Endline Evaluation FINAL

Contents
List of Tables ....................................................................................................................................................................... iii

List of Figures ...................................................................................................................................................................... iii
Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................................................. iv
Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................................................................. vi
Executive Summary.......................................................................................................................................................... viii
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1. Background of the Evaluation ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.2. The Context of Gender Based Violence ...................................................................................................... 1
1.3. National Policy and Legal Frameworks ....................................................................................................... 3
2. Objectives and Scope of the Evaluation............................................................................................................... 5
2.1. Objectives of the Evaluation .......................................................................................................................... 5
2.2. Scope of the Evaluation .................................................................................................................................. 5
3. Evaluation Approach and Methodology............................................................................................................... 6
3.1. Evaluation Approach ....................................................................................................................................... 6
3.2. Data Sources and Data Collection Instruments ........................................................................................... 7
4. Findings of the End-line Evaluation ....................................................................................................................... 9
4.1 Implementation Strategies .............................................................................................................................. 9
4.2 Relevance of the Programme ..................................................................................................................... 12
4.2.1 Relevance of the Programme Objectives to National Priorities ............................................. 12
4.2.2 Relevance of the Programme to UNFPA‟s Mandate and Priorities .......................................... 13
4.2.3 Relevance of the Programme to Individuals‟/Communities‟ Interests and Priorities .............. 14
4.2.4 Relevance of the Programme in Building the Capacities of Stakeholders ............................... 16
4.2.5 Effectiveness of Awareness Raising Interventions .......................................................................... 16
4.2.6 Effectiveness of Capacity Building Interventions............................................................................ 22
4.2.7 Effectiveness and Adequacy of Service Provision ........................................................................ 25
4.2.8 Effectiveness of Awareness Creation Programme by IPs............................................................. 30
4.3 Efficiency of the Programme ..................................................................................................................... 35
4.4 Outcomes and Impacts of the Programme .............................................................................................. 40
4.5 Prospect of Sustainability of the Programme......................................................................................... 48
4.5.1 Sustainability of Prevention .............................................................................................................. 49
4.5.2 Sustainability of Service Provision ................................................................................................... 50
4.6 Challenges and Good Practices of the Programme ............................................................................. 52
4.6.1 Challenges of Programme Implementation ..................................................................................... 52
4.6.2 Good Practices in Programme Implementation ............................................................................ 55
5. Conclusion and Recommendations ....................................................................................................................... 56
5.1 Conclusion........................................................................................................................................................ 56
5.2 Recommendations .......................................................................................................................................... 58
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References ......................................................................................................................................................................... 59
52
Annexes ............................................................................................................................................................................. 61
Annex 1: Case Stories..................................................................................................................................................... 61
Annex 2: Terms of References....................................................................................................................................... 71
Annex 3: Evaluation Criteria and Questions .............................................................................................................. 80
Annex 4: Survey Tools .................................................................................................................................................... 83
List of Tables
Table 3-1: Table Allocation of KIIs, In-depth-KIIs, FGDs, Case Stories and Household Surveys by IP.......................8
Table 4-1: Number of survivor in the safe house (2013-2015) ...................................................................................... 14
Table 4-2: The most common types of GBV in the study Woredas, 2016 ................................................................... 15
Table 4-3: Comparison of baseline and terminal stage awareness levels of the community on selected GBVs,
2016 (% of respondents) ......................................................................................................................................................... 15
Table 4-4: Perception of programme right holders on relevance of GBV interventions from the point of view of
community and their own interests and priorities ................................................................................................................ 16
Table 4-5: Knowledge of programme right holders about GBV practice in their locality ........................................ 17
Table 4-6: Awareness of the right holders on psychological and physical health effects of GBVs for adolescent
girls and women ......................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Table 4-7: The Most Common Causes of GBV (% of respondents) ................................................................................ 20
Table 4-8 Places where GBV survivors would go in case of incidences (% of respondents) .................................... 21
Table 4-9: Budget utilization by IPs (planned vs actual)................................................................................................... 37
Table 4-10: The factors that contributed for programme impacts (% of respondents) ............................................. 40
Table 4-11: Perception of GBV survivors on their confidence (% of respondents) ..................................................... 42
Table 4-12: Changes in decision making power of right holders (% of respondents) ............................................... 43
Table 4-13: Impacts of the project interventions on the community (% of respondents) ............................................ 43
Table 4-14: Programme right holders‟ reaction against the incidence of GBV in 4 Regions (% of respondents) 44
Table 4-15: Perception of the community on sustainability of the programme results (% of respondents) ........... 49
List of Figures
Figure 4-1: How programme right holders came to know about GBV .......................................................................... 17
Figure 4-2: Awareness of programme right holders on effects of GBV on survivors ................................................. 18
Figure 4-3: GBV programme supports have brought positive impacts on health of survivors .................................. 41
Figure 4-4: Changes in livelihood situations of respondents............................................................................................. 42
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Acronyms
ADA Amhara Development Association
AWSAD Association for Women Sanctuary and Development
BIGA Bright Image Generation Association Safe House
CBO Community Based Organizations
CC Community Conversation
CCCs Community Counselors Committee
DAB-DRT DAB Development Research and Training
DAC Development Assistance Committee
ECFE Evangelical Church Fellowship of Ethiopia
ECS Ethiopian Catholic Secretariat
EECMY-DASSC NAW Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane-Yesus Development and Social Service
Commission- North Area Work
EMDA Ethiopian Muslim Development Agency
EOTC-DICAC Ethiopian Orthodox Church- Development Inter-Church Aid Commission
ESOG Ethiopian Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
EWLA Ethiopian Women Lawyers Association
FBOs Faith Based Organizations
FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
FGD Focus Group Discussion
FGM Female Genital Mutilation
FPC Federal Police Commission
GBV Gender Based Violence
GTP Growth and Transformation Plan
HEW Health Extension Workers
HTPs Harmful Traditional Practices
IGA Income Generating Activities
IPs Implementing Partners
IRCE Inter-Religious Council of Ethiopia
MCRC Mother and Child Rehabilitation Center
MDG Millennium Development Goals
MEL Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning
MFC Model Fathers‟ Clubs
MMC Model Mothers‟ Clubs
MLWDA Mujejeguwa-Loka Women Development Association
NCA Norwegian Church Aid
NCWH National Coalition for Women against HIV/AIDS
NGO Non-Governmental Organizations
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ODA Oromo Development Association
OECD DAC Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Development
Assistance Committee
OSSA Organization for Social Services, Health and Development
SNNPR Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples‟ Region
SRH Sexual and Reproductive Health
ToR Terms of Reference
UNEG UN Evaluation Group
UNFPA United Nations Population Fund
VCT Voluntary Counseling and Testing
WAC Woreda Advisory Committee
WDAs Women Development Armies
WHO World Health Organization
The views expressed and the arguments made in this document are those of the author and do not
necessarily reflect the views of UNFPA
v
Acknowledgments
This evaluation report would not have taken this shape without the invaluable support of various individuals
and institutions both from the client‟s and the consultant‟s side. First, DAB Development Research and
Training (DAB-DRT) wants to acknowledge the continuous support from UNFPA staff, particularly Bethlehem
Kebede and Atsbha Abraha, for guiding us through the entire fieldwork and in the course of the report
writing. The office briefings, comments and suggestions from them have been significant inputs while
producing the report in its current quality. DAB-DRT would also like to extend its gratitude to implementing
partners – governmental and non-governmental organizations – and grassroots level communities for
providing us with all the necessary information and their kind cooperation which have been very
instrumental for the success of this work. Moreover, DAB-DRT would like to acknowledge the efforts of the
hardworking members of our consulting team, including Guday Emirie (PhD), Rahwa Mussie (PhD), Tizita
Mulugeta (PhD) and Mr. Agajie Tesfaye. Lastly, we would like to thank the research staff at DAB-DRT,
field supervisors, research assistants and data collectors who have all put in an incredible effort in this
endeavor.
vi
Executive Summary
The evaluation team of DAB assessed the impact of Phase II of the UNFPA Prevention and Management of
Gender-Based Violence in Ethiopia Programme implemented from October 2012-December 2015 with
funding from the Kingdom of Netherlands Embassy. The programme was implemented by 12 implementing
partners (11 NGOs and 1GO) in Benishangul-Gumuz, Amhara, Tigray, SNNP, and Oromia Regional States
and Addis Ababa City Administration. The evaluation assessed the relevance, effectiveness, efficiency,
impact and sustainability of the programme in order to identify lessons and good practices that can
improve future efforts on the prevention and management of GBV in Ethiopia.
The evaluation involved the implementing partners, the funding agency, programme right holders including
survivors, grass-root structures, religious institutions, club focal persons in schools and universities involved in
the programme, health extension workers, Women and Children Affairs Offices and others. A blend of
participatory tools and techniques were used in the evaluation including exhaustive desk review of
secondary sources, and qualitative and quantitative research. Using a structured questionnaire as a tool
and trained enumerators and supervisors, data was collected through an interview of 360 randomly
selected programme participant households and the data was subjected to rigorous cleaning and statistical
analysis to summarize and present the information.
The public protests that occurred in various locations in the country which coincided with the data collection
period for this evaluation delayed the data collection process in some intervention areas and posed
challenges to access direct information. The undertaking of the evaluation after the phase out of some of
the programme initiatives also posed challenges to access implementers and project staff for interviews.
However, phone interviews and additional interviews with central offices have been conducted to maintain
the quality of the evaluation report. It was also challenging to generate data on GBV due to the sensitive
nature of the subject matter and the cultural and social barriers surrounding the problem. However, the
data collection process involved building trust with interview participants to obtain their perspectives
towards the programme interventions as well as their personal experiences.
