" /5, 03(/"4/&,/'-.
F--%547&. !$0('"2 &0< /'2 H&4'->2 &3;>2 /(+ /'2 "E>9"/" -&' 4/( 0"37#5µ( >3?( /(+
“Institution de la religion chrestienne”. 67& &0< &+/>2 &#(3(14" /5, &0<%+/5
-+3'&3;7& /(+ L"(1 -&' -&/$ 4+,>0"'& /5, &#&73"45 -$9" "E(+47&2 &0< /(, 0$0& .
(0('(,*.0(/" $%%(, $,93=0(. D-<µ5, +0(4/.3'J" </' (' -&%>2 03$E"'2 *",
µ0(3(14&, ,& 4:4(+, /(, $,93=0(, &%%$ ( L"<2 >-&," -&%>2 03$E"'2 µ>4= /=,
&,93:0=,, -&' />%(2 </' ( L"<2 &0(-$%+0/" /5, &0<%+/5 "E(+47& /(+ µ>4= /(+
8<?(+ I(+ -&' /5, "#$3µ(J" µ>4= /52 F--%547&2 /(+.86
Y=2 /( 9$,&/< /(+ /( 1564 4" 5%'-7& 55 "/:, ( Calvin "7;" /(, &0<%+/(
>%"?;( /52 0<%52 /52 V","152. I( ,>( *<?µ& 0(+ "'4.?&?" *'&*<95-" 4/5 V&%%7&,
4/5 K(5µ7&, /5, A(%=,7&, /( A&%&/',$/(, &%%$ -&' 4" $%%"2 0"3'(;>2 /52
V"3µ&,7&2, -&' /5 K3"/&,7&. ) "0'33(. /(+ -&%H','4µ(1 4/5 K3"/&,7& E"-7,54"
-&/$ /5 H&4'%"7& /(+ F*(+$3*(+ RIT(1547-1553) -&' ",/$95-" -&/$ /5 H&4'%"7& /52
6&37&2 I+*:3 (1553-1558)87. F07452, ( John Knox µ"/>#"3" /( ,>( *<?µ& 4/5,
0&/37*& /(+, /5 R-(/7&, <0(+ -&' >?'," "0745µ5 9354-"7& /(+ -3$/(+2. G'

85
G.R.Elton, Reformation Europe 1517-1559, London 1967, 4. 230.
86
E.Harbison, The Age of Reformation, New York 1968, 4. 80.
87
H.J.Grimm, The Reformation Era 1500-1650, New York 1965, 4. 361 .

54
µ"/&#3$4"'2 /52 K7H%(+ 4" /(0'->2 ?%:44"2 >?',&, 4/&*'&-$ 41,59"2 #&',<µ",( -&'
4+;,$ 4+,(*"1(,/&, &0< -&%H','4/'->2 45µ"':4"'2 -&' 4;<%'&. 88
I( 3"1µ& /(+ 03(/"4/&,/'4µ(1 >#/&4" =2 /5 K3"/&,7& µ>4& &0< '*'&7/"3"2
-&/&4/$4"'2, 0(+ ",>0%"-&, /5, 0(%'/'-. "E(+47&. G H&4'%'$2 /52 ;:3&2 F337-(2 )T
(Henry VIII 1491-1547) ./&, 41J+?(2 /52 D'-&/"37,52 /52 D3&?(,7&2 (1485-1536),
9"7&2 /(+ !&3<%(+ FT. Q4/<4(, "7;" 4+,$@"' 4;>4"'2 µ" µ7& -+37& /=, /'µ:,, /5,
],,& 60<%"+, (Anne Boleyn 1507-1530), /5, (0(7& -&' .9"%" ,& ,+µ#"+9"7. Oµ=2
5 -&9(%'-. F--%547& *" *";</&, /5 %145 /(+ ?$µ(+.89 ^./54" &0< /(, 0$0& !%.µ5
^T ,& /(+ "-*:4"' *'&J1?'(, &+/<2 <µ=2 H3'4-<µ",(2 4" *14-(%5 9>45 %<?= /52
4;>452 /52 D'-&/"37,52 µ" /(, !$3(%( FT, /& 4/3&/"1µ&/& /(+ (0(7(+ "7;&,
-&/&%$H"' /5 W:µ5 /( 1527, *", µ0(3(14" ,& /( "-*:4"'. D+/<2 ./&, -&' ( -13'(2
%<?(2 0(+ ./&, *14-(%( ,& 03&?µ&/(0('59"7 5 "0'9+µ7& /(+ F337-(+. Q4/<4(, /(
?"?(,<2 </' ( !$3(%(2 "7;" -$,"' 0'& ";93< /(+ /(, 0$0& 4+,>#"3" /(, K3"/&,<
H&4'%'$ -&' 03(40&9(14" ,& H3"' -$9" /3<0( ?'& ,& /( "-µ"/&%%"+/"7.90
O/&, ( F337-(2 "E$,/%54" <%& /& µ>/3& /52 *'&-3'/'-</5/&2 -&' /52 0"'9(12,
$3;'4" ,& "#&3µ<J"' /5 µ>9(*( /52 &0"'%.2. 6&J7 µ" /(, H&4'%'-< ?3&µµ&/>&
Thomas Cromwell 03(40$954" ,& -',5/(0('.4"' /( %&< µ" /( µ>3(2 /(+, :4/" ,&
&0"'%.4"' /(, 0$0& µ" 4;74µ& &0< /5, -&9(%'-. F--%547&, &, *", "-*'*</&, /(
*'&J1?'(. O/&, /( 1533 5 ],,& >µ"'," >?-+(2 "E&4#&%7J(,/&2 /(, 0(%+0<95/(
$33",& *'$*(;( 0(+ 5 D'-&/"37,5, %<?= 5%'-7&2, *", µ0(3(14" 0%>(, ,& 03(4#>3"',
5 +0<9"45 "0'/&;1,95-", -&' µ" 4+,(0/'->2 *'&*'-&47"2, ( H&4'%'$2 &,&-531;95-"
“5 -"#&%. "07 /52 ?52 /52 F--%547&2 /52 D??%7&2”. G ,>(2 &3;'"074-(0(2 /(+
Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, "E&4#$%'4" /( *'&J"+-/.3'( /(+ F337-(+ -&' >/4'
&+/<2 µ" /5 4"'3$ /(+ ,+µ#"195-" /5, ],,& 60<%"+,.91
F07452, /( 1534 /( -(',(H(1%'( @.#'4" /( %"?<µ",( “Act of supremacy”, /5,
“A3$E5 A3=/(-&9"*37&2”, 0(+ &0>*=4" 4/(, F337-( )T /5 *'"19+,45 /52
F--%547&2 /52 K3"/&,7&2, /( *'-&7=µ& ,& µ$;"/&' ",&,/7(, /=, &'3"/'-:, -&' ,&
&#(37J"'. B/&, +0(;3>=45 <%=, /=, 0(%'/:, ,& *7,(+, <3-( +0&-(.2 4/( H&4'%'$
-&' µ5 0&3&*(;.2 /52 &+9",/7&2 /52 W:µ52. I& 9354-"+/'-$ /$?µ&/& *'&%195-&, .

88
G.R.Potter, “Zwingli and Calvin” ",: J.Hurstfield ("-*.), The Reformation Crisis, London 1965, 4.
43.
89
C. U. [&3$2, ?"$(&+, $%4 @27$2&%4 A-&B6%4 1492-1815, L"44&%(,7-5 2003, 4. 89.
90
J.J.Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, London 21997, 4. 198.
91
E.Harbison, The Age of Reformation, New York 1968, 4. 70.

55
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S.Bernstein-P.Milza, ?"$(&+, $%4 A-&B6%4 5(4 –18(4 ,'B<., /.1, µ/#3. D. U5µ5/3&-<0(+%(2, D9.,&
1997, 4. 333.
93
J.J.Scarisbrick, The Reformation and the English People, Oxford 1984, 4. 68.
94
C.Haigh, “ The Reformation in England to 1603 ”, ",: Po-chia Hsia ("-*.), A Companion to the
Reformation World, London 2004, 4. 135.
95
A.G.Dickens, “The Early Expansion of Protestantism in England 1520-1558”, ",: M.Todd ("-*.),
Reformation to Revolution, Politics and Religion in Early Modern England, London 1995, 44. 158-
174.

56
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96
E.Cameron, The Eurorean Reformation, New York 1991, 44. 280-281.
97
J.Nichols, Primer for Protestants, New York 1949, 4. 56.
98
A.Dickens, “The Reformation in England”, ",: J.Hurstfield ("-*.) , The Reformation Crisis, London
1965, 4. 53.

57
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99
R.Gwynn, Huguenot Heritage. The history and contribution of the Huguenots in Britain, London
1985, 4. 26.
100
C. U. [&3$2 , ?"$(&+, $%4 @27$2&%4 A-&B6%4 1492-1815, L"44&%(,7-5 2003, 44. 109-110.
101
S.Doran, Elisabeth I and Religion 1558-1603, London 1994, 44. 6-7, 14, 17-18.

58
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102
H.Hillerbrand, The World of the Reformation, London 1975, 44. 141-142, 145-146.
103
A.!.!&3&,'-<%&2, C' ,'&2$'=(+ 6&($2"$:<$24, D9.,& 21976, 4. 11.
104
W.Ullman, A short History of the Papacy in the Middle Ages, London 1972, 4. 327.

59
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1
H.Hillerbrand, The World of the Reformation, London 1975, *. 178.
2
J. Q. R&3$/, !"#$%&' #() *+,#+%() -.%/0() 1492-1815, 2"**&%(,941 2003, *. 90.
3
O.Chadwick, The Reformation, Middlesex 1964, **. 258-262.

61
"9=" "<&.%:8"9 *" (%?4%131 01, J0&%9&, 01, J*.&,9&, 01, G(30(C&%9&, 01 S&%%9&, 01
S"3µ&,9&, &4?µ1 4&' *01, D#3'45, 01 ,?0'& Dµ"3'45 4&' 01, T.: D,&0(%5.
D.(*0(%-/ '1*(+@0A, .3&Cµ&0(.('5814&, *0( 6&3?4( 4&' 0( !(,C4? 0( 1548, *01
U3&N'%9& 4&' 01, J&.:,9& 0( 1549.4
B9,&' =&3&4013'*0'45 1 .3?(;(/ .(+ *1µ"9:*&, (' '1*(+V0"/ *0(, 0(µ-& 01/
"4.&9;"+*1/. )' µ&810-/ .(+ &4(%(781*&, 0'/ "4.&';"+0'4-/ &3=-/ 0(+
*+C4"43'µ-,(+ 0$Cµ&0(/ 50&, .(%+$3'8µ(' 4&' µ$%'*0& 4$.('(' &.? &+0(7/
"<"%9=814&, *" ".'#&,"9/ µ(3#-/, ?.:/ (' 4&%%'0-=,"/ Van Dyke 4&' Rubens *0(
U-%C'(. S",'4$, 0( "4.&';"+0'4? *7*01µ& .(+ &4(%(781*&, *+,0-%"*" 4&0$ .(%7
*01 ;'$;(*1 0:, ';"A, 0(+/ 4&' &.(0-%"*" -,& &.? 0& .'( *1µ&,0'4$ ?.%& 01/
D,0'µ"0&3378µ'*1/.5
K" ?,0' &#(3$ 01 K7,(;( 0(+ L3';-,0(+ (1545-1563), &+05 .3&Cµ&0(.('5814"
*" 03"'/ ."3'?;(+/ <"4',A,0&/ .3&40'4$ &.? 0( 1546-47, %?C: *+,"=A,
4&8+*0"35*":,. F0&, 0?0" .(+ ( .$.&/ G&7%(/ SW "'*5C&C" .3(/ *+N501*1 0&
8"(%(C'4$ N105µ&0& .(+ ;'&#(3(.('(7*&, .%53:/ 01, 4&8(%'45 B44%1*9& &.? 0&
.3(0"*0&,0'4$ ;?Cµ&0&.6 T%%:*0", *4(.?/ 01/ 9;'&/ 01/ *+,?;(+ 50&, 1 "<$%"'E1
0(+ .3(0"*0&,0'*µ(7, 1 &.(4&0$*0&*1 01/ "'35,1/ 4&' 01/ ",?010&/ 4&' 1
&,&;'$383:*1 01/ "44%1*'&*0'45/ ."'8&3=9&/ 4&' 18'45/.7
H&3&4013'*0'4? "9,&' 0( C"C(,?/ ?0' 1 *7,(;(/ <"49,1*" µ?,( µ" 29
".'*4?.(+/, 0& 039& 0-0&30& 0:, (.(9:, 50&, '0&%'45/ 4&0&C:C5/ 4&' 0( -,& ;-4&0(
'*.&,'45/. B.9*1/, "9=&, -%8"' &,0'.3?*:.(' 4&' &.? $%%"/ =A3"/, ?.:/ &.? S&%%9&,
S"3µ&,9&, &.? >","0'4-/ 405*"'/ ?.:/ 01, !3501, 01, !7.3(, 01 Q&%µ&09&, 4&8A/
4&' "%$='*0(' &.? 01, G(30(C&%9&, 01, )+CC&39&, 01, G(%:,9&, 01 K4(09&, 01,
J3%&,;9& 4&' 01, B%>"09&. S",'4$, "9=" C9,"' .3(*.$8"'& ,& *+C4",03:8(7,
"4.3?*:.(' &.? ?%& 0& µ-31 01/ =3'*0'&,(*7,1/, A*0" 0( *+,-;3'( ,& &.(405*"'
&4?µ1 .'( µ"C$%( 473(/. B9=" *0&%"9 µ$%'*0& 4$.('& &,0'.3(*:."9& &.? 0(,
.&03'$3=1 01/ !:,*0&,0',(7.(%1/ 0( 1551.8
K1µ&,0'4-/ &.(#$*"'/ 01/ *+,?;(+ &#(3(7*&, 01, &,:0"3?010& 0(+ .$.&
&.-,&,0' *0'/ *+,?;(+/ 4&' 0?,'N&, 01, +.(0&C5 0:, "44%1*'&*0'4A, +.&%%5%:, *’
&+0?,. L& ;'&0$Cµ&0& .(+ &#(3(7*&, 0( ;?Cµ& -C',&, &.(;"40$ &.? ?%"/ 0'/

4
P.Janelle, The Catholic Reformation, London 1971, *. 114.
5
M.Mullett, The Counter-Reformation, London 1984, *. 25.
6
G.R.Elton, Reformation Europe 1517-1559, London 1967, *. 195.
7
M.Jones, The Counter Reformation, Cambridge 1995, *. 68.
8
P.Janelle, ,.0., *. 64.

62
4&8(%'4-/ 4+>"3,5*"'/ 01/ B+3A.1/.9 B.9*1/, 0(,9*014" 0( C"C(,?/ ?0' 1 .9*01 -="'
:/ >$*1 0'/ S3&#-/, ?.:/ &+0-/ "3µ1,"7(,0&' &.? 01, B44%1*9&, 4&' ?0' ?%& 0&
6+*053'& -=(+, 01, ';'&90"31 *1µ&*9& 0(+/, µ" 01 2"9& B+=&3'*09& ,& 4&0-="'
;"*.?N(+*& 8-*1.10 B.'.%-(,, ;?814" ';'&90"31 -µ#&*1 *01, ".'µ?3#:*1 0:,
4%13'4A,. 6" 01, 9;3+*1 '"3(;';&*4&%"9:, *" 4$8" ".'*4(.5 (' 9;'(' (' '"3"9/
"4.&';"7(,0&, *0( 453+Cµ&, ",A (' ,-(' '"3"9/ ;';$*4(,0&, "44%1*'&*0'45 '*0(39&
4&' %&0','4$ 4&' C",'4$ -.&'3,&, µ?3#:*1 8"(%(C'45.11
I J"35 B<-0&*1 50&, -,& ;'4&*053'( .(+ "9=" .3:0("µ#&,'*0"9 *01, J*.&,9&
*0& 0-%1 0(+ 15(+ &'A,& 4&' "9=" $µ"*1 *=-*1 µ" 0(, µ&43(=3?,'( &CA,& 0:,
J*.&,A, 4&8(%'4A, ",$,0'& *0(+/ µ(+*(+%µ$,(+/ 4&' 0(+/ ">3&9(+/ 01/ =A3&/
0(+/. I 9;'& 1 J"35 B<-0&*1 4&' (' µ-8(;(9 01/ 50&, C",'4$ C,:*0-/ 4&'
.3(4&%(7*&, #?>( 4&' ;-(/.12 B';'4$ *01, J*.&,9& +.53<" ';'&'0-3:/ *4%135 µ" 0(
#&',?µ",( 0(+ .3(0"*0&,0'*µ(7 4&' µ"0"3=?0&, ;'$#(3"/ µ"8?;(+/, .(+
*+µ."3'%$µ>&,&, &,&439*"'/ µ" &.$,83:.& >&*&,'*053'&. B.'.%-(,, ".->&%"
0'µ:39"/ µ" 8$,&0( *01, .+3$ "';'4$ *" ."3'.0A*"'/ µ&C'**A,. X*0?*(, ?%(' ('
.&3&.$,: ="'3'*µ(9 *9C(+3& .3(4&%(7*&, 0(, 03?µ(, &%%$ ?=' ';'&90"31 ",07.:*1
*0(, &.%? J*.&,? 01/ ".(=5/ "4"9,1/, &#(7 50&, .$C'( #&',?µ",( 1 =35*1 01/
&.?%+01/ &+05/ "<(+*9&/ &.? $0(µ& '*=7(/ &,&#(3'4$ µ" N105µ&0& N:5/ 5
8&,$0(+.13
I J"35 B<-0&*1 *01, µ"0-."'0& µ(3#5 01/ &.(0"%(7,0&, &.? -<'
4&3;',$%'(+/, (' (.(9(' "9=&, 4$8" ;'4&9:µ& ,& &.(#&*9N(+, C'& 01 N:5 5 0( 8$,&0(
?*:, 8":3(7,0&, 7.(.0(' 5 -,(=(' %?C: 01/ .&3-44%'*5/ 0(+/ &.? 0( 4&8(%'4?
;?Cµ&.14 J;37814" *01 YAµ1 0( 1542 4&' "9=" *01 ;'4&'(;(*9& 01/ (%?4%13( 0(
.(9µ,'( 01/ 4&8(%'45/ B44%1*9&/. D3='4$, (' µ-8(;(9 01/ 50&, .'( ".'"'4"9/,
&3C?0"3& ?µ:/ -C',&, *4%13-/ 4&' .'( >$,&+*"/.15 B9,&' ".9*1/ C"C(,?/ ?0' µ-*&
*0'/ &3µ(;'?010"/ 01/ J"35/ B<-0&*1/ 50&, ,& ".'>$%"' 01, &.&C?3"+*1 &,$C,:*1/
4$.(':, >'>%9:, 4&' 01, 4&7*1 .(%%A, &.? &+0A,, 0& (.(9& *+µ."3'%&µ>$,(,0&,
µ-*& *01, ."39#1µ1 %9*0& 0:, &.&C(3"+µ-,:, >'>%9:, (Index). I &.&C?3"+*1 "9="

9
H.J.Grimm, The Reformation Era 1500-1650, New York 1965, *. 410.
10
S.Bernstein-P.Milza, !"#$%&' #() -.%/0(), 5$) –18$) '1/2') , 0.1, µ0#3. D. Q1µ103&4?.(+%(/,
D85,& 1997, *. 335.
11
M.Mullett, The Counter-Reformation, *. 17.
12
H.Harbison, The Age of Reformation, New York 1965, *. 83.
13
A.Dickens, The Counter Reformation, London 1968, *. 48.
14
J. Q. R&3$/, !"#$%&' #() *+,#+%() -.%/0() 1492-1815, 2"**&%(,941 2003, *. 91.
15
H.Evennett, “The Counter Reformation,” ",: J.Hurstfield, ("4;.), The Reformation Crisis, London
1965, *. 65.

63
:/ &'09& "90" 0( *+CC3&#-& "90" 0(, "4;?01 0(+ >'>%9(+, (' &.?E"'/ 0:, (.(9:, ;",
*+,-4%',&, µ" 0( 4&8(%'4? ;?Cµ&. 6-*& *" &+05, 01 %9*0& *+µ."3'%&µ>$,(,0&,
>'>%9& 0:, Boccaccio, Machiavelli, Rabelais, B3394(+ IW, 4&8A/ 4&' ?%& 0& >'>%9&
0(+ B3$*µ(+. 16
)' µ"0&33+8µ'*0'4-/ 831*4"+0'4-/ 4',5*"'/, .(+ "4;1%A814&, 4&'
"<&.%A814&, *0( µ"C&%70"3( µ-3(/ 01/ "+3:.&@45/ 1."93(+, +.53<&,, .3$Cµ&0',
-,& '*=+3? 3$.'*µ& C'& 01, 4&8(%'45 B44%1*9&. I 9;'& ?µ:/ ".';?814" *"
+."3>(%-/ .3(4"'µ-,(+ ,& ;'&#+%$<"', ?.:/ .9*0"+", 0( ;?Cµ& 4&' 0'/ 4&8(%'4-/
.&3&;?*"'/. )' µ-8(;(' 01/ J"35/ B<-0&*1/ +.53<&, *" µ"C$%( >&8µ? >$,&+*"/,
$;'4"/ 4&' 4&0&=31*0'4-/. P0*', .(%%(9 &8A(' $,83:.(' &,&C4$*014&, ,& +.(*0(7,
0& >&*&,'*053'& 4&' 0(, µ&30+3'4? 8$,&0( .(+ &+05 ".->&%". D4?µ1, µ" 01,
&.&C?3"+*1 4&' 01, 4&7*1 .(%%A, >'>%9:, .3(:8(7,0&, 1 &,"%"+8"39& 0:,
&.?E":, 4&' 1 µ'*&%%(;(<9&, ",A 1 4&0&;941 >$*'µ:, ".'*01µ(,'4A, 8":3'A, :/
&'3"0'4A, (;1C(7*" *" *4(0&;'*µ? 4&' (.'*8(;3?µ1*1.17
X*0?*(, "9,&' C"C(,?/ .:/ 1 D,0'µ"0&3378µ'*1 ".-#"3" 4&' &%%&C-/ .(+
*="09N(,0&, µ" 4$.('(+/ 0(µ"9/ 01/ 0-=,1/. I C%+.0'45, 1 N:C3&#'45, 1
&3='0"40(,'45, 1 %(C(0"=,9& 4&' 1 µ(+*'45 ;-=814&, 0'/ ".'33(-/ µ'&/ ,-&/
&,09%1E1/ *="0'4$ µ" 0( 7#(/ 01/ 4&%%'0"=,'45/ -4#3&*1/. L( µ.&3?4 50&, 1 ,-&
0$*1 01/ 0-=,1/ .(+ ".13-&*" >&8'$ 0'/ ."3'**?0"3"/ =A3"/ 01/ ;+0'45/ B+3A.1/
4&' ?=' µ?,(. I "0+µ(%(C9& 01/ %-<1/ .3(-3="0&' &.? 01, .(30(C&%'45 %-<1
“barrocco”, .(+ *1µ&9,"' 0( &4&0-3C&*0( µ&3C&3'0$3'. K01 *+,-="'& ( C&%%'4?/
?3(/ µ" 0(, (.(9( &,&#"3?µ&*0" ".&43'>A/ *0( *+C4"43'µ-,( 4&%%'0"=,'4? 7#(/
4&0-%1<" ,& &,0'.3(*:."7"' 0( .&3$<",( 4&' 0( .3(4%10'4?. L( *9C(+3( "9,&' .:/
0( µ.&3?4 50&, µ9& 0-=,1 .(+ .3(-4+E" µ"0$ 01 K7,(;( 0(+ L3';-,0(+ 4&' *4(.?
"9=" ,& C9,"' -,& &4?µ1 ?.%( *0& =-3'& 0:, 4&8(%'4A, 4&0$ 0:, .3(0"*0&,0A, 4&'
01/ ;'$;(*1/ 0(+ ;?Cµ&0?/ 0(+/. I &,&.&3$*0&*1 0:, '"3A, µ+*0139:, 50&, 0&
.3A0& 8-µ&0& &+05/ 01/ 0-=,1/. 6" &+0?, 0(, 03?.( 8":3(7*&, ?0' 8& µ.(3(7*&,
,& C9,(+, .'( "74(%& 4&0&,(10$ 4&' &.(;"40$ 0& ;?Cµ&0& 01/ 4&8(%'45/ .9*01/ &.?
-,&, %&? ( (.(9(/ 50&, =&µ1%(7 µ(3#:0'4(7 ".'.-;(+ 4&' ;", µ.(3(7*" ,&
&,0'%1#8"9 01, (+*9& 0:, 8"(%(C'4A, &,0'.&3&8-*":,.18

16
O.Chadwick, The Reformation, Middlesex 1964, *. 271.
17
J. Q. R&3$/, !"#$%&' #() *+,#+%() -.%/0() 1492-1815, 2"**&%(,941 2003, *. 91.
18
S.Bernstein-P.Milza, !"#$%&' #() -.%/0() 5$) –18$) '1/2'), 0.1, µ0#3. D. Q1µ103&4?.(+%(/,
D85,& 1997, *. 356.

64
 K0?=(/ 50&, 1 &.(µ$43+,*1 &.? 0& .&C&,'*0'4$ "9;:%& 0(+ &3=&9(+ 4?*µ(+.
)' 9;'(' (' 4&%%'0-=,"/ ?#"'%&, ,& "µ.,-(,0&' &.? 0& 4&8(%'4$ ';"A;1 4&' ,& -=(+,
4&0&>(%-/ &µ'CA/ =3'*0'&,'4-/. )' µ(3#-/ .(+ &."'4(,9N(,0&, *" .9,&4"/ 5
&,&.&3'*0$,(,0&, *" C%+.0$ -.3"." ,& "9,&' *"µ,-/ 4&' "<"+C",'*µ-,"/. P0*',
4$.('(' 4&%%'0-=,"/ &,&C4$*014&, ,& 4$,(+, µ"0&03(.-/ *0& -3C& 0(+/, 4&8A/
&+0$ ?#"'%&, ,& "<+.13"0(7, *+C4"43'µ-,(+/ *4(.(7/, &+0(7/ 01/
D,0'µ"0&3378µ'*1/. Z:C3$#(' .(+ +.13-01*&, 01, 0-=,1 0(+ µ.&3?4 50&, (
U","0?/ Jacopo Robusti, C,:*0?/ :/ Tintoretto (1518-1594), ( Angelo Caravaggio
(1569-1609), ( Q(µ5,'4(/ 2"(0(4?.(+%(/, C,:*0?/ :/ El Greco (1547-1625) 4&' (
Diego Velasquez.19
I ".'33(5 0(+ µ.&3?4 *01, &3='0"40(,'45 "4#3$*014" µ" ".'>%10'4? 4&'
&+*013? 7#(/, ",A 0& 4093'& 0:, "44%1*'A, -.&E&, ,& &4(%(+8(7, 0(, C(08'4?
3+8µ? 4&' *=";'$N(,0&, µ" 03?.( .(+ ,& "<+.13"0"9 0& 6+*053'& 4&' 0'/ &3=-/ .(+
.3-*>"+" 1 4&8(%'45 B44%1*9&. K0( ;'$4(*µ( 01/ "44%1*9&/ 4+3'&3=(7*" 1
.(%+0-%"'&, .(+ "4#3&N?0&, µ" .(%7 µ$3µ&3(, &%%$ 4&' =3+*?. D.A0"3(/ *4(.?/
50&, ( ",0+.:*'&*µ?/ 0(+ 0&."',(7 .%58(+/, .(+ -.&'3," -,& µ'43? ;"9Cµ& &.?
&+0? .(+ #&,0&N?0&, :/ ".(+3$,'& >&*'%"9&. H&3&4013'*0'4? ;"9Cµ& µ.&3?4
&3='0"40(,'45/ &.(0"%"9 ( ,&?/ 0(+ DC9(+ G-03(+ *01 YAµ1, 1 4'(,(*0('=9& 0(+
(.(9(+ 4&' &34"0?/ &.? 0(, "*:0"3'4? 0(+ ;'$4(*µ( 50&, -3C( 0(+ Giovanni
Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680), ",?/ &.? 0(+/ .'( =&3&4013'*0'4(7/ "4.3(*A.(+/ 0(+
"9;(+/ *01, J0&%9& .20
D,&#(3'4$ µ" 01 %(C(0"=,9& 4&' 01, .(91*1 ';'&90"3& ;"9Cµ&0& ".'33(5/ 0(+
µ.&3?4 *+,&,0(7µ" *0& .('5µ&0& 0(+ Michel-Angelo Buonaroti, 4&8A/ 4&' *0&
".'4$ -3C& 0(+ Torquato Tasso. K01, J*.&,9& "9=" "<&.%:8"9 1 ,-& 0$*1 &.? 01
µ103?.(%1 0(+ "9;(+/, 01 YAµ1. K" -3C&, ?.:/ 0( µ+8'*0?31µ& 0(+ 2"3>$,0"/ “Q(,
!'=A01/” (El ingenioso hidalgo don Qyijote de la Mancha,1605) ",0(.9N(,0&'
*0('="9& 0-0('&/ ".'33(5/, ?.:/ 4&' *0& 8"&03'4$ -3C& 0(+ Lope de Vega, ?.(+
0(,'N?0&, 1 .9*01 *0( µ(,$3=1 4&' 0( 3:µ&'(4&8(%'4'*µ?, ?.:/ 4&' 0( &9*81µ& 01/
0'µ5/. L( '*.&,'4? &+0? µ.&3?4 "<&.%A814" 4&' *01, G(30(C&%9&, 4&8A/ 4&' *01
M&0','45 Dµ"3'45. L( µ.&3?4 ;'&;?814" &4?µ1 *01, G3$C&, 01 U'-,,1 4&' 0(
6?,&=(, 4&8A/ 4&' *0( ,?0'( 0µ5µ& 0:, !$0: H:3A,, .(+ "9=" .&3&µ"9,"'

19
H.J.Grimm, The Reformation Era 1500-1650, New York 1965, **. 609-610.
20
P.Janelle, The Catholic Reformation, London 1971, **. 159, 165, 173.