The programme‟s objectives were consistent with the evolving needs and priorities of right holders,
partners and stakeholders, communities, the national priorities of the country and UNFPA‟s mandate. This
was confirmed by empirical findings whereby more than 95% of individual right holders witnessed that the
programme intervention was highly relevant from the perspective of their own and community interests. The
programme‟s interventions were also relevant to build the capacities of implementing partners and
government institutions, particularly law enforcement bodies at different levels through mainstreaming
gender and GBV. The objectives remain to be valid for future work on prevention and control of GBV.
UNFPA and its implementing partners used different participatory approaches and strategies to carry out
prevention, protection, care and capacity building activities. The interventions include awareness creation
campaigns through community conversation using community ambassadors; media campaigns; provision of
safe house services; livelihood support; and medical and psychological support. The family dialogue and
community conversation strategies created spaces for dialogues on gender and GBV issues and prompted
community solidarity to fight GBV while the use of role models and gate keepers such as religious leaders
and local community elders was also found to be relevant to gain trust and break taboos on GBV. In
contexts where there is a limited framework for women‟s agency, secret boxes and hotlines services
enabled GBV information to be expressed and communicated anonymously. Peer education through girls‟
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clubs in schools and youth clubs and print media and radio transmissions of GBV have been powerful
approaches to reach wider public.
Three key approaches – community conversation, training and awareness raising events – were used
contributing to substantial achievement of programme interventions in raising awareness of the community
about GBV and its associated health, economic and social consequences. This was witnessed by empirical
findings whereby close to 50% of survey participants claimed that CC was the major source of their
knowledge about GBV, with trainings being the second best source of information with 71%. Over the
course of the implementation period, UNFPA used its wealth of expertise and contributed to capacity
development of implementing partners through trainings, discussions, technical support, networking and
other possible means to make the programme more efficient and effective.
The programme interventions increased communities‟ knowledge of GBV and created strong initiation
among community members to protect girls from GBV and to undertake prevention measures. GBV
incidences such as female genital mutilation, rape, early marriage and physical abuse have started to
decline and reporting of such incidences has increased. Moreover, GBV survivors‟ confidence and
assertiveness have also increased. The interventions have also contributed to overall improvement of
livelihoods in terms of building confidence, decision making power, and economic benefits. Moreover, the
programme interventions have increased involvement of men in prevention of GBV interventions and
increased their participation in domestic activities.
However, there is still a gap between knowledge/awareness and practices, and GBV reporting is still very
low due to survivors‟ fear of public discrimination and retaliation by perpetrators. Culture and traditions
surrounding GBV and inconsistent, inadequate and biased responses of law enforcement bodies have also
been found to be contributing factors for GBV occurrences.
Qualitative information from the Implementing partners indicated that several of them have managed to
be cost efficient by adopting various mechanisms and the budget utilization was generally efficient. It has
also been noted that some of the IPs which underutilized their budgets have reported lack of financial
resources to accomplish their activities.
The relentless efforts and commitment of UNFPA and its IPs have also managed to bring about inspiring
outcomes and impacts, and this can be proved by the 91% of programme right holders who affirmed that
the GBV programme interventions have substantially impacted their health, social and economic status as
well as their psychological perspectives.
Overall, most of the GBV services and activities have shown prospects of continuity after the UNFPA
supported GBV programme phases out. UNFPA along with its IPs have made strong efforts in the exit
strategy and these are believed to be instrumental in maintaining the impacts and sustaining the
programme initiatives.
There are positive indications to sustain GBV prevention and management initiatives. In spite of a range of
evidences to justify this, however, there are also observed challenges that could hinder its sustainability
such as limited commitment of government offices, prevailing attitudes among communities condoning GBV,
and weak capacity of community actors to sustain the activities in some intervention areas.
The GBV programme implementation has not been operating without challenges. One major challenge
pertained to inadequacy of budget to accommodate the increasing demands of communities/GBV
survivors. Delays in fund release and UNFPA‟s strict requirement of budget utilization report on a quarterly
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basis limited the use of available finance and execution of trans-phase activities. However, UNFPA was
flexible enough to transfer unutilized budget to next quarter on conditions that IPs submit reprogramming
and transfer requests in a timely manner. The still prevailing attitude among communities to condone GBV
and settle incidences out of court is an outstanding challenge to the programme which is compounded by
shortage of safe houses and ineffective coordination among stakeholders.
A number of good practices were identified in the process of implementation of the programme
warranting scaling-up. The livelihood interventions that were introduced in Phase II of the programme
produced remarkable results in terms of equipping survivors with skills to lead normal and independent life
after they leave the safe house. The use of existing community structures contributed to efficient and
sustainable use of resources by IPs. Increased involvement of men in combating GBV was another good
practice worth noting. The development of codes of conduct and standard operating procedures on
response and prevention of GBV should also be mentioned. The introduction of a radio program and
hotline services in this phase of the programme has also been very important in headways made in
awareness creation on and reporting of GBV. The attempts made to engage faith-based organizations
and introduce GBV in the curricula of theological training institutions was yet another good practice that
paid dividends.
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Prevention and Management of Gender Based Violence in Ethiopia
1. Introduction
1.1. Background of the Evaluation
The baseline survey that was conducted by UNFPA and its partners following the inception of the
Prevention and Management of Gender Based Violence in Ethiopia Programme provided data on the
prevalence of GBV mainly in the form of forced marriage, trafficking for sex, trafficking for labor, female
genital mutilation/cutting, denying girls the right to education, underage sex work, and sexual abuse of
children (under 15). The study also uncovered violence in the form of wife beating, bigamy and polygamy,
dishonoring, requiring the wife to do some degrading work, wife inheritance, early marriage, and
abduction.
The main causes of GBV in the sample communities were reported to be lack of awareness, substance
abuse, poverty, misconduct, male superiority and disagreement. The report generally indicated that
women were the disproportionate survivors of GBV – those women and children from poor economic
background being even more victimized. The report also documented the prevalence of low self-reporting
among survivors because of pervasive psychological pressure inflicted upon them in terms of social stigma
for exposing the incidence, threats from perpetrators and social pressure from the elderly to resolve
incidences amicably.
In response to the prevalence of GBV in Ethiopia, phase II of the Prevention and Management of Gender-
Based Violence in Ethiopia Programme was implemented from October 2012-December 2015 with fund
from the Kingdom of Netherlands Embassy. The programme mainly focused on addressing gender based
violence through increased knowledge and response of communities and other stakeholders on GBV and
sexual and reproductive health (SRH); increased availability and accessibility of SRH and psycho-social
services for vulnerable groups and survivors of GBV; and increased stakeholders‟ capacity for enhanced
coordination and advocacy on issues of GBV. The programme employed various participatory
intervention strategies such as (1) Enhancing capacity development of governmental and non-governmental
organizations to address issues related to GBV; (2) Conducting advocacy, public education and awareness
campaigns using various channels; (3) Building the capacity of law enforcement bodies, health service
providers, university students and teachers, and youth, women, community leaders and religious groups
through provision of trainings and other platforms; (4) Provision of shelter, health and psycho-social
services to survivors of GBV and appropriate services for perpetrators of violence; (5) Engagement of
popular figures as role models to address and strategically advocate against GBV; and (6) Strengthening
coordination mechanisms on GBV at federal and regional levels.
1.2. The Context of Gender Based Violence
Gender based violence is violence directed at an individual based on his/her biological sex, gender
identity, or perceived adherence to socially defined norms of masculinity and femininity. The United
Nations Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women defines it as any act of violence that
results in, or is likely to result in physical, sexual, and psychological abuse: threats, coercion, arbitrary
deprivation of liberty, and economic deprivation, whether occurring in public or private life. Gender based
violence can include female infanticide; child sexual abuse; sex trafficking and forced labor; sexual
coercion and abuse; neglect; domestic violence; elder abuse; and harmful traditional practices such as
early and forced marriage, “honor” killings, and female genital mutilation/ cutting (USAID). GBV is one of
the most systematic and prevalent human rights abuse in the world. It is a global health, human rights and
development issue that transcends geography, class, culture, age, race and religion to touch every
1
community in every corner of the globe. Although violence cuts across all socio-economic groups and
individuals of every sort, studies indicate that women living in poverty are at higher risks of violence than
their counterparts with better economic conditions (Heise (1999) cited in Heise and Ellsberg (2001:43).
GBV against women is a product of gender subordination, psychological behaviors, and mainstream
beliefs about women‟s role in sexual situations (Eschborn 2003:16). Women‟s subordinate social, economic,
and legal status in different settings often makes it difficult for them to get help once violence occurs
(USAID 2006). Absence of laws and policies and lack of commitment to enforce the existing laws and
policies (UN Women, 2011: vii) and excessive use of alcohol and drugs also contribute to GBV.
Among the cause of GBV in Ethiopia are culture, harmful traditional practices, poverty, and low level of
community awareness. Studies indicate that violence is the result of the complex interplay of individual,
relationship, social, cultural and environmental factors (Panos 2003; Belay Hagos 2005; UN 2005; WHO,
2002). For instance, traditions that approve of male superiority tolerate or even justify violence. In
addition, sanctions imposed by the society against perpetrators are not tough and may also contribute to
the problem.
p2
According to the World Health Organization (2013), one in every three women has been beaten, coerced
into sex or abused in some other way- most often by someone she knows, while another report from 2014
claims that one in five women is sexually abused as a child. In the case of Ethiopia, evidence from
different community based studies indicate that 50 to 60 % of women experienced violence in their life
time and sexual violence is reported to occur more than physical violence while the perpetrators are
mainly intimate partners and close family members (Gossay et al 2003). 59% of women in Ethiopia
reported that they face sexual violence by a partner and 46% of the women were physically forced to
have sex while 71% of women face either sexual or psychological violence at some point in their lives
(Garcia 2006). A school based study involving randomly selected 1,401 female high school students in
2
central Ethiopia also showed that sexual harassment was reported by 74% of the participant female
students and about 85% of the reported rape survivors were under 18 years of age, while among the
girls who reported to have been raped, 24% had vaginal discharge and 17% have become pregnant
(Mulugeta et al, 2008).
The pervasive gender disparities and gender-based violence in Ethiopia can also be shown by the very
low female literacy rate (16.9%), high prevalence of female genital mutilation (74.3%) and persistent
violence against women. Based on a weighted index of health and survival, economic participation and
opportunity, educational attainment and political empowerment, the 2015 Global Gender Gap Report
ranked Ethiopia 124th among 145 countries covered in the report.
GBV prevents women from enjoying their human rights and fundamental freedoms such as the right to life
and security of a person, to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, to education
and participation in public life (UN In-depth Study 2006:57; DEVAW 1993; Beijing 1995), and
jeopardizes their bodies, psychological integrity and freedom (Merry 2003:996). The physical injuries
caused by GBV range from cuts and bruises to more serious conditions like broken bones and loss of
consciousness while rape survivors are very likely to suffer from injuries resulting in unconsciousness or in
some cases death (UNFPA 1998:13). Sexual victimization of women through rape and sexual assault also
usually results in unintended pregnancy and is a risk factor for sexually transmitted disease like HIV/AIDS.
GBV against women has also long-lasting psychological impacts including depression, high risks of anxiety,
fear, low self-esteem, and anguish, post-traumatic depression, sleeplessness and lapses of concentration,
isolation, and withdrawal (Eschborn 2003:13). The health and psychological impacts of GBV could also
affect girls‟ academic achievement and full participation in development as women cannot fully devote
their labor or creative ideas when they are burdened with the psychical and psychological harms (Bates
2004). In Ethiopia, GBV was found to be a factor to both the low enrollment and school dropout for girls
(Save the children).
In spite of the overwhelmingly negative impact of violence against women on individuals and societies, it is
often sanctified by customs and reinforced by institutions limiting women„s rights, their decision-making
power and their recourse to protection from violence. As such, violence against women is both an outcome
and an expression of women„s subordinate status in relation to men in societies in Ethiopia where women
are greatly affected by the aforementioned forms of GBV in one way or the other, despite their numerical
significance and remarkable contribution to socioeconomic development.
1.3. National Policy and Legal Frameworks
The Government of Ethiopia has acknowledged that gender based violence against women and girls is a
fundamental violation of human rights and a constraint to development, and has issued relevant policy and
legal frameworks towards challenging the problem. The 1991 National Policy on Ethiopian Women has
the objective of ensuring the democratic and human rights of women, and modifying or abolishing existing
laws, regulations, customs and practices which aggravate discrimination against women. The guarantee of
human and democratic rights, a step-by-step elimination of prejudices and the legal protection of women
has also been mentioned as a strategy to implement the policy. The 1995 FDRE Constitution, recognizing
the historical legacy of inequality and discrimination as a ground for contemporary inequality between
men and women in political, social and economic life, provides in its Article 35 that women are entitled to
equal rights with men. . Art. 35(4) also stipulated that the state shall enforce the rights of women to
eliminate harmful laws, customs and practices that cause bodily and mental harm.
3
The 2000 Federal Family Code of Ethiopia legislates against child, early and forced marriages while the
whole Chapter III of the 2005 Criminal Code of Ethiopia is devoted to criminalizing harmful traditional
practices that cause injuries, health problems and the deaths of human lives. Though the Chapter is of
general application, it is particularly relevant to violence against girls and women. In particular, Articles
561-570 of the Code are relevant.
The 2001 “Blue Book” of the FDRE Ministry of Education, which serves as a Guide Book on educational
administration, organization, societal participation and financial matters, also deals with the rights and
duties of students, and under item number 2.5. The book has an extensive list of duties of students,
including the duties to refrain from threatening, harassing, raping, beating and violating the human rights of
female students (emphasis added) among others. In its third part, the guide also deals with societal
participation, appeals to the society to send their girl children to schools and to participate in collaboration
with schools administrations in fighting against the harassment and raping of schoolgirls, and through
societal participation and the involvement of parents of students, it provides for measures to be taken
against students who violate their duties mentioned in there. The other FDRE legislation addressing forms of
GBV, particularly those occurring at work places, is the Civil Servant Proclamation (No.515/2007). Art.
68(13) of this proclamation explicitly integrates sexual violence among offenses that entail rigorous
penalties while it also further stipulates about initiating physical violence at work place in Art.68(5) and
(8). In Article 70, it indicates some of the measures to be taken against the offenses.
Among other legal efforts against GBV is the directive of the Ministry of Education (November 2010)
which aimed at reducing and eliminating sexual harassment in higher education institutions by protecting
students from harassment and punishing perpetrators. Application of the directive isn‟t limited to the
institutions‟ compounds as long as harassment involves members of the campus community as perpetrators
and survivors. The FDRE Ministry of Women, Children and Youth Affairs developed in 2013 a National
Strategy and Action Plan on Harmful Traditional Practices against Women and Children in Ethiopia.
Despite these relevant policy and legal frameworks, GBV remains rampant throughout Ethiopia and
women continue to suffer from violence and denial of their rights in one form or another. In response to
the widespread prevalence of GBV in Ethiopia, UNFPA has, with its partners, been engaged in
implementing programmes aimed at reducing the intensity of the problem. The expected outcome of the
UNFPA Prevention and Management of Gender-Based Violence in Ethiopia Programme was “to see by 2015,
women, youth and children are increasingly protected and rehabilitated from abuse, violence, exploitation
and discrimination.” While progress reports so far documented major achievements on the multi-
dimensional aspects of GBV in the country, broader impact evaluations are needed by UNPFA to evaluate
the program‟s achievements against baseline targets and prescribed expected outcomes.
With the ambitious expected outcomes of the programme and the baseline status quo in mind, DAB-DRT
evaluated the impact of the three-year programme by assessing the effectiveness, relevance, impact and
sustainability of the past implementation of the programme towards identifying lessons and good practices
that can improve future efforts on GBV prevention and management. While undertaking this evaluation,
robust qualitative and quantitative methods were applied that are to be discussed in detail.
4
2. Objectives and Scope of the Evaluation
2.1. Objectives of the Evaluation
The main purpose of the evaluation was to assess the relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, impact and
sustainability of the implementation of the programme in order to identify lessons and good practices that
can improve future efforts on the prevention and management of GBV in Ethiopia.
The specific objectives of the evaluation were to:
1. Review its effectiveness and efficiency in progressing towards the achievement and how the
programme outputs were achieved;
2. Assess and verify the relevance of the programme to respond to the country‟s needs and
challenges; to the intervention at national levels; and alignment with the United Nations
Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF);
3. Examine the current programme challenges and opportunities;
4. Evaluate the coordination and sustainability of the programme;
5. Determine the impact of the intervention with respect to Gender Based Violence;
6. Assess the continuation of the programme towards the intended outcome aligned with UNDAF; and
7. Identify key findings and lessons learnt; and provide specific actionable recommendations in light
of evidence on how to improve the programme that build upon this results.
2.2. Scope of the Evaluation
The specific focus of this evaluation was UNFPA and the 12 implementing partners; key stakeholders from
government‟s sectors of health, women and children affairs; and different community based organizations
and right holders who participated in the programme implementation process. Detailed enumeration of
geographical locations for each implementing partner is presented under the methodology of this report.
The review, analysis, findings and recommendations of the evaluation focused on the evaluation criteria
that have been discussed in the objectives section and will be further detailed under the evaluation criteria
section. The programme evaluation covered the time frame from October 2012 to December 2015, and
selected Woredas in the six intervention regions.
5
3. Evaluation Approach and Methodology
3.1. Evaluation Approach
Designing an appropriate approach plays a crucial role in making the evaluation process much easier and
effective in meeting its objectives. With this in mind, the evaluation team has basically adopted the
approaches employed during baseline survey of the programme for ease of maintaining consistency and
comparability with the end-line evaluation results. Most importantly, a participatory evaluation approach
that is responsive to gender, human rights based and sensitive to cultural values was also employed.
Partner organizations and key stakeholders who have been participating during the design and
implementation stage of the programme were fully involved in the course of the evaluation processes. The
Implementing Partners (IPs) which were the direct targets of the evaluation study were 11NGOs and 1
GO. Other actors who participated in the study include the funding agency, programme right holders
which include GBV survivors, community members who received various kinds of orientations on GBV,
individuals from grassroots structures who have participated during programme implementation (including
1 to 5 structures, model father groups, model mother groups, and safe house mothers), religious institutions,
club focal persons in schools and universities involved in GBV, Health extension workers, Women and
Children Affairs Offices and others.
P14
The study approach aimed at being both consultative and collaborative with a view to providing both
qualitative and quantitative results. More specifically, consultations were made with partner organizations
and other relevant stakeholders; and right holders were actively involved in displaying and expressing
their situation, their challenges and achievements in their own words. In addition, considering the
programme implementation‟s emphasis on prevention, service provision and protection more focus was
given on these during the design of the programme evaluation.
6
In order to assess the achievements of the programme towards the targets and to realize the extent of the
programme‟s contributions in target areas, analysis was made of situations before and after programme
implementation. . Hence, our bench-mark for comparison was the baseline data that was documented at
initial stages of the project. That means detail assessment of changes was made on target communities‟
knowledge and attitude towards GBV as a result of programme contribution by benchmarking baseline
data.