65
3:µ&'(4&8(%'4?. K01 S&%%9& >354" .3?*#(3( -;&#(/ 4&' "4#3$*014" 4+39:/ µ-*&
&.? 01 %(C(0"=,9& 4&' 01 N:C3&#'45.21
K" ?,0' &#(3$ 0'/ 4&%-/ 0-=,"/ ( M(7813(/ 50&, ( µ?,(/ &.? 0(+/
.3:0"3C$0"/ 0:, .3(0"*0&,0'4A, ;(Cµ$0:, .(+ &.(;"=?0&, 01, &<9& 0(+/ 4&'
µ$%'*0& 8":3(7*" *+C4"43'µ-,& 01 µ(+*'45 8"9( ;A3( *0(, $,83:.( µ&N9 µ" 01
U9>%(, ",A ( Z>9CC%'(/ 4&' ( !&%>9,(/ ;", 0'/ 8":3(7*&, $<'"/ %?C(+ 4&' .3(*(=5/.
) M(7813(/ 50&, &+0?/ .(+ "'*5C&C" 01 =(3:;9& *01 M"'0(+3C9& 01/ B44%1*9&/ 4&'
01 µ(+*'45 .&';"9& *0& *=(%"9&, µ" &.(0-%"*µ& ,& #-3"' 0(+/ &.%(7/ &,83A.(+/ .'(
4(,0$ *01 µ(+*'45. ) 9;'(/ "9=" C3$E"' .(%%(7/ C,:*0(7/ 7µ,(+/, ?.:/ 4&' 0(
.3A0( µ-3(/ 01/ C"3µ&,'45/ 2"9&/ M"'0(+3C9&/. I 4(3+#&9& -4#3&*1 01/
.3(0"*0&,0'45/ µ(+*'45/ "4;1%A814" &.? 0(, Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750),
.(+ "9=" 8-*"' 7E'*0( *0?=( ,& +µ,"9 0(, 2"? µ-*& &.? 01 µ(+*'45 0(+ *7µ#:,& µ"
0'/ %(+813&,'4-/ &3=-/. D.? 01, .%"+3$ 0:, 4&8(%'4A, 0( µ.&3?4 .(+ "'*5C&C" 1
D,0'µ"0&3378µ'*1 "4#3$*014" 4&' µ" ;7( µ(+*'4$ "9;1, 0( (3&0?3'( 4&' 01, ?."3&,
.(+ &.-401*&, ';'&90"31 &.5=1*1 *0( 4(',?. D4?µ1 4&' 0( 8-&03( =31*'µ(.('5814"
0?*( &.? 0(+/ 4&8(%'4(7/ ?*( 4&' &.? 0(+/ .3(0"*0$,0"/, C'& ,& ."3$*(+, *0(,
&.%? %&? 0& 831*4"+0'4$ ';"A;1 0:, ;(Cµ$0:, 0(+/.22
G-3& ?µ:/ &.? 01, D,0'µ"0&3378µ'*1 4&' 0'/ *+,-."'"/ &+05/ 4&' 01/ 9;'&/
01/ 6"0&3378µ'*1/ *0'/ 4&%-/ 0-=,"/, 01 %(C(0"=,9& 4&' 01 µ(+*'45, 1 ".'33(5
&+0(7 0(+ 0?*( 4&8(3'*0'45/ *1µ&*9&/ #&',(µ-,(+ ;", $#1*" &,".13-&*0(+/ 4&'
.(%%(7/ $%%(+/ 0(µ"9/, ?.:/ 50&, 1 .(%'0'45 *4-E1, (' ('4(,(µ'4-/ 4&' 4(',:,'4-/
8":39"/, 1 ,-& &,09%1E1 C'& 01, "4.&9;"+*1. D,&#(3'4$ µ" 01, .(%'0'45, 1
6"0&3378µ'*1 ;" ;1µ'(73C1*" ,-& .(%'0'4$ *+*05µ&0&, &%%$ *0'/ µ-3"/ 01/ 4&'
*7µ#:,& µ" 0'/ &3=-/ .(+ .3-*>"+", *0&8"3(.('5814&, 0& 5;1 +.$3=(,0&. I
.(%'0'45 "<(+*9& +.53<" *" .(%%-/ ."3'.0A*"'/ *053'Cµ& C'& 0& .3(0"*0&,0'4$
;?Cµ&0& 4&' (' .3:0"3C$0"/ &+0A,, ?.:/ ( M(7813(/, ;9;&<&, 01, +.(0&C5 *’
&+05,. B.9*1/, 01, 9;'& ".(=5 .3(-4+E" 1 *0&8"3(.(91*1 01/ -,,('&/ 0(+ "8,'4(7
43$0(+/ 4+39:/ *01 ;+0'45 B+3A.1.23
I *+µ>(%5 0:, .3(0"*0&,0A, *01, &,$.0+<1 01/ .(%'0'45/ *4-E1/
*="09N"0&' 4&' µ" 0'/ ';-"/ .(+ .3-*>"+&, (' .3:0"3C$0"/ 0(+/. ) M(7813(/
"<-#3&*" ".&,&*0&0'4-/ C'& 01, ".(=5 0(+ &.?E"'/, .(+ &#(3(7*&, 0'/ *=-*"'/

21
S.Bernstein-P.Milza, !"#$%&' #() -.%/0() 5$) –18$) '1/2'), 0.1, µ0#3. D. Q1µ103&4?.(+%(/, D85,&
1997, **. 359-360.
22
H.J.Grimm, The Reformation Era 1500-1650, New York 1965, **. 604, 607, 613-614.
23
G.R.Elton, Reformation Europe 1517-1559, London 1967, **. 297-298.

66
G(%'0"9&/-B44%1*9&/. G'( *+C4"43'µ-,&, 8":3(7*" .:/ 1 G(%'0"9& ;", 8& -.3"." ,&
"9,&' +.(0&Cµ-,1 *01, B44%1*9& 4&' .&3$%%1%& ;", "9=" 0( ;'4&9:µ& ,& %&µ>$,"'
&.(#$*"'/ C'& N105µ&0& 831*4"+0'4$. L-%(/, *7µ#:,& µ" 0'/ &3=-/ 0(+ M(+853(+, (
1C"µ?,&/ ?#"'%" ,& +.13"0"9 0?*( 0(, 2"?, ?*( 4&' 0(, &.%? .(%901, ?.:/ 4$8"
$%%(/ &.%?/ $,83:.(/, ",A 4&8-,&/ "9=" 0( ;'4&9:µ& ,& &*4"9 43'0'45 *01
;'&4+>-3,1*1 0(+ 0?.(+ 0(+. [*( C'& 0(, !&%>9,( 4&' 0'/ ;'4-/ 0(+ .(%'0'4-/
&.?E"'/ -µ('&N&, &34"0$ µ" 0(+ M(+853(+ &,&#(3'4$ µ" 01, +.(0&C5 *0(, .(%'0'4?
$3=(,0&, :*0?*( ( 9;'(/ -;:*" ."3'**?0"31 -µ#&*1 *0'/ .(%'0'4-/ "+87,"/ 0:,
&,83A.:, 4&' *01, &,$C41 *+µµ"0(=5/ 0(+/ *0& 4(',$.24 T%%:*0", 0( .(%'0'4?
*7*01µ& 01/ S","71/ 50&, 4(',(>(+%"+0'4? 4&' &+0? .3(*;9;"' -,& .'( ;1µ(43&0'4?
7#(/ *01, .(%'0'45 *4-E1 0(+ !&%>9,(+, 1 (.(9& 4&' "#&3µ?*014" *0'/ =A3"/
".'33(5/ 0(+ 4&%>','*µ(7, ;1%&;5 *01, B%>"09&, 0'/ !$0: HA3"/, 01 U3"0&,9& 4&'
0'/ &CC%'4-/ &.('49"/ 01/ >?3"'&/ Dµ"3'45/.25
D,&#(3'4$ µ" 0'/ *+,-."'"/ .(+ "9=" 1 6"0&3378µ'*1 *0( 4(',:,'4? .";9(
.3-."' ,& *1µ"':8"9 &3='4$ ?0' (' 4&8&+0? &.?E"'/ 0(+ 9;'(+ 0(+ M(+853(+ *="0'4$
µ" 0( 8-µ& +.53<&, *0&8"3$ *+,01310'4-/ 4&' ".13"&*µ-,"/ &.? 0( µ"*&':,'4?
.,"7µ& 01/ ".(=5/ 0(+. G9*0"+" .:/ 8& -.3"." ,& .3(>%-."' 0( 43$0(/ C'& 01 C",'45
"+1µ"39& 0:, .(%'0A, 4&' .3(:8(7*" µ'& .'( *+*01µ&0'45 #3(,09;& C'& 0(+/
&.?3(+/ *0139N(,0&/ .&3$%%1%& 01, ';-& 01/ ;1µ?*'&/ .&';"9&/ C'& ?%(+/.26
B9,&' .(%7 =&3&4013'*0'4? 4&' 0( C"C(,?/ ?0' ( .3(0"*0&,0'*µ?/
&,&C,A3'*" 01, .3(*#(3$ 01/ C+,&94&/ :/ µ10-3&/, *+N7C(+, &%%$ 4&' :/
&+87.&3401/ .3(*:.'4?010&/. B9,&' C,:*05 1 µ"*&':,'45 &,09%1E1 C'& 01 C+,&94&,
&,09%1E1 .(+ *="0'N?0&, $µ"*& µ" 01, B7&, 01 ;1µ'(+3C9& 01/ &.? 0( .%"+3? 0(+
D;$µ, 01, “&µ&30:%5” 01/ #7*1. F0&, ;";(µ-,1 1 +.(0&C5 01/ *0( *7N+C( 4&' 1
4&0:0"3?010$ 01/ *+C43'0'4$ µ" &+0?,. ) .3(0"*0&,0'*µ?/ 538" ,& &%%$<"' &+05,
01, &,09%1E1 .3(/ µ'& .'( ;1µ(43&0'45 4&0"78+,*1. G&3$ 0( C"C(,?/ ?0' ;", -8"0"
N501µ& '*?010&/ 0:, ;7( #7%:,, &,&C,A3'N" *01 C+,&94& 01 *+,"'*#(3$ 01/ *0(
*.90' 4&' 01, ('4(C-,"'& 4&' 0'/ &3"0-/ .(+ ",;"=(µ-,:/ 01, =&3&4053'N&,. B.'.%-(,,
(' .3(0"*0$,0"/ &.",(=(.(91*&, 4&' 01, ';-& 0(+ C$µ(+ 0:, '"3-:,. ) M(7813(/
8":3(7*" .:/ ( C$µ(/ (39*014" &.? 0(, 2"? 4&' C'’ &+0? 50&, ",$3"01 .3$<1.27
B<$%%(+, ( 9;'(/ &.(0-%"*" 0( .3A0( .&3$;"'Cµ& µ" 01 *0$*1 0(+, &#(7 ,+µ#"7014"

24
H.J.Grimm, The Reformation Era 1500-1650, New York 1965, **. 571-572.
25
J. Q. R&3$/, !"#$%&' #() *+,#+%() -.%/0() 1492-1815, 2"**&%(,941 2003, *. 92.
26
H.J.Grimm, ,.0., *. 579.
27
H.Hillerbrand, The World of the Reformation, London 1975, **. 194-196.

67
4&' &.-401*" 4&' .&';'$. 6$%'*0&, &,&C,A3'N" 4&' *01, .3$<1 01, &<9& 01/ *+N7C(+
0(+, ;"9=,(,0$/ 01/ "µ.'*0(*7,1 *="0'4$ µ" 01 ;'&="93'*1 0(+ *.'0'(7 4&' >(18A,0&/
01, ( 9;'(/ .3(*:.'4$.
L-%(/, 4$0' &4?µ1 .(+ &.(0"%"9 µ-=3' 4&' *5µ"3& 4&',(0(µ9& *01,
.3(0"*0&,0'45 4(',:,'45 &,09%1E1 ;", 50&, µ?,( 0( C"C(,?/ ?0' (' C+,&94"/
+.53<&, ';'&'0-3:/ -,8"3µ(' (.&;(9 0:, ,-:, ;(Cµ$0:,, .(%%-/ #(3-/
+."30"3A,0&/ &3'8µ10'4$ *+C43'0'4$ µ" 0(+/ $,;3"/, &%%$ 4&' ?0' "<"%9=814&, *"
","3C$ µ-%1, .(+ 453+00&, 0'/ &3=-/ 0:, ,-:, ;(Cµ$0:,. !$0' 0-0('( 50&,
&,&9*=+,0( C'& 01, 4&8(%'45 &,09%1E1 01/ ".(=5/.28 B.'.%-(,, 4&' *5µ"3& +.$3=(+,
'"3(453+4"/ C+,&94"/ 0:, .3(0"*0&,0'4A, B44%1*'A,, 4$0' .(+ +#9*0&0&' *"
"%$='*0( >&8µ? *01, 4&8(%'45 4&' 4&8?%(+ *01, (38?;(<1 B44%1*9& µ" 0(+/
&,09*0('=(+/ '"3"9/.
)' &.?E"'/ 0:, .3:0"3C&0A, 01/ 6"0&3378µ'*1/ *="0'4$ µ" ('4(,(µ'4$
8-µ&0& 50&, &34"0$ *+C4"43'µ-,"/. ) M(7813(/ 50&, ",0"%A/ &,098"0(/ *0&
#&',?µ",& 01/ 0(4(C%+#9&/ 4&' 01/ #'%&3C+39&/ 4&' "9=" 8-*"' 4$.('(+/ ?3(+/,
*7µ#:,& µ" 0(+/ (.(9(+/ 8& µ.(3(7*" ,& &,&µ(3#:8"9 0( .'*0:0'4? *7*01µ&.
D4?µ1, &*4(7*" ;3'µ"9& 43'0'45 ",&,09(, 0:, "µ.?3:, .(+ "9=&, 0( µ(,(.A%'(
;'$#(3:, .3(@?,0:, 4&' "4µ"0&%%"7(,0&, 01, &,83A.',1 &,$C41 *" ('4(,(µ'4$
;7*4(%(+/ 4&'3(7/.29 ) !&%>9,(/ µ" 01 *"'3$ 0(+ 8":3(7*" ?0' 1 "3C&*9& 50&, 1
4&%70"31 .3(*"+=5 4&' -0*', &, 4&' &*+,"9;10&, .3(A81*", 4&0$ .(%%(7/, 01,
&,$.0+<1 01/ 4"#&%&'(43&09&/ .30
I "4.&9;"+*1 50&, -,&/ &.? 0(+/ 8"*µ(7/ .(+ +.-*01*&, &%%&C-/ *0'/
=A3"/ (' (.(9"/ &*.$*014&, 0& .3(0"*0&,0'4$ ;?Cµ&0&. Q?814" ';'&90"31 -µ#&*1
*01, 9;3+*1 *=(%"9:,, &%%$ 4&' *01 µ"0$8"*1 0:, &3µ(;'(050:, C'& 01, "4.&9;"+*1
&.? 01, B44%1*9& *0( !3$0(/. )' .3(0"*0$,0"/ .3(A81*&, 01, "4µ$81*1 0:,
%&0','4A, C'& 01 ;'&7C"'& 01/ *4-E1/ 4&' 0:, "%%1,'4A, 4&' 0:, ">3&@4A, C'& 01,
4&0&,?1*1 0:, S3&#A,. B.9*1/, "<53&, 01 *1µ&*9& 0:, *.(+;A, 01/ J*0(39&/, :/
01 >$*1 C'& 01, 4&%70"31 4&0&,?1*1 8"(%(C'45/ #7*":/ N101µ$0:,. K01, &3=5 01/
"4;5%:*5/ 01/ µ.(3"9 ,& ;?814" 1 ",07.:*1 .:/ 1 6"0&3378µ'*1 50&, "=83'45

28
H.Hillerbrand, ,.0., *. 193.
29
H.J.Grimm, The Reformation Era 1500-1650, New York 1965, **. 579-580.
30
J. Q. R&3$/, !"#$%&' #() *+,#+%() -.%/0() 1492-1815, 2"**&%(,941 2003, *. 92.

68
.3(/ 01, "4.&9;"+*1, &%%$ 1 (.('&;5.(0" ;'&#:,9& &#(3(7*" 0( ".'43&0(7,
"4.&';"+0'4? *7*01µ& 4&' 0( .A/ 0( ;'&="'3'N?0&, 1 4&8(%'45 B44%1*9&.31
X*0?*(, .-3& &.? 0'/ ".';3$*"'/ 01/ 6"0&3378µ'*1/ *" ;'$#(3(+/ 0(µ"9/
01/ &,83A.',1/ ;3&*013'?010&/, µ9& &.? 0'/ .'( *1µ&,0'4-/ *+,-."'"/ +.53<" 1 9;'&
1 "µ.?%"µ1 4&0$*0&*1 *01, (.(9& ",".%$41*&, .(%%-/ =A3"/ 01/ "+3:.&@45/
1."93(+ µ" &#(3µ5 0'/ 831*4"+0'4-/ -3';"/ .(+ ;1µ'(73C1*&, 0& ,-& ;?Cµ&0&. [*(
&+0$ ;'&;9;(,0&, 0?*( .+3(;(0(7,0&, .'( "43140'4-/ 4&0&*0$*"'/, .(+
"4;1%A,(,0&, &3='4$ µ" ;':Cµ(7/. I S&%%9& 4&' 1 S"3µ&,9& 50&, (' =A3"/ .(+
+.-*01*&, 0'/ µ"C&%70"3"/ N1µ9"/ &.? 0'/ .(%"µ'4-/ ;'&µ$="/ .(+ *1µ"'A814&, *0(
?,(µ& 0(+ (38(7 ;?Cµ&0(/. 32
I S&%%9& *.&3&N?0&, &.? "µ#7%'"/ ;'&µ$="/, .(+ &#(3(7*&, 01, &,$%1E1
01/ "<(+*9&/ &.? 4&8(%'4(7/, (' (.(9(' "4.3(*:.(7,0&, &.? 01, ('4(C-,"'& 0:,
Guises, 5 &.? .3(0"*0$,0"/, (' (.(9(' "4.3(*:.(7,0&, &.? 01, ('4(C-,"'& 0:,
Bourbons. )' *#&C-/, (' ;(%(#(,9"/ 4&' ( &,"%-10(/ .?%"µ(/ .+3(;?01*"
&,"<-%"C40"/ 4&0&*0$*"'/ µ" &.(4(37#:µ& 01, *#&C5 3.000 .3(0"*0&,0A,
(+C",?0:, 01 ,7=0& 01/ 241/ .3(/ 251 D+C(7*0(+ 1572. L( C"C(,?/ &+0? "9,&'
C,:*0? :/ 1 “,7=0& 0(+ DC9(+ U&38(%(µ&9(+”. [0&, µ"0$ &.? µ&43$ *"'3$
3&;'(+3C'A, 4&' ;(%(#(,'A, &,5%8" *0( 83?,( 01/ S&%%9&/ ( B3394(/ 01/
\&>$33&/, 1 439*1 "40(,A814". ) ,-(/ >&*'%'$/, ".(,(µ&N?µ",(/ .%-(, B3394(/ QW
01/ \&>$33&/ (1589-1610), &, 4&' .3(0"*0$,01/, ".'="931*" 4&' .-0+=" *+,",,?1*1
µ" 0(, .$.& 4&' µ$%'*0& "<-;:*" 0( ."39#1µ( ;'$0&Cµ& 01/ \$,01/, 0( (.(9(
&,&C,A3'N" 0( ;'4&9:µ& 01/ "%"+8"39&/ 4&' 01/ '*(.(%'0"9&/ *0(+/ .3(0"*0$,0"/ 01/
S&%%9&/.33
D.? 01, $%%1 .%"+3$ 1 &+0(43&0(39& 0:, DE>(73C:, "4.3(*:.(7,0&,
&3='4$ &.? 0(, #'%?;(<( !$3(%( BW, ( (.(9(/ +.53<" .&,9*=+3(/ 1C"µ?,&/ 4&' "9="
?,"'3( ,& &.(4&0&*05*"' 01, DC9& Y:µ&@45 D+0(43&0(39&. ) 9;'(/ +.53<"
+.-3µ&=(/ 0(+ 4&8(%'4'*µ(7 4&' &,0'%&µ>&,?0&, ?0' µ" 01, "4;5%:*1 0:, ,-:,
;(Cµ$0:, ?=' µ?,( ;'&4+>"7(,0&, (' &3=-/ 0(+ ;?Cµ&0?/ 0(+ :/ “Rex
Catholicissimus”, &%%$ 4&' "."3=?0&, 1 ;'$*.&*1 *" µ9& ".(=5 .(+ ( 9;'(/ ".';9:4"
01 *0&8"3?010& 4&' 01, .3(*4?%%1*1 *01, 4&8(%'45 .&3$;(*1. G3(].?8"*1 C'&
01, .3&Cµ$0:*1 01/ &+0(43&0(39&/ 0(+ 50&, ,& *+,",A*"' +.? 0( *45.03( 0(+ 01

31
H.Hillerbrand, The World of the Reformation, London 1975, *. 212.
32
J. Q. R&3$/, ,.0., *. 129.
33
S.Bernstein-P.Milza, !"#$%&' #() -.%/0() 5$) –18$) '1/2'), 0.1, µ0#3. D. Q1µ103&4?.(+%(/, D85,&
1997, *. 377-378.

69
S"3µ&,9& 4&' 01, J0&%9&, "9=" $%%:*0" 5;1 *01, 4&0(=5 0(+ 0'/ '0&%'4-/ 405*"'/ 0(+
)94(+ 01/ D3&C(,9&/, 01 \$.(%1 4&' 01 K'4"%9&. P;:*" .(%%-/ µ$="/ C'& ,& ."07="'
0(+/ *0?=(+/ 0(+ 4&' 0"%'4$ ".'43$01*" 01/ S&%%9&/ 4&' 0(+ &,0'.$%(+ 0(+
^3&C49*4(+ DW. L(, ,941*" *01, G&>9& 0( 1525 4&' 0(+ ".->&%" 01 *+,8541 01/
6&;3901/ 0( 1526. B.9*1/, -8"*" 0(, "&+0? 0(+ ".'4"#&%5/ µ'&/ *0&+3(#(39&/
",&,09(, 0:, )8:µ&,A,, .(+ &."'%(7*&, 01, B+3A.1.34
K0& .%&9*'& 01/ .3(*.$8"'$/ 0(+ ,& 4&0&.,9<"' 01, "<$.%:*1 0(+
%(+813&,'*µ(7, .(+ &.(0"%(7*" 03(=(.-;1 *0& *=-;'$ 0(+, ( !$3(%(/ BW
&,&4(9,:*" *01 Q9&'0&, .(+ *+C4%5814" *01, .?%1 Speyer 0( 1529, µ-*: 0(+
&;"%#(7 0(+ ^"3;',$,;(+ ?0' ;" 8& &,"=?0&, 4&µ9& .3(*=A31*1 S"3µ&,A,
.3'C49.:, *0( %(+813&,'4? ;?Cµ&. )' S"3µ&,(9 .39C4'."/ "4;5%:*&, 01, $µ"*1
&,09;3&*5 0(+/ *+C43(0A,0&/ 01 Kµ&%4&%;'45 P,:*1.35 L( 1546 <-*.&*&,
*+C43(7*"'/ *01 S"3µ&,9&. )' %?C(' 50&, 4&' 831*4"+0'4(9, 1 µ$=1 µ"0&<7
4&8(%'4A, 4&' %(+813&,A,, &%%$ 4&' .(%'0'4(9, 1 &,09*0&*1 0:, S"3µ&,A,
.3'C49.:, 4&0$ 0(+ !&3?%(+ BW. 6"0$ 01 µ(,&;'45 0(+ ,941 *01, .?%1 Mühlberg (
!$3(%(/ #&,"3$ 4(+3&*µ-,(/ 4&' &.(C(10"+µ-,(/ &.? 01, -4>&*1 0:, C"C(,?0:,
;-=014" ,& +.(C3$E"' 01, "'35,1 01/ D+C(7*0&/ (Augsburg) *0& 1555. I *+,8541
"<&*#$%'N", µ"0&<7 $%%:,, 01, .(%+.?8101 "%"+8"39& 0(+ ;?Cµ&0(/ *0(+/ .39C4'."/
4&' 0( ;'4&9:µ$ 0(+/ ,& ".'>$%(+, 0( ;?Cµ& 0(+/ *0(+/ +.14?(+/ 0(+/. B.9*1/, 4&'
0& ;7( ;?Cµ&0& 8":3(7,0&, '*?0'µ&.36
I "'35,1 01/ D+C(7*0&/ +.53<" -,&/ &.? 0(+/ µ"C&%70"3(+/ *0&8µ(7/ *01,
'*0(39& 0(+ .3(0"*0&,0'*µ(7 4&' µ9& &.? 0'/ .3A0"/ *.(+;&9"/ ,94"/ 0(+. D.(0-%"*"
µ9& &.? 0'/ >&*'4-/ &'09"/ 01/ .3(?;(+ 4&' 01/ &,$.0+<1/ .(+ *1µ"9:*&, µ"0-."'0&
0& ,-& ;?Cµ&0&. )' .3(0"*0$,0"/ 1C"µ?,"/ µ$%'*0& *+*."'3A814&, *" -,&,
*+,&*.'*µ? .(+ (,?µ&*&, Union µ" &3=1C? 0(, "4%-40(3& 0(+ G&%&0',$0(+
^3"';"394( QW 4&' µ" 01 *7µ.3&<1 0?*( 01/ B%'*$>"0 01/ U3"0&,9&/ ?*( 4&' 0(+
B3394(+ QW 01/ S&%%9&/ 4&' 0(+ .39C4'.& 01/ )3$CC1/ 4&' $3=(,0& 0:, !$0:
H:3A,. D.? 01, .%"+3$ 0(+/ (' 4&8(%'4(9 (3C&,A814&, *01 Liga µ" &3=1C? 0(,
6&<'µ'%'&,?, "4%-40(3& 01/ U&+&39&/.37
K0& ".?µ",& =3?,'& µ" &#(3µ5 0'/ 831*4"+0'4-/ ;'&#(3-/ 4&' "<&'09&/
.(%'0'4A, N101µ$0:, $3='*" µ9& µ&43$ ."39(;(/ .(%"µ'4A, *+33$<":,, .(+

34
H.Harbison, The Age of Reformation, New York 1968, **. 31-33.
35
S.Bernstein-P.Milza, ,.0., *. 348.
36
E.Cameron, The European Reformation, New York 1991, **. 347-349.
37
J. Q. R&3$/, !"#$%&' #() *+,#+%() -.%/0() 1492-1815, 2"**&%(,941 2003, *. 129.

70
;'534"*&, ."39.(+ 03'$,0& =3?,'& 4&' ",-.%"<&, *=";?, (%?4%131 01, B+3A.1. )'
.(%"µ'4-/ ;'&µ$="/ ;'","3C5814&, µ" ';'&90"31 *4%13?010& 4&' ".-#"3&,
*+C4%(,'*0'4-/ &%%&C-/ *0( µ"0-."'0& "+3:.&@4? 4(',:,'4(.(%'0'4? C9C,"*8&'. I
&'µ&0135 &+05 ."39(;(/ 0(+ %"C?µ",(+ “L3'&4(,0&"0(7/ G(%-µ(+” =:39N"0&' *"
03"'/ ."3'?;(+/. I .3A01 ."39(;(/ .(+ ;'534"*" &.? 0( 1618 -:/ 0( 1623
*="09*014" µ" µ'& ".&,$*0&*1 .(+ "4;1%A814" *01 U(1µ9&. I ".&,$*0&*1 &+05
"4;1%A814" ",&,09(, 01/ &+*03'&45/ &3=5/ 4&' 0(+ &+0(43$0(3& 4&' &3=';(74& 01/
D+*039&/ Matthias, ( (.(9(/ &.(."'3$814" ,& <"3'NA*"' 0(, .3(0"*0&,0'*µ? &.? 01
U(1µ9& 4&' ,& ".'>$%"' 0(, ^"3;',$,;( 01/ K0+39&/, -,&, '*=+3? +.-3µ&=( 0(+
4&8(%'4'*µ(7, :/ >&*'%'$ 01/ =A3&/ &+05/. )' .3(0"*0&,0'4-/ ;+,$µ"'/
*+*."'3A814&, 4&' µ" "<:0"3'45 >(58"'& &.? 0( ;(74& 01/ K&>(V&/ 4&' 0(+/
".&,&*0&01µ-,(+/ .3(0"*0$,0"/ 01/ L3&,*+%>&,9&/ #$,14" &3='4$ ,& 4"3;9N(+,
-;&#(/. X*0?*(, 1 &.(*0(%5 *03&0':0'45/ >(58"'&/ &.? 0(+/ J*.&,(7/ .3(/ 0(+/
4&8(%'4(7/ &.(;"9=014" µ('3&9& C'& 0( 0"%'4? &.(0-%"*µ& &+05/ 01/ #$*1/ .(+
&,-;"'<" ,'410-/ 0(, ,-( &+0(43$0(3& ^"3;',$,;( 01/ K0+39&/, .%-(, ^"3;',$,;(
UW, 4&' 0(, 4&8(%'4'*µ?, .(+ &.(4&0&*0$814" *01, ."3'(=5.38 B.'.%-(,, ('
",:µ-,"/ ;+,$µ"'/ 01/ 4&8(%'45/ Liga 4&' 0:, I*.&,A, "<&*#$%'*&, *0(+/
4&8(%'4(7/ 01, .?%1 Heidelberg 4&' 0( G&%&0',$0( +.? 0'/ ;'&0&C-/ 0(+ &3=';(74&
6&<'µ'%'&,(7 DW, (%(4%13A,(,0&/ 01, .3A01 #$*1 0(+ .(%-µ(+ 0( 1623.39
I ;"70"31 ."39(;(/ 0(+ .(%-µ(+ 4$%+E" 0'/ =3(,'-/ &.? 0( 1624 -:/ 0( 1629
4&' *="09*014" µ" 01, ".-µ>&*1 01/ Q&,9&/ *01, "<-%'<1 0:, .(%"µ'4A, *+33$<":,.
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Wallenstein, &%%$ ;", 0& 4&0$#"3" 0"%'4$ 4&' &.(=A31*" µ" 01, B'35,1 0(+ Lübeck
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µ" "µ#&,5 ";&#'4$ *+µ#-3(,0& .&3(+*'$*014" ( >&*'%'$/ 01/ K(+1;9&/ S(+*0$>(/

38
S. Lee, The Thirty Years War, London 1991, **. 1-2.
39
J. Burkhardt, “The Thirty Years’ War” ",: R.Po-chia Hsia ("4;.), A Companion to the Reformation
World, London 2004, *. 273.
40
L.Petersen, “The Danish Intermezzo” ",: G.Parker ("4;.), The Thirty Years’ War, London 1997, *.
30.