The consulting team adopted standardized evaluation criteria recommended by the Development
Assistance Committee of OECD (OECD-DAC) which include relevance, efficiency, effectiveness, impact and
sustainability. The assessment did also look into coordination and management approaches adopted
during implementation of the programme. In addition, the evaluation applied the value-for-money
principle.
The evaluation was guided by the UN Evaluation Group‟s (UNEG) Norms and Standards for Evaluation in
the UN System, UNEG guidance document on integrating human rights and gender equality perspectives in
evaluations in the UN system, and the UNFPA Concept Note on Integrating Gender, Human Rights and
Culture in UNFPA programs.
3.2. Data Sources and Data Collection Instruments
A blend of approaches and techniques were employed to collect information that address the objectives of
the evaluation. The first approach was an intensive review of literature to learn all about the GBV
programme including project document, annual reports, baseline report and other related documents. This
approach has helped to design data collection instruments such as checklists and household questionnaire.
Following this stage, a survey technique was adopted to collect qualitative and descriptive information
from target groups, such as project right holders, implementing partners, community facilitators and
community representatives. A checklist was used as a tool at this stage of data collection. A participatory
approach has been commonly applied during the qualitative data collection stage.
Qualitative data was captured by using beneficiary survey, key informant interviews (KIIs), in-depth
interviews (IDIs) with survivors of GBV, focus group discussions (FGDs), observation, and case story
development. Extensive review of secondary data obtained from programme partners, UNFPA, relevant
sector offices at federal, regional, woreda, and other levels was also made. As illustrated in Table 3.1, a
total of 92 KIIs, 48 in-depth interviews, 31 FGDs and 19 case studies were conducted in the course of the
study.
The third stage was collecting quantifiable data using a structured questionnaire as a tool which was
developed based on the purpose of the study. Questionnaire based data collection was implemented for
selected four IPs – Oromo Development Association (ODA), Amhara Development Association (ADA),
National Coalition for Women Against HIV/AIDS (NCWH) and Mujejegua-Loka Women Development
Association (MLWDA). The quantitative data was collected using experienced and well trained
enumerators who filled questionnaires by interviewing randomly selected sample respondents. The total
sample size selected for the questionnaire based interview from these four IPs was 360. The data collected
was entered on SPSS software and cleaned for consistency and to make it ready for analysis while
descriptive statistics was mainly adopted to analyze the data and summarize the information.
Proportions/percentages were obtained by dividing the sample observation (n) with the total sample size
(N) of the respective IPs (N is 108 each for ODA and ADA, and 72 each for NCWH and MLWDA). For
some of the questions with choices, responses could be multiple while for others, it could be single
responses. For instance, for such questions as “what are the effects of GBV?” responses could be more than
7
one. In such cases, adding the percentages would be more than 100%. In the case of single response
questions, such as “Do you agree that GBV is a violation of human rights?” there is only one response out of
“strongly agree, agree, somehow agree, and disagree”. In such cases, percentages of these single
responses can add up to 100%.
The study has also made attempts in comparing baseline findings with those of terminal results for selected
variables. However, due to methodological issues, it was not possible to make such comparison of terminal
evaluation findings with that of baseline values for all the other variables. The first reason is that the
sample selected for baseline and terminal evaluations are not the same despite both studies being made
in similar locations. Second, the questions included in the baseline study and terminal evaluation were not
the same due to differences in the purposes of the two studies. The other reason is that baseline study
results were presented by woreda while terminal evaluation results were agreed to be presented by IPs in
the interest of assessing the status of programme implementation for each of the IPs.
Report writing commenced following data analysis. Information in the report was mainly presented in
descriptions, tabulations and figures while there are also anecdotal texts and boxes describing case
analysis of special circumstances, best practices and lessons drawn from programme implementation. As a
matter of sensitivity of the issue and UNFPA‟s principle, the names of participants on case stories have
been kept anonymous.
Table 3-1: Table Allocation of KIIs, In-depth-KIIs, FGDs, case Stories and household surveys by IP.
Implementing Key In depth interview Focus Group Case Household

partners Informants with Survivors Discussions Studies Survey
NCA 9 - - - -
AWSAD 4 9 1 2 -
MCRC 4 5 1 1 -
OSSA 5 - - - -
ESOG 4 - - - -
NCWH 14 10 6 2 72
MLWDA 14 10 6 4 72
ADA 15 5 8 3 108
BIGA 2 3 3 2
ODA 12 6 6 3 108
Pro Pride 5 - 2 -
Federal Police 4 - - - -
Total 92 48 31 19 360
8
4. Findings of the End-line Evaluation
4.1 Implementation Strategies
The programme focused on addressing violence against women through:

 Increased community response to promote and protect the rights of women and girls in relation to
harmful traditional practices and gender-based violence; and
 Increased institutional response to address harmful traditional practices and gender-based
violence and provide information and services to survivors of gender-based violence, including
within a humanitarian context
Towards achieving these objectives, the implementing partners that have been working in different regions
of the country employed various participatory programme interventions. One of the strategies that have
been pursued was capacity building followed by awareness raising through social mobilization
/community conversation (CC), media campaigns and public gatherings.
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The role model approach of selecting influential actors from project target areas who received trainings to
sensitize and train their community was also a strategy employed particularly by ODA, ADA, MLWDA and
NCWH. Facilitation of partnership linkages and coordination of various stakeholders along the chain of
legal processes, channeling operations through existing structures of the government such as women
development army based at grassroots levels and provision of trainings to target right holders were also
among the strategies adopted. These structures were supported by membership of Kebele administrative
leaders, community leaders, women‟s associations, women‟s development army and health extension
workers. Coffee and tea ceremonies, door-to-door services to brainstorm about GBV in the villages, and
peer education through girls‟ clubs in schools were also commonly used to facilitate easy understanding of
GBV and associated issues.
9
With regard to particular implementation strategies used by different IPs, the mass awareness creation
strategy was used by NCWH in Tigray and Benishangul-Gumuz regions, and also by ODA and MLWDA.
NCA, focusing on prevention and management of GBV in faith settings, worked specifically targeting
religious institutions, which include Ethiopian Orthodox Church- Development Inter-Church Aid Commission
(EOTC-DICAC), Evangelical Church Fellowship of Ethiopia (ECFE), Ethiopian Muslim Development Agency
(EMDA), Inter-Religious Council of Ethiopia (IRCE), Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane-Yesus
Development and Social Service Commission- North Area Work (EECMY-DASSC NAW) and Ethiopian
Catholic Secretariat (ECS), as a way of addressing the followers of these religions. NCA‟s strategies
include campaigns, dialogue forums, integrating GBV into marriage counseling centers, universities and
schools as well as FBO structures such as mosques/churches, Sunday schools, Tsiwa-Mahber, youth and
women fellowship. BIGA‟s awareness creation strategies in SNNPR included village outreach, facilitating
regular family dialogue, community conversation, production and dissemination of IEC and BCC materials,
annual celebration of MCs day, and provision of renewable and non-renewable materials such as ID card,
T-shirt, brochures, and stationaries while it also works on referral linkage and networking. In addition,
BIGA aimed to reduce maternal and child mortality through establishment of model mother /father clubs
(MFC and MMC) and volunteer health scouts among the community members of the project areas. The
health scouts and MC members are responsible for providing support to pregnant women participating on
health campaigns and other community events such as the White Ribbon Day, annual HIV/AIDS celebration
day, and submitting monthly report on their activities. The Community Counselors‟ Committees (CCCs) and
Model Farther Clubs are the first to reach survivors and link them up with concerned government and
justice offices. There are 7 Model Father Clubs in the 7 sub- cities with 5 members each that work jointly
with CCCs in the sub-cities.
The Federal Police also exclusively worked on awareness creation, training and GBV mainstreaming. The
trainings sought to create awareness and build capacity of young officers (particularly women), and
Women‟s Affairs Desks. Mainstreaming GBV prevention and response issues in police education and
community policing was also the focus of the Federal Police. To execute these targets, the Women‟s Affairs
Division of federal police provided trainings and training materials, and consulted on GBV reporting and
case building and developed code of conduct.
The other implementing partner that exclusively worked on awareness creation was Pro-Pride. In addition
to broadcasting GBV related radio programs, case stories and drama series were also used to create
public awareness. Pro-Pride also unveiled violence cases to gather public support for survivors of violence
and gave trainings on radio programme production to media professionals to build their capacity. ESOG
worked on the development of a national standard document on sexual and reproductive health issues and
integration of reproductive health in university curriculum and trainings to health care providers and
introducing national standards and guidelines procedure regarding sexual and reproductive health.
OSSA‟s strategies towards awareness creation on GBV and SRH issues included organizing gender day
events, music and drama events, mini-media programs, Q&A sessions, provision of various trainings on
assertiveness and other thematic areas, establishment and strengthening of gender and girls‟ clubs,
creating peer learning groups and preparing and duplicating psycho-social, violence management and
peer education manuals used by peer counselors. OSSA has also been using hotline services where
university students had access to obtain information related to GBV and SRH through toll-free calls.
When it comes to provision of sexual and reproductive health and psycho-social services for vulnerable
groups and GBV survivors, MLWDA, AWSAD, ESOG, BIGA, MCRC, NCA, ADA, NCWH and OSSA
implemented provision of advocacy, prevention, protection and rehabilitation services.
10
Outreach coordination is one of the important successful implementing strategies that has been used by
UNFPA and its implementing partners. UNFPA has played a role in coordinating the efforts of different
implementing partners to provide medical service to GBV survivors, such as fistula and uterine prolapse
cases. Implementing partners such as NCWH, MLWDA and ESOG in collaboration with government
hospitals have been working to provide medical service to fistula and other GBV survivors. Grassroots
structures were used to mobilize communities to bring survivors from rural and remote areas for treatment
at the model clinics established by ESOG at government hospitals.
MLWDA worked towards creating abuse free environment for women, improving women and children‟s
health status by providing basic social services such as education and health and advocacy for protection
and rehabilitation, while AWSAD has maintained strengthened network and partnerships with different
stakeholders towards effective rehabilitation and referral of survivors. It also provided trainings to
empower survivors with self-defense, basic business and life skills. NCWH worked on identifying fistula
and uterine prolapse survivors, linking them with medical centers, engaging them in different income
generating activities and providing legal support to them in collaboration with the police. The interventions
of ESOG, which focused on service provision included organizing model clinics, doing outreach programs
for fistula and uterine prolapse patients, running a clinical care where the survivors get psycho-social
support in addition to medical care, and referral linkage with other hospitals and provision of legal
support. The overall objective of BIGA, which operates in Hawassa, Yirgalem and Dilla in Sidama and
Gedeo zones of SNNPR respectively, was to protect vulnerable women and children from GBV. It also
provided rehabilitation and psychosocial support and legal aid to survivors of violence at BIGA safe
house, programme centers and grassroots level.
The MCRC also provided shelter, food, education, medical care, and therapy for survivors of violence and
equipped them with the knowledge and skills necessary to be independent and successful in the future. It
also provided training on self-defense, music, photography and dance therapy for vulnerable children and
organized community conversation for experience sharing and peer-learning on GBV.
Through its partnership with UNFPA on engaging FBOs for the wellbeing of women and girls in Ethiopia,
NCA worked to address GBV survivors‟ medical, economic and psychosocial needs in addition to its
prevention and awareness creation interventions.
OSSA‟s service provision strategies include care and social support to university students facing gender
and RH problems by creating linkage and referral system, establishing “dignity room” for female students
during class sessions to put on their sanitary pads to help them not miss classes and material supports to
female students who cannot afford to buy necessities, such as detergents and sanitary pads. OSSA
supplied these materials to the students through the university clinic where the students got easy access to.
Working in partnerships with institutions such as Police, Women and Children Affairs, Woreda Officials
and others was also another strategy of OSSA that has been adopted to provide psycho-social, legal and
counseling services for GBV survivors.
ADA, working in Dera, Basso Liben, Enarjinawuga, Kombolcha and Kobo Woredas of the Amhara National
Regional State, is also another implementing partner that has been working to end all forms of GBV and
to promote gender equity and participation of women in social, economic, and political dialogue in the
community. The project interventions focus on awareness raising, capacity building of institutions and
provision of services. While activities related to awareness creation are conducted through community
dialogue, advocacy, public education, and community conversation and piloting family dialogues, health
services for violence survivors were also provided through strengthening referral linkages with relevant
11
institutions. Legal service was provided to them by strengthening communication and information exchange
between law enforcement bodies.
4.2 Relevance of the Programme
Together with its 12 implementing partners, UNFPA has been implementing the Prevention and
Management of GBV Programme towards achieving outputs 9 and 10 of its Country Programme which
had two objectives: (i) strengthened community response to promote and protect the rights of women and
girls in relation to harmful traditional practices and gender-based violence; and (ii) strengthened
institutional response to address harmful traditional practices and gender-based violence and provide
information and services to survivors of gender-based violence, including within a humanitarian context.
This section is devoted to assess the extent to which these objectives were in line with the evolving needs
and priorities of right holders, partners and stakeholders. The programme has been focusing mainly on
addressing gender based violence through increased knowledge and response of communities and other
stakeholders on GBV and sexual and reproductive health (SRH); increased availability and accessibility of
SRH and psycho-social services for vulnerable groups and survivors of GBV; and increased stakeholders‟
capacity for enhanced coordination and advocacy on issues of GBV.
4.2.1 Relevance of Programme Objectives to National Priorities
The government of Ethiopia has acknowledged that gender based violence against women and girls is a
fundamental violation of human rights and a constraint to development, and has issued relevant policy and
legal frameworks towards challenging the problem. To mention some of them, the 2013 National Strategy
and Action Plan on Harmful Traditional Practices against Women and Children in Ethiopia by the FDRE
Ministry of Women, Children and Youth Affairs; the 2010 Ministry of Education Directive for Higher
Education towards eliminating sexual harassment in higher education; the 2007 Civil Servant proclamation
of GBV at work place; the 2001 “Blue Book” of the FDRE Ministry of Education; the 2000 and 2005
Federal Family law and the Criminal Code of Ethiopia are some of the witnesses that illustrate the
commitment of the government toward elimination of GBV. In spite of these relevant policy and legal
frameworks, however, GBV still remains rampant throughout Ethiopia and women continued to suffer from
violence and denial of their rights in one form or another. In light of these facts, the two fundamental
objectives of UNFPA GBV programme were perceived by government bodies, such as the Women and
Children Affairs, Police and Justice Offices, to be highly relevant. In this regard, any of the programs and
initiatives that intend to address the problems associated with GBV prevention and control are recognized
to be highly relevant from the perspective of government policy.
12
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4.2.2 Relevance of the Programme to UNFPA’s Mandate and Priorities
UNFPA is mandated to support and respond to policies and to build institutional capacities to prevent
harmful traditional practices and gender based violence. Accordingly, phase II of the programme was
formulated and implemented to contribute towards output 9 and 10 of the 7th UNFPA Country Programme.
Thus, UNFPA‟s and its implementing partners by using different participatory approaches have intervened
in the prevention, service provision and protection, and capacity building activities of GBV in different
regions of Ethiopia. Evidences from this final evaluation has shown that the intervention was appropriate
towards achieving the two objectives.
To cite of some of the evidences that illustrate relevance, ADA was one of the implementing partners in
Amhara region where women with uterine prolapse and fistula had been observed in the community due to
the high prevalence of early marriage and heavy workload in rural areas. These women suffered from
physical, social, psychological and emotional burdens as a result of poor medical conditions. The project in
this regard has met the needs of women by addressing their medical and social needs. After ADA‟s
intervention, fistula is declining in the target Woredas unlike the non-intervention Woredas in the region,
and many who were detected had already received treatment. However, fistula and uterine prolapse
survivors are still prevalent in the Benishangul–Gumuz Region.
Before its partnership with UNFPA, AWSAD used to give services on a smaller scale and 20 survivors were
in the safe house. Partnership with UNFPA helped AWSAD to work on a large scale to meet the demands
of those who were in need. Over the period of the intervention, AWSAD managed to give services to
1,205 women and children survivors, and 524 siblings of survivors (Table 4-1).
13
Table 4-1: Number of survivor in the safe house (2013-2015)

Number of survivor(Women and No of children (Sibling of No of survivor who left
Physical year
children) survivors) the safe house
2013 180 93 108
2014 455 214 113
2015 570 217 118
Total 1205 524 331
Source: AWSAD, 2016
NCA‟s work with religious leaders and FBOs to increase their knowledge of GBV was very relevant to
make them accept and embrace GBV as a common issue. NCAs effort was observed to be rewarding and
it managed to work with ECS and ECMY in Mekele, which provided psycho-social, medical and protection
services for survivors of GBV including fistula, and intimate partner and domestic violence survivors. ESOG
with the support of UNFPA GBV fund has been working on the development of standard national level
document on sexual and reproductive health issue and integrating reproductive health in university
curriculum. These are highly relevant to issues of GBV because the development of national documents
would assist other acting bodies of GBV. Despite the fact that the problem of GBV and SRH is vast and
deep-rooted societal problem, UNFPA‟s and its IPs intervention was timely and relevant. Thus, we can
conclude that the intervention was relevant and in line with UNFPA‟s mandate and priorities.
4.2.3 Relevance of the Programme to Individuals’/Communities’ Interests and Priorities
Different forms of GBVs are practiced across programme intervention Woredas for cultural, economic and
social reasons which necessitate the relevance/ importance of participatory GVB intervention approaches
as stipulated in the programme log frame by UNFPA along with its IPs. Accordingly, FGM, physical abuse
and sexual abuses are found to be the top three GBV practices in ODA intervention areas. Similarly,
Sexual abuse, harassment and exploitation are the major problems in NCWH intervention areas. Early
Marriage, FGM and abductions are the common GBV issues in MLDWA intervention Woredas. Physical
abuse, abduction and FGM are also the three most common practices of ADA intervention Woredas (Table
4.2). Perpetuation of these forms of GBV justifies relevance of UNFPA GBV programme objectives that
were crafted to address these societal problems.
14 14
Table 4-2: The most common types of GBV in the study Woredas, 2016
MLWDA ADA
ODA (N=108) NCWH(N=72)
Types of GBV (N=72) (N=108)
%1(n) %(n) %(n) %(n)
Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting 46 (50) 22 (16) 75 (54) 44 (47)
Physical abuse 38 (41) 41 (30) 44 (32) 63 (68)
Sexual abuses 36 (39) 80 (59) 4 (3) 51 (55)
Early marriage 30 (32) 38 (28) 78 (56) 94 (102)
Sexual harassment 22 (24) 49 (36) 7 (5) 25 (27)
Limited participation in decision-making 19 (20) 9 (7) 6 (4) 26 (28)
Sexual exploitation 13 (14) 58 (43) 7 (5) 11 (12)
Emotional /psychological abuse 9 (10) 11 (8) 1 (1) 24 (26)
Forced prostitution 9 (8) 19 (14) 3 (2) 11 (12)
Forced marriage/Abduction 8 (9) 20 (15) 44 (32) 62 (67)
Discriminatory practices based on gender 8 (9) 8 (6) 22 (16) 8 (9)
Trafficking for forced labor 7 (8) 11 (8) 0 2 (2)
Others 13 (14) 0 0 1 (1)
Source: Household Survey, 2016 (N=360)
Awareness level of the community for some of the GBV has increased after the project (terminal phase)
compared with baseline status. As provided in Table 4-3, For instance, the proportion of households who
were aware of physical violence as GBV has increased from 27% at baseline stage (early 2014) to 47%
at the terminal stage during which this terminal evaluation study was conducted ( late 2016). This indicates
that the programme has contributed to awareness raising of 20% of the population in the intervention
areas. Similarly, the awareness level on female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) as GBV has increased
from 16% at baseline to 46% at terminal stages. This implies that the GBV programme intervention has
contributed to raising awareness of 30% of the community on the negative effects of FGM/C.