71
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<&,&,-%&>" ( '4&,?0&0(/ Wallenstein, .(+ 4&0$#"3" ,& &,&4?E"' 01, .(%"µ'45 (3µ5
0:, K(+1;A,. L( 1632 *01 µ$=1 0(+ Lützen ( S(+*0$>(/ *4(0A814" 4&' &+0?
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K(+1;9&/ ."3'(39*014". 41
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01/ K(+1;9&/ *01 U&+&39& 0( 1642, 0'/ *+,"=?µ","/ ,94"/ *0'/ .?%"'/ Tuttlingen
(1643), Freiburg (1644) 4&' Mergentheim (1645), &%%$ 4+39:/ 01, 4&0$%1E1 01/
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I *+,8541 &+05, .(+ $,('<" µ9& ,-& ".(=5 *01, "+3:.&@45 J*0(39&,
+.(C3$#014" µ"0$ &.? ;'&.3&Cµ&0"7*"'/ .(+ ;'534"*&, 0-**"3& =3?,'& 4&'
;'"<5=81*&, *0'/ (+;-0"3"/ .?%"'/ Münster 4&' Osnabrück. B9,&' C"C(,?/ .:/ 4&,"9/
;", +.53<" &%18',?/ ,'4105/ &+0(7 0(+ .(%+"0(7/ .(%-µ(+. I S&%%9& 4&' 1 K(+1;9&
+.(=3"A814&, ,& "C4&0&%"9E(+, ?%"/ 0'/ 4&0&405*"'/ 0(+/ .(+ &,54&, *01,

41
F.Hartung, Deutsche Geschichte von 1519 bis 1648, Berlin 1971, **. 108-119.
42
S.Lee, The Thirty Years War, London 1991, **. 7-8.

72
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43
J.Burkhardt, “The Thirty Years War ”, ",: Po-chia Hsia ("4;.), A Companion to the Reformation
World, London 2004, *. 285.
44
J. Q. R&3$/, !"#$%&' #() *+,#+%() -.%/0(), 1492-1815, 2"**&%(,941 2003, *. 133.

73
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74
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C.7. M&-&%61(/%(5, !"# $%%&'()* (+,-./# 1204-1985, K"**&%(98-0 1998, *. 101.
2
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75
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3
G.E.Zachariades, Tübingen und Konstantinopel, Martin Crusius und seine Verhandlungen mit der
Griechisch-Orthodoxen Kirche, Göttingen 1941, **. 5-6.
4
N. O. !&.µ8.05, 7 0.152-3-6 8))%&+/# $' 2(#%59: µ$,; ,:' $,$.-253:' 8))%&+(<', C329&' 1975,
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76
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"/&,,"%'-(+5 -&' &.,64".& "1'*-?#40-" :+( #(.?5 409 M/4"µD?.,0. A 8:'(5 (
<"%$,@3;9 µ"4$ 40 ,9;.'µ8& 4(/5 "8@" "93(/*'&*4"8 µ&G8 4(/ -&' "8@" 1'*4?I"' *4'5
/1?.µ"4."5 #'%(:(E8"5 4(/, 1(/ */µ1".'%$µD&9&9 µ8& 1.(*?,,'*0 (.3(:6E;9 -&'
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<(%:&D8& /1?. 405 µ"4&../3µ'*4'-25 -890*05, &%%$ ( <"%$,@3;9 :" G(+*" 1'&. A
).&-%"8:05 :'&42.0*", ;*46*(, "1&#2 -&' µ" 1.(4"*4$94"5 405 :"+4".05 ,"9'$5.10
) 1.>40 1'( "18*0µ0 "1&#2 4(/ (.36:(E(/ -6*µ(/ µ" 4(9 1.(4"*4&94'-6
?,'9" 64&9 ( 1&4.'$.@05 !;9*4&94'9(/16%";5 N;$*&# MS (1555-1565) 12." 409
1.;4(D(/%8& 9& *4"8%"' *4& 1559 4( :'$-(9( &16 40 K"**&%(98-0 Q0µ24.'( </*6
*40 M/4"µD?.,0, µ" *-(16 9& */,-"94.>*"' 1%0.(#(.8"5 *@"4'-$ µ" 4( -890µ& 405
<"4&..+3µ'*05. P4&9 ,",(965 1;5 (' ,9>*"'5 1(/ "8@&9 (' (.36:(E(' ,'& 4(/5
1.(4"*4$94"5 24&9 ':'&84".& */,-"@/µ?9"5 -&' ,'’&/46 ( (.36:(E(5 :'$-(9(5, 1(/
?4/@" 3".µ64&405 /1(:(@25, ?µ"'9" "-"8 ?9& (%6-%0.( "E$µ09( 1&.&-(%(/3>94&5 4'5
*/923"'"5 4;9 1.(4"*4&94>9 -&' */%%?,(94&5 1%0.(#(.8"5. U4&9 "1?*4."I", ?#"."

7
S.Runciman, The Great Church in Captivity. A study of the patriarchate of Constantinople from the
eve of the turkish conquest to the greek war of independence, London 1968, **. 240-241.
8
B. T';4(1(+%(/-R'*'%'$9(/, A',<'(-6 - BC#.D-6. B'#6 =$.)>.#/-6 0>µ#'(+,*6 ,-> EFGH #(<'#,
(:':&-4(.'-2 :'&4.'D2), C329&' 1978, *. 157.
9
Runciman, 5.C., *. 241.
10
D. Wendebourg, Reformation und Orthodoxie. Der ökumenische Briefwechsel zwischen der Leitung
der Würtembergischen Kirche und Patriarch Jeremias II von Konstantinopel in den Jahren 1573-1581,
Göttingen 1986, **. 21-22.

77
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:6,µ&465 4(/ *409 C,8& T.&#2 -&' 4& :6,µ&4& 405 1&.$:(*05, 4( 3&/µ&*µ6 4(/ ,'&
409 (.36:(E0 7--%0*8& -&' ?:'9" 409 "94+1;*0 64' "1'3/µ(+*" 40 */9?@'*0 4;9
"1&#>9 4;9 :+( 7--%0*'>9. V*46*(, µ"4$ &16 &/46 4( ,",(965 :"9 ?@(/µ"
1%0.(#(.8"5 ,'& &94':.$*"'5 2 &1$940*0 4(/ 1&4.'$.@0 N;$*&# MS, "9:"@(µ?9;5
"1"':2 "8@" 1$."' &.904'-?5 -.8*"'5 &16 409 1%"/.$ 4(/ &1"*4&%µ?9(/ 4(/.
71'1%?(9, "89&' 1'3&96 0 C/,(/*4'&8& Aµ(%(,8& 9& µ09 '-&9(1(80*" 4(/5
(.36:(E(/5 3"(%6,(/5. B4*', 0 1.>40 &161"'.& "1&#>9 4;9 :+( 7--%0*'>9
4".µ&48*40-" "-"8.11
) ?*4; -&' &1(4/@0µ?90 &/42 1.>40 1.(*?,,'*0 4;9 %(/30.&9>9 1.(5 4(/5
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409 "1'*4(%2 4(/ $9('E" 4( :.6µ( -&' *" $%%(/5 :'&µ&.4/.(µ?9(/5, 61;5 4(9 <&.489(
!.(+*'( (Martin Kraus), 9& "1':'>E(/9 "1&#?5 µ" 409 (.3(:(E8&. A "%%09'*425
<&.489(5 !.(+*'(5, %$4.05 4(/ &.@&8(/ "%%09'-(+ 19"+µ&4(5, "9:'&#".64&9 6@' µ69(
,'& 4& &.@&8& "%%09'-$, &%%$ -&' ,'& 4& "--%0*'&*4'-$ D/G&94'9$ -"8µ"9&. <$%'*4&,
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?9&5 "18*05 *1(/:&8(5 :'&µ&.4/.6µ"9(5 3"(%6,(5, µ"4$ &16 ?9& 4&E8:' 4(/ *409
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14
-&' (' :'&µ&.4/.6µ"9(' ?@(/9 409 8:'& 18*40 "-465 &16 (.'*µ?9"5 1.(%2I"'5.
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1.(4"*4&94'*µ(+ -&' 4( *@0µ&4'*µ6 "965 &9481&%(/ :?(/5 "9$94'& *4(9
-&3(%'-'*µ6. ) &.@2 ?,'9" 64&9 ( 9?(5 1."*D"/425 405 T".µ&98&5 *409
!;9*4&94'9(+1(%0 David von Ungnad, ( (1(8(5 24&9 1.(4"*4$9405, G240*" 4( 1573

11
O. C. <&4*(+-&5, 0 4.-,$+,#',(+µ56, K"**&%(98-0 1995, **. 82-83.
12
!. T'&99&-61(/%(5, I>J;',(- )#( KL+&. 7 #%%&%$C/2.#+& ,:' #µM(1#%<' C-%(,(+µ<' +,-'
N$+#/:'# )#( +,&' E,#%()* A'#9"''&+& (330-1600), C329&' 1985, *. 289.
13
N. O. !&.µ8.05, 0.1-2-3/# )#( 4.-,$+,#',(+µ56, 4.1, C329& 1937, *. 38.
14
X. H*'.1&9%25, “) A.3(:(E8& -&' ( !&3(%'-'*µ65 µ"4$ 409 F%;*0, 0 <"4&..+3µ'*0 -&' (
(.36:(E(5 -6*µ(5”, E88 (7-:. C309>9), 4. NS(1974) 113-121, ':8;5 *. 117.

78
&16 40 K"(%(,'-2 R@(%2 4(/ L&9"1'*40µ8(/ 405 16%05 Tübingen (H/D8,,05) ?9&9
"#0µ?.'( ,'& 409 1."*D"8&.15 H( L&9"1'*42µ'( ?*4"'%" ,'’ &/469 4( *-(16 *409
!;9*4&94'9(+1(%0 ?9&9 ':'&84".& '-&96 9"&.6 3"(%6,(, 4(9 Stefan Gerlach. C/465
?#4&*" *409 L6%0 µ" µ8& */*4&4'-2 "1'*4(%2 &16 4(/5 3"(%6,(/5 405 H/D8,,05 1.(5
4(9 464" 1&4.'$.@0 N"."µ8& MS 4(9 H.&96 (1572-1579,1580-1584,1587-1595),16 4(/
(1(8(/ &-6µ0 -&' 4( 69(µ& &,9((+*&9 (' %(/30.&9(8, -&' 4(1(3"4230-" "#0µ?.'(5
405 ,".µ&9'-25 1."*D"8&5.17 A N"."µ8&5 MS ( H.&965 ,"99230-" *409 C,@8&%( -&'
&.@'-$ 24&9 µ04.(1(%8405 =&.8*05. K";.230-" ?9&5 &16 4(/5 *1(/:&'64".(/5
1&4.'$.@"5 µ"4$ 409 F%;*0, µ"4&E+ $%%;9 -&' ,'& 4'5 "1&#?5 4(/ µ" 4(/5
:'&µ&.4/.oµ?9(/5 -&' 4(9 1$1& 405 Y>µ05 T.0,6.'( NTS, µ" 4(9 (1(8( "8@"
&9&14+E"' :'$%(,( *@"4'-$ µ" 4( ,.0,(.'&96 0µ".(%6,'(. <$%'*4&, 24&9 &/465 1(/
8:./*" 4(9 N&9(/$.'( 4(/1589 4( .;*'-6 1&4.'&.@"8( -&' -?.:'*" 4( *"D&*µ6 4;9
*%&D'->9 7--%0*'>9 *4( 1.6*;1( 405 (.36:(E05 7--%0*8&5.18
L'( */,-"-.'µ?9&, 4& ?40 1573-1574 ( %(/30.&965 3"(%6,(5 Jacob Andreae19
-&' ( <&.489(5 !.(+*'(5 &1?*4"'%&9 µ?*; 4(/ Gerlach 4."'5 */*4&4'-?5 "1'*4(%?5
*/9(:"/6µ"9"5 &16 :+( (µ'%8"5 4(/ Andreae. A Jacob Andreae 24&9 -&30,0425 4(/
L&9"1'*40µ8(/ 405 H/D8,,05, '-&964&4(5 :$*-&%(5 -&' D&3'$ *-"146µ"9( $4(µ(,
-&3>5 -&' 1'*465 @.'*4'&965. R46@(5 4(/ 24&9 9& :>*"' µ8& *;*42 -&4"+3/9*0 *4(9
1.(4"*4&94'*µ6 µ" *-(16 40 3.0*-"/4'-2 "%"/3".8&. L8*4"/" 1(%+ *409 */9".,&*8&
405 1.(4"*4&94'-25 -&' 405 (.36:(E05 7--%0*8&5 ,'& 4( -&%6 4(/ W.'*4'&9'*µ(+.
F%%;*4", ( (/µ&9'*µ65, 1(/ &93(+*" *40 T".µ&98& "-"890 409 "1(@2, :0µ'(/.,(+*"
*4(/5 µ(.#;µ?9(/5 T".µ&9(+5 &'*32µ&4& 3&/µ&*µ(+ ,'& 409 C9&4(%2. 7':'-$, ('
-&30,04?5 405 -%&*'-25 #'%(%(,8&5, 61;5 ( <&.489(5 !.(+*'(5, ?:"'@9&9 µ",$%(
"9:'&#?.(9 ,'& 409 &.@&8& -&' 40 *+,@.(90 7%%$:&.16
) 1.>40 "1'*4(%2 */9(:"/64&9 &16 µ'& µ'-.2 (µ'%8& 4(/ Andreae "1$9;
*409 1".'-(12 10 4(/ N;$990 ,'& 4(9 -&%6 1('µ?9&. 71"':2 6µ;5 "8@&9 1&.?%3"'
&.-"4(8 µ29"5 :8@;5 9& ?@(/9 %$D"' &1$940*0 &16 409 (.36:(E0 1%"/.$, ( !.(+*'(5
&1?*4"'%" -&' :"+4".0 "1'*4(%2 *4'5 4 <&.48(/ 1574 */9(:"/6µ"90 &16 $%%0 (µ'%8&
4(/ Andreae 1$9; *409 1".'-(12 4(/ =(/-$ 10, ,'& 40 D&*'%"8& 4(/ K"(+. H?%(5,

15
C. 7. M&-&%61(/%(5, !"# $%%&'()* (+,-./# 1204-1985, K"**&%(98-0 1998, *. 102.
16
N. O. !&.µ8.05, 5.C., *. 81.
17
R. !&.(+G(/, N#.,/'-6 =.-L+(-6, - C.<,-6 M(%"%%&', C329& 1973, **. 5-7.
18
N.O.!&.µ8.05, 5.C. *. 81.
19
G.E.Zachariades, Tübingen und Konstantinopel,Martin Crusius und seine Verhandlungen mit der
Griechisch-Orthodoxen Kirche, Göttingen 1941, **. 17-18.

79
*4'5 16 R"14"µD.8(/ (' 1.(4"*4$94"5 &1?*4"'%&9 409 4"%"/4&8& 4(/5 "1'*4(%2. <&G8
/12.@" -&' 0 C/,(/*4'&8& Aµ(%(,8& µ"4&#.&*µ?90 *4& "%%09'-$ µ" 4(9 484%(
“7E(µ(%6,0*'5 405 (.3(:6E(/ 18*4";5, 4(/4?*4'9 :':&@25 @.'*4'&9'-25”.20
R4( *0µ"8( &/46 3& 24&9 *-61'µ( 9& :(3(+9 (.'*µ?9& *4('@"8& *@"4'-$ µ"
4(9 &1"*4&%µ?9( 4;9 1.(4"*4&94>9 Gerlach -&' 4( .6%( 4(/ *409
!;9*4&94'9(+1(%0. ) &1(*4(%2 µ" 409 (1(8& 24&9 "1'#(.4'*µ?9(5 24&9
(1;*:21(4" 9& -$9"' ,9;*4?5 4'5 1.(4"*4&94'-?5 3?*"'5 *4(/5 (.3(:6E(/5. L?.&
6µ;5 &16 &/46 ( Gerlach D.'*-64&9 *" $µ"*0 "1&#2 µ" 4( L&9"1'*42µ'( 405
H/D8,,05 -&' */,-"-.'µ?9& µ" 4(9 <&.489( !.(+*'(, 1(/ 46*( "9:'&#".64&9 ,'& 4&
"%%09'-$ 1.$,µ&4&. ) */9"@25 4(/ &%%0%(,.&#8& 1".'%$µD&9" :'$#(.;9 "':>9
1%0.(#(.8"5 &16 409 !;9*4&94'9(+1(%0, 61;5 409 -&30µ".'92 G;2 4;9 &93.>1;9,
*/G042*"'5 µ" µ",$%"5 1.(*;1'-6404"5 405 16%05, ,";,.&#'-?5 -&' 4(1(,.&#'-?5
1%0.(#(.8"5, *4('@"8& *@"4'-$ µ" 4( 1&4.'&.@"8(, 61;5 1(+ D.'*-64&9, 1('( 24&9 4(
@.?(5 4(/ 1.(5 4( (3;µ&9'-6 -.$4(5, ,'& 4& "%%09'-$ *@(%"8& -&' 4(/5 :&*-$%(/5,
-&3>5 -&' ,'& 4( 1>5 &94'µ"4>1'G&9 (' B%%09"5 4(9 4(/.-'-6 G/,6. U%& &/4$ 4&
*4('@"8& @.0*'µ(1('230-&9 &.,64".& &16 4(9 !.(+*'( -&4$ 40 */,,.&#2 4(/
D'D%8(/ 4(/ Turcograecia, 1(/ 4/1>30-" *40 M&*'%"8& 4( 1584.21
<$%'*4&, "89&' ,",(965 64' ( Gerlach "8@" ,89"' :"-465 µ" 1(%+
-&%(1.(&8."40 :'$3"*0 &16 4(9 19"/µ&4'-6 -&' 3"(%(,'-6 -+-%( 405
!;9*4&94'9(+1(%05. A 9"&.65 T".µ&965 :"9 $.,0*" 9& &9&14+E"' #'%8"5. R4"92
24&9 0 *@?*0 4(/ µ" 4(/5 N;$990 -&' K"(:6*'( X/,(µ&%$, 1(/ 24&9 *+µD(/%(' 4(/
1&4.'$.@0 -&' -&4"8@&9 4'5 3?*"'5 “<?,&5 Y24;. 4;9 L&4.'&.@"8;9” -&'
“L.;4(9(4$.'(5” &948*4('@&. 7':'-$ 0 #'%8& µ" 4(9 K"(:6*'(, 1(/ 24&9 ,'(5 4(/
N;$990, 24&9 1(%/"425 -&' D&*'G64&9 *4(9 &%%0%(*"D&*µ6 -&' 409 "-48µ0*0.
V*46*(, ( Gerlach :"9 #&89"4&' 9& ?4."#" 4& 8:'& &'*32µ&4& -&' ,'& 4(9 N;$990
X/,(µ&%$, -&3>5 *4( “4(/.-'-6 4(/ 0µ".(%6,'(” 4(9 @&.&-40.8G"' :+*1'*4(,
1(90.6 -&' "1'.."12 *" &93.>1'9"5 &:/9&µ8"5, 61;5 4( -.&*8, 4( -&%6 #&,046 -&'
4'5 ,/9&8-"5. L.?1"' 9& *0µ"';3"8 64' -&' (' X/,(µ&%$:"5 "8@&9 &9&14+E"'
&%%0%(,.&#8& µ" 4(9 <&.489( !.(+*'(.22
A 1&4.'$.@05 N"."µ8&5 MS ( H.&965, &#(+ ?%&D" 4'5 "1'*4(%?5 &16 4(9
Gerlach, ?*4"'%" 4( ?4(5 1576 409 1.>40 4(/ &1$940*0, *40 */,,.&#2 405 (1(8&5
20
C. 7. M&-&%61(/%(5, !"# $%%&'()* (+,-./# 1204-1985, K"**&%(98-0 1998, *. 102.
21
G.E.Zachariades, 5. C, *. 21.
22
R. !&.(+G(/, N#.,/'-6 =.-L+(-6, - C.<,-6 M(%"%%&', C329&' 1973, **. 7,16.

80
?%&D&9 µ?.(5 6%(' (' 3"(%6,(' 1(/ D.8*-(94&9 *409 !;9*4&94'9(+1(%0, 61;5 ('
N;$9905 -&' K"(:6*'(5 X/,(µ&%$5, ( ="(9$.:(5 <'9:69'(5 &16 40 W8(, (
O&/1$-4(/ -&' F.405 Q&µ&*-0965 R4(/:8405, ( H/.96D(/ C.*?9'(5, ( M".(8&5
<04.(#$905, ( '".(µ69&@(5 <&43&8(5, ( %(,(3?405 N?.&E -&' 1'3&969 ( T&D.'2%
R"D2.(5.23 R409 &1$940*2 4(/ ( N"."µ8&5 MS &*-(+*" -.'4'-2 *" -$3" $.3.( 405
C/,(/*4'&8&5 Aµ(%(,8&5 /1(:"'-9+(94&5 4& -('9$ *0µ"8& 4;9 :+( :(,µ$4;9 -&'
4(98G(94&5 4'5 :'&#(.?5 4(/5. 71&89"*" 4(/5 1.(4"*4$94"5 1(/ :?@(94&9 4( *+µD(%(
405 18*4";5, &%%$ 1&.$%%0%& "9&94'>30-" *40 D&*'-2 4(/5 &.@2 ,'& 40 :'-&8;*0
4(/ &93.>1(/ “"- µ6905 405 18*4";5”. R46@(5 4(/ 1&4.'$.@0, 1(/ -&4$ -('92
(µ(%(,8& (.3(:6E;9 -&' -&3(%'->9 1?4/@", 24&9 9& *40.8E"' -&' 9& 1.(D$%"' 4'5
&.@?5 4(/ (.36:(E(/ :6,µ&4(5 -&' 1&.$%%0%& 9& -&4&*42*"' *&#?5 64' (1('&:21(4"
*/9".,&*8& µ"%%(94'-2 2 */µµ&@8& 4;9 :+( 7--%0*'>9 24&9 &:+9&40 -$4; &16
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24&9 ?-:0%(5 *409 &1$940*2 4(/. Q"9 ?%"'1&9 6µ;5 (' "1'#/%$E"'5, 1(/
-&3'*4(+*&9 :+*-(%0 409 "184"/E0 4;9 1.(4"*4&94'->9 *46@;9.25
) 1.>40 &/42 &1$940*0 4(/ 1&4.'$.@0 ?,'9" :"-42 µ" µ",$%( "93(/*'&*µ6
&16 409 1.(4"*4&94'-2 1%"/.$ ;5 µ8& 1.>40 "18*0µ0 &1$940*0 *" :(,µ&4'-6
-"8µ"9(. ) -'904(1(80*0 *409 H/D8,,0 24&9 $µ"*0 -&' */9".,$*40-&9 1(%%(8
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8:'"5 &.@?5. B4*' ( N"."µ8&5 MS "1':630-" *40 */,,.&#2 µ'&5 &-6µ0 &1$940*05, *409
(1(8& ?-&9" &9&#(.$ *4'5 -&'9(4(µ8"5 4(/ 1.(4"*4&94'*µ(+, 4'5 (1(8"5 :"9
µ1(.(+*" 9& :"@3"8 0 (.3(:(E8&, -&' µ$%'*4& -&%(+*" 4(/5 %(/30.&9(+5 9&
1.(*?%3(/9, "#6*(9 4( "1'3/µ(+*&9, *’ &/429.26
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"µµ?9(94&5 *4'5 :(,µ&4'-?5 405 3?*"'5 -&' *1"+:(94&5 µ69( 9& :>*"' -$1('"5
:'"/-.'98*"'5 *@"4'-$ µ" -$1('"5 405 3?*"'5. R40 *+94&E0 &/425 405 &1$940*05 "8@&9

23
N. O. !&.µ8.05, 0.1-2-3/# )#( 4.-,$+,#',(+µ56, 4.1, C329&' 1937, *. 80.
24
A 8:'(5, “N"."µ8(/ MS 1&4.'$.@(/ !;9*4&94'9(/16%";5 &1(-.8*"'5 1.(5 4(/5 M/.4"µD?.,'(/5
%(/30.&9(+5 3"(%6,(/5 (1573/81)”, G# 2-9µ#,(); )#( +>µO-%(); µ'&µ$/# ,&6 -.1-253-> )#1-%()*6
8))%&+/#6, C329&' 1952, **. 4-5.
25
D. Wendebourg, Reformation und Orthodoxie. Der ökumenische Briefwechsel zwischen der Leitung
der Würtembergischen Kirche und Patriarch Jeremias II von Konstantinopel in den Jahren 1573-1581,
Göttingen 1986, *. 163.
26
O. C. <&4*(+-&5, 0 4.-,$+,#',(+µ56, K"**&%(98-0 1995, *. 84.

81
%$D"' µ?.(5 (' Gerlach, !.(+*'(5, Andreae, Magirus, Schnepf, Bidembach -&'
Heerbrand.27
<1.(*4$ *409 &:'$%%&-40 &/42 *4$*0 ( 1&4.'$.@05 &1(#$*'*" 40 %2E0 405
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$+<14&3 3& -& ;&-&#2+(/3 ;&' 3& &3&<(+"?4(/3 -4$+( -(3 *+6<;'*& D&864%&(, <'(
-(/ L'<'4µ(?38(/.10
I'( 4/<;";+'µ23&, 1 *(%'-';= "3640/41 *+(. -(/. ;&5(%';(?. :";6314" 4-13
I(%736& =81 &*9 -(3 *+(;$-(0( -(/ L'<'4µ(?38(/ Stefan Batory. >/-9. "60"

6
C. R"3'2+1., 2.;., 4. 7.
7
K. U. !&+µ6+1., !"#$%$&'( )(* @"$/1-/(:/*-µ27, -.1, >5=3&' 1937, 4. 194 ;&' G. Hering,
!*)$9µ1:*)2 @(/"*("<1'$ )(* 19"=;(>)? ;$4*/*)? 1620-1638, µ-#+. M. !(?+-(F';, >5=3& 1992, 4. 31
8
G.Hofmann, Griechische Patriarchen und römische Päpste. Untersuchungen und Texte, Patriarch
Kyrillos Lukaris und die römische Kirche, Roma 1929, 4. 9.
9
C. R"3'2+1., 2.;. 4. 12.
10
A.Jivi, Orthodox, Catholics and Protestants. Studies in Romanian Ecclesiastical Relations, Cluj-
Napoca 1999, 4. 66.

87
;&-&#2+"' -& *+,-& 0-/*=µ&-& ;&-$ -(/ *+(-"4-&3-'4µ(? 4-1 0,+& ;&' "60"
4/µF$%"' -& µ2<'4-& <'& -13 ;&5(%';= "*'F(%= ";"6. @ F(=5"'$ -(/ =-&3 '8'&6-"+1
*+(. -& -$<µ&-& -73 '14(/B-,3, -& (*(6& µ" -13 (';(3(µ';= "3640/41 -(/ F&4'%';(?
-&µ"6(/ <2µ'4&3 -1 0,+& µ" ;('39F'& 4-'. *9%"'. Riga, Dorbat, Wilna, Polock ;&'
&%%(?. >*9 -13 *%"/+$ -(/ ( L'<'4µ(?38(., &*9 *"*(65141 *%2(3 ;&' 90' -94( &*9
*(%'-';= 4;(*'µ9-1-&, 9*7. ( *+(;$-(09. -(/, &;(%(/5,3-&. -'. 4/µF(/%2.
;&5(%';,3 4/µF(?%73 -(/ 28'3" 81µ94'& &:',µ&-& µ93( 4" +7µ&'(;&5(%';(?..
>/-9 &3$<;&4" *(%%(?. 8'&µ&+-/+(µ23(/. ;&' (+5(89:(/. 3& *+(4#?<(/3 4-(3
;&5(%';'4µ9, ,4-" 3& µ1 0$4(/3 -& &:',µ&-$ -(/.. A*'*%2(3, 23& &;9µ1 '40/+9
9*%( -1. ;&5(%';=. *+(*&<$38&. =-&3 ( &*(;%"'4µ9. &*9 -1 M6&'-& 9%73 -73 µ1
;&5(%';,3 "*'4;9*73. E13 ":&'+"-';$ 8?4;(%1 5241 -(/ (+598(:(/ ;%=+(/ 4-13
*"+'(0= "60" "*'-"63"' 1 &µ$5"'& -(/ *(%73';(? %&(? ;&' 4" *(%%2. *"+'*-,4"'. 1
*%=+1. &<+&µµ&-(4?31 -(/. S-4', ;+651;" "*'-&;-';= 1 "*64;"G1 ";"6 -(/ -9-"
*&-+'$+01 !734-&3-'3(/*9%"7. K"+"µ6& JT, *(/ 9µ7. *&+$ -'. &8'&µ#'4F=-1-".
';&39-1-2. -(/ 8"3 µ*9+"4" 3& F(15=4"' (/4'&4-';$ -13 ;&-$4-&41.11
@ -"-&µ231 ;&-$4-&41 ;&5'4-(?4" &*&+&6-1-1 -13 "3"+<(*(6141 -(/
C"%"-6(/ I1<$, *(/ 24-"'%" 4-& µ24& -(/ 1596 -(3 D(?;&+' µ" -13 '8'9-1-& -(/
*&-+'&+0';(? ":$+0(/ 4-13 I(%736&. @ &*(4-(%= -(/ =-&3 3& *+(4-&-2G"' -(/.
(+598(:(/. 4%&F';(?. *%15/4µ(?. &*9 -1 %&-'3';= (/36&. C&P6 -(/ 4" &/-9 -(
-&:68' "60" -(3 2:&+0( -(/ *&-+'&+0"6(/ !734-&3-'3(/*9%"7. &+0'µ&38+6-1
U';1#9+( !&3-&;(/P139.12 L-13 I(%736& ( D(?;&+'. 2<'3" <3,4-1. -73 ;&5(%';,3
µ"59873 *+(*&<$38&. ;&' ":&*2%/4" 8+'µ? &<,3& ;&-$ -73 (/3'-,3 ;&' -73
'14(/B-,3 ";"6. V4-94(, 1 &*(4-(%= -(/ 8" 4-2#51;" µ" "*'-/06&. C$%'4-&,
&*"'%=51;" 1 P7= -(/, &%%$ ;&-$#"+" 3& "*'4-+2G"' 4,(. 4-13 >%":$38+"'&.13
I&+’ 9%& &/-$ "60" ;&-&F$%"' "'%';+'3= *+(4*$5"'& µ&P6 µ" -(3 2:&+0( -(/
(';(/µ"3';(? *&-+'&+0"6(/ U';1#9+( !&3-&;(/P139 3& F(15=4"' -(/. ";"6
(+598(:(/. *%15/4µ(?. ;&-$ -1. (/36&.. J2F&'&, -1 0+(3';= *"+6(8( *(/ ('
&*"4-&%µ23(' -(/ (';(/µ"3';(? 5+93(/ "60&3 #-$4"' 4-13 I(%736&, "60" =81
8'":&05"6 4?3(8(. 4-13 *9%1 Brest -( 2-(. 1595. ) µ1-+(*(%6-1. -1. (+598(:1.
A;;%146&. 4-13 I(%736&, ( C'0&=%, ;&5,. ;&' ( "*64;(*(. -1. *9%1. Brest
J%&86µ1+(.-K<3$-'(. I9-41. /*(4-=+'P&3 -13 23741 -73 A;;%14',3 µ" -(/. 9+(/.