Table 4-3: Comparison of baseline and terminal stage awareness levels of the community on selected GBVs,
2016 (% of respondents)
Baseline status (before Terminal status (after the % increment in

Type of GBV
the program)2 program) awareness
Physical 27 47 20
Sexual 11 43 32
Forced marriage 10 34 24
FGM/C 16 46 30
Source: Current Household survey and baseline survey
Programme right holders also witnessed that interventions of IPs to prevent and control GBVs were
relevant from the point of view of their own interests and priorities. Findings of this study have shown that
more than 85% of households interviewed perceived interventions to prevent and control GBVs to be
relevant for their interest and priorities (Table 4.4). Moreover, more than 80% of the respondents have
also witnessed that programme interventions of UNFPA‟s IPs were relevant from the perspective of
community interests.
1 Percentages were computed by dividing an observation (n) with total sample size (N) of the respective IPs.
2 Source: UNFPA. 2014. Baseline survey on the prevention and management of gender based violence in Ethiopia.
15
Table 4-4: Perception of programme right holders on relevance of GBV interventions from the point of view of
community and their own interests and priorities
ADA ODA MLWDA NCWH Total

The interventions made to prevent and control GBV especially by the project was highly relevant from the
point of view of your interests and priorities (% of respondents)
Don't know 0.9 1.9 5.6 0.0 1.9
Strongly disagree 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3
Disagree 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Somewhat agree 9.3 8.3 40.3 1.4 13.5
Agree 53.7 39.8 52.8 17.6 42.0
Strongly agree 35.2 50.0 1.4 81.1 42.3
The interventions made to prevent and control GBV especially by the project was highly relevant from the
point of view of community interests and priorities (% of respondents)
Don't know 1.9 1.9 4.2 0.0 1.9
Strongly disagree 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Disagree 0.9 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.6
Somewhat agree 3.7 12.0 44.4 1.4 13.8
Agree 62.0 35.2 48.6 14.9 41.7
Strongly agree 31.5 50.9 1.4 83.8 42.0
Source: Household Survey, 2016
4.2.4 Relevance of the Programme in Building the Capacities of Stakeholders
The GBV intervention has also helped in building the capacities of Implementing partners and government
institutions particularly the law enforcement body of the government at different levels. Federal Police as
an IP and a law enforcement body has built its capacity at federal and regional levels by mainstreaming
gender and GBV so that the institutions become gender responsive. Similarly, other implementing partners
collaborated with government offices and built their capacities by providing training and facilitating
awareness creation workshops.
4.2.5 Effectiveness of Awareness Raising Interventions
Out of the three major sources of knowledge the IPs adopted in raising awareness of programme right
holders and the public, community conversation (CC) was recognized to be a powerful approach next to
trainings. This was witnessed by empirical finding that close to 50% of survey participants claimed that CC
was the major source of their knowledge about GBV next to trainings (Figure 4-1). CC was participatory in
nature involving various sections of the community with diverse age groups and experiences.
16
Figure 4-1: How programme right holders came to know about GBV; Source: Household Survey, 2016
Other 1
From school 2
Being member of a club 19
From friends / neighbors 27
Through media 32
Community Conversation 49
Through specific training 71
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
% of survey participants

One of the many objectives of the implementing partners was to raise awareness and knowledge of the
community about GBV and its consequences. As a result, the programme intervention increased
communities‟ knowledge of GBV and created strong initiation among community members to protect girls
and women from GBV. According to the findings of household surveys from different regions, 46% of the
respondents regard GBV as a violation of human right while 56% regard GBV is caused by unequal
power relations between girls/ women and men/boys (Table 4.5). About 27% of the programme right
holders have also witnessed reproductive health problems as consequences of GBV.
Table 4-5: Knowledge of programme right holders about GBV practice in their locality
ADA ODA MLWDA NCWH Overall
What do you know about GBV practice in N=108 N=108 N=72 N=72 N=360
your area?
n % n % n % n % n %
It is a violation of human right 56 52 28 26 21 29 61 82 166 46
It is the result of powerlessness 68 63 41 38 45 63 21 28 175 48
It is caused by power inequality between
56 52 71 66 47 65 27 36 201 56
men/boys and women/girls
It result in reproductive health problem 19 18 46 43 10 14 21 28 96 27
Other 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 1
Apart from knowledge of project right holders on what GBV is all about, almost all of them have
recognized the various negative effects of GBVs especially on women and girls. For instance, about 95%
the respondents agreed with the statement that “GBV causes psychological and physical health problems
for adolescent girls and women”. Such understanding and recognition is helpful to find community supports
for joint actions in GBV prevention. It also reveals that programme beneficiaries‟ knowledge of GBV
17
effects has been raised. This was supported by an evidence that 90% of the right holders have recognized
that GBV brings physical damages on survivors while 59% of the right holders said GBV has deleterious
effects on psychological feelings of survivors (Figure 4-2).
Table 4-6: Awareness of the right holders on psychological and physical health effects of GBVs for adolescent
girls and women
GBV can cause psychological and physical health problems for adolescent girls and women
(% of respondents)
Implementing Don't know Strongly Disagree Somewhat Agree Strongly
partners (IPs) disagree agree agree
ADA 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 41.7 56.5
ODA 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.6 28.7 65.7
MLWDA 0.0 0.0 1.4 15.3 62.5 20.8
NCWH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.1 91.9
Total 0.6 0.0 0.3 4.7 35.1 59.4
Source: Household survey, 2016

Figure 4-2: Awareness of programme right holders on effects of GBV on survivors; Source: Household Survey,
2016
90
90
80
70 59
% of respondents
60
50 33 33
40
30
20
10
0
Physical Psychological Economical Social

Different IPs have adopted CC approach to raise awareness about economic, health, legal and social
consequences of GBV. The IPs have conducted more than 20,514 community conversation sessions and over
1,398,711 (776,545 F) community members were reached via community conversations throughout the
three-year programme. Facilitators of the CC sessions were CCFs, influential community representatives,
health extension workers (HEWs) and community policing officers. Overall, the implementers have
managed to demonstrate inspiring achievements through CC sessions, such as cancellation of arranged
abduction and child marriages, prevented more than 1,741 cases of FGM, and 467 cases of domestic
violence were detected and settled by the community and were referred to health and legal institutions
(see annex 1); case stories 4,11 and 13) for exemplary legal measures taken against perpetrators,and
created opportunities for treatment of 817 fistula and 1,207 uterine prolapse cases. 191 cases of
polygamy were prevented by ODA with the involvement of community members.
18
Community conversations had been conducted on a monthly basis involving female, male, old people, and
young people. For example, In Basso Liban Woreda under intervention of ADA, six community
conversation groups with 70 members (35 Female & 35 Male) and model family groups that consisted of
50 households were established to deliver awareness raising. In addition, 12 “Eye & Ear” individuals
(community watch groups) were selected out of the six CC groups in Basso Liban Woreda. Individuals who
were supposed to act as “eye witnesses” provided whatever events they observed on harmful traditional
practices, and those who worked as “ear witnesses” provided whatever information they heard related to
GBV.
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It has been recognized that the IPs adopted various participatory mechanisms to raise awareness and
knowledge of the community for responses to prevention and control of GBV. To substantiate the
endeavors and ensure sustainability, the IPs have been linking the initiatives with existing government
structures that extend up to grassroots levels. Moreover, the IPs have been engaging influential
individuals, community leaders and elders, directors of the nearby schools, community facilitators, religious
leaders, women‟s and youth‟s association leaders and health extension workers. The community
conversations and trainings have brought significant effect in increasing knowledge of the community in
general and students in particular. It has also created deeper understandings regarding the root causes of
GBV. This is supported by the quantitative findings of the evaluation. As a result of GBV programme
intervention, Table 4-7 witnessed that 85% the programme right holders managed to identify lack of
awareness as a major cause of GBV. The other 51% identified harmful traditional practices as the second
major cause of GBV while 39% of the respondents attributed culture as the third major cause of GBV
19
followed by women‟s lack of power. As clearly observed from the table, the effect of culture is higher due
to the pervasiveness of early marriage in Amhara Region which is often being considered as a culture
rather than as a main type of GBV. Additionally, attitudinal perceptions are responsible for the incidence
of various types of GBVs as attested by 23% of community members. All these are some of the evidences
for contribution of the GBV programme in raising awareness and knowledge of the community on the root
causes of GBVs which can be considered as a favorable opportunity for the prevention of GBV.
As witnessed by 87% of the study participants, lack of awareness about legal consequences of committing
GBV was reported to be the major cause for pervasiveness of GBV (Table 4-7). This proportion was 39%
at baseline status of community awareness implying that the GBV programme has contributed to
awareness raising of 48% of community members who came to recognize that GBV incidence has really
been driven by lack of awareness. Moreover, harmful traditional practices (51%), cultural problems (37%)
and women‟s lack of power (32%) are main causes of GBV. This indicates awareness of the community on
GBV which can be attributed to programme interventions.