11
O. N&-P1&3-736(/, 6,"*44$7 8$,)("*7, >5=3&' 1954, 44. 25-28.
12
K. U. !&+µ6+1., @"$/1-/(:/*-µ27 )(* !"#$%$&'(, -.1, >5=3&' 1937, 4. 194.
13
C. K. O"8",3, 6,"*44$7 $ 8$,)("*7, >5=3&' 1938, 4. 318.

88
-1. L/398(/ -1. W%7+"3-6&.. S*"'-& &*9 µ/4-';2. 8'&*+&<µ&-"?4"'. *(/ "60&3 =81
8'&+;24"' *23-" 2-1 4-1 4?3(8( -(/ Brest, -(3 K(?3'( -(/ 1595 &*(#&464-1;" 3&
/*(-&05"6 1 *(%73';= A;;%146& 4-13 ":(/46& -(/ *$*& !%=µ1 @T ;&' 3& 8"05"6 -(
89<µ& -1. ;&5(%';=. A;;%146&.. I&+’9%& &/-$ 5& 8'&-1+(?4" -(3 &3&-(%';9 -?*(
-1. Q"6&. D"'-(/+<6&., -1 Q"6& !('3736& ;&-$ -(3 (+598(:( -?*(, -( '(/%'&39
1µ"+(%9<'( ;&' -( <$µ( -(/ '"+&-"6(/. W/4';$, 9-&3 2<'3" <374-9 -( <"<(39. 4-(/.
(+5(89:(/. -1. 0,+&., (' &3-'8+$4"'. =-&3 "3-(39-&-".. C$%'4-&, &/-2.
";81%,51;&3 4-1 8"?-"+1 4?3(8( *(/ *+&<µ&-(*('=51;" 4-( Brest <'& -13
"*';?+741 -1. 4/µ#736&. µ" -1 R,µ1.14
>/-= =-&3 1 4?3(8(. 4-13 (*(6& *+(4=%5&3 (' 2:&+0(' >%":&38+"6&. ;&'
!734-&3-'3(?*(%1., ;&5,. 9µ7. (' &*(#$4"'. "60&3 =81 %1#5"6 ;&' "60&3 ;&' -13
*(%'-';= 4-=+':1 -(/ F&4'%'$ -1. 0,+&. L'<'4µ(?38(/, -( &*(-2%"4µ& =-&3
&3&µ"39µ"3( ;&' 8/4$+"4-( <'& -13 (+598(:1 *%"/+$. X*7. "63&' "µ#&32., ( +9%(.
*(/ 8'&8+&µ$-'4" ( D(?;&+'. 4-13 2;F&41 -73 *+&<µ$-73 =-&3 *"+'(+'4µ23(.,
74-94( "60" -1 8'(+&-';9-1-& 3& &3-'%1#5"6 9-' 1 F&4';= &'-6& *(/ /*(%"'*9-&3 (
(+598(:(. ;%=+(. 4/<;+'-';$ µ" -(3 ;&5(%';9 =-&3 1 &µ$5"'& ;&' 1 #-,0"'&. C24&
4-& *23-" "*9µ"3& 0+93'& -1. *&+&µ(3=. -(/ 4-13 I(%736& 2;&3" 9,-' µ*(+(?4" <'&
3& 4/3"'4#2+"' "3"+<$ 4-1 F"%-6741 -1. ;&-$4-&41.. Y";6314" &*9 -13 *9%1 Wilna,
9*(/ "+<$4-1;" "6;(4' µ=3". 7. 40(%$+01. -(/ "%%13';(? (+598(:(/ 40(%"6(/ ;&'
68+/4" "%%13';9 -/*(<+&#"6(. S*"'-&, 8+&4-1+'(*('=51;" 4-13 *9%1 Lwow, 9*(/
68+/4" "%%13';9 40(%"6(. J2F&'&, 9%( &/-9 -( 2+<( -(/ D(?;&+' *+&<µ&-(*('=51;"
/*9 ;&5"4-,. &#9+1-73 *'24"73 ;&' 23-(31. "05+9-1-&., *(/ ";81%,3(3-&3 ;&'
µ24& &*9 &*"'%2.. H81 µ" "3-(%= -(/ F&4'%'$ L'<'4µ(?38(/ ( 2:&+0(. -1.
!734-&3-'3(?*(%1. U';1#9+(. !&3-&;(/P139. 5&3&-,51;". H-&3 *%2(3 "µ#&32.
9-' ;'38?3"/" 1 P7= ;&' -(/ 68'(/ -(/ D(?;&+'. S-4', µ"-$ &*9 23& 8'$4-1µ&
*&+&µ(3=. -(/ /*9 -13 *+(4-&46& -(/ *+6<;'*& !734-&3-63(/ J&4'%"6(/ ;&' *'(
4/<;";+'µ23& 4-(3 *?+<( -(/, 2#/<" &*9 -13 I(%736&. S;&3" 23& 4?3-(µ( *2+&4µ&
&*9 -'. "%%13';2. (+598(:". ;('39-1-". -1. J%&06&., 9*(/ ;=+/:" -( %9<( -(/ Q"(?,
;&' 4-'. 11 L"*-"µF+6(/ 1601 2#-&4" 4-13 >6</*-(.15
I+2*"' &;9µ1 3& 41µ"'75"6 9-' ( L'<'4µ(?38(., <37+6P(3-&. -13 /*9%1G1
*(/ "60&3 <'& -(3 D(?;&+' 4-13 (+598(:1 A;;%146&, "60" "*'0"'+=4"' 3& -(3
*+(4"<<64"' ;&' µ$%'4-& -(/ "60" 8,4"' µ'&3 "*'4-(%= µ" -"%';9 *&+&%=*-1 -(3

14
O. >. N&-P1&3-736(/, 6,"*44$7 8$,)("*7, >5=3&' 1954, 44. 28-29.
15
O. >. N&-P1&3-736(/, 2.;,. 44. 31-35.

89
C"%2-'( I1<$, µ" -13 (*(6& P1-(?4" -13 23741 µ&P6 -(/, 81%&8= µ" -13 (/36&.16 @
&3-68+&41 -(/ D(?;&+' =-&3 1 &3&µ"39µ"31, &#(? &8'&#9+14" *%=+7. <'& -13
*+9-&41 &/-=, "3, *+(-6µ14" 3& *$"' -( 1599 4-13 Wilna. A;"6 "60" "*'0"'+15"6 µ6&
5+14;"/-';= = 24-7 *(%'-';= 4/µµ&06& (+5(89:73 ;&' 8'&µ&+-/+(µ2373 ;&-$ -73
;&5(%';,3 µ" -13 *+7-(F(/%6& -(/ *+6<;'*& Constantine Ostrozhskii. ) D(?;&+'.
52%14" 3& *&+&;(%(/5=4"' -( 4/328+'(, 9*(/ 5& %&µF&39-&3 1 &*9#&41, &%%$
F+'4;9-&3 8'&+;,. /*9 -13 &*"'%= 4?%%1G1. &*9 -'. *(%73';2. &+02. ;&' -"%';$ 8"3
-& ;&-$#"+".17
W&63"-&' *$3-7. *7. "60" ;&-&%=:"' ( D(?;&+'. 4-( 4/µ*2+&4µ& 9-' 1 µ931
%?41 <'& 3& &*&%%&<(?3 ;&' 4-13 )57µ&3';= >/-(;+&-(+6& &*9 -(/. '14(/Z-".
=-&3 1 4/µµ&06& µ" -(/. 8'&µ&+-/+(µ23(/.. [%%74-", 5"7+(?4" *7. (' 4/35=;".
=-&3 *"+6*(/ (' 68'". ;&' ";"6. ) µ"<$%(. "05+9. =-&3 *$%' (' '14(/Z-". ;&' 1 8+$41
-(/., *(/ "60" -13 *(%'-';= ;$%/G1 -(/ 4(/%-$3(/ &/-=3 -1 #(+$. C$%'4-&, 1 (/36&
;&' ( 4(/%-$3(. "60&3 -1 4-=+':1 -73 *+"4F"/-,3 -1. O&%%6&., -1. >/4-+6&., -1.
J"3"-6&. ;&' -(/ J&-';&3(?. A3, &3-65"-(' *+(. -2-('". -&;-';2. =-&3 (' *+"4F"/-2.
-1. O"+µ&36&., -73 !$-7 N7+,3, -1. L(/186&. ;&' -1. J+"-&36&. .18
L-'. 27 C&Z(/ 1599 &*(#&464-1;" &*9 -( 4/328+'( -1. Wilna 1 23741
(+5(89:73 ;&' *+(-"4-&3-,3, 74-94( 5"7+(?3-&3 &*&+&6-1-1 1 2<;+'41 -73
*&-+'&+0,3 -1. >3&-(%=.. C" &/-93 -( 4;(*9 2<+&G&3 (' *+(-"4-$3-". "*'4-(%=
*+(. -(3 (';(/µ"3';9 *&-+'$+01 ;&' -(3 C"%2-'( I1<$ 4-'. 6 K(/36(/ -(/ 68'(/
2-(/.. @ &*$3-141 -1. (+598(:1. *%"/+$. 28"'03" #'%';= 8'$5"41 *+(. -(/.
*+(-"4-$3-"., -93'P" 9µ7. *&+$%%1%& -'. 8'&#(+2. &3$µ"4& 4-& 8?( 89<µ&-&, ('
(*(6". 8" 5& µ*(+(?4&3 3& *&+&F%"#5(?3 &*9 -13 (+598(:1 *%"/+$. V4-94(, ('
#'%';2. 4024"'. µ*(+(?4&3 3& 8'&-1+15(?3. S-4', 8'&;9*1;&3 (' 8'&*+&<µ&-"?4"'.
µ" -(/. *+(-"4-$3-". -1. I(%736&..19
E13 "*(0= -1. *&+&µ(3=. -(/ 4-13 I(%736& ;&' -1. 8'&µ$01. µ" -(/.
;&5(%';(?. &645141 "60" *+(;&%24"' µ6& "*'4-(%= -(/ D(?;&+' *+(. -(3 %&-63(
&+0'"*64;(*( -1. D"µF2+<1., -(3 Solikowski (1539-1603). @ "*'4-(%= &/-=
<+$#-1;" %6<( *+'3 -13 &3&0,+141 -(/ D(?;&+' &*9 -1 0,+&, 4-'. 24 K&3(/&+6(/

16
C. R"3'2+1., 6,"*44$7 8$,)("*7, $ !*)$9µ1:*)27 @(/"*5"<.7, >5=3&' 1859, 4. 15.
17
W. K.Medlin- C.G.Patrinelis, Renaissance Influences and Religious Reforms in Russia. Western and
Post- Byzantine Impacts on Culture and Education (16th – 17th Centuries), Genève 1971, 4. 88.
18
K. U. !&+µ6+1., !"#$%$&'( )(* @"$/1-/(:/*-µ27, -.1, >5=3&' 1937, 44. 196-197.
19
N. I&*&89*(/%(., D<E-1*7 !"#$%2&=: )(* +*(µ("/9"$µE:=: (;2 F1"1µ'$9 AG µE<"* 69"'44$9
8$9)5"1=7, K"+(49%/µ& 1927, 44. 66,71.

90
1601, ;&' "+µ13"?-1;" *(';'%(-+9*7. &*9 -'. 8'$#(+". *%"/+2.. )' ;&5(%';(6 -1
5",+14&3 µ6& #'%"37-';= ";8=%741 &*9 µ2+(/. -(/ &*"4-&%µ23(/ -(/
*&-+'&+0"6(/ >%":&38+"6&. ;&' µ6& &3&<3,+'41 -(/ *+7-"6(/ -(/ *$*&. J2F&'&, -13
;6314= -(/ -1 5",+14&3 /*(;+'-';=. >*9 -13 $%%1 *%"/+$ (' (+598(:(' 5"7+(?4&3
-13 "*'4-(%= *%&4-= ;&' 81µ'(?+<1µ& -73 '14(/B-,3, *+(;"'µ23(/ 3&
%&4*(%(<=4(/3 -(3 D(?;&+'. E( <3=4'( -1. "*'4-(%=. 8" 5& µ*(+(?4" 3& -"5"6 /*9
&µ#'4F=-141 4-'. µ2+". µ&., 74-94( 8"3 *"+'%&µF$3"' ;$-' *(/ 3& &3-6;"'-&' 4-'.
&+02. -1. (+5(8(:6&..20
>#(? "*24-+"G" 4-13 >%":$38+"'& -( 2-(. 1602, ( D(?;&+'. 8'&820-1;" -(3
C"%2-'( I1<$ 4-(3 *&-+'&+0';9 5+93( µ"-$ -( 5$3&-( -(/ 8"/-2+(/. E( &:67µ&
&/-9 -( 8'&-=+14" <'& 18 0+93'&, "3, -( 1612 8'&-2%"4" ;&' *&-+'$+01.
!734-&3-'3(/*9%"7. <'& 23& µ=3&.21 V. *&-+'$+01. &*(µ(3,51;" 4-( !$'+(, -13
32& 28+& -(/ *&-+'&+0"6(/ >%":&38+"6&., ;$-' *(/ 8"3 -&6+'&P" µ" -( &3=4/0(
*3"?µ& -(/. A;"6, 8"3 2*&G" 3& 8'&-1+"6 &%%1%(<+&#6& 90' µ93( µ" '"+$+0". ;&'
%(<6(/. -1. >3&-(%=., &%%$ ;&' µ" -(3 *&-+'$+01 -1. C940&. ;&' -(3 -4$+( -1.
R746&., -(/. 1<"µ93". -73 *&+&8(/3$F'73 07+,3, -(3 &+0'"*64;(*( -1.
!&3-&F+/<6&., -( F&4'%'$ -1. L(/186&. ;&5,. ;&' µ" 4*(/8&6(/. O"+µ&3(?.,
)%%&38(?. ;&' A%F"-(?. ;&51<1-2.. M"3 =-&3 µ$%'4-& %6<". (' #(+2. *(/ P1-=51;"
1 <3,µ1 -(/ = "*"32F1 ( 68'(. 4" 8'&#736". <'& 3& "3'40?4"' #6%(/. -(/ = 3& 8,4"'
%?4"'.. C" &/-93 -( 4;(*9 *+&<µ&-(*('=51;&3 ;&' *(%%$ -&:68'& -(/, 9*7. 4-13
!?*+( (1605-1606), 4-& K"+(49%/µ& (1608), 4-13 !734-&3-'3(?*(%1 (1611-1612),
4-( [<'(3 X+(. (1612-1613) ;&' 4-1 C(%8(F%&06& (1613-1615).22
N&+&;-1+'4-';9 8"6<µ& -73 "*&#,3 -(/ D(?;&+' µ" "*'#&3"6.
*+(47*';9-1-". -(/ ":7-"+';(? "63&' 1 &%%1%(<+&#6& *(/ 8'&-1+(?4" µ" -(3
)%%&389 *+(-"4-$3-1 David le Leu de Wilhem. >/-9., <"331µ23(. -( 1588 4-(
>µF(?+<(, =-&3 *(%? *"-/01µ23(. µ"<&%2µ*(+(., &%%$ ;&' 23&. 4(#9. &3&-(%'4-=.
;&' 4/%%2;-1. 2+<73 -2031.. )' 4*(/82. -(/ *"+'%$µF&3&3 µ"%2-1 #'%(4(#6&.,
3(µ';,3 ;&' &3&-(%';,3 <%744,3, 9*7. -& "F+&B;$ ;&' -& 4/+'&;$. V. 2µ*(+(. "60"
8'&µ"63"' 4-( N&%2*' ;&' "60" *"+'1<15"6 -13 >6</*-(, -13 I&%&'4-631 ;&' -1 L/+6&.
A*641., "60" 8'(+'4-"6 µ2%(. -(/ 4/µF(/%6(/ -(/ ;+$-(/. -73 !$-7 N7+,3. @
20
G. Hering, !*)$9µ1:*)2 ;(/"*("<1'$ )(* 19"=;(>)? ;$4*/*)? 1620-1638, µ-#+. M. !(?+-(F';, >5=3&
1992, 44. 32-33.
21
G.Hofmann, Griechische Patriarchen und römische Paepste. Untersuchungen und Texte, Patriarch
Kyrillos Lukaris und die römische Kirche, Roma 1929, 4. 9.
22
N. I&-+'32%1., “ >3-&<73'4µ9. -73 '8",3 C"-&++/5µ64"7. ;&' >3-'µ"-&++/5µ64"7.”, F33 (A;8.
>513,3) , -.KT (1974) 126-133, '867. 4. 130.

91
<37+'µ6& µ" -(3 D(?;&+' *+&<µ&-(*('=51;" ;&-$ -13 *&+&µ(3= -(/ 4-13 >6</*-(
-( 1617 ;&' :";6314" 1 &%%1%(<+&#6& -(/.. L;(*9. -1. &%%1%(<+&#6&. &/-=. =-&3
&*9 -13 *%"/+$ -(/ D(?;&+' 3& *%1+(#(+15"6 &*9 23& $-(µ(, -(/ (*(6(/ -1
µ9+#741 ";-'µ(?4" *(%?, <'& -& -94( 41µ&3-';$ 5+14;"/-';$ P1-=µ&-& *(/
-&%$3'P&3 ";"631 -13 "*(0= -13 A/+,*1. H-&3 $%%74-" ;&' µ24& 4-'. 8';2. -(/
"*'8',:"'. 3& "*'0"'+=4"' -1 8'&µ9+#741 -1. (+598(:1. A;;%146&., &3 ;&' ;$-'
-2-('( <3,+'P" *7. =-&3 ":&'+"-';$ 8?4;(%(. @ &%%1%(<+&#6& &/-= *"+'%$µF&3"
&3-&%%&<= &*9G"73 <'& 8'$#(+& 5+14;"/-';$ P1-=µ&-&, &%%$ ;&' 4/032.
*&+&;%=4"'. -(/ D(?;&+' *+(. -(3 de Wilhem 3& -(/ &*(4-"6%"' ;$*('& F'F%6& µ"
-13 /*940"41 9-' 5& -& "*'4-+2G"'.23
C$%'4-&, -( 1602 =-&3 1 0+(3'$ -1. &3&32741. µ'&. *&%'$. #'%6&. -(/
D(?;&+' µ" -(3 )%%&389 Cornelius Haga. A60&3 <37+'4-"6 *+,-1 #(+$, 9-&3 (
D(?;&+'. =-&3 &+0'µ&38+6-1. ;&' ( Haga -&:68"/" 4-13 >3&-(%=.24 L-'. 17 C&+-6(/
1612 ( Cornelius Haga =+5" 4-13 !734-&3-'3(?*(%1 7. *+"4F"/-=. -73 !$-7
N7+,3. E244"+'. µ2+". &+<9-"+& 4/3&3-=51;&3 µ" -(3 D(?;&+', ( (*(6(. -?0&'3"
3& F+64;"-&' 4-13 !734-&3-'3(?*(%1.25 N&+&;-1+'4-';9 "63&' -( <"<(39. 9-' (
D(?;&+'. -(/ P=-14" 3& -(3 *+(µ15"?4"' µ" F'F%6& 8'&µ&+-/+9µ"373 5"(%9<73 ;&',
µ"-$ &*9 µ"4(%$F141 -(/ Haga 4-'. !$-7 N,+"., -(/ "4-$%14&3. A*'*%2(3, µ"
*+7-(F(/%6& -(/ Haga ( D(?;&+'. &32*-/:" #'%6& ;&' µ" -(3 #1µ'4µ23( )%%&389
5"(%9<( J.Uyttenbogaert. H &%%1%(<+&#6& *(/ &32*-/:" ;&' µ" &/-93 µ&+-/+"6 -(
":&'+"-';9 -(/ "38'&#2+(3 <'& -& *+(-"4-&3-';$ 89<µ&-&. M"3 $+<14&3 3&
8'&#&3(?3 ;&' ;$*('". "*'++(2. 4-& 8';$ -(/ 5"(%(<';$ *'4-"?7.26
I'( 4/<;";+'µ23&, 4" µ6& "*'4-(%= *(/ "60" 4-"6%"' ( D(?;&+'. 4-(3
Uyttenbogaert -( 1612, µ*(+"6 ;&3"6. 3& 8'&;+63"' 23& 23-(3( #'%"'+13';9 *3"?µ&
;&' *95( 0+'4-'&3';=. &<$*1. µ"-&:? -73 A;;%14',3. C$%'4-&, 4" "*';('3736& µ"
-(3 68'( 23& 2-(. &+<9-"+& ( D(?;&+'. &32#"+" 0&+&;-1+'4-';$ 9-' -( *3"?µ& -1.
&3&-(%';=. A;;%146&. “8?3&-&' 3& 4/µF'F&45= µ"-$ -(/ -1. /µ"-2+&.
(*+(-"4-&3-';=.), 8'9-' 8'$<"-" 7. 0+'4-'&3(6”. >;9µ1, 2;&3" %9<( <'& 4/µµ&06&
(+5(89:73 ;&' *+(-"4-&3-,3 ;&-$ -73 +7µ&'(;&5(%';,3. >*9 -( 1613 "60&3
:";'3=4"' (' µ(µ#2. "3&3-6(3 -(/, &#(? *(%%(6 -(3 0&+&;-=+'P&3 “%(?-1+(” =
23
C. K. C&3(?4&;&., “>/-9<+&#( <+$µµ& (1617) -(/ !/+6%%(/ D(/;$+"7. 4-(3 )%%&389 %9<'(
David de Wilhem”, H1-(*=:*)5 )(* 0E( 344.:*)5 1 (1984), 44. 453-461.
24
O. >. N&-P1&3-736(/, 6,"*44$7 8$,)("*7, >5=3&' 1954, 4. 41.
25
R. Keetje, “Patriarch Kyrill Lukaris und seine Begegnung mit dem Protestantismus des 17.
Jahrhunderts”, Kirche im Osten 13 (1970) 9-17, '867. 4. 11.
26
N&-P1&3-736(/, 2.;, 4. 41.

92
“%(/-1+&39” ;&' /*(4-=+'P&3 9-' (' 8'8&02. -(/ 8"3 "60&3 7. F$41 -( (+598(:(
89<µ&. ) 68'(. "60" &+064"' 3& 8"603"' #&3"+$ #'%(*+(-"4-&3-';2. -$4"'., 07+6. 9µ7.
3& 20"' &*(8"05"6 ;&µ6& *+(-"4-&3-';= 8(<µ&-';= &+0=.27
V4-94(, *+2*"' 3& 41µ"'75"6 9-' =81 &*9 23& *+(4028'( -(/ ;/+'&;$-';(/
;1+?<µ&-9. -(/ -1. 261. M";"µF+6(/ 1610 µ*(+"6 ;&3"6. 3& 8"' -'. &*9G"'. -(/
D(?;&+' 40"-';$ µ" -& C/4-=+'&, 9*(/ :"07+6P"' 7. 41µ&3-';9-"+& -( J$*-'4µ&
;&' -1 Q"6& A/0&+'4-6& ;&' µ$%'4-& "63&' 1 *+,-1 #(+$ *(/ *&+&*2µ*"' 4" 07+6(
-(/ !&%F63(/ (Inst.IV 18, sectio 19). S*"'-& &*9 &/-9 ( D(?;&+'. $+0'4" 3&
0+14'µ(*('"6 9%( ;&' *"+'449-"+( 2+<& ;&%F'3'4-,3 5"(%9<73 4-& ;1+?<µ&-$ -(/.
@ ;%641 -(/ D(?;&+' *+(. -( ;&%F'3'4-';9 89<µ& 2<;"'-&' 4-( <"<(39. 9-' ";"6
F+=;" &*&3-=4"'. 4" ;&6+'& "+7-=µ&-&, *(/ 1 (+598(:1 *%"/+$ 8"3 µ*(+(?4" 3&
8,4"'. ) %9<(. =-&3 9-' 1 (+5(8(:6& =-&3 *"+'449-"+( &*&40(%1µ231 µ" -13
*+(4*$5"'$ -1. 3& "*'F',4"' µ24& 4-& *%&64'& -(/ (57µ&3';(? ;+$-(/., *&+$ 3&
&3-'µ"-7*64"' µ" <93'µ( -+9*( -13 ;&5(%';= *%"/+$. A*'*%2(3, 1 &µ$5"'& -(/
;%=+(/ -1. "*(0=. =-&3 *(%? µ"<$%1 ;&' 4/32-"'3" 4-1 8/4;(%6& -73 (+5(89:73 3&
&3-'µ"-7*64(/3 &*(-"%"4µ&-';$ -13 (+<&37µ231 *+(4*$5"'& -73 ;&5(%';,3.28
V4-94(, &*9 -( 1618 "63&' 4&#=. *%2(3 1 "*68+&41 -(/ ;&%F'3'4-';(? 4-('0"6(/
4-(3 D(?;&+'. L" "*'4-(%= -(/ -( 68'( 2-(. 8=%73" -13 &3$<;1 &3&µ9+#741. -1.
(+598(:1. A;;%146&., "3, =-&3 #&3"+= *%2(3 1 "*'++(= *(/ 8"09-&3 &*9
;&%F'3'4-2. 5"(%9<(/. -1. O"3"?1..29
) !?+'%%(. D(?;&+'. 2<'3" *&-+'$+01. !734-&3-'3(?*(%1. -( 1620. >;9µ1
;&' µ"-$ -13 "35+93'4= -(/ 7. (';(/µ"3';(? *&-+'$+01 (' "*&#2. µ" *+(-"4-$3-".
8"3 2%"'G&3. L/<;";+'µ23& ";-9. &*9 -(3 Haga 8'2µ"3" 4-13 I9%1 ;&' ( ;&%F'3'4-=.
'"+(;=+/;&. Antonius Leger, µ" -(3 (*(6( "60" "*641. &3&*-?:"' 4-"32. 4024"'..30
A*'*%2(3, ;&' 7. *&-+'$+01. >%":&38+"6&. (1601-1620), &%%$ ;&' 7. *&-+'$+01.
!734-&3-'3(?*(%1. (1620-1638), "60" 4/3$G"' "*&#2. ;&' µ" -13 &<<%';&3';=
A;;%146&. L-13 !734-&3-'3(?*(%1 "60" 2+5"' 4" "*&#2. µ" -(3 [<<%( *+"4F"/-=
Thomas Row (= Roe) ;&' -(3 &<<%';&39 "#1µ2+'( -1. *+"4F"6&.. C$%'4-&, "63&'
0&+&;-1+'4-';9 -( <"<(39. 9-' ( [<<%(. *+"4F"/-=. 4" 2;5"4= -(/ -1. 291.

27
M. L. C*&%$3(., I !µ$4$J'( 69"'44$9 /$9 8$9)5"1=7, >5=3&' 1906, 4. 8.
28
G. Hering, !*)$9µ1:*)2 @(/"*("<1'$ )(* 19"=;(>)? ;$4*/*)? 1620-1638, µ-#+. M. !(?+-(F';,
>5=3& 1992, 44. 36-37.
29
C*&%$3(., 2.;., 44. 7-9.
30
G. Hofmann, Griechische Patriarchen und römische Päpste. Untersuchungen und Texte, Patriarch
Kyrillos Lukaris und die römische Kirche, Roma 1929, 4. 9.

93
>*+'%6(/ 1622 *+(. -(3 F&4'%'$ -1. J+"-&36&. K$;7F( >T 0&+&;-=+'P" -(3 D(?;&+'
;&%F'3'4-= &*9 5+14;"/-';= $*(G1 *(/ 8"3 -(%µ(?4" 9µ7. 3& -( &*(8"6:"'.31
>;9µ1 ( D(?;&+'. "60" "*';('3736& µ" -(/. &+0'"*'4;9*(/. !&3-&F+/<6&. Abbot
(1611-1633) ;&' Lod (1633-1645). A63&' "*641. <"<(39. *7. ( Abbot 4" µ6& "*'4-(%=
-(/ *+(. -(3 D(?;&+' P1-(?4" 3& &*(4-"6%"' ( 8"?-"+(. 32(/. 4-1 J+"-&36&.32
) !?+'%%(. D(?;&+'. 24-"'%" ";"6 -(3 C1-+(#$31 !+'-9*(/%(, µ"-2*"'-&
*&-+'$+01 >%":&38+"6&.. ) !+'-9*(/%(. "*'4;2#-1;" -( D(3863( ;&' "'4=051 4-(
Balliol College -1. ):#9+81.. A;"6 *&+2µ"'3" *23-" 0+93'& *&+&;(%(/5,3-&.
µ&5=µ&-& 5"(%(<6&. ;(3-$ 4" "*'#&3"6. ;&51<1-2.. L-1 J+"-&36& 2µ"'3" 4/3(%';$
&*9 -( 1617 7. -( 1624 /*9-+(#(. -1. &<<%';&3';=. A;;%146&. ";-9. &*9 -(/.
-"%"/-&6(/. µ=3".. L/320'4" -( -&:68' -(/ 4-(3 <"+µ&3';9 0,+( &*9 -( 1624 7. -(
1627 ;&' 4-13 A%F"-6& &*9 -(3 L"*-2µF+'( 7. -& -2%1 U("µF+6(/ -(/ 68'(/ 2-(/..
E"%';$, ;&-2%1:" 4-1 J"3"-6&, 9*(/ *&+2µ"'3" &*9 -(3 M";2µF+'( -(/ 1627 7. -(3
);-,F+'( -(/ 1630.33 !&-$ -13 *&+&µ(3= -(/ ";"6 &32*-/:" 5"(%(<';9 8'$%(<(
&%%$ ;&' &%%1%(<+&#6& µ" "*'#&3"6. %(/51+&3(?. 5"(%9<(/.. C$%'4-&, -( 1625 (
!+'-9*(/%(. ?4-"+& &*9 *&+$;%141 -73 %(/51+&3,3 ;&51<1-,3 -(/
I&3"*'4-1µ6(/ -(/ Elmstadt 4/32<+&G" -13 *"+6#1µ1 )µ(%(<6& *64-",. -(/.
L;(*9. -(/ =-&3 3& ;$3"' <374-2. -'. &+02. -1. (+598(:1. A;;%146&. ;&' 3&
*+(*&<&3864"' /*2+ -1.. >;9µ1, #,-'4" ;$*('& 4;(-"'3$ 41µ"6& *(/ &#(+(?4&3
*+(;&-&%=G"'. ;&' "4#&%µ23". 8(:&46". <'& -13 (+598(:1 A;;%146&. E2%(.,
;&-28"':" -& ;('3$ 8(<µ&-';$ 41µ"6& -73 A;;%14',3 µ" &*,-"+( 4;(*9 µ'&
"38"09µ"31 *+(42<<'41 ;&' 4/3"+<&46&.34
O"3';$, 1 0+(3';= 4-'<µ= -1. &398(/ -(/ D(?;&+' 4-(3 *&-+'&+0';9 5+93(
=-&3 '8'&'-2+7. -"-&µ231 <'& -13 A/+,*1, &%%$ ;&' -13 >3&-(%=. ) E+'&;(3-&"-=.
I9%"µ(. =-&3 4" *%=+1 ":2%':1, 9*7. ;&' 1 *+(*&<$38& -73 ;&5(%';,3. L-13
!734-&3-'3(?*(%1 1 8+$41 -73 '14(/B-,3 =-&3 µ"<$%1. A60&3 "<;&-&4-&5"6 4-13
*9%1 =81 &*9 -( 1583 ;&' 2*"'-& "*":2-"'3&3 -1 8+$41 -(/. ;&' 4" $%%". *9%"'. -1.
)57µ&3';=. >/-(;+&-(+6&.. A60&3 '8+?4"' 40(%2., -'. (*(6". 0+14'µ(*('(?4&3 7.
9+<&3( <'& 3& *+(*&<&386P(/3 -( 89<µ& ;&' -'. &+02. -(/.. S-4', ;&-$#"+&3 3&

31
N. I&*&89*(/%(., 6,"*44$7 8$,)("*7, >5=3&' 21939, 4. 72.
32
J. Q. L-&/+681., !"#$%$&'( )(* KJJ4*)(:*-µ27, >5=3&' 1963, 4. 7.
33
\. U. E4'+*&3%=., “ @ 5241 -73 C&;"89373 C1-+(#$31 !+'-9*(/%(/ (1589-1639) ;&' K7$331
!7--(?3'(/ (1572-1657) 4-(3 *3"/µ&-';9 ;94µ( -1. 3"9-"+1. A/+,*1.”, +=%C:. 19 (1990) 201-
246, '867. 4. 205.
34
K. U. !&+µ6+1., I $"#2%$&$7 3))4.-'( 1: %*(42J= µ1/5 /=: 1/1"$%2&=: 3))4.-*C:, >5=3&' 1975,
4. 65.

94
8'"'48?4(/3 4-13 -(*';= ;('3736&, 07+6., 74-94(, 3& &#=4(/3 &3"*1+2&4-( ;&' -(3
;%=+(, &#(? 8'2#5"'+&3 ;$*('(/. (+598(:(/. ;%1+';(?.. A*'*%2(3, 1 "47-"+';=
;&-$4-&41 -(/ (57µ&3';(? ;+$-(/. "60" &+064"' 3& *&+(/4'$P"' 4(F&+$
*+(F%=µ&-&. M"3 2%"'*&3 (' "47-"+';2. 8'&µ$0"., "3, (' &%%&<2. 4(/%-$373 =-&3
4/039-&-( #&'39µ"3(. E( *&-+'&+0"6( µ&4-'P9-&3 &*9 -13 &µ$5"'& -(/ ;%=+(/ ;&'
-( 0+1µ&-'4µ9, 4-(3 (*(6( ;$*('(' /*2;/*-&3. ]*9 &/-2. -'. 4/35=;". ;&' 93-&.
/*(0+"7µ23(. ( D(?;&+'. 3& %"'-(/+<=4"' 4?µ#73& µ" -& 4/µ#2+(3-& -(/
"%%13'4µ(?, 9#"'%" 3& "*'%2:"' &3 5& =-&3 #'%';$ 8'&;"6µ"3(. 4-(/. ;&5(%';(?. =
4-(/. *+(-"4-$3-".. V4-94(, (' &3-';&5(%';2. ;&-&F(%2. -(/ D(?;&+' ;&' 1
&3$%(<1 *&'8"6& -(/ ;&5,. ;&' 1 8'&+;=. "*'867:1 -73 ;&5(%';,3 3& ;&5/*(-$:(/3
-13 (+598(:1 A;;%146& 8"3 -(/ "*2-+"G&3 3& 4/µµ&0=4"' µ" -13 ;&5(%';= *%"/+$.
[%%74-", 4" &/-9 4/32-"'3&3 46<(/+& ;&' (' *+(47*';2. 4024"'. *(/ "60" &3&*-?:"'
µ" 8'$#(+". *+(47*';9-1-". &*9 -(3 *+(-"4-&3-';9 0,+(.35
@ *(%"µ';= *(/ :";6314" ( D(?;&+'. 4-(/. '14(/Z-". 8"3 2<'3" &3('0-$ &*9
-13 &+0=. L" 4/3"+<&46& ;&' µ" $%%(/. "*'4;9*(/., &%%$ ;&' %&B;(?., *+(4*$514"
3& ;+&-=4"' µ'& *'( 4/<;+&-1µ231 4-$41. I&+’ 9%& &/-$ (' *+(524"'. -(/. 2<'3&3
&3-'%1*-2. ;&' 1 &3-68+&41 -73 '14(/B-,3, *(/ "60&3 ;&' -13 &µ2+'4-1
4/µ*&+$4-&41 -1. <&%%';=. *+"4F"6&. 4-13 !734-&3-'3(?*(%1, 8"3 $+<14" 3&
#&3"6. E( 1622 (' '14(/Z-". µ" -1 F(=5"'& -(/ O$%%(/ *+"4F"/-= ;&-$#"+&3 3&
";5+(364(/3 -(3 *&-+'$+01. @ &'-'(%(<6& =-&3 9-' ( D(?;&+'. *+(75(?4" -(3
;&%F'3'4µ9 ;&' 1 &*9#&41 "%=#51 ;&' &*9 #'%(;&5(%';(?. ;?;%(/., *(/ 8+(?4&3
4-13 !734-&3-'3(?*(%1 ;&' *+(2+0(3-&3 &*9 &*(#(6-(/. -(/ ;(%%"<6(/ -(/ ><6(/
>5&3&46(/ -1. R,µ1.. E( ;(%%2<'( &/-9 "60" '8+/5"6 7. µ24( *+(*&<$38&. -(/
+7µ&'(;&5(%';'4µ(? ;&' "60" &*(#(6-(/. *(/ "60&3 &4*&45"6 -( ;&5(%';9 89<µ&,
9*7. (' I2-+(. >+;(?8'(., D273 >%%$-'(., C&-5&6(. !&+/(#?%%1. ;&' $%%('.36
O"3';$, &*9 -13 &+0= -1. "35+93'41. -(/ D(?;&+' 7. (';(/µ"3';(?
*&-+'$+01 :";6314" µ6& *(%"µ';= "3&3-6(3 -(/, ;&5,. =-&3 *%2(3 <374-9 9-' ('
5"(%(<';2. -(/ *+(-'µ=4"'. =-&3 /*2+ -73 *+(-"4-&3-,3, ;$-' *(/ (8=<14" 4" µ6&
4"'+$ µ10&3(++&#',3 "; µ2+(/. -(/ J&-';&3(? <'& -13 &3&-+(*= -(/. ) 68'(. =-&3
#/4';9 3& 4-+&#"6 <'& *+(4-&46& 4-(/. *+"4F"/-2. -73 *+(-"4-&3-';,3 07+,3, µ"
-(/. (*(6(/. "60" =81 4/3$G"' 4-"32. #'%';2. 4024"'.. >*(-2%"4µ& -1. -"-&µ231.
&/-=. ;&-$4-&41. =-&3 4-& 18 0+93'& -1. *&-+'&+0"6&. -(/ D(?;&+' 3& ;&-&#2+(/3

35
A. C. E4(/8"+9., ! !*)$9µ1:*)27 @(/"*5"<.7 6,"*44$7 $ 8$,)("*7, >5=3&' 1939, 44. 12-13.
36
O. >. N&-P1&3-736(/, 6,"*44$7 8$,)("*7, >5=3&' 1954, 44. 63-64.

95
(' ;&5(%';(6 ;?;%(' 3& -(3 ;&5&'+24(/3 *23-" #(+2., "3, $%%". -94".
"*&3&;%=51;" 4-( 5+93(.37 A63&' "*641. <"<(39. *7. "60&3 4/4*"'+75"6 "3&3-6(3
-(/ (' '14(/Z-". ;&' (' ;&*(/;63(' -1. !734-&3-'3(?*(%1., (' ";"6 *+"4F"/-2. -1.
O&%%6&. ;&' -1. >/4-+6&., ( *$*&. )/+F&39. @T, &;9µ1 ;&' ( D(/8(F6;(. KOT -1.
O&%%6&. µ&P6 µ" -(3 ;&+8'3$%'( Richelieu. E& µ24& *(/ 0+14'µ(*('=51;&3 5"µ'-$
;&' -'. *"+'449-"+". #(+2. &52µ'-& &#(+(?4&3 &*"'%2., ";F'&4µ(?., 87+(8(;6". -73
-(/+;';,3 &+0,3, "3(0(*('1-';2. *%&4-(<+&#6". ;"'µ2373 *(/ &*(868(3-&3 4-(3
D(?;&+' ;&' 81µ'(/+<6& "39. ;%6µ&-(. 9-' ( *&-+'$+01. /*(;'3"6 -'. :23". 8/3$µ"'.
;&-$ -1. O57µ&3';=. A/-(;+&-(+6&..38
I+7-&<73'4-';9 +9%( 4-13 ;&5(%';= *+(4*$5"'& <'& -13 &*(µ$;+/341 µ"
;$5" -+9*( -(/ D(?;&+' &*9 -(3 *&-+'&+0';9 5+93( "60" 1 (+<$3741 “De
Propaganda Fide”. >*9 -13 68+/4= -1. -( 1622 &*9 -(3 *$*& O+1<9+'( KAT 4;(*9.
-1. =-&3 1 ";867:1 -(/ “;&%F'3'4-=” D(?;&+' ;&' 1 0+14'µ(*(6141 <'’ &/-93 -(3
4;(*9 -(/ O$%%(/ *+"4F"/-= 4-13 !734-&3-'3(?*(%1 ;&' -1. ":&<(+$.
4/3"'8=4"73. A*'*%2(3, <'39-&3 *+(4*$5"'& 3& "*';+&-=4"' 1 $*(G1 9-' 1 *&+&µ(3=
-(/ D(?;&+' 4-(3 *&-+'&+0';9 5+93( "<;/µ(3(?4" ;'38?3(/.. L’ &/-9 4/32F&%"
*(%? ( &+0'µ&38+6-1. -1. A;;%146&. -1. !734-&3-'3(/*9%"7., ( A/5?µ'(., ( (*(6(.
%"'-(/+<(?4" /*9 -13 *+(4-&46& -(/ O$%%(/ *+"4F"/-= Césy. [%%& *+947*& *(/
%"'-(/+<(?4&3 <'& %(<&+'&4µ9 -1. I+(*&<$38&. -13 68'& "*(0= 4-13
!734-&3-'3(?*(%1 =-&3 (' %&-63(' "*64;(*(' -1. L&3-(+631. Pietro Demarchi ;&'
-1. U$:(/ Rafaello Schiattini, ;&5,. ;&' ( !&3$;'(. R,41..39
S3&. &;9µ1 %9<(. *(/ (' ;&5(%';(6 "*'867;&3 -13 ":93-741 -(/ !/+6%%(/
D(?;&+' =-&3 1 µ"<$%1 "*'++(= *(/ "60" &3$µ"4& 4-(/. (+5(89:(/. -1. *"+'(0=.
-1. R(/5136&., 4-1 3(-'(8/-';= )/;+&36&, ;&5,. ;&' 4-1 D'5(/&36&. )' *"+'(02.
&/-2. F+64;(3-&3 /*9 -13 ;/+'&+06& -(/ *(%73';(? – %'5(/&3';(? F&4'%"6(/, *(/
=81 &*9 -( 1387 "60" (+64"' -( ;&5(%';9 89<µ& 7. "*641µ1 5+14;"6& -(/ ;+$-(/..
V4-94(, ;$*('(' &%%98(:(', 9*7. (' *'4-(6 4-13 (+598(:1 A;;%146&, *(/ =-&3
*(%/$+'5µ(' 4-13 *"+'(0=, ;&-$#"+&3 3& 8'&-1+=4(/3 -13 *64-1 -(/.. )' '14(/Z-".,
*(/ 4;(*9 "60&3 3& *+(4"-&'+'4-(?3 -(/. (+5(89:(/. -1. R(/5136&., *+(4*$514&3
3& 4*$4(/3 -(3 '40/+9 8"4µ9 *(/ -(/. 2373" µ" -(3 *&-+'$+01

37
N. O'&33&+$., !"#$%$&'( )(* +,-. -/.: 012/1". 3445%(, >5=3& 1992, 4. 124.
38
N. I&-+'32%1., “ >3-&<73'4µ9. -73 '8",3 C"-&++/5µ64"7. ;&' >3-'µ"-&++/5µ64"7.”, F33 (A;8.
>513,3), -. KT(1974) 126-133, '867. 4. 130.
39
\. U. E4'+*&3%=., “) !?+'%%(. D(?;&+'. ;&' 1 ;&5(%';= I+(*&<$38& -1. R,µ1. (1622-1638)” ,
6"./$4$J'(, -"?0.4 (1977) 49-56, '867. 4. 51.

96
!734-&3-'3(/*9%"7.. E( *'( '40/+9 -(/. 9*%( &*(8"60-1;" 1 *"+6#1µ1 “ )µ(%(<6&
I64-"7.” -(/ D(?;&+', 1 (*(6& "µ#&364-1;" *+,-1 #(+$ 4-1 O"3"?1 -( 1629.40
@ )µ(%(<6& &/-= "60" -(3 %&-'3';9 -6-%( “Confessio fidei reverendissimi
domini Cyrilli Patriarchae Alexandrini et Hierosolymitani, aliarumque Ecclesiarum
orientalium Antistitum, scripta Constantinopoli mense Martio anni 1629”. C$%'4-&,
=-&3 &#'"+7µ231 4-(3 Haga.41 O"<(39. "63&' *7. 2<'3&3 *(%%2. µ"-&#+$4"'. ;&'
";894"'. -1. )µ(%(<6&. 4" *(%? 4?3-(µ( 8'$4-1µ& µ"-$ -13 &+0';= -1. 2;8(41.
H81 &*9 -13 *+,-1 0+(3'$ *(/ 81µ(4'"?-1;" -( *+7-9-/*(, -( 1629, 81µ(4'"?-1;"
µ6& &<<%';= 2;8(41, -244"+'. <&%%';2. µ"-&#+$4"'. ;&' µ6& <"+µ&3';=. E( <"<(39.
9-' 1 )µ(%(<6& *+7-(;/;%(#9+14" 4-1 %&-'3';= <%,44& ;&' 90' 4-13 "%%13';=
8"603"' -13 *+95"41 -(/ D(?;&+', &3 "63&' -"%';$ ( 68'(. ( 4/<<+&#2&., 3&
"31µ"+,4"' *+,-& -(/. *+(-"4-$3-". <'& -( *,. &3-'%&µF&39-&3 ( 68'(. -13
(+5(8(:6& ;&' 2-4' 3& *+(75=4"' µ'& *'( 4-"3= "*';('3736& µ" -13 A;;%146& -(/..
M'&;+63(/µ" %('*93 -1 8'4-&;-';9-1-& -(/ D(?;&+' 3& &*"/5?3"' -'. '82". -(/ µ" *'(
$µ"4( -+9*( 4-(/. S%%13"..42 E( 1631 ";8951;" µ'& "%%13';= µ"-$#+&41 µ" -(3
-6-%( “>3&-(%';= (µ(%(<6& -1. 0+'4-'&3';=. *64-"7.”, µ6& &;9µ1 %&-'3';= ;&' µ6&
<&%%';=. >;(%(?514&3 ;&' $%%". -+"6. <&%%';2. ";894"'. &%%$ ;&' µ"-&#+$4"'. 4"
$%%". "/+7*&B;2. <%,44".. C6& &<<%';= 2;8(41 *+&<µ&-(*('=51;" 4-( D(3863( ;&'
µ6& 4-13 *9%1 Aberdeen -( 1671 µ" -(3 -6-%( “A Vindication of the Reformed
Religion, from the Reflections of a Romanist”. 43
H )µ(%(<6& I64-"7. -(/ D(?;&+' &*(-"%(?3-&3 &*9 18 ;"#$%&'&, *(/
;$%/*-&3 (%9;%1+( -( 28&#(. -1. 0+'4-'&3';=. *64-1.. >;(%(/5(?4&3 -244"+'.
"+7-=4"'., (' -+"'. &*9 -'. (*(6". &#(+(?4&3 -1 5241 *(/ *+2*"' 3& 20"' 1 ><6&
O+&#= 4-1 P7= -(/ 0+'4-'&3(? ;&' 1 -"%"/-&6& -( P=-1µ& -1. *+(4;?3141. -73
"';9373. E( <"3';9-"+( *"+'"09µ"39 -1. ;&' (' &*&3-=4"'. *(/ 863(3-&3 "60&3
#&3"+2. "*'++(2. &*9 -( ;&%F'3'4-';9 89<µ&.44

40
W. K. Medlin- C. G. Patrinelis, Renaissance Influences and Religious Reforms in Russia. Western
and Post-Byzantine Impacts on Culture and Education (16 th –17 th Centuries), Genève 1971, 44. 73,
91.
41
K. U. !&+µ6+1., !"#$%$&'( )(* @"$/1-/(:/*-µ27, -. 1, >5=3&' 1937, 4. 207 ;&'
G. Hadjiantoniou, Protestant Patriarch. The life of Cyril Lucaris (1572-1638). Patriarch of
Constantinople, Richmond 1961, 4. 95.
42
G.Hering, !*)$9µ1:*)2 @(/"*("<1'$ )(* 39"=;(>)? @$4*/*)? 1620-1638, µ-#+. M. !(?+-(F';,
>5=3& 1992, 44. 227-228.
43
G. Hadjiantoniou, 2;., 4. 95.
44
O. >. N&-P1&3-736(/, 6,"*44$7 8$,)("*7, >5=3&' 1954, 4. 109.

97
 X*7. =-&3 #/4';9, 1 )µ(%(<6& &/-= *+(;$%"4" µ"<$%1 &3&-&+&0= 4-(/.
(+598(:(/. ;?;%(/., *(/ 8"3 µ*(+(?4&3 *&+$ 3& -13 5"7+=4(/3 *%&4-=. ) 68'(. (
*&-+'$+01. -13 &*(;=+/:" *+(#(+';$ ;&' &+3=51;" "39+;7. -13 /*(<+&#= -(/,
74-94( 1 4-$41 -(/ ;+63"-&' ?*(*-1, ;&5,. 8"3 &*(;=+/:" <+&*-,. -13 )µ(%(<6&
&;9µ1 ;&' 7. -( 5$3&-9 -(/. @ (+598(:1 A;;%146& &*9 -13 *%"/+$ -1. ;&-&86;&4"
-13 )µ(%(<6& 7. &'+"-';= µ" µ6& 4"'+$ &*9 4/398(/. ;&5(+6P(3-&. *&+$%%1%& -&
41µ"6& 8'&#(+(*(6141. -(/ (+598(:(/ 89<µ&-(. &*9 -( *+(-"4-&3-';9 -(/%$0'4-(3
4" 9,-' &#(+$ -& 41µ"6& *(/ 56<(3-&3 µ24& 4-( "*6µ&0( ;"6µ"3(. >*9 -9-" 1
*%"'(39-1-& -73 (+598(:73 5"(%9<73 µ" (+'4µ23". ":&'+24"'. 8" 5"7+(?3 -(3
!?+'%%( D(?;&+' 4/<<+&#2& -1. )µ(%(<6&.. >*9 -13 *%"/+$ -(/. (' *+(-"4-$3-".
8'&;=+/--&3 -1 <314'9-1-& -(/ 2+<(/, "3, (' ;&5(%';(6 24*"/4&3 3&
";µ"-&%%"/-(?3 -13 ;&-$4-&41 ;&' 3& 0+14'µ(*('=4(/3 -13 )µ(%(<6& 7. 9*%( ;&-$
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M?( 41µ$8'& &*9 -(3 Q"9, 9*7. -& "68" ( D(?;&+'., -(3 F(=514&3 3& ";81%,4"'
&/-2. -(/ -'. &*9G"'.. H-&3 (' 36;". *(/ "60&3 41µ"',4"' (' *+(-"4-$3-". µ" -13
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-13 )µ(%(<6& -(/. S*&G" 3& -1 F&+&63"' 1 ;&-1<(+6& -(/ ;&'3(-9µ(/ 89<µ&-(. ;&'
&*28"':" 9-' 1 8'8&4;&%6& -1. =-&3 -&/-941µ1 µ" -13 (+598(:1. V4-94(, (' &*9G"'.
<'& -1 <314'9-1-& -1. )µ(%(<6&. -(/ D(?;&+' *+&<µ&-';$ *(';6%%(/3. !$*('('
*'4-"?(/3 9-' 1 )µ(%(<6& 0&%;"?-1;" &*9 -(3 Haga. H ";8(0= &/-= F&46P"-&' 4-13
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45
K. U. !&+µ6+1., 2.;., 44. 208-209.
46
G.Hering, !*)$9µ1:*)2 @(/"*("<1'$ )(* 39"=;(>)? @$4*/*)? 1620-1638, µ-#+. M. !(?+-(F';,
>5=3& 1992, 44. 227-228.

98
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-"%';9 &*(-2%"4µ&.49
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47
G. Hering, 2.;., 44. 229-230.
48
C.K.C&3(?4&;&., “H &32;8(-(. µ/4-';= &%%1%(<+&#6& -(/ !/+6%%(/ D(/;$+"7. *+(. -(3 [<<%(3
*+"4F"/-=3 "3 K734-&3-'3(/*9%"' Sir Thomas Rowe(1625-1628)”, 344.:*)5 2 (1956) 533-543, '867.
4. 534 ;&' K.M._&+$., L1="'( )(* H1#$%$4$J'( /.7 F-/$"'(7, Q"44&%(36;1 22004, 4. 169.
49
N. O'&33&+$., !"#$%$&'( )(* +,-. -/.: 012/1". 3445%(, >5=3& 1992, 4. 125.

99
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;&-$ -(/ J(4*9+(/ µ" -13 /*(;63141 -(/ #6%(/ -(/. *&-+'$+01 !/+6%%(/ D(?;&+'.
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L-"#$3(/. >+<9-"+&, -( *-,µ& -(/ *"-$0-1;" 4-1 5$%&44& µ" 8'&-&<= -(/ 8'&890(/
-(/ 4-( *&-+'&+0"6(, -(/ !(3-&+=, <'& 3& µ13 -( F+(/3 (' *'4-(6 ;&' ;(+/#75"6 -(
=81 -"-&µ23( ;%6µ&.50
A'8';$ 9µ7. <'& -13 *&-+68& -(/ D(?;&+', -13 !+=-1, "63&' <374-9 *7. ('
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9µ7. -"%';$ 8"3 *&+24-14&3, ?4-"+& &*9 -13 *&+2µF&41 -(/ %&-63(/ &+0'"*'4;9*(/
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0&+&;-=+&., 9*7. ;&' 5?µ& -1. *+&<µ&-';$ -+';/µ',8(/. "*(0=. *(/ 8'23/", ;$-'
*(/ &'-'(%(<(?4" µ"+';,. -13 9%1 4-$41 -(/ &*23&3-' 4-& *+(-"4-&3-';$

50
A. K. E4(/8"+9., ! !*)$9µ1:*)27 @(/"*5"<.7 6,"*44$7 $ 8$,)("*7, >5=3&' 1939, 44. 23-24.
51
\. U. E4'+*&3%=., “ ) !?+'%%(. D(?;&+'. ;&' 1 ;&5(%';= *+(*&<$38& -1. R,µ1. (1622-1638),”
6"./$4$J'(, -"/0.4 (1977) 49-56, '867. 4. 55.

100
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52
K. U. !&+µ6+1., !"#$%$&'( )(* @"$/1-/(:/*-µ27, -. 1, >5=3&' 1937, 4. 223.

101
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1
). 8. Q&6&%+*(/%(7, !"# $%%&'()* +,-./0# 1204-1985, H"..&%(1963 41990, ... 106-107.
2
H.O.Evennett, The Spirit of the Counter-Reformation, London 1968, ... 122-123.
3
). 8. Q&6&%+*(/%(7, +,-./0# -.1 !".1 $%%&'(,µ.2, ,.4, H"..&%(1963 1973, ... 112-150.

102
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*&2&;"9Bµ&,& ,(/ 16(/ &'01&, +,&1 (' (25+;(=(' 6('1?1(<.&1 ." W"',(/2B9"7
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P 9;'(7, !"# $%%&'()* +,-./0# 1204-1985, 3.4., ... 107-108,110.
5
C. D'&11&2$7, 5/6.7.80# )#( 92,& ,-& !:3-:/& $%%;7#, )541& 1992, ... 95-97, 99-100.

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&µ(':&9&7 #'%'647 [email protected].
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,& %"B+µ"1& ,(/ Villinger, (*&;(9 ,(/ !&%:91(/. !<2'(7 .6(*+7 ,(/7 4,&1 1&
*2(.3%/,9.(/1 1"&2(<7 µ&53,-7 .,(1 *2(,".,&1,'.µ+. S( B"B(1+7 *2(6$%"." ,31
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,?1 ;<( /*+*,?1. M$1,?7, 4,&1 B"B(1+7 *?7 ;2(<." µ9& #'%(µ",&22/5µ'.,'64
6913.3 .,(1 C$1;&6&, 3B-,37 ,37 (*(9&7 4,&1 ( (25+;(=(7 B'&,2+7 E?$1137
!&.(.)'µ$,37, µ" ./1"2B$,"7 ,(1 ;$.6&%( Francesco Gentile &*+ ,3 Lucca 6&' ,(
1"&2+ B'&,2+, &*+#(',( ,(/ M&1"*'.,3µ9(/ ,37 M$;(:&7, I&1(<.( I&2$, ( (*(9(7
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,(*(,323,4 ,(/ &2@'"*'.6+*(/, "*9.6(*( Gaspare Viviani. Y ;963 ;'426"." &*+ ,(1
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6&' ;"6&",47 6$5"'2=3 B'& ,(1 Gentile, *(/ ,'7 "=-,'.&1 .,3 Q"1",9&. P I&2$7
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+%3 *2(.*$5"'& &1&@&',9.,36", +µ?7 6$*('& /*(%"9µµ&,& #&91",&' 1& ;'&,324536&1
." 6<6%(/7 ;'&1((/µ-1?1 6&' 5"(%(B(<1,?1 ,37 !24,37. )/,(9 4,&1 9.?7 (' 6<6%('
*(/ "*32-&.&1 &2B+,"2& ,(1 !<2'%%( W(<6&2'.6
8*9.37, ( E$6?:(7 M&%&'(%+B(7 &*+ ,3 C9( 4,&1 -1&7 &6+µ3 K%%31&7 *(/
:2'.6+,&1 6(1,$ .,'7 &2@-7 ,(/ *2(,".,&1,'.µ(<. M'( ./B6"62'µ-1& "9@" *$"' B'&
.*(/;-7 .,31 E,&%9&, +*(/ 6&' -B'1" *2(,".,$1,37. Z.,+.(, "=&',9&7 ,37 6&,&;9?=47
,(/ &*+ ,(/7 6&5(%'6(<7, "*-.,2"O" .,31 *&,29;& ,(/ C9(, +*(/ 6&' "*';+536" ."
µ'..'(1&2'64 ;2&.,32'+,3,& *2(.*&501,&7 1& *2(."%6<."' ./µ*(%9,"7 ,(/ .,(
*1"<µ& ,(/ *2(,".,&1,'.µ(<.7

6
R. I. M&1&B'?,$637, “Y *&';"9& 6&,$ ,31 Q"1",(62&,9&”, </*-&: +,-./0# )#( =.%(-(,µ3>, ,.2,
!24,3 1988, .. 180.
7
K.Fotiadis, “Die Missionstätigkeit der Katholischen und Protestantischen Kirchen in Kleinasien
während der Osmanischen Herrschaft”, ?/@:0.' =3'-.1 41 (1987) 387-413, ';9?7 .. 401.