This indicates awareness of the community on GBV which can be attributed to programme interventions.
Table 4-7: The Most Common Causes of GBV (% of respondents)

Causes of GBV ADA ODA MLWDA NCWH Total
Lack of awareness 85.2 82.4 94.4 87.8 86.7
Harmful traditional practices 66.7 51.9 41.7 35.1 50.8
Prevalence of poverty 5.6 18.5 6.9 9.5 10.5
Family disruption like divorce 3.7 11.1 0.0 9.5 6.4
Women's lack of power 38.0 38.9 8.3 36.5 32.0
Attitude related issues 31.5 19.4 2.8 20.3 19.9
Culture related issues 54.6 21.3 30.6 41.9 37.3
Religious related issues 12.0 4.6 2.8 0.0 5.5
Others 0.9 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.6
Awareness raising and knowledge enhancement programme of the projects has been focusing not only on
the contexts and negative consequences of GBV but also on legal procedures and associated measures. It
was dealt that whenever is reported about GBV incidence, the community was advised to take subsequent
measures apart from instant emergency solutions. As has been witnessed by the evidences, 43% of
programme right holders said they would look for police assistance in case of GBV incidences. This
proportion was only 8% at baseline indicating that the GBV programme intervention has contributed to
awareness raising of 35% of community members to report GBV cases to police. Another finding of this
study has revealed that 25% of the community members would go to Kebele administration and 12%
would seek medical services to report GBV cases (Table 4-8). This can also be recognized as an evidence
of the community and other actors in responding to GBV incidences which is in turn the result of enhanced
awareness and knowledge of target right holders of UNFPA GBV program.
20
Table 4-8 Places where GBV survivors would go in case of incidences (% of respondents)
Places where survivors go at times of GBV
ADA ODA NCWH Total
incidences
Police 60 23 46 43
Medical services (hospital, health centre) 9 25 1 12
Kebele Administration 15 25 35 25
Social court/Mahiberawi Ferd Bet 3 14 5 7
Legal aid/ services 1 6 8 5
NGOs/providing social services 0 2 1 1
Families, relatives, neighbours 3 4 0 2
Clan leaders/influential people in the Kebele 6 3 0 3
Churches/mosques 0 0 1 0
School teachers 1 0 0 0
Other 1 0 0 0
As explained above, women‟s level of awareness on causes and consequences of GBV have been
significantly increased. However, there is still gap between knowledge/awareness and practices. The
qualitative reports from the police office showed that reporting of GBV is still very low, despite some
improvements, due to survivors‟ fear of public discrimination and retaliation by intruders and tolerance of
GBV by women and society as a whole. Similarly, a few respondents in the quantitative survey disclosed
that they experienced sexual abuses by perpetrators, but none of them reported to police nor received
legal aid services.
In contrast to the information from the police, the problem reported during KII and FGD with programme
right holders and the surrounding community was that the responses of police and other legal institutions
were not inspiring in some of the locations. There were also cases whereby police officers rarely appeared
to be supportive of the GBV survivors because of informal negotiations with perpetrators. The role models
in some of the locations expressed disappointment when they received less commitment and loose support
from police officers.
In spite of the challenges community members face in legal processes, more of them believed that all sorts
of GBV shall still be reported to concerned bodies, either to informal community based organizations or to
formal legal institutions for necessary measures to be taken.
NCWH and its stakeholder started taking legal actions against early marriage in its operation areas. A
good practice by NCWH in Tigray was that individuals who intend to marry must get a letter of certificate
from Women and Children Affairs Office before undertaking wedding. Women‟s Affairs and Justice
Offices worked together with NCWH to screen age of girls before marriage. The age screening minimized
the occurrence of early marriage. For instance, Woreda Administration, Women Association, Woreda
Police and Justice Offices in collaboration with NCWH have canceled 206 arranged early marriages in
Benishagul-Gumuz and 377 in Tigray.
As explained above, the awareness raising activities were effective in changing the attitude of targeted
communities toward GBV. However, youth were not adequately targeted and the messages addressed
were not tailored to the specific needs of youth in ADA, ODA, MLWDA and NCWH intervention areas. In
some occasions, the different forms of GBV were addressed simultaneously, which resulted in lack of focus
and compromised depth and contents of messages that have been addressed.
21
4.2.6 Effectiveness of Capacity Building Interventions
Training programs had been powerful approaches to raise awareness of the community. This was because,
training sessions provided a room for brainstorming with participants and it facilitates transfer of
knowledge and information. This was confirmed during the evaluation study that more than 70% of
programme right holders mentioned training as the means through which they received adequate
awareness and knowledge about GBV (Figure 4 -1).
The trainings provided by UNFPA and its IPs have built the capacity of 16,518 people. These trainings
focused on various pertinent themes, such as GBV management, reporting system and working
collaboratively with government bodies, training on gender mainstreaming, care for survivors of sexual
violence, training on radio programme production, and various other thematic areas.
For instance, ODA provided the training of trainers for role models and community facilitators in order to
train and facilitate community conversation at kebele and sub-kebele levels on GBV and ways of HIV
transmission. This approach was recognized to be effective in conveying relevant information according to
local culture and language. The role models in some of the ODA sites, such as Wonji areas of Adama
district, were influential in the community in creating awareness and preventing GBV. They have been
standing as witness in court while other community members retreat in fear of reprisals from perpetrators
when they are released. In some of the locations, the community has developed trust on role models rather
than on community police. Discussion with role models has also revealed their commitment to continue
preventing GBV in their locality along with community members despite the threat on their personal
security.
Different trainings and services were provided to build capacity of right holders and targeted communities
to bring behavioral changes and increase productivity of the trainees. ToT on methodology and skills and
subject matters of community conversation and family dialogue was provided to programme officers and
project coordinators, health extension workers, male and female police officers, Kebele and woreda level
facilitators and Kebele administrators. The training was cascaded to health development armies. The
training focused on systems of organizing community conversations and methods of handling review
meetings and approaches of coordinating community level facilitators.
For example, from ADA experience, they provided a total of 415 CC trainings on awareness creation. The
training greatly improved the participants‟ understanding of GBV issues related to prevention & controlling
mechanisms, causes & consequences of GBV, and national & regional status of GBV incidences.
Training on family dialogue was provided to influential and respected men and women leaders every
three months. The objective of family dialogue was to increase the involvement of men in traditionally
defined women‟s household roles and to pilot the family dialogue in some model Kebeles. Influential men
were selected as leaders to play mediating role and educate their family and community regarding GBV
in different cultural events. In addition, women leaders were selected to create awareness among coffee
ceremony participants locally termed as “Teretim”. The trainees of family dialogue were expected to
cascade the training to their respective family and neighbors who have not received the same. The training
focused on types, causes, consequences, prevention, control, and impact of GBV on the social and economic
lives of women. More specifically, identification of fistula & uterine prolapse cases, legal remedies of
abduction, rape, and FGM were discussed in-depth in the training initiatives of the program. In Enarji
Enawuga, 55, 776 men and 41,540 women were reached through family dialogue in the three years. The
project facilitators observed the trainees when they practically provided the training to community
members. The trainees discussed GBV at traditional beverage (tella) houses, home, neighbors and other
community gatherings.
22
In addition to the project, the Woreda Police‟s Gender Office drafted & disseminated awareness raising
manuals and provided awareness raising trainings for police officers, community representatives &
survivors on how to respond to reported & unreported GBV cases. These trainings thematically focused on
documenting GBV cases, handling survivors & perpetrators, techniques of perpetrator & witness
interrogation, establishment of evidences & building court cases, and mechanisms of following whether
justice is served or not. These trainings changed the attitude & ability of the participants‟. The office
managed to execute all these endeavors as per the initial plan. The gender office received different
training manuals from the regional and federal gender divisions as the gender offices at Woreda level
have mandates to promote gender and gender based violence. The Woreda gender office has also
addressed issues of GBV to its members, the community and survivors every year using the manuals.
NCA intervened to mitigate GBV through capacity building of theological institution teachers and marriage
counsellors to integrate GBV and to establish marriage counselling centers. A total of 681(300 Female)
marriage counselors and teachers in theology schools, church administrators, pastors and clergies received
trainings. In addition, perpetrators were reached through the sensitization conducted in prison in Addis
Ababa by ECFE. Counseling manuals, guidelines and ethics were developed and distributed to the
counselling centers in addition to renovating the centers. The FBOs announced about the marriage
counselling services during their worship services.
Accordingly, GBV was integrated in Genet Church Theological College and a 2 credit hour course was
initiated. ECFE, EOC and ECMY-NAW established a model family and marriage counseling center to
address issues of intimate partner violence and other forms of violence. Three model marriages and family
counselling centers were strengthened at 3 Parish churches-EOC, ECFE, and DASSC NAW. Six marriage
counseling centers, of which three belong to EOC (Addis Ababa Estifanos, Bole Michael, and Kidane
Mihret Churches); two belong to ECFE (Alamora Mulu Wongel and Tabor Mekane Yesus churches); and
one by EECMY NAW in Mekelle were established. The issues addressed during the marriage counseling
included intimate partner violence, marital relations and child care. The counseling services provided
referral linkages to GBV survivors. All in all, a total of 47 (31 Female) individuals benefited from the
counseling services. In general, NCA has exceeded its plan to open three marriage centers and provided
capacity building trainings to more individuals than the envisaged plan.