104
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&146&1 .,31 /O3%4 6('1?19& ,37 Modena 6&' "9@&1 µ"B$%3 ('6(1(µ'64 "*'#$1"'&
6&' *(%','6+ 6<2(7. S& 5-µ&,& ./L4,3.47 ,(/7 4,&1 5"(%(B'6$, #'%(%(B'6$, 35'647
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Modena. S31 6&,$.,&.3 -.*"/." 1& ;'&@"'2'.,"9 6&,$%%3%& 3 6&5(%'64 866%3.9&,
*(/ &*-.*&." (µ(%(B9& *9.,"?7 .,( 6&5(%'6+ ;+Bµ& &*+ ,(/7 %(B9(/7 µ" ,'7 &'2",'6-7
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M&1"*'.,4µ'(. I$%'.,&, "9@" *2(.%3#5"9 1& ;';$="' "%%31'6$ 6&' %&,'1'6$ .,'7 ;<(
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Ferrara, Renata, *(/ 4,&1 D&%%9;& *2'B69*'..&, 4,&1 µ/3µ-13 .,'7 &2@-7 ,37
B&%%'647 I",&22<5µ'.37 6&' ,"%'6$ -B'1" (*&;+7 ,(/ !&%:91(/. A,(1 .,"1+ ;'6+ ,37
6<6%( &146" 6&' ( M+2,(7, *(/ ,"%(<." 6&,$ 6$*('( ,2+*( /*+ ,31 *2(.,&.9& ,37.
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./1&1&.,2(#4 ,(/ µ" ,(1 Giovanni Bernardino Bonifacio, µ&264.'( ,37 Oria (1517-

8
I. E. I&1(<.&6&7- R. I. M&1&B'?,$637, “ Y #'%(µ",&22/5µ'.,'64 ;2$.3 ,(/ [2&B69.6(/ M+2,(/
.,3 I(;-1& 6&' .,3 ["22$2& 6&' 3 ;963 ,(/ &*+ ,31 E"2$ 8=-,&.3 ,37 Q"1",9&7 (1536-1559)”,
A&,#1/0,µ#-# 18 (1981) 7-118, ';9?7 ... 9, 11-13, 28.

105
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&%%$ (' *2(.*$5"'-7 ,(/7 ;"1 &*-#"2&1 5",'6$ B'’ &/,(<7 &*(,"%-.µ&,&.10
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(25+;(=37 *%"/2$7 ="6913." µ" ,(1 !<2'%%( W(<6&2' 6&' ,'7 "*&#-7 *(/ &/,+7
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;'&µ&2,/2(µ-1(/7.11

9
I&1(<.&6&7- M&1&B'?,$637, 3.4., ... 39-79.
10
!. A'µ+*(/%(7, B"'.( -#8(7(C-:> ,-&' $%%;7# 333 µ.D.- 1700, )541&' 2 1972 , .. 578.
11
E. R. !&2µ9237, 5/6.7.80# )#( =/.-:,-#'-(,µ3>, ,.1, )541&' 1937, .. 278.

106
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12
E. R. !&2µ9237, 3.4., .. 303.
13
C. M&*&;+*(/%(7, E $))%&,0# F.1%G#/0#> (865-1938), )541&' 1957, ... 56-57.
14
M. H&1&3%$63, ?µ:/()* )#( =/.-:,-#'-(,µ3>. E “:1#GG:%()* #1-.)/#-./0#” )#( .( ./#µ#-(,µ.0 -H'
?µ:/()#'C' µ(,(.';/(H' G(# -&' $%%;7# -. 19. #(C'#, )541& 2005, ... 39-40.

107
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@02( ="6913." ,(1 19( &'01& µ" ,31 &2@4 ,37 /*(.,42'=37 ,?1 µ"'(1(,4,?1 ,37
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15
M. H&1&3%$63, 3.4, ... 40, 42-44.
16
M. R$.'(/,L'6, ?µ:/()#'(); ./;µ#-# ,-& Iµ2/'& -.' 19. #(C'#. E ,1';'-&,& -&> #GG%.,#8.'()*>
,)"J&> µ: -&' :%%&'()*, )541& 2002, ... 37-38, 53.

108
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&2@'6$ "B6&,&.,$536" ( '"2&*+.,(%(7 Charles F. Morse 6&' &2B+,"2& ( Theodore L.
Byington, 6&' (' ;<( µ" ,'7 ./L<B(/7 ,(/7. K,.', ="6913." 6&' ,/*'6$ 3
*2(,".,&1,'64 *2(.*$5"'& *2(.-BB'.37 ,?1 Q(/%B$2?1.18
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17
T. Nestorova-Matejic, T. Khristova, American missionaries in Bulgaria: (1858-1912), Michigan
1992, ... 9-11.
18
T. Nestorova-Matejic, T. Khristova, 3.4., ... 11-13 6&' !.M.!'.642&, “Y H"..&%(1963 .,& 1834
µ-.& &*+ ,& µ$,'& )µ"2'6&101 '"2&*(.,+%?1”, A:,,#%.'()"H' =3%(>, ,"/@. 3 (2000) 125-140, ';9?7
.. 125.

109
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;'6$ ,(/7 *2+,/*&.20 P .,+@(7 "*',"<@536" 6&' ,(1 [":2(/$2'( ,(/ 1870 3
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19
Y. McCready-Kearney, American Images of the Middle East, 1824-1924: A Century of Antipathy,
Michigan 1976, .. 73.
20
T. Nestorova-Matejic, T. Khristova, 3.4., .. 14.
21
R. Ristelhueber, +,-./0# -H' K#%)#'()C' %#C', µ,#2. ). I"5"19,3- ). X. A,"#&147, )541& 2000,
.. 175.

110
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µ"B$%3 "*',/@9&.24

22
T. Nestorova-Matejic, T. Khristova, 3.4., ... 17-19.
23
M. R$.'(/,L'6, ?µ:/()#'(); ./;µ#-# ,-& Iµ2/'& -.' 19. #(C'#. E ,1';'-&,& -&> #GG%.,#8.'()*>
,)"J&> µ: -&' :%%&'()*, )541& 2002, ... 43-44.
24
S37 ';9&7, =/.-:,-#'-(,µ3> )#( 9(#LH-(,µ3> ,-& Iµ2/'& -.' 19. #(C'#: E 4:/04-H,& -&>
“?4.6*)&> -H' HL:%0µH' G'C,:H'”(1837-1844), (;';&6,(2'64 ;'&,2':4), H"..&%(1963 1999, .. 65.

111
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6&5(%'6(<7 .,(1 "6*&';"/,'6+ ,(µ-&, "';'6$ &*+ ,& µ-.& ,(/ 19(/ &'01&. S( 6%9µ&
#&'1+,&1 42"µ(, &%%$ µ+1( "*'#&1"'&6$, 6&507 .,( :$5(7 /*-:(.6" (=<,&,3
&1,'*&%+,3,&. A,+@(7 6&' ,?1 ;<( *%"/201 4,&1 ( "*32"&.µ+7 ,?1 µ'6201
µ&53,01, &%%$ @23.'µ(*('(<.&1 ;'&#(2",'6(<7 ,2+*(/7 *2(.-BB'.37.26
>%%"7 ;2&.,32'+,3,"7 ,?1 µ'..'(1$2'?1 .,3 Q(/%B&29& &#(2(<.&1 ,31
*2(053.3 ,37 -6;(.37 :':%9?1 .,31 1,+*'& B%0..&, 6$,' *(/ &*(,"%(<." µ9&
&6+µ3 &*&9,3.3 ,(/ :&%6&1'6(< &/,(< %&(<. I$%'.,&, (' )µ"2'6&1(9 '"2&*+.,(%('
4,&1 *(%< *'( ./µ*&5"97 .,(1 &*%+ %&+ B'& ,31 *&2(@4 :':%9?1 .,3 B%0..& ,(/7
&*+ ,(/7 K%%31"7 '"2"97, *(/ *2(?5(<.&1 "%%31'6$ 523.6"/,'6$ :':%9&. Z.,+.(,
*&2$ ,31 -1,(13 "*'5/µ9& ,(/ %&(< B'& :':%9& B2&µµ-1& .,3 B%0..& ,(/, ,(
*2(,".,&1,'6+ µ41/µ& *(/ &/,$ *"2'"9@&1 6&5+%(/ ;"1 "1;'-#"2" ,(/7 Q(/%B$2(/7.
)*+ ,'7 *'( .3µ&1,'6-7 '"2&*(.,(%'6-7 "6;+."'7 4,&1 ;<( B2&µµ&,'6-7. Y *20,3
"6;+536" &*+ ,(1 Elias Riggs ,( 1844 .,3 Aµ<213 6&' 3 ;"<,"23 &*+ ,(1 Charles F.
Morse ,( 1859 .,31 !?1.,&1,'1(<*(%3. I$%'.,&, ( ,"%"/,&9(7 "=-;?."

25
T. Nestorova-Matejic, T. Khristova, American missionaries in Bulgaria: (1858-1912), Michigan
1992, ... 82-85.
26
M. H&1&3%$63, ?µ:/()* )#( =/.-:,-#'-(,µ3>. E “:1#GG:%()* #1-.)/#-./0#” )#( .( ./#µ#-(,µ.0 -H'
?µ:/()#'C' µ(,(.';/(H' G(# -&' $%%;7# -. 19. #(C'#, )541& 2005, .. 45.

112
:(/%B&2(&µ"2'6&1'6+ 6&' &µ"2'6&1(:(/%B&2'6+ %"='6+, *(/ &*(;"9@,36&1
"=&'2",'6$ @24.'µ&, ';'&9,"2& .,& .@(%"9&.27
S-%(7, ;"1 4,&1 %9B"7 (' *"2'*,0."'7 *(/ (' )µ"2'6&1(9 '"2&*+.,(%('
*&2"9@&1 &152?*'.,'64 6&' '&,2'64 :(45"'& .,(1 :(/%B&2'6+ %&+. C&2&6,32'.,'64
"91&' 3 ;"6&"*,&",47 53,"9& ,(/ B'&,2(<-'"2&*(.,+%(/ F.L.Kingsbury. )/,+7
="6913." .,31 *+%3 Samokov ,( 1881 6&' 5"2$*"/." *(%%(<7 .,& @2+1'& ,37 ;2$.37
,(/. I$%'.,&, "9@" 6$*('& .@-;'& B'& ,31 9;2/.3 1(.(6(µ"9(/ B'& *&';'$ 6&'
'&,2'647 .@(%47, *(/ ;"1 6&,$#"2" +µ?7 1& ,& *2&Bµ&,(*('4."'.28
A" +,,' &#(2$ ,31 )%:&19& 3 *2(.3%/,'.,'64 *2(.*$5"'& ,?1 *2(,".,&1,01
="6913." ,( 1889. !&' ." &/,41 ,31 *"29*,?.3 3 ;2$.3 ,(/7 ./1;-536" µ" ,31
&#<*1'.3 ,(/ ,(*'6(< "51'6'.,'6(< .,('@"9(/. Y @2(1(%(B9& 1908 .3µ&,(;+,3." ,31
/'(5-,3.3 &*+ ,(/7 )%:&1(<7 ,(/ &%#$:3,(/ *(/ (' *2(,".,$1,"7 :(453.&1 1&
;3µ'(/2B4.(/1. 8*'*%-(1, ( B2&µµ&,-&7 ,(/ ABCFM J. Barton, -B2&#" ,( 1913 +,'
(' )%:&1(9 *(%','6(9 3B-,"7 "*'5/µ(<.&1 ,31 &1,'6&,$.,&.3 ,(/ E.%$µ &*+ ,(1
C2'.,'&1'.µ+ 6&' ./B@2+1?7 *2(.-:%"*&1 .,31 &1&;'(2B$1?.3 ,?1 5".µ01 ,(/7
&*+ ,(/7 *2(,".,$1,"7.29
Y A"2:9& ,3 ./B6"62'µ-13 *"29(;( ,"%(<." /*+ ,31 *1"/µ&,'64 "*'22(4 ,37
)/.,2(/BB&29&7, ,37 (*(9&7 3 *1"/µ&,'64 L?4 "*32"&L+,&1 :&5'$ ,+.( &*+ ,(/7
2?µ&'(6&5(%'6(<7 +.( 6&' &*+ ,(/7 *2(,".,$1,"7. N;3 &*+ ,(1 16( &'01& ('
*2(,".,$1,"7 9;2/.&1 .@(%"9& .,31 *"2'(@4 ,37 A"2:9&7. Y "6*&9;"/.3 *(/
*&2"@+,&1 4,&1 6&5’+%& .<B@2(13· 6&%%'"2B(<.", ?.,+.(, 6&' ,3 µ'.&%%(;(=9&
µ-.& &*+ ,31 -1,(13 523.6"/,'64 *2(*&B$1;&. I$%'.,&, 3 (25+;(=3 ."2:'64
866%3.9& &1,-;2&." µ" ,31 9;2/.3 ;'601 ,37 .@(%"9?1, &*+ ,& (*(9& +µ?7 -%"'*" 3
62&,'64 "*'@(24B3.3. )/,$ ';2<(1,&1 µ" ';'?,'64 *2?,(:(/%9& 6&' µ" ,3
./1"'.#(2$ ,?1 "*'.6+*?1 6&' ,?1 µ3,2(*(%',01.30
Y I(%;&:9& ,(/ 16(/ &'01& ./1;-536", 6&,$ -1&1 *"29"2B( ,2+*(, µ" ,31
µ(92& "1+7 K%%31&, µ",-*"',& 3B"µ+1& ,37 @02&7, 6&' µ-.? &/,(< µ" ,(1
*2(,".,&1,'.µ+. P E$6?:(7 Q&.'%'6+7 Y2&6%"9;37 (1523-1563) #3µ(%(B"9,&' *?7
"9@" 6&,&B?B4 &*+ ,3 A$µ( 4 ,3 C9(, ,31 !24,3, ,31 !"2&.(<1,&, &6+µ3 6&' ,3
R9.& ,37 A"2:9&7. I",$ &*+ ,( 5$1&,( ,(/ *&,-2& ,(/ &1-%&:" ,3 #2(1,9;& ,(/

27
T. Nestorova-Matejic, T. Khristova, 3.4.,... 119, 121, 129.
28
T. Nestorova-Matejic, T. Khristova, 3.4, ... 139, 145-146.
29
M. R$.'(/,L'6, ?µ:/()#'(); ./;µ#-# ,-& Iµ2/'& -.' 19. #(C'#. E ,1';'-&,& -&> #GG%.,#8.'()*>
,)"J&> µ: -&' :%%&'()*, )541& 2002, .. 40.
30
E.S&21&19;37, +,-./0# -&> I:/K()*> $))%&,0#>, H"..&%(1963 21988, .. 97.

113
-1&7 6&*",$1'(7, *(/ /*(.,42'L" *?7 6&,&B+,&1 &*+ ,(/7 :&.'%'$;"7 ,37 A$µ(/, (
E$6?:(7 Y2&6%"9;37. )/,+7 /*32",(<." µ" ,(/7 .,2&,'0,"7 ,(/ ,(1 &/,(62$,(2&
!$2(%( 8F 6&' #2+1,'." ';'&9,"2& B'& ,3 µ+2#?.3 ,(/ *2(.,&,"/+µ"1(< ,(/. I",$
,( 5$1&,( ,(/ *2(.,$,3 ,(/ ( 1"&2+7 E$6?:(7 6&,+25?." 1& &1&B1?2'.5"9
6%32(1+µ(7 ,?1 &*&',4."?1 ,(/ Y2&6%"9;3 .,3 A$µ( 6&' ,31 M$2( &6+µ3 6&' &*+
,(1 !$2(%( 8F, *(/ ,(/ -,2"#" "6,9µ3.3 B'& ,'7 /*32".9"7 ,(/ .,(1 .,2&,+ ,(/.
8*"';4 +µ?7 ( Y2&6%"9;37 ;"1 µ*(2(<." 1& ;'"6;'64."' .,31 *2$=3 ,'7
,(/26(62&,(<µ"1"7 &/,-7 *"2'(@-7, &*(#$.'." 1& ;(6'µ$."' ,31 ,<@3 ,(/ .,31 &/%4
,(/ 3B"µ+1& ,37 I(%;&:9&7, )%"=$1;2(/ W&*(/."$1(/ (1552-1561).31
P Y2&6%"9;37 B102'L" 6&%$ +,' 3 #4µ3 ,(/ I(%;&:(< 3B"µ+1& ;"1 4,&1 6&'
3 6&%<,"23, 6&507 *&2(/.'&L+,&1 $B2'(7 6&' &*(%9,'.,(7. K,.', *&2(/.'$.,36" "6"9
?7 µ&62'1+7 "=$;"%#(7 ,37 ./L<B(/ ,(/, ,37 G(=$1;2&7. S(1 /*(;-@536&1 µ" ,'µ-7
,( 1558 .,( E$.'(, &%%$ .<1,(µ& &1,'%4#536&1 +,' &*0,"2(7 .,+@(7 ,(/ 4,&1 1&
*$2"' ,3 5-.3 ,(/ )%"=$1;2(/ .,31 3B"µ(19&. S+," ( Q&.'%'6+7 &1&B6$.,36" 1&
6&,&#<B"' .,31 *+%3 Cronnstadt. )2B+,"2&, µ" ,3 :(45"'& *(%?1'647 ;<1&µ37
6&,$#"2" 1& 1'64."' ,(1 )%-=&1;2( 6&' 1& &1&632/@5"9 3B"µ+1&7 ,37 I(%;&:9&7,
?7 E?$1137 )F. Y [email protected] ,(/ µ" ,(1 %(/532&1'.µ+ "9@" ="6'14."' &*+ *(%<
1?29,"2&.32
N;3 &*+ ,( 1555 ( Y2&6%"9;37 "9@" &1&*,<="' #'%'6-7 .@-."'7 µ" ,(1
[9%'**( I"%$B@5?1& 6&' "9@" "1,/*?.'&.,"9 &*+ ,( %(/532&1'6+ ;+Bµ&. I$%'.,&,
"9@" ,(19."' .,(1 ./1"2B$,3 ,(/ W(/542(/ +,' *9.,"/" .,31 *2(.-BB'.3 ,(/
%(/532&1'6(< µ" ,( (25+;(=( ;+Bµ&. A,3 I(%;&:9& &/,+ *(/ *2(.*$53." 1& 6$1"'
4,&1 1& &1&µ(2#0."' ,31 (25+;(=3 866%3.9& .<µ#?1& µ" ,'7 %(/532&1'6-7 &2@-7.
C?297 1& L3,4."' .@",'64 $;"'& +2'." &2@'"*9.6(*( I(%;&:9&7 ,(1 M(%?1+
*2(,".,$1,3 Jan Lusinsky. P Lusinsky .+6&2" ,31 ,(*'64 6('1?19&, +@' µ+1( "*"';4
4,&1 1/µ#"/µ-1(7, &%%$ 6&' B'&,9 *2(?5(<." "*&1&.,&,'6-7 ,&6,'6-7 .@",'6$ µ" ,'7
&6/20."'7 B$µ?1. K,.', .,3 I(%;&:9& 6&' ,3 Q%&@9& ,& ;'&L<B'& 4,&1 *(%< "<6(%3
/*+5".3 *&2$ ,31 &1,95",3 $*(O3 ,37 (25+;(=37 *%"/2$7. I-.& .,& .@-;'$ ,(/
4,&1 6&' ,( 6%"9.'µ( ,?1 µ(1&.,32'01 6&' 3 &*(µ$62/1.3 ,?1 "'6+1?1, 6$,' *(/
,"%'6$ ;"1 6&,$#"2" 1& *2&Bµ&,(*('4."', 6&507 *-5&1" ,( 1562, .@";+1 .9B(/2&
+1,&7 5<µ& ;3%3,32'&.µ(<. I",$ ,( 5$1&,( ,(/ Lusinsky o Q&.'%'6+7, %+B? ,37
6&647 ('6(1(µ'647 ,(/ 6&,$.,&.37, $2@'." 1& ;3µ"<"' ,31 "66%3.'&.,'64

31
X. A6&2%$,(7 A(<,L(7, M%%&':> &G:µ3':> F%#@0#> )#( N.%7#K0#>, )541&' 1972, ... 84-85.
32
S. Runciman, The Great Church in Captivity, Cambridge 1968, .. 243.

114
*"2'(/.9&. Y ./µ*"2'#(2$ ,(/ &/,4 (;4B3." ." ,&2&@-7, *(/ 6&,-%3=&1 .,( 5$1&,+
,(/ ,( 1563.33 I$%'.,&, ,( *&2$;"'Bµ& ,(/ E$6?:(/ Q&.'%'6(< Y2&6%"9;3 6&' ,31
,/@(;'?6,'64 ,(/ ;2$.3 &6(%(<53.&1 *(%%(9 µ",$ &*+ &/,+1. )/,(9 ;'"6;'6(<.&1
,(1 52+1( ,37 I(%;&:9&7 6&' ,37 Q%&@9&7 *2(#&.'L+µ"1(' µ&62'14 ./BB-1"'& µ" ,(1
1"62+ E$6?:( Q&.'%'6+.34
To 1629 ( W(<6&2'7 ?7 *&,2'$2@37 !?1.,&1,'1(/*+%"?7 &1-*,/="
"*'6('1?19& µ" ,(1 Gabriel Bethlen, 6&%:'1'.,4 *29B6'*& ,37 S2&1./%:&19&7 (1613-
1629). P ,"%"/,&9(7 L4,3." ,31 $;"'& ,(/ W(<6&2' B'& ,31 µ",&,2(*4 ,?1
(25(;+=?1 ,37 S2&1./%:&19&7 ." 6&%:'1'.,-7. S( &9,3µ$ ,(/ &*(229#536" *%42?7
&*+ ,(1 *&,2'$2@3. H"?2(<." *?7 6$,' ,-,('( 5& ;'&224B1/" ,(/7 ;".µ(<7 &9µ&,(7
,?1 G(/µ$1?1 ,37 S2&1./%:&19&7 µ" ,& &;-%#'& ,(/7 .,3 Q%&@9& 6&' ,3 I(%;&:9&
6&' 5& *2(6&%(<." ,31 &1,9;2&.3 ,?1 *2'B69*?1 "6"91?1 ,?1 *"2'(@01. >%%?.,"
;4%?." *?7 ;'&#?1(<." ." *(%%$ .3µ"9& µ" ,( 6&%:'1'.,'6+ ;+Bµ&.35
Y ;2$.3 ,?1 *2(,".,&1,01 '"2&*(.,+%?1 "6,"'1+,&1 6&' *(%< *'( µ&62'$
&*+ ,& Q&%6$1'&. A" &/,+ ./1-,"'1&1 6&92'& (' *(%%-7 '"2&*(.,(%'6-7 ",&'29"7 *(/
';2<536&1 ,(1 17( 6&' 18( &'01& .,31 8/20*3. )/,-7 "91&' 3 “8,&'29& ;'& ,31
-6,&.'1 ,(/ 8/&BB"%9(/ "'7 8=?,"2'6(<7 S+*(/7”, 3 (*(9& ';2<536" ,( 1647 &*+
µ-%3 ,37 &BB%'6&1'647 866%3.9&7. 8*9.37, ,( 1698 ';2<536" 3 “8,&'29& ;'& ,(1
*2(:':&.µ+1 ,?1 C2'.,'&1'601 8*'B10."?1” 6&' .,'7 &2@-7 ,(/ 18(/ &'01& 3
“8,&'29& 8=&*(.,(%'64 X&1'µ$26&7”. H “8=&*(.,(%'64 8,&'29& ,?1 Q&*,'.,01”
';2<536" ,( 1792 6&' 3 “8=&*(.,(%'64 8,&'29& ,37 W+1;2&7” ,( 1795. V%"7 "9@&1
.,+@( ,3 ;'$;(.3 ,(/ B2&*,(< H"9(/ W+B(/ 6&' ,& µ-23 ;2$.37 ,(/7 4,&1 6/29?7 ('
&1&,(%'6-7 E1;9"7, 3 )µ"2'64 6&' (' 14.(' ,(/ 8'231'6(< ?6"&1(<. )2B+,"2&
';2<536&1 6&' $%%"7 ",&'29"7. K,.', ,( 1880 &/,-7 -B'1&1 70 6&' ,( 1910 338. M";9&
;2$.37 ,(/7 4,&1 *%-(1 6&' 3 ;/,'64 )#2'64, 3 I".+B"'(7, 3 :+2"'& )µ"2'64, 3
R-& \3%&1;9&, 3 )2µ"19&, &%%$ 6&' 3 E"2(/.&%4µ µ" ,& *"29@?2$ ,37.36

33
S. Runciman, 3.4., ... 244-245.
34
I. Hassiotis, “George Heracleus Basilicos, A Greek Pretender To A Balkan Principality. (End of the
XVI-Beginning of the XVII Century)”, Balcanica 13-14 (1982-1983) 85-97, ';9?7 .. 85.
35
A. Jivi, Orthodox, Catholics and Protestants. Studies in Romanian Ecclesiastical Relations, Cluj-
Napoca 1999, .. 96.
36
Y.Q(/%B&2$637, E (:/#4.,-.%* )#-; -# :%%&'(); ):0µ:'# #43 -.1 1821 µ"@/( -.1 1917, )541&'
1971, ... 263-264.

115
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%334()*1 *1&µ# $4, 5µ6"(4, $#( 19#7 ')8('

) "*+µ",- &*+*"'.& *.(/011'/-2 3-2 (.4+5(6-2 "%%-,'782 *%"9.$2 µ"

/7(*+ 3(, *.(/-%93'/µ+ *.&1µ&3(*('84-7" 3(, 19( &':,& 7&' &938 3- #(.$ ";<"
/3+<( +<' 3& 9=-%$ /3.:µ&3&, &%%$ 3(, &*%+ %&+. >3&, µ;& "*(<8 "6&'."3'7$
5?/7(%- 1'& 3(, "%%-,'/µ+, 7&4:2 µ&/3'@+3&, &*+ #3:<"'& 7&' &µ$4"'&, ",: -
"*&,$/3&/- 3(9 1821 ";<" "*'#0."' &7+µ- µ"1&%?3".- &4%'+3-3& 7&' (581-/" /3-
5-µ'(9.1;& ",+2 A&/'%";(9 &/?,3&73(9 7&' "%%'*(?2. B-, 7&3$/3&/- 0/*"9/&, ,&
"7µ"3&%%"93(?, (' *.(3"/3$,3"2, *(9 $.<'/&, ,& /30%,(9, '".(78.97"2 7&' $%%(9
";5(92 *.$73(."2 µ" /7(*+ 3-, ;5.9/- µ(.#C3'7:, '5.9µ$3C,. D*;/-2, µ"30#.&/&,
3-, E1;& F.&#8 /3& ,"("%%-,'7$, ",: "*0,59&, *.&1µ&3'7$ µ"1$%& <.-µ&3'7$ *(/$
1'& 3-, "'/&1C18 3C, *.(3"/3&,3'7:, '5":, /3'2 µ$@"2 µ" &*:3".( /7(*+ 3-
µ"3&..?4µ'/- 3-2 (.4+5(6-2 "%%-,'782 D77%-/;&2. G$%'/3&, &.<'7$ #$,-7" *C2 ('
3&73'702 3(92 A.87&, *.+/#(.( 05&#(2, 7&4:2 ( "%%-,'7+2 %&+2 5'=(?/" 1'&
&,:3".- *&'5";&, ",: A.04-7&, 7&' 7$*('(' #'%"%"?4".(' H%%-,"2 4"(%+1(', +*C2 (
I"+#93(2 J$µA&2 7&' ( K"+7%-3(2 L&.µ&7;5-2, *(9 584", "*'@-3(?/&, 3-
5'&µ+.#C/- 3-2 “I"("%%-,'782 D77%-/;&2” µ" 3$/"'2 µ"3&..94µ'/3'702.1
) 5.$/- 3C, µ'//'(,&.;C, 6"7;,-/" &*+ 3- G'7.$ E/;& 7&' &.1+3".&
"*"73$4-7" /3-, 79.;C2 D%%$5&. J&/'7+2 3(92 /3+<(2, +*C2 &,0#".&, (' ;5'(', 5",
83&, - 0,3&6- 3C, (.4(5+6C, /3( 5'7+ 3(92 5+1µ&, &%%$ - &,&µ+.#C/- 3C,
&,&3(%'7:, D77%-/':,. M38.'@&, µ$%'/3& 3- 5.&/3-.'+3-3$ 3(92 /3-, $*(=- +3' -
(.4+5(6- D77%-/;& ";<" *&."77%;,"' &*+ 3'2 A&/'702 &*(/3(%'702 &.<02 7&'
<."'&@+3&, &,&µ+.#C/-.2
N(%%(; 83&, (' *.(3"/3$,3"2 '".&*+/3(%(' *(9 8.4&, &*+ <:."2 +*C2 ('
).N.E., - J."3&,;&, &%%$ 7&' - D%A"3;& 7&' - F".µ&,;&. G;& &*+ 3'2 3&73'702 3(92
83&, ,& #0.,(9, ",5?µ&3& 7&' 3.+#'µ& /3(92 3+3" &1C,'@+µ",(92 1'& 3-,
&,"6&.3-/;& 3(92 H%%-,"2. G$%'/3&, (' "*'/-µ+3".(' &*+ &93(?2 3(92
µ'//'(,&.;(92 *.(0.<(,3&, &*+ 3( *".;#-µ( 7(%%01'( 3(9 Amherst 3-2 Eµ".'782,

1
O. I. !&.µ;.-2, !"#$%$&'( )(* +"$,-.,(/,*.µ01, 3.1, E48,&' 1937, //. 278-279.
2
E. E%"A'@+*(9%(2, 23µ(*$)(#$4*)*.µ01, +"$,-.,(/,*.µ01 )(* !"#$%$&'(, E48,& 1992, //. 97-98.

116
3(9 (*(;(9 ( &,3'7"'µ",'7+2 /7(*+2 9*8.6" &,07&4", '".&*(/3(%'7+2.3 M" +,3' &#(.$
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0,3(,-, &93(; %"'3(9.1(?/&, 9*(7',-µ0,(' &*+ 3-, *"*(;4-/- 3-2 "*(<82 +3' -
Eµ".'78 7&' "'5'7$ - I0& E11%;&, - (*(;& 83&, 7&' - 05.& 3(9 7&%A','/µ(?,
&*(3"%(?/" 3-, "7%"738 <:.& 3(9 K"(?. M?µ#C,& %('*+, µ" 3- µ"//'&,'78 &938
&,3;%-=- +#"'%&, ,& µ"3&#0.(9, 3(, 3.+*( 5'&79A0.,-/-2, 3- 4.-/7";&, 3& 84- 7&'
3-, "%"94".;& *(9 <&.&738.'@" 3(, 3+*( 3(92 /" +%- 3-, &,4.C*+3-3&. G$%'/3&,
5-µ'(?.1-/&, 3( 1810 3( ABCFM (American Board of Commissioners for Foreign
Missions) µ" /7(*+ 3-, "6$*%C/- 3(9 D9&11"%;(9 /3'2 60,"2 <:."2 7&' 3- 5'$5(/-
3-2 1,:/-2 3C, F.&#:, µ" 3-, 9*(/38.'6- 3C, µ'//'(,&.;C,.4
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4
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5
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118
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E. E,3C,+*(9%(2, 0.>., //. 30-33.
11
E. E,3C,+*(9%(2, 0.>., //. 34-36.

119
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12
E. E%"A'@+*(9%(2, 23µ(*$)(#$4*)*.µ01, +"$,-.,(/,*.µ01 )(* !"#$%$&'(, E48,& 1992, //. 98-99.
13
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132.

120
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";<" *$"' ( Robertson, ",: ( Pasco 7&' ( Love *81&, /3-, N$3.& 3( 1837. ) M?.(2
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14
N. I$/'(93@'7, @µ-"*)(/*)< $"<µ(,( .,; Aµ9"/; ,$/ 19$ (*?/(, ; .8/</,;.; ,;1 (CC4$.(&$/*)71
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15
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H-..(4$/*)=3/ >04*1, 3"9<.6 (2001) 107-122, '5;C2 //. 120-121.
16
O. I. !&.µ;.-2, !"#$%$&'( )(* +"$,-.,(/,*.µ01, 3.1, E48,&' 1937, /. 280.

121
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17
E. E%"A'@+*(9%(2, 23µ(*$)(#$4*)*.µ01, +"$,-.,(/,*.µ01 )(* !"#$%$&'(, E48,& 1992, //. 131-
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O. I. !&.µ;.-2, !"#$%$&'( )(* +"$,-.,(/,*.µ01, 3.1, E48,&' 1937, //. 281-282.
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23
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26
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27
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28
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;5'(9 ,(µ;/µ&3(2. H3/', ( !(.&82 7&' ( J$µA&2, 7?.'(' "7#.&/302 3(9 7%;µ&3(2 3-2
"*(<82, *.(7$%"/&, 3(, ",4(9/'&/µ+ /3(92 *.(3"/3$,3"2 1'& 3'2 '50"2 3(92, *(9
3+/( 7(,3$ 0µ('&@&, /3'2 5'702 3(92 4.-/7"93'702 *"*('48/"'2. M917"7.'µ0,&, (

29
P. M. Kitromilides, “Religious criticism between Orthodoxy and Protestantism. Ideological
consequences of social conflict in Smyrna”, Enlightenment, Nationalism, Orthodoxy, Norfolk 1994, //.
115-121, '5;C2 116-118.
30
P. M. Kitromilides, 0.>., //. 120-121.

126
!(.&82 3+,'@" 3-, &,$17- µ"3$#.&/-2 3C, F.&#:,, µ+.#C/-2 3(9 7%8.(9 7&' 3-2
7&3$.1-/-2 3C, ,-/3"':,. H3/', 4":.-/&, +3' &93+2 4& &*(3"%(?/" 3(,
/*(95&'+3".( &,&µ(.#C38 3-2 D77%-/;&2 3-2 D%%$5&2. Q King /" 1.$µµ& 3(9 &*+
3-, E48,& 3(, O(?,'( 3(9 1836 3(, <&.&738.'@" “4&9µ$/'(” 7&' "9"%*'/3(?/" +3',
&, "*'7.&3(?/&, (' &*+="'2 3(9, - (.4+5(6- D77%-/;& 4& 0µ('&@" *(%? µ"
*.(3"/3&,3'78. D*;/-2, 3& "*'<"'.8µ&3& 3(9 !(.&8 <.-/'µ(*('84-7&, &*+ 3(92
'".&*+/3(%(92 3-2 Mµ?.,-2 /3& 5'$#(.& 7";µ",& *(9 "605C/&, 3( 1836.31
D*'*%0(,, (' *.(3"/3&,3'702 '50"2 5'&5;5(,3&, 7&' µ0/C *(%9$.'4µC,
*".'(5'7:,. H,& /-µ&,3'7+ &*+ &93$ 83&, 3( Missionary Herald, *(9 83&, µ-,'&;(
7&' 3( *".'"<+µ",+ 3(9 /<"3'@+3&, µ" 3-, '".&*(/3(%'78 5.&/3-.'+3-3& /3'2 ).N.E
7&' &,$ 3(, 7+/µ(.32 H,& &7+µ- *.(3"/3&,3'7+ *".'(5'7+ *(9 797%(#(.(?/" /3-
Mµ?.,- 83&, 3( “E*(487- 3C, C#"%;µC, 1,:/"C,”. D75+3-2 3(9 *".'(5'7(? 83&,
0,&2 H%%-,&2, ( I'7+%&(2 N"3.(7+77',(2. E93+2 83&, R':3-2, 1+,(2 '/<9.82
"µ*(.'782 ('7(10,"'&2 3(9 ,-/'(?, *(9 µ"3$ 3-, 7&3&/3.(#8 3-2 R;(9 &*+ 3(92
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7&30#91" /3- G$%3&. D7"; &*+ 3( 1819 A.'/7+3&, 3( 70,3.( 5.&/3-.'+3-3&2 3C,
*.(3"/3&,3:, µ'//'(,&.;C,. G0/& /3& *%&;/'& 3(9 /<"5;(9 3(9 ABFCM 7$*('&
(.#&,$ "%%-,+*(9%& &*+ "*'#&,";2 ('7(10,"'"2 3-2 R;(9 4& ";<&, 3- 59,&3+3-3& ,&
/*(95$/(9, /3-, Eµ".'78. E,$µ"/& /" &93$ 83&, 7&' ( I'7+%&(2 N"3.(7+77',(2.
B( *".'(5'7+ $.<'/" ,& "75;5"3&' 3( 1837 7&' 83&, *('7;%-2 ?%-2, 7&4:2 *;/3"9&,
+3', &, 83&, 7&4&.$ 4.-/7"93'7(? *".'"<(µ0,(9, 4& ";<" "%$<'/3- 797%(#(.;&·! 83&,
µ-,'&;(, "75'5+3&, 7$4" *.:3- 3(9 µ8,& 7&' 797%(#(.(?/" /3- Mµ?.,-, 3-,
!C,/3&,3',(?*(%-, 3-, !0.79.&, 3- J-.93+ 7&' 3-, O".(9/&%8µ. E*+
*.(3"/3&,3'702 *-102 01'," 1,C/3+ +3' (' /9,5.(µ-302 3-2 “E*(487-2 3C,
C#"%;µC, 1,:/"C,” 0#3&,&, 3(, ",39*C/'&7+ &.'4µ+ 3C, <'%;C,. V*8.<&, 7&'
$%%& *.(3"/3&,3'7$ *".'(5'7$ *(9 797%(#(.(?/&, 7&' *(%%$ A'A%;&, /<(%'7$,
-4'7(5'5&73'7$ 7&' 4.-/7"93'7$, *(9 39*:,(,3&, /3-, &*%8 "%%-,'78.33
M3- Mµ?.,- ( *.(3"/3&,3'7+2 %+1(2 /9,$,3-/" '5'&;3".- &*8<-/- /3&
&/3'7$ /3.:µ&3& 3(9 *%-49/µ(?. Q' 0µ*(.(' 83&, &*+ 3(92 7?.'(92 "7#.&/302 3(9
5+1µ&3(2, %+1C 3-2 "%"94".(#.(/?,-2 3(92 7&' 3-2 "*&#82 3(92 µ" 3(92
31
N. I$/'(93@'7, @µ-"*)(/*)< $"<µ(,( .,; Aµ9"/; ,$/ 19$ (*?/( , ; .8/</,;.; ,;1 (CC4$.(&$/*)71
.)=D;1 µ- ,;/ -44;/*)7, E48,& 2002, /. 246.
32
!.N.!'/78.&, “B( *".'(5'7+ Missionary Herald. G'& &4-/&?.'/3- *-18 1'& 3-, '/3(.;& 3(9
G'7.&/'&3'7(? D%%-,'/µ(?” E-4,'$ F=/,"$8 G*)"(.*(,*)?/ A>$8%?/ 11 (1995-1996) 119-123, '5;C2
/. 121.
33
N. I$/'(93@'7, 0.>., //. 287-288, 305-307.

127
µ'//'(,&.;(92. T%%C/3", - /3$/- 3(9 µ(.#Cµ0,(9 &,4.:*(9 3(9 19(9 &':,&
<&.&73-.'@+3&, 7&' &*+ 3-, &*(µ$7.9,/8 3(9 &*+ 3- 4.-/7";&. M" &,3;4"/- µ"
&93(?2 ( &*%+2 %&+2 *&.0µ"," *.(/7(%%-µ0,(2 /3-, D77%-/;&·! /" *(%%02
*".'/3$/"'2 "758%C," 3-, &,3;5.&/8 3(9 /3'2 *.&73'702 3C, µ'//'(,&.;C, µ" &7.&;(
3.+*(. B( 1836 ( %&+2 /3.$#-7" ",$,3'& /3(92 µ'//'(,&.;(92, 3(, J$µA& 7&' 3(92
R':3"2 "µ*+.(92, +*C2 7&' /3& /<(%";& 3C, µ'//'(,&.;C, (/<(%8 Hildner, /<(%";(
4-%0C, Robertson). G$%'/3&, %'4(A+%-/&, 3( /*;3' 3(9 '".&*+/3(%(9 Leeves.34
F",'7$, µ" 3( *0.&/µ& 3(9 <.+,(9 $.<'/&, ,& 1;,(,3&' &,3'%-*302 ('
*.&1µ&3'702 *.(40/"'2 3C, '".&*(/3+%C,, *(9 83&, *.C3;/3C2 ,& #0.(9, +/( 3(
59,&3+, *".'//+3".(92 (.4(5+6(92 7(,3$ /3( *.(3"/3&,3'7+ *,"?µ&. E93+ 3(
*.&1µ&3(*('(?/&, µ" 3(92 *(%%(?2 "9738.'(92 (;7(92 *(9 ";<&, '5.?/"' /" 5'$#(.&
/-µ";& 3-2 "%%-,'782 "*'7.$3"'&2, +*(9 *&.&3-.(?,3&, 0,3(,( 3( #&',+µ",( 3(9
*.(/-%93'/µ(?.35 N'( /917"7.'µ0,& ";<" &.<;/"' ,& 1;,"3&' &,3'%-*38 - 3&73'78 3C,
µ'//'(,&.;C, ,& *.(C4(?, 3'2 &.<02 3(9 5+1µ&3+2 3(92, "'5'7$ /3& µ'7.$ *&'5'$ 7&'
3(, &*&;5"93( %&+. H3/', µ0/& &*+ 3( 78.91µ& 7&' 3& A'A%;& *(9 5'0,"µ&, 5C."$,
5", 0<&,&, 3-, "97&'.;& ,& &*(..;*3(9, µ" A5"%91µ;& 3- <.8/- 3C, "'7+,C, 7&' ,&
3- <&.&73-.;@(9, "'5C%(%&3.'78 *.&73'78. G$%'/3&, (' (.4+5(6"2 &.<02 $.<'/&, ,&
"7#.$@(9, #+A(92 +3' 3& µ'7.$ *&'5'$, *(9 &*(3"%(?/&, 3( µ0%%(, 3(9 3+*(9, 4&
&*&.,(?,3&, 7&' *(%%$ $%%& 5+1µ&3& 3-2 (.4(5(6;&2, *$,3& 7&3$ 3( *.(3"/3&,3'7+
*.+39*(.36
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,0&, $*"'.& 7&' &µ+.#C3&, "?*%&/3& 5-%&58, 3& (*(;& 0#3&,&, /3( /-µ";( ,& 3&
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7&' (' *".'*3:/"'2 3C, "7A'&/µ:, 7&' 3C, "6&*&38/"C,. H3/', 9*8.6" 0,&2 µ'7.+2
&.'4µ+2 (.4(5+6C, *(9 &*(/7;.3-/&, 7&' &/*$/3-7&, 3(, *.(3"/3&,3'/µ+.37
G'& &*+ 3'2 *.:3"2 &,3'5.$/"'2 3-2 (.4+5(6-2 *%"9.$2 83&, - 5'7&/3'78
7&3&5;7- 3(9 Jonas King. E, 7&' *&%&'+3".& ";<" 5"<4"; µ0<.' 7&' "9<&.'/38.'&

34
I$/'(93@'7, 0.>., //. 241-243.
35
E. E,3C,+*(9%(2, 5*.6$47 ,$8 +"$,-.,(/,*.µ$9 )(* ,$8 :*4*(.µ$9 -*1 ,;/ 544<%( )(* µ=,"( >"$1
(/,*µ-,?>*.*/ (8,?/, E48,&' 1985, /. 40.
36
!. [&µ*.?%(2, ! G*..*$/("*.µ01 )(* +"$,-.,(/,*.µ01 -*1 ,(1 @/(,$4<1, AK=.-*1 ,$8
+"$,-.,(/,*.µ$9 >"$1 ,;/ G;,="( >(.?/ ,3/ 5))4;.*?/ )(* >"$1 ,$ 544;/*)0/ L#/$1, Mµ?.,- 1836,
//. 16-17.
37
O. I. !&.µ;.-2, !"#$%$&'( )(* +"$,-.,(/,*.µ01, 3.1, E48,&' 1937, /. 283.

128
"*'/3(%8 1'& 3'2 9*-."/;"2 3(9 9*0. 3(9 "%%-,'7(? %&(? &*+ 3(, ;5'( 3(, 79A".,83-
3-2 D%%$5&2 OC$,,- !&*(5;/3.'&, 7&30%-6" ,& 7&3&5'7&/3"; &*+ 3-, "%%-,'78
(.4+5(6- D77%-/;&. B-, ;5'& 3?<- ";<&, 7&' (' Hildner 7&' Leeves, *(9 ";<&, 5.$/"'
/3- M?.(. 38
M3-, 7"#&%8 3-2 +%-2 &,3'*.(3"/3&,3'782 *.(/*$4"'&2 304-7" 3(
('7(9µ",'7+ *&3.'&.<";( 7&' - O".$ M?,(5(2 3-2 D77%-/;&2 3-2 D%%$5(2. Q
-µ".8/'(2 7&' ( *".'(5'7+2 3?*(2 7&' '5'&;3".& ( 4.-/7"93'7+2 *8.&, µ0.(2 /3(,
&,3'*.(3"/3&,3'7+ &1:,& 7&' µ$%'/3& "75'5+3&, &,3'*.(3"/3&,3'78 "#-µ".;5&, -
“D9&11"%'78 M$%*'16”. !0,3.& 3-2 &,3'*.(3"/3&,3'782 &,3;5.&/-2 01',&, - E48,&
7&' - !C,/3&,3',(?*(%-. ) O".$ M?,(5(2 3-2 "%%-,'782 D77%-/;&2 &*-?49,"
/9,(%'7$ 14 011.&#& /3-, 79A0.,-/- &*+ 3'2 4 M"*3"µA.;(9 1834 0C2 3'2 21
L"A.(9&.;(9 1839, µ" 3& (*(;& "#'/3(?/" 3-, *.(/(<8 3-2 /<"3'7$ µ" 3(,
*.(3"/3&,3'7+ 7;,59,( 7&' @-3(?/" ,& %-#4(?, µ03.& *.(2 &,3'µ"3:*'/- 3-2
&96-µ0,-2 "*'..(82 3C, '".&*(/3+%C,. B(,'@+3&, ( &*.(7$%9*3(2 3.+*(2 µ" 3(,
(*(;( 3& *.(3"/3&,3'7$ A'A%;& *.(/0A&%&, 3& 5+1µ&3& 3-2 (.4+5(6-2 D77%-/;&2, (
*+%"µ(2 *(9 1',+3&, ",&,3;(, 3C, "'7+,C, 7&' 3-2 %&3.";&2 3C, &1;C, 7&' µ$%'/3&
?/3".& &*+ &;3-/- 3-2 79A0.,-/-2 /3'2 10 G&](9 1835 /3$%4-7" 7&3$%(1(2 3C,
“*".'#".+µ",C, &'."3'7:, A'A%'&.;C,”.39
D*'*%0(,, 85- &*+ 3'2 2 E*.'%;(9 1835, %+1C 3-2 "9.";&2 5'$5(/-2
*.(3"/3&,3'7:, µ"3&#.$/"C, 3-2 E1;&2 F.&#82, +*C2 7&' *(%%:, *.&1µ&3"':, *(9
9*(/38.'@&, *.(3"/3&,3'702 &*+="'2, - M?,(5(2 "605C/" “5'&78.96', *".; 3- 2
µ"3&#.$/"C2 N&%&'& 2 F.&#- 2”, µ" 3-, (*(;& 9*(/38.'@" +3' - µ+,- µ"3$#.&/-
*(9 ;/<9" 83&, &938 *(9 <.-/'µ(*('(?/" &,07&4", - E,&3(%'78 D77%-/;& 7&'
(*('&58*(3" $%%- 83&, $79.-. G;& &7+µ- 7;,-/- 3-2 (.4+5(6-2 D77%-/;&2 /3(,
&1:,& 7&3$ 3(9 *.(3"/3&,3'/µ(? 83&, 7&' (' 5?( "17?7%'(' /3'2 11 P"7"µA.;(9
1835 7&' /3'2 13 G&.3;(9 1836, µ" 3'2 (*(;"2 *&.&11"%%+3&, /3(92 "*'/7+*(92 ,&
/9%%06(9, &*+ 3& /<(%";& 3& *.(3"/3&,3'7$ A'A%;& 7&' /9,'/3(?/&, /" 5&/7$%(92,
µ(,&<(?2 7&' 1(,";2 ,& &*(#"?1(9, 3-, "*&#8 3(92 µ" '".&*+/3(%(92.40
>5- 3( 1836 ";<" 6"/*$/"' /3- Mµ?.,- - “µ$<- 3C, #9%%&5;C,”. N.+7"'3&'
1'& 3-, 075(/- “*(%"µ'7:,” #9%%&5;C, 7&' &*+ 3-, *.(3"/3&,3'78 7&' &*+ 3-,
(.4+5(6- *%"9.$, *(9 "60#.&@&, 3'2 '5"(%(1'702 7&' 4.-/7"93'702 5'",06"'2 3-2

38
E. E,3C,+*(9%(2, 0.>., //. 36-37, 40-41.
39
!&.µ;.-2, 0.>., //. 287-288.
40
!&.µ;.-2, !"#$%$&'( )(* +"$,-.,(/,*.µ01, 3.1, E48,&' 1937, //. 289-290.

129
"*(<82. E*(30%"/µ& 83&, ,& @-38/"' - D77%-/;& 3-2 Mµ?.,-2 3-, ;5'& <.(,'$ 3-,
&*(µ$7.9,/- &*+ /<(%";( 3-2 *+%-2 3(9 '".&*+/3(%(9 Temple C2 &%%(5+6(9.41
M-µ&,3'78 /9µA(%8 /3(, &1:,& 7&3$ 3-2 5'$5(/-2 3(9 *.(3"/3&,3'/µ(?
/3- <:.& 5'"68<4- 7&' &*+ 3( ('7(9µ",'7+ *&3.'&.<";( "*; 3(9 ('7(9µ",'7(?
*&3.'$.<- F.-1(.;(9 MBS(1835-1840 7&' 1867-1871). Q ;5'(2 &*(5";<3-7" 5.'µ?2
5':73-2 3(9 *.(3"/3&,3'/µ(? /3(, "9.?3".( <:.( 3-2 E,&3(%82 7&' /?/3-/" "'5'78
"77%-/'&/3'78 7&' *,"9µ&3'78 "*'3.(*8 µ" /7(*+ 3-, &,&<&;3'/- 3-2
*.(3"/3&,3'782 *.(*&1$,5&2. ) "*'3.(*8 &938 0%"1<" 3(92 µ"%%(,3'7(?2
'".Cµ0,(92, 3& "75(40,3& 4.-/7"93'7$ A'A%;& 7&' 3-, "7*&;5"9/-. D*'*.+/4"3&, (
*&3.'$.<-2 "605C/" "17?7%'(, µ" 3-, (*(;& "#'/3(?/" 3-, *.(/(<8 /3(92
(.4(5+6(92 1'& 3- 5.$/- 3C, *.(3"/3&,3:,, ",: *&.$%%-%& &*-?49," 077%-/-
*.(2 3(92 '".&*+/3(%(92 ,& *&?/(9, 3( &,3'<.'/3'&,'7+, +*C2 3( <&.&738.'@", 0.1(
3(92. G" 3'2 5'&7-.?6"'2 *.(2 +%(92 3(92 (.4(5+6(92 (L"A.(9$.'(2 7&' G$.3'(2
1836) 7&3811"'%" "*;/-µ& +3' (' “[(94-.(7&%A;,('” '".&*+/3(%(' "*'5;C7&, 3-,
µ"3$5(/- 3C, 5(1µ&3'7:, 3(92 *"*('48/"C,. H3/', 5'03&6" 3-, &*&1+."9/- 3-2
#(;3-/-2 /" /<(%";& "3".(5+6C,, 3-, 7&3&/3.(#8 3C, µ'//'(,&.'7:, ",3?*C, *(9
";<&, "'/&<4"; /" &93$ 7&' 3- <.8/- (.4+5(6C, A'A%;C,.42 E7(%(?4-/" µ;& /"'.$
*&.&',"3'7:, "*'/3(%:, 3(9 *&3.'$.<- *.(2 7$*('(92 µ-3.(*(%;3"2, +*C2 3(,
N.(?/-2 T,4'µ(, 3(, G$'( 3(9 1836, µ" 3-, (*(;& 3(, *.("'5(*('(?/" 1'& 3- 5.$/-
3C, µ'//'(,&.;C,, 7&' &.1+3".&, 3(, L"A.(9$.'( 3(9 1839, /3(, &5.&,(?,3&
N.(?/-2 R.?/&,4(. G;& &7+µ- "*'/3(%8 ";<" /3";%"' 7&' /3- Mµ?.,-, +*(9
µ&',+3&, - *.(3"/3&,3'78 *.(*&1$,5&, 7&' /917"7.'µ0,& /3(, "7"; µ-3.(*(%;3-
R.?/&,4( 7&' /3(, 7%8.( 3(, O(?,'( 3(9 1836. B0%(2, 3-, &,-/9<-3'78 7&3$/3&/-
*(9 "*'7.&3(?/" /3& O+,'& ,-/'$ *.(/*$4-/" ,& A"%3':/"' µ" µ;& "*'/3(%8 3(9 3(,
I(0µA.'( 3(9 1838 *.(2 3(92 3(*'7(?2 &.<'".";2 7&' µ;& $%%- 3(, P"70µA.'( 3(9
1838 *.(2 3(92 A(9%"9302 3-2 D*3&,8/(9. ) 3"%"93&;& 3(9 "17?7%'(2, *.', 3-,
*3:/- 3(9, "75+4-7" 3-, 1- G&.3;(9 1839 7&' &*"949,+3&, /" +%( 3(, 7%8.( 7&' 3(
%&+ 3(9 *&3.'&.<";(9. G" &938, 07&," µ;& ?/3&3- *.(/*$4"'& ,& *.(/3&30="' 3(
*(;µ,'+ 3(9.43

41
N. I$/'(93@'7, @µ-"*)(/*)< $"<µ(,( .,; Aµ9"/; ,$/ 19$ (*?/( , ; .8/</,;.; ,;1 (CC4$.(&$/*)71
.)=D;1 µ- ,;/ -44;/*)7, E48,& 2002, //. 251-252.
42
!. G&µ:,-, “E1:,"2 3(9 ('7(9µ",'7(? *&3.'&.<";(9 7&3$ 3C, µ'//'(,$.'C,”, M/;µ$.9/; 8
(1980-1981) 179-212, '5;C2 /. 182.
43
O. I. !&.µ;.-2, !"#$%$&'( )(* +"$,-.,(/,*.µ01, 3.1, E48,&' 1937, //. 292-299.

130
 To 1868, 7&3$ 3- 5'$.7"'& 3-2 5"?3".-2 *&3.'&.<;&2 3(9 F.-1(.;(9 MBS,
"*&,'5.?4-7" - !.D., 5-%&58 - “!",3.'78 D77%-/'&/3'78 D*'3.(*8”, *(9 /7(*+
";<" 3-, "*(*3";& 3C, "77%-/'&/3'7:, 7&' "7*&'5"93'7:, *.&1µ$3C,. G$%'/3&, 3(
1873 3( "7*&'5"93'7+ 7(µµ$3' &,0%&A" - %"1+µ",- “!",3.'78 D7*&'5"93'78
D*'3.(*8”, &*(3"%(?µ",- &*+ &,4.:*(92 3(9 '".&3'7(? 7%$5(9, *(9 5'04"3&,
*&'5";& 7&' #.+,-/-. E93(; 83&, ( *.:-, G"/-µA.;&2 M&µ(98% ( !?*.'(2, (
"*;/7(*(2 ^"4?µ,-2 OC&,,;7'(2 7&' ( '".(78.97&2 D9/0A'(2 N&,$2. N.+"5.(' 3-2
"*'3.(*82 83&, ( *&3.'$.<-2 7&' - O".$ M?,(5(2. D*'*%0(,, ";<" 5(4"; ",3(%8 ,&
/<-µ&3'/3"; /" 7$4" "77%-/'&/3'78 *".'#0."'& µ;& B.D., 5-%&58 µ;& B(*'78
D77%-/'&/3'78 D*'3.(*8 *(9 4& "*(*3"9+3&, &*+ 3-, !.D. 7&' 4& <"'.'@+3&, 3&
@-38µ&3& 3-2 *.(3"/3&,3'782 5.&/3-.'+3-3&2 /3-, "7$/3(3" *".'(<8.44
O5'&;3".& /3- Mµ?.,- - 5.$/- 3-2 B.D. 83&, "6&'."3'7$ ",".18. M7(*+2 3-2
83&, ,& *&.&7(%(94"; 3'2 3(*'702 *.(3"/3&,3'702 "75+/"'2 7&' ,& ",-µ".:,"'
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44
G&µ:,-, 0.>., //. 182-184.
45
G&µ:,-, 0.>., //. 184-192.

131
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46
G&µ:,-, 0.>., //. 193-194.
47
G&µ:,-, 0.>., /. 195.
48
E. E,3C,+*(9%(2, 5*.6$47 ,$8 +"$,-.,(/,*.µ$9 )(* ,$8 :*4*(.µ$9 -*1 ,;/ 544<%( )(* µ=,"( >"$1
(/,*µ-,?>*.*/ (8,?/, E48,&' 1985, /. 43.

132
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49
E. E%"A'@+*(9%(2, 23µ(*$)(#$4*)*.µ01, +"$,-.,(/,*.µ01 )(* !"#$%$&'(, E48,& 1992, /. 99.
50
E.F.!$%#&2-N.E.N&*&1"C.1;(9, ! A8/$*)*.µ01 58(CC-4*)?/ ,;1 F(,-"'/;1 (1923-2000). I$>*)7
J.,$"'( )(* F'/;.; ,3/ H";.)-8,*)?/ J%-?/, !&3".;,- 2001, //. 39-40.

133
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*+/( µ$%%(, 3(, &µ+.#C3( %&+.

51
E.F.!$%#&2-N.E.N&*&1"C.1;(9, 0.>., //. 44, 57.
52
E. E%"A'@+*(9%(2, 0.>., /. 100.

134
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U,B;µI1@,K< 132
/32A,+42 62
B<µL6,-26<4 -2+I*@3<, 22, 25, 27, 103
/3@12642 11, 36, 40, 48, 54-58, 67, 86,
U<6 M,KP1LF 65 · 0+. -2, El ingenioso
90, 94, 106, 116, 122, 124, 137, 141
hidalgo don Qyijote de la Mancha
/3@126<4 56-57
U<D620LF 33
/;31@µ0J3*L 83· 0+. -2, Würtemberg
“UPB@-2 53G32” 45-46
/;1@µ0J3*L 15, 20, 22-24, 26-29, 33,
38-39, 40, 43, 76-78· 0+. -2,
Wittenberg!
!
* @0324<, 117, 120-121
V03<F 134
!**DF )621<+. 109
&203,.+ )K34B<F 83
!B<;>3B<F (=T 1LF )**+42F 54, 58·!
&2+,+24<F 86
0+. -2, Edward VI
&2++42 1, 40, 50, 62, 66, 69, 70, 72-73,
!,3.6L 1LF );*<DH12F 70
90, 96, 137
!,3.6L 1LF /@H172+42F 73, 139
&>++<, 57, 72
!,3L6,-IF '-@26IF 115, 117
&@6@DL 50-54, 67, 86, 93, 97, 123, 137
!+0@142 40, 57-58, 62, 67, 73, 94, 116,
“&@6,-I (;µ0<D+,<” 53
122, 140-141
&@6,1H> 133
!+0@1,-. (;6<µ<H?<6B42 51
&@3µ2642 4, 6-7, 9-11, 13, 15, 26-27,
!+0@1<4 91
33-35, 37, 39, 40-42, 45, 54, 56-57, 59,

162
!+,H>0@1 )T 1LF )**+42F 58, 70, 138·!
0+. -2, Elisabeth I
!++>B2 14, 78-79, 85, 102, 104, 109, ,
116-117, 119-120, 124, 126-127, 129,
133, 141-142 W2*<3> 132
V++L6@F 6, 77-78, 80, 83, 97, 102-103, W2-;6G,6<4 106
107-108, 112, 116, 119-120, 123, 125, W>-;6G<F 106
135, 141 W04**+,<F 57-58, 66 · 0+. -2, Zwingli
“!++L6,-. !?,13<?.” 119 W,61A4-B@3J 122
!++L6,-. !;2**@+,-. !--+LH42 134- W;*<µ2++>F X@<BIH,<F 80-81
135, 142 W;*<µ2++>F R9>66LF 80-81
“!N2?<H1<+,-. !12,342 1LF "I6B32F” W;34KL 40-41, 51· 0+. -2, Zürich
115
“!N2?<H1<+,-. !12,342 196
/2?1,H1P6” 115 H
!N<µ<+I*LHL 31, 37
“!N<µ<+I*LH,F 1LF <3G<BIN<;
#.C.). 108-109, 116, 124, 127
?4H1@9F, 1<;1JH1,6 B,B2K.F
#32-+@4BLF R2-90<F 114
K3,H1,26,-.F” 80
#32-+@4BLF R>-90<F /2H,+,-IF 77,
V?23K<F )61P6,<F 76-77
113, 114, 144 ·!0+. -2, R9>66LF )T
!?,H-<?,-. !--+LH42 196
#3>-+@,< 85, 132
S@G<B,H1P6109
!?1>6LH2 102, 106, 130, 141
V32Hµ<F 21, 36, 41, 48, 49, 64
V3µ?22 122
!334-<F UT 1LF &2++42F 69-70· 0+. -2, -
!334-<F 1LF $20>332F
!334-<F #T 1LF )**+42F 55-58, 64, X@42 !;K23,H142 31, 32, 37, 47, 63, 75,
138·! 0+. -2, Henry VIII 93
!334-<F 1LF $20>332F 69·!0+. -2, X@42 M<,69642 40, 89
!334-<F UT 1LF &2++42F X@42 "@,1<;3*42 22, 37-38, 40, 50, 52
VHHL 43·!0+. -2, Hesse 66, 89
“!12,342 B,2 1L6 J-12H,6 1<; X@42 O>3L 39, 49
!;2**@+4<; @,F !N91@3,-<DF =I?<;F” X@I+L?1<F 83 (?213,>3KLF
115 M96H1261,6<D?<+LF)
“!12,342 B,2 1<6 C3<0,02HµI6 196 X@<+<*42 20, 23, 42, 48, 85 102
O3,H1,26,-P6 !?,*6PH@96” 115 X@<1<-I?<;+<F U<µ46,-<F 65 · 0+. -2,
“!12,342 !N2?<H1<+,-. U26,µ>3-2F” El Greco
115 X@30>61@F 65!
!D2 67 X@HH2+<64-L 77, 102-103, 120-121,
“!;2**@+,->” M21@346LF 142 124, 133-134, 141
!;2**@+,-. /2?1,H1,-. !--+LH42 59 X.32 102
!;2**@+,-. !--+LH42 (µD36LF 122 X<;-;B4BLF 107
“!;2**@+,-. (>+?,*N” 129 X<;3,**42 15, 36, 37, 39, 44, 46
!;2**J+,< 10, 20, 45, 109-111, 117,
141, 144
!;GDµ,<F (23K,µ26B341LF !--+LH42F &
M96H1261,6<D?<+LF) 96
R>-90<F (µL13<?. S;1,+.6LF) 132
V7@H<F 131
R>-90<F )T 1LF )**+42F 94
R2?9642 62

163
R>H,< 114 M261203;*42 91, 94· 0+. -2,
R0L3,-. O@3HI6LH<F 34 Canterbury
R*6>1,@7 110 M2612-<;AL6IF $,-L7I3<F 88-89
R@3> C23>B<HL 82, 143, 139 M2?<B4H13,2F R9>66LF 119, 123, 125,
R@3> (D6<B<F 125, 129, 131, 135, 142 129, 141-142
RJ32N 81 -2?<;-46<, 85, 96, 100, 103
,@32?IH1<+<, 14, 87, 103, 109 111- M2??2BI-@F 133
112, 113, 117, 118-119 123, 128, 129- M2??2B<-42 122
130, 132, 135, 141-142-143 M23B,1H<µ2*<D+2 134
R@3. !NJ12HL 63-64, 104, 106, 138 M>3<+<F !T 2;1<-3>1<32F 33-35, 55,
R@3<;H2+.µ 115, 118, 127 69, 70, 77 114,138 · 0+. -2, M>3<+<F
,LH<;41@F 62, 85, 88, 90-91, 94-96, 98- 1<; Habsburg
99, 103, 138, 140 M>3<+<F 1<; Habsburg 8, 28-29 136·
R-I6,< 131 0+. -2, M>3<+<F !T 2;1<-3>1<32F
R6B4@F 115, 117 M23;JF 103
RI6,< CJ+2*<F 103, 121 M23;<7D++LF S21G24<F 95
R3+26B42 62 M2HH,µ>1LF R9>66LF 104
RH20J++2 1LF RH?2642F 34 M2H1<3,> 132
YH-,+, 122, 133 M21@346L 133-134, 143
RH+>µ 113, 117 M>19 OP3@F 1, 36, 40, 44, 48, 57, 65,
RH?2642 6, 34, 40, 62, 63, 65, 73 67, 70, 73, 86, 90-92, 137, 139, 140
RH?26<4 63, 71-72 “M@613,-. !--+LH,2H1,-. !?,13<?.”
“RH1<342 H+2;<-0<;+*23,-. ?@34 196 (K.E.) 131
+2P6 196 02H,+@P6 -2, 196 2*496 196 M@613,-. !-?2,B@;1,-. !?,13<?. 131
/<;+*>396” 107 M@32H<D612 113
R12+42 1, 40, 50, 62, 65, 70, 85-86, MJ3-;32 76, 127,134
104-105, 139 -@72+2,<-32142 6, 68.
R9>662 L 13@+. 34 M,<3<Dµ1A@ 122,133
R9>66LF (@-+J-1<32F (2N<642F) 43, 45 M+>B<F S. 131
R9>66LF )T 114 · 0+. -2, #32-+@4BLF M+.µLF WT (?>?2F) 55
R>-90<F /2H,+,-IF M+.µLF #T (?>?2F) 89
R9>66LF Z3@,B@34-<F (;,IF B<D-2 M<A>-<, 100
R9>66L 1LF (2N<642F) 45 M<+Iµ0<F 9
R9>66LF O3;HIH1<µ<F 100 M<+9642 33, 57 ·!0+ -2,!Köln
R92664BLF )G26>H,<F 131 M<6*-I 62
R92664-,<F (@?4H-<?<F 8@GDµ6LF) 131 -<6*-3@-@:H<62+,H1JF 109· 0+. -2,
R9>66,62 133-134 -<6*3@H,<62+,H1JF
“R96,-IF C2321L3L1.F” 131 -<6*-3@H,<62+,H1JF 59 · 0+. -2,
-<6*-3@-@:H<62+,H1JF
MI6,1H2 134
. M<6123.F MD3,++<F 100
M<32.F )B2µ>61,<F 127, 142
-<32:HµIF 132
-2G231.3,< 2, 5, 24-25, 75
M<3;B2++@DF X@I7,+<F 99
M2,6. U,2G.-L 37, 57, 99, 119, 123,
M<1D932 122, 133
132
-<;>-@3<, 48
M>,3< 91
M<;3B,H1>6 33
M2+2?<G>-LF S,K2.+ 119
M3.1L 62, 85, 100, 104, 113, 121, 132,
M2+046<F 57-58, 66-68, 93, 104-105,
141
137· 0+. -2, Calvin
M3,1I?<;+<F SL13<7>6LF 94
M2++,(<;)?<+41LF S>N,µ<F 99

164
M3<DH,<F S23146<F 14, 78-80, 82-83 S2;3<µ2124<, 119
M;B9642 132 SJ*2F )+JN26B3<F 107
MDGL32 85 SJ*2F M96H126146<F 107
MD?3<F 62, 91, 102, 121 “SJ*2F 8.193 196 C213,23K@496” 80
M;3,2-IF 87 SJ**<; )H?2H42 118
M96H126146<F /2H4+@,<F 89 µ@G<B,H1JF 59
M96H1261,6<D?<+L 62, 77-81, 83, 88- S@+>*KG96 Z4+,??<F 20, 36, 38-39,
89, 91-99, 102-103,106-107, 109, 111- 45, 76-78, 114, 144 · 0+. -2,
112, 115, 120, 122, 127, 129, 140-141 Schwarzerd)
M9H1>61A2 29 SJ+262F U3;µIF 44
S@+J1,<F (µL13<?<+41LF M;B9642F)
132
/ µ@66<641@F 48, 59
S@3A,7<D612 (S@3A,7<D6) 122, 124 ·
0+. -2, Marsovan
"2B,H+><F 87
SJHL )621<+. 117
"2-9642 134
S@H.µ03,2 131-132
"2µJ36<F (?>?2F) 100
S@HI*@,<F 8, 115
"2?<;H@>6<; )+JN26B3<F 114
S@1>6<,2 32
">3,H2 79
µ@1233;Gµ,HµJ6<, 59
"21,6,-. )µ@3,-. 65
SLGDµ6L 132
"@µ0J3*L 90
SL13<7>6LF (µL13<?. /@3<42F) 81
"JH0<F 131-132
S,-3> )H42 116, 118, 123, 133, 142
"J96 RT (?>?2F) 6, 8, 24
S,-3> 89H42 87
",G<;2642 87, 96
“S,-3I (;µ0<D+,<” 53
"<*,I+2 R*6>1,<F 61·!
S,-3<6LH42 117
0+. -2, Loyola Ignacio
S,+>6< 76
"<6B46< 57, 94
S,6BI6,<F "@<6>3B<F 81
"<D03< 49
µ,HH,<6>3,<, 14, 51, 75, 103, 109, 112,
"<;B<04-<F R&T 96
117, 121, 123, 127-128, 130, 134, 141,
+<;GL326<4 59
143
S,K2.+ (µL13<?. <3G<B. !--+LH42F
0 C<+9642F) 88
S,K2L+4BLF R. 14
S2**@+>6<F 9 S,K2L+4BLF (. 120
µ2*@42 3-5, 136 S<+B2042 14, 77, 91, 107, 113-115,
µ>*,HH@F 3-4, 63 144
S2*6LH42 122 S<+B<0+2K42 91
S2-@B<642 132 SI62K< 65
S>+12 118, 120, 127 µ<320,26<4 2B@+7<4 59
S>6L 119, 121 SIHK2 91, 107
S2N,µ,+,26IF (@-+J-1<32F /2;2342F) SIHK<; [@6<7P6 122
70 S<;3>1 /T 100
S2N,µ,+,26IF )T 8, 29, 34, 71, 136 µ<;H<;+µ>6<, 63, 117
S>N,µ<F "<D-23,F 100 S<;12+>H-L 122
S23>F S26<DH<F 104 S?2*,>1LF )µ03IH,<F 131· 0+. -2,
S23>F S,K2.+ 104 C2*,>1LF
S23*<D6,<F S>N,µ<F 85-86, 139 µ?23I- 64-66, 138
S23I-< 62 S?JL )+>6 122
S21G24<F (,@3<µI62K<F) 81 S?I+@\6 5662 55, 58, 138 ·!

165
0+. -2, Boleyn Anne %;-32642 96
S;-.6@F 119 <;µ26,HµIF 20, 59, 79
S;HIF ULµ.13,<F 77-78! <;642 87-88, 90
%;3026IF #T (?>?2F) 96
1
$>61L 69 2
$>N<F 96, 102
$>?<+L 34, 54, 70 C2042 70
$2D?2-1<F 81 C2*,>1LF )µ03IH,<F 131· 0+.
$J2 )**+42 117 S?2*,>1LF
$J2 WL+26B42 115 C>B<02 85, 104
$J2 R@3<;H2+.µ 47 C2:H,<F 107
$J2 ]I3-L 120 C2+2,> U,2G.-L 57
$J<F MIHµ<F 6 C2+2,<+I*<F R>-90<F 104
$J<F S;+<?I12µ<F 133-134 C2+2,H146L 61, 91, 117
$,*3412 134 C2+21,6>1< 54, 70-71, 137
$4H2 113 C>62F !;HJ0,<F 131
6<µ,62+,HµIF 26 ?26H+20,HµIF 107
6<µ,62+,H1JF 86 C234H, 48, 61, 72
$1@µ43-=2F 122 C>3<F 102, 114
$1@3@-,<: 122, 133 C>132 121
$;3@µ0J3*L 23 ·0+. -2, C213,23K,-. )-2BLµ42 99
Nürnberg C2D+<F &T (?>?2F) 62
“$DK12 1<; )*4<; /23G<+<µ24<;” 69 C@,32,>F 133
C@+<?I66LH<F 119, 141
CJ326 103
' C@3H42 117
C@13<-I--,6<F $,-I+2<F 121, 127
CL*>F S@+J1,<F 85, 87-88, 90-91
“% Z4+<F 196 $J96” 120· 0+. -2,
C,@342 133
“Friend of Youth”
C,J3,2 I3L 133
%G9µ26,-. );1<-321<342 90, 94, 96,
“?I+@µ<F 196 K93,-P6” 9, 10, 44
108-110, 120, 122, 124
C<+;6LH42 117
%G9µ26<4 33, 70, 77
C<+9642 40, 42, 54, 62, 87-89, 90 137
“%, 23K24<, -2, 6;6 /<D+*23<,” 107
C<µ@32642 72-73
%4-<F 1LF )32*<642F 70
CI61,<, 122, 133
<,-<;µ@6,-I ?213,23K@4< 14, 87, 106-
CI61<F 122, 124, 142
107, 130, 135, 143
CI3<F 119
%,6IL 122
C<31<*2+42 34, 62, 65
%++26B<4 72, 86, 91
CI31<F Z32*-4H-<F 105-106
E+;µ?<F 133
C<37D3,<F (µL13<?. "JH0<;) 132
EµL3<F 107
CI1HLF /+2B4µL3<F-R*6>1,<F 88
“%µ<+<*42 C4H1@9F” 97-98, 140-141
?<;3,126<4 58
%N7I3BL 94· 0+. -2, Oxford
C3>*2 65, 72
I?@32 66
“C3>NL C391<-2G@B342F” 55· 0+. -2,
%3>**L 70
“Act of Supremacy”
<321I3,< 66
C3<-I?, 122
%;**2342 62
“C3<F &2+>1@F” 24
<;*@6I1<, 58· 0+. -2, huguenots
“C3<F !0324<;F” 24

166
“C3<F 89µ24<;F” 24 (132H0<D3*< 40· 0+. -2, Strasbourg
CD+L 108 (1;342 71
C9*96,26. 132 H;*K93<K>31,2 2, 24-29
(;+0JH13<F (?213,>3KLF
)+@N26B3@42F) 83
# “(;µ0<D+,< 196 U,2-<H496” 53
“(;µ0<D+,< 196 !N.612” 53
“(;6B@Hµ<F 196 !;2**@+,-P6
8JG;µ6< 132
!--+LH,P6” 122
8@6,J3LF 87
(;6G.-L 1LF /@H172+42F 72
8.*,< 100
(;6G.-L 1LF S2B341LF 70
8.6<F 1, 7, 25-26
(;6<B<F 1<; Trento 61, 138· 0+. -2,
8IB<F 33
(D6<B<F 1<; =3,BJ61<;
8<N>6B32 1LF S<+B2042F 114
(D6<B<F 1<; =3,BJ61<; 61- 62, 64· 0+.
8<;GL642 96
-2, (D6<B<F 1<; Trento
8<;µ>6<, 115
(D6<B<F 1LF Z+93@6142F 89!
8PµL 6-8, 11-12, 24-25, 27-29, 33, 52,
(;342 33, 91, 117
55, 63, 65, 79, 86, 89, 95, 102 136
(D3<F 102, 121, 123, 129
8PHLF M26>-,<F 96
HK<+2H1,-,HµIF 19, 36
89H42 1, 91
(K<+. XL+J96 Hill 121· 0+. -2, Hill
8PH<, 87
School for Girls
(9A<2*2G<D?<+L 132

3 $
(20<^2 50, 52, 71 1>*µ2 196 RLH<;,1P6 61, 102, 138
(>µ<F 113, 114, 131 =.6<F 102, 118
(2µ<;.+ S@HLµ0342F 131 =A23<;B>-LF &@P3*,<F 132· 0+. -2,
(261<346L 96 _23<;B>-LF
(2N<642 7-8, 15, 23, 28, 39, 43-47 =I--2F O3.H1<F 120
(23BL642 34 =<?,-. !--+LH,2H1,-. !?,13<?.
(23B<*>6 122 (=.!.) 131-132
(@02H1. C,@342F 133-134 =<;3-42 117
(@0.3<F &203,.+ 81 =<D3-<, 8, 33, 83, 100, 107, 126-127
(@+4µ )T 33 =326H;+02642 71, 115
(@µJ6 122 =34?<+L 119
(@3042 107, 113, 143 =;04**L 79-80, 82-83· 0+. -2,
(J33@F 134 Tübingen
(,*,Hµ<D6B<F &T 1LF C<+9642F 87-89 =;BP3 S2342 54, 58· 0+. -2, Tudor
(,-@+42 34, 70 Mary
(-<142 1, 4, 54, 62, 138 =;?>+B<F 123
“(µ2+-2+B,-. V69HL” 70 =D3620<F 81
(<30I66L 48
(<;LB42 71-73, 87, 90-91
(<;LB<4 72 4
(<;+@:µ>6 33
(I7,2 110, 143 !
(?>31L 119 Z26>3, 110
(1>32 W2*I32 110, 112, 143 Z23µ2-4BLF X@I-+L1<F 116
(1<;B41LF U2µ2H-L6IF 81 Z>1H2 122

167
Z@3B,6>6B<F /T 71· 0+. -2,
Z@3B,6>6B<F 1LF (1;342F
Z@3B,6>6B<F &T 1LF &@3µ2642F 72
Z@3B,6>6B<F 1LF RH?2642F 34
Z@3B,6>6B<F 1LF (1;342F 71· 0+. -2,
Z@3B,6>6B<F /T
Z,+2BJ+7@,2 126
Z,+2B@+7@DF 123
Z4+,??<F 1LF &@3µ2642F 34
Z,+,??<D?<+L 110, 132, 143
732*-,H-26<4 -2+I*@3<, 22
Z32*-4H-<F )T 1LF &2++42F 49, 50, 70
Z326-7<D31L 7
Z3@,B@34-<F UT (@-+J-1<32F 1<;
C2+21,6>1<;) 70
Z3@,B@34-<F < (<7IF 7-8, 23, 28, 30
34-35, 38-39, 43, 45, 136-137

5
O20>L 117
O2+J?, 91
O2+-4B2 103, 134
O>6B2-2F 100, 104
O26,> 132
O>1, O<;µ2*,<D6 108, 122
O4<F 81, 102, 104, 113, 118, 121, 127,
132, 141
O3,H1,26IF UT 71
O3DH26G<F (µL13<?. C3<DHLF) 130
O3;H. /<D+2 (1356) 7
O;1324<F U204B 78· 0+. -2, Kochhafe
David

_
“_2+µ<4” 24, 51
_23> 131
_23>F R.U. 12, 14, 25
_23<;B>-LF &@P3*,<F 132· 0+. -2,
=A23<;B>-LF &@P3*,<F !

168
[!$%&"'((% Biblia latina vulgata 26
Bidembach 82
Bilney Thomas 56
Boccaccio 64
A Bohnstedt 87
Boleyn Anne 55 · 0+. -2, S?I+@;6
“A Vindication of the Reformed 5662
Religion from the Reflection of a Bonifacio Bernardino Giovanni 105-
Romanist” 97 106
Abbot 94 Bourbons 69
“Act of Supremacy” 55 · 0+. -2, Bourge 48
“C3>NL C391<-2G@B342F” bourgeois 53!
Adige 45 Bowndes 121
Altenstein 35 Brandenburg 7, 24, 27, 42
“American Board of Commissioners Braunsberg 43
for Foreign Missions” (ABCFM) 109, Braunschweig 43
113, 117, 120-121, 127, 141 Breitenfeld 72
American Episcopical Church 121 Brenz 82
Amherst 116 Brest 88-89
Amsterdam 47 Brewer Josiah 120,124
“An den christlichen Adel deutscher Brisoné Guillaume 50
Nation” 31, 38 British and Foreign Bible Society 109,
Anatolia College 124 121, 143
Anderson Rufus 118, 120 Brunswick 46
Andreae Jacob 79, 82 Bucer Martin 40, 49, 52
Anhalt 43 Bugenhagen Johann 39, 42, 45
“Assertio Septem Sacramentorum” 56 Buonaroti Michel-Angelo 65
Augsburg 28, 47 Byington Theodore 109

B C
Bach Johann Sebastian 66
Balliol College 94 Cajetan 28
Bansko 111 Calvin( Cauvin) Jean 48-54
Barnes Robert 56 Cambridge 56
barocco 64 Camerarius Joachim 77
Barton J. 113 Canterbury 55 · 0+. -2, M261203;*42
Basel 40-41, 47, 49 ·!0+. -2, Basle, Capela Giammaria 86!
/2H,+@42 Capito Wolfgang 49
Basle 40-41, 43 ·!0+. -2, Basel, Caravaggio Angelo 65
/2H,+@42 Carlstadt Andeas 38-39
Batory Stefan 87 Casaubon Isaac 86
Bellarmino 103 Césy 96
Benjamin 121 “Christinissimi Restitutio” 54
Benson 121 Clarke J.F. 112
Berne 40, 41 · 0+. -2, /J36L Collège de Montaigu 48
Bernini Lorenzo 65 Collegiate Institute for Girls 124
Bethlen Gabriel 115, 144

169
Congregatio de Propaganda Fide 96, “El ingenioso hidalgo don Qyijote de
102 la Mancha” 65 · 0+. -2, “U<6 M,KP1LF”!
Constance 42, 45 Elbe 73
Cop Nicholas 49 Eleonora 1LF Z@33>32F 105
Crailsheim 42 Eleutherius 20
Cranmer Thomas 55 Elisabeth I 58 · 0+. -2, !+,H>0@1 )T
Cremonini Cesare 85 1LF )**+42F
Cromwell Thomas 55 Elmstadt 94
Cronnstadt 114 Erfurt 18-22
Erie 119
“Ermahnung zum Frieden auf die 12
D Artikeln der Bauernhschaft” 46
Exsurge Domine 32, 33
D’ Espeville Charles 49
D’ Este Hercule 105
Da Gama Vasco 9 F
Danzig 43 0+. -2, Gdansk
De Bure Idolette 52
Farel Guillaume 51, 137
“De captivitatae Babylonica ecclesiae
Ferrara 105
praeludium” 31
Filioque 82
“De Clementia” 49
Fisk Pliny 118, 141
“De Ecclesia” 32
Fjellstädt 121
De Vega Lope 65
Freiburg 72
De Vio Thomas 28
“Friend of Youth” 120 · 0+. -2, “ %
“De votis monasticis iudicium” 38
Z4+<F 196 $J96”
De Wilhem David le Leu 91-92, 99,
Frith John 56
140
Fugger 6, 9
Demarchi Pietro 96
“Der kleine Kathechismus” 37
“Deutsche Messe” 37, 39
Dorbat 88 G
Drechsel Thomas 38
Dwight G.O. 109 Gdansk 43 · 0+. -2, Danzig
Gentile Francesco 104
Gerlach Stefan 79, 80, 82
E Glarus 41
Goodwell William 120
Grisons 41
Eck Johannes 29, 31, 37, 75-76
Grynaeus Simon 49
Edward VI 58 ·!0+. -2, !B<;>3B<F (=T
Guises 69
1LF )**+42F
Gutenberg Johannes 26
“Ein Sendbrief von dem harten
Buchlein wider die Bauern” 46
“Eine Heerredigt wider der Türcken”
33 H
Eisenach 15-16, 18
Eisleben 15 Habsburg 29
El Greco 65 · 0+. -2, X@<1<-I?<;+<F Haga Cornelius 92-93, 98, 140
U<µ46,-<F Hamlin Cyrus 109, 111
Hartley J. 121, 123

170
Heerbrand 82
Heidelberg 20, 71
Heilbronn 42 L
Henry VIII 55 ·!0+. -2, !334-<F #T 1LF
)**+42F
Lad 121
Herzogenbusch 98
Latimer Hugh 56
Hesse 43, 46
Leck 72
Hesse-Cassel 72
Leeves 121, 128-129
Hildner 121, 123, 128-129
Leger Antonius 93
Hill J.H. 121
Leiden 47
Hill School for Girls 121· 0+. -2,
Leipzig 29, 31, 37, 45, 72, 77
(K<+. XL+J96 Hill
Leyburn 119, 121
Holdener 82
Liga 70-71
Houston 119, 121
Lindemann Johann 16
huguenots 58· 0+. -2, <;*@6I1<,
Lindemann Kaspar 16
Hus Jan 11, 32, 37, 136
Lindemann Margaretta 15, 16
“Loci Communes” 39
Lod 94
I Louvain 31
Love 121
Index 63 Loyola Ignacio 61-65 ·!0+. -2, "<*,I+2
Ingolstadt 29, 75 R*6>1,<F
Institoris Henry 4 Lübeck 71
“Institution de la Religion Lucca 104
Chrestiènne” 49, 54, 137 Lucrezia 1LF Z@33>32F 105
Isarco 45 Luder Hans 15, 16,18, 22
Luder Jacob 15
Lüpfen 44
J Lusinsky Jan 114
Luther Elisabeth 42
Luther Hans 42
Jetter 121
Luther Magdalena 42
Junker Georg 36
Luther Margaretta 42
Junker Jorg 36
Luther Martin 42
Luther Paul 42
Lützen 72
K Lwow 89

Kimmel 87 M
King Jonas 118-120, 123, 127-128,
142
Machiavelli 64
Kingsbury F.L. 113
Magdeburg 17-18
Mitzingen 42
Magirus 82
Knox John 54, 138
Mainz 7, 25-26
Kochhafe David 78 ·!0+. -2, O;1324<F
Maleficia 3
U204B
Malleus Malleficarum 4
Köln 7, 31 · 0+. -2, M<+9642
Mansfeld 17
Korck 121, 123
Marschalk Ni kolaus 20
Kraus Martin 78 · 0+. -2, M3<DH,<F
Marsovan 124 ·!0+. -2, S@3A,7<D612
S23146<F

171
Matthias (23K,B<D-2F );H1342F) 71 Reichstag 34
Mazzolini Sylvester 27-28 Renata (B<D-,HH2 Z@33>32F) 105
Memmingen 45 Reutlingen 42
Mergentheim 72 Rex Catholicissimus 69
Metz 73 Reynolds 124
“Missionary Herald” 127 Richelieu 72, 96
Mocenigo Luigi (Alvise) 100 Riga 88
Möchra 15, 35 Riggs Elias 112, 120-121
Modena 72, 105 Robert College 111
More Thomas 57 Robertson 120-121, 128
Morelli Ambrogio 86 Robusti Jacobo 65 0+. -2, Tintoretto
Morse Charles 109, 112 Rocroi 72
Moux 50 Roe Thomas 93·!0+. -2,
Mühlberg 70 Row Thomas
Münster 47, 73 Rothenburg 42
Münzer Thomas 45-46 Roussel Gerard 49
Row Thomas 93·!0+.-2, Roe Thomas
Rubens 62
N
S
Noyon 48
Nürnberg 23, 42, 47· 0+. -2, Saintonge 49
$;3@µ0J3*L Samokov 113
Sarpi Paolo 85-86, 139
Sebastiani (+2146<F @?4H-<?<F
' R@32?I+@9F) 106
Servetus Miguel 54
Schaffhausen 40
Oder 73
Schauffler W.G. 109
Olivetain Pierre 49
Schiattini Rafaello 96
“Ordonnances Ecclesiastiques” 52
Schmith 87
Oria 105
Schnepf 82
Orléans 48
Schultze Hieronymus 27
Osnabrück 72
Schwabisch-Hall 42
Ostrozhskii Constantine 90
Schwabische Liga 46
Oxford 57 · 0+. -2, %N7I3BL
Schwarzerd Philippus 20 · 0+. -2,
S@+>*KG96 Z4+,??<F
P Schweinfurt 42
Solikowski 90
Parma 72 Speyer 70
Parsons Levi 118, 141 Sprenger Jacques 4
Pasco 121 St. Gallen 40-41
Pease 121 Storch Nikolaus 38
Pistoris Maternus 20 Stralsund 72
Polock 88 Strasbourg 47, 52 · 0+. -2,
(132H0<D3*<
R Stubner 38
Stülingen 44
“Supreme Governor of the Church of
Rabelais 64
England” 58

172
Swabia 45 “Von der Beichte ob die der Papst
Machthabe zu gebieten” 38
T “Von der Freiheit eines
Christenmensches” 31
Von Hohenzollern Albert 25
Tasso Toquato 65
Von Hutten Ulrich 36
Temple 120-121, 130
Von Kunheim 42
Tetzel Johannes 24-25, 27
Von Mainz Albrecht 27
“Thirty-Nine Articles of Faith” 58
Von Staupitz Johann 23
Thomae Marcus 38
Von Ungnad David 78
Thorn 43 ·!0+. -2, Torun
Vos Hendrik 44
Tilly 72
Tintoretto 65·!0+. -2, Robusti Jacobo
Tolimson 121 W
Tondzorov I.A. 111
Torun 43·!0+. -2, Thorn Wallenstein 71-72
Toul 73 Wartburg 35, 37-38
Trier 7 Weimar 45
Tübingen 79 ·!0+. -2, =;04**L Weissenburg 42
Tudor Mary 58 ·!0+. -2, =;BP3 S2342 Welser 6
Tunstall Cuthbert 57 Wesel 98
Turcograecia 78, 80 Weser 73
Tuttlingen 72 “Wider den falsch genannten
Tyndale William 56-57 geistlichen Stand” 42
Tyrol 45 Wilna 88-89,90
Windsheim 42
U Wittenberg 15 ·!0+. -2, /;1@µ0J3*L
Wolsey 56-57
Wolters 121
Ulm 42
Worms 34-35, 57
Union 70
Würtemberg 45 ·!0+. -2, /;31@µ0J3*L
Union Theological Seminary 120
Wyclif John 11
Uyttenbogaert J. 92, 99, 140

V Z
Van der Eschen Jan 44
Zürich 47 ·!0+. -2, W;34KL
Van Dyke 62
Zwickau 38, 45, 47
Van Lennep Jacob 120
Zwilling Gabriel 38
Velasquez Diego 65
Zwingli Ulrich 40-41, 51-52·!0+. -2,
Verdun 73
W04**+,<F
“Vermangunge zum Gebet wider den
Türcken” 33
Villinger Peter 104
Visitation 43-44
Viviani Gaspare 104
Volmar Melchior 49
“Vom Kriege der Türcken” 33
Von Bora Katharina 41-42 !

173
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174