BIGA conducted capacity building training for 27 staff of its safe house and psychosocial counselors. The
objectives of the trainings were to capacitate the staff and counselors with the latest methods, knowledge
and skills for provision of better service to survivors. All in all, BIGA strengthen the capacities of 53
community counselors. Moreover, trainings were given on GBV to CCCs and Model Father Clubs to
strengthen their joint effort with the concerned government organizations. The CCC in each sub-city of
Hawassa, Dilla and Yirgalem towns has been providing counseling service at grassroots level. Particularly
the CCCs of Hawassa worked jointly with Model Father Clubs (MFCs) in order to bring objective change in
the communities.
BIGA also provided self –care training to 95 survivors, mainly focusing on self- protection techniques from
gender based violence and other traumatic conditions, development of skills on communication, relationship
building and problem solving, self – assertiveness and self -confidence. The training enabled survivors not
only to care for themselves, but also to advise their friends to be aware of self-care.
23
P3
OSSA organized awareness raising trainings on various thematic areas including assertiveness, life skills,
socialization, stress management, GBV and its effects and SRH related issues. For instance, Adama
University provided training to 32 students on club management, 66 students on GBV (both basic and
refresher), 40 students on peer counseling (basic and refresher) and 50 students on assertiveness. As a
result, the trainees acquired knowledge on communication skills, club management, safe abortion,
HIV/AIDS, unplanned pregnancy, emergency contraceptive and family planning methods.
MCRC played crucial role in providing skill capacity building trainings and internship opportunities. MCRC
set up IGA and small- scale projects for individual and groups of right holders. It also provided internal
and external skills trainings in sewing and embroidery, hair- dressing, catering, basic consumer service,
cooking and art based on the interests and levels of education of its right holders.
Regarding provision of IGA services, GBV survivors received seed money to run their own businesses, such
as sewing, embroidery and others to help them improve their livelihoods. Most of the survivors had
received advice and guidance before they started their business. MCRC found internship opportunities for
a few of its right holders at various organizations.
Pro-pride has been contributing to capacity building of media experts through provision of material
supports and trainings for the regional radio stations. In the face of unavailability of radio media
education in the formal educational centers, capacity building initiative was reported to be highly
supportive. For instance in 2014, a technical training was given to a total of 30 individuals working in the
media in the Oromia Region out of which 18 were volunteers working in the Haramaya University Radio
station, 7 journalists were from Dire FM, and the rest were members of Pro Pride‟s radio team in the
Region. Digital editing, reporting, adobe audition, interviewing techniques, and GBV were among the
topics covered in the training given to the media professionals in Oromia Region.
24
Overall, 145 participants (80 from Amhara and 65 from Oromia regions), have received two rounds of
trainings. The participants were partner media organizations and other community groups. As a
feedback, the participants explained that the training exercise was extremely beneficial to their work in
the future and to produce better quality programs that deal with GBV in their respective regions.
UNFPA enhanced the capacity of IPs through training, discussions, technical and institutional support, and
networking to make the programme more efficient and effective. 61 (28 female) representatives of IPs
participated in different trainings organized by UNFPA on documentation, case story writing and
reporting, community conversation techniques and methods, and training on Gender-Based Violence
Information Management System (GBV-IMS) and Clinical Management of Rape Survivors. The trainings
equipped participants with knowledge and skills to deliver quality and standard reports and enabled
them to develop a plan of action for implementation of CC in their respective communities. UNFPA also
enabled participants from IPs to attend national, regional and international workshops, conferences and
organized experience sharing forums. For instance, UNFPA and representatives from implementing
partners attended the East and Southern Africa Regional workshop held in Uganda; Second Men
Engagement Global Symposium held in Delhi, India; and consultative meeting on GBV organized by
UNFPA East and Southern Africa Regional Office (ESARO). In addition, UNFPA contributed for the Third
Global Technical Consultation Meeting on Social Service Sectors‟ Response to Violence against Women
and for the National Girl Summit held in Addis Ababa. In addition, UNFPA organized experience and
knowledge sharing and monitoring visits among UNFPA GBV programme implementing partners. For
instance, UNFPA arranged visits to AWSAD and MCRC safe houses located in Addis Ababa for all the 12
implementing partners.
UNFPA also employed various participatory and multi-stakeholder approach monitoring, evaluation and
learning (MEL) mechanisms to track the implementation progress of the programme at UNFPA and
partners‟ level. UNFPA consolidated partners‟ quarterly reports, provided necessary support, reviewed the
progresses of IPs and conducted field visits for monitoring, and for cross checking IPs reports. UNFPA has
also conducted review meetings with all partner organizations on a bi-annual basis to reflect on the
programme implementation process, to identify major challenges and lesson learnt, and to undertake
corrective measures.
4.2.7 Effectiveness and Adequacy of Service Provision
Besides awareness raising and capacity building, the programme also focused on service provision for
GBV survivors. As revealed by the findings of the evaluation, the programme has achieved the intended
outputs regarding service provision.
Provision of health and related services
One of the services provided by the programme is health service through referral linkage with different
health institutions and partners. Fistula and uterine prolapse cases lived with the problems for a long time
without receiving any medical treatment. According to the data from NCWH, 163 fistula cases received
medical treatment in Benishangul-Gumuz Region and 78 in Tigray Region during the project period.
Moreover, 303 uterine prolapse cases in Benishangul-Gumuz Region and 322 cases in Tigray Region
received medical treatment. It was also observed that more than 570 fistula cases were waiting for the
treatment in Benishangul-Gumuz. In addition to the above activities, NCWH provided referral and medical
services for women with cervical cancer problems. This shows that NCWH has exceeded its proposed plan
of reaching 80 fistula and 165 uterine prolapse survivors.
25
Data from ODA showed that 15 fistula cases were referred and treated and 45 women with 3 rd degree
stage of uterine prolapse without ulcer have got surgical treatment and 15 women got treated for ulcer. In
addition to this, 147 women were screened for cervical cancer in collaboration with ESOG. Along with
other six IPs, ODA contributed to 1,617 women and children to receive health care treatment through
facilitating strong referral linkages.
In the case of ADA, 79 fistula and 134 uterine prolapse survivors received medical treatment and 180
domestic violence survivors were referred to health facilities. Fistula and uterine prolapse survivors
received accommodation, food, clothing, bed, sanitary goods and awareness raising services focusing on
early and forced marriage, causes of uterine prolapse and its prevention, and ways of keeping personal
and family health during their stay at the medical center. The services provided at the treatment center
was timely and very relevant from the women‟s perspectives. The treatment center at Bahirdar Hospital
provided adequate health care services and enabled survivors to receive treatment without going too far,
and fostered their level of understanding on gender related issues including GBV.
The medical treatment provided by the projects in general enabled fistula and uterine prolapse cases to
regain their health. It improved their knowledge about uterine prolapse in particular and GBV in general
and also scaled-up their confidence, self-image and ability to consult women in their village without fear
and embarrassment. They managed to be engaged in social gatherings and ceremonies and church
activities and in activities that increase the family‟s income. The survivors‟ lives changed dramatically and
they became more viable physically, psychologically, socially and economically. Before receiving
treatment, the women were physically weak, unable to do things on their own and not capable of
participating in income generating activities. The psychological treatments of the center brought significant
impact on their self-confidence and self-esteem and enhanced their social integration. The women felt
insecure and unprotected and were not able to attend social gatherings, community meetings and religious
ceremonies. Now this has changed for the better and the women openly shared their experiences with their
neighbors in their locality.
However, there are also some problems reported regarding the situation after the medical treatment. For
instance according to the qualitative information collected, it was revealed that after survivors undertook a
surgery there was no follow up except that only nurses call and check on the patients. There is also lack of
socioeconomic support to right holders: some may not be able to afford medicine and follow-ups, and
there is no system to help them out.
Increased availability and accessibility of SRH and psycho-social services for vulnerable groups and
survivors of GBV was also another anticipated output of UNFPA GBV program. Towards achievement of
this output, OSSA has been supporting the availability of essential commodities (sanitary pads and
detergents) to female students coming from low income families. Apart from this, OSSA has been providing
SRH related tools and kits (contraceptives, condoms and others) to students in the target universities. It was
reported that OSSA provided sanitary pads and detergents materials to 2,048 disadvantaged female
university students. In addition, 3,656 sanitary kits were distributed among girls‟ clubs in 30 schools in Pawi
and Bullen woredas by MLWDA. These students described that the programme has made them feel equal
with their fellow students, built their self-esteem and made them focus on their education and studies.
Apart from this, OSSA has been providing SRH commodities to the students in collaboration with the SRH
clinics at the Axum, Assosa, Mekelle and Debre Tabor universities. OSSA provided accessible and
standardized SRH information and service to the students on needs basis. The SRH items purchased and
supplied included condoms, post pills, oral pills, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) rapid test, sterile
glove, cotton, examination glove, gauze bandage, and dressing set.
26
Like OSSA, ODA also facilitated the provision of different reproductive health services at health center
sites using the established referral linkage by women development armies and peer educators for clinical
management and youth friendly services. During the programme period 2,597 (1,908 female) adolescents
and youths received different services including 1,754 for family planning (1,252 female), 78 for post
abortion care service, 763 for other health service (576 female) (i.e., testing and treatment of VCT, STI
and pregnancies); and 2 female for psychosocial support.
Unlike the services provided by other IPs, the MCRC programme emphasized in creating healthy and
productive women and children by providing nutritional services at the medical center, and provided
psychiatric care and psycho-social services at different private and public hospitals. The center provided
psychological support to 1 male and 33 female adults, and 33 boys and 39 girls. Medical support was
also provided to 52 male and 47 female adult patients and 51 boys and 37 girls. There were a few
mothers who received rigorous psychiatric help. Moreover, MCRC provided nutrition service for all of the
children three times a day and provided a special balanced diet for mothers, fathers and children who
are living with HIV-AIDS. The mothers and fathers were served breakfast and lunch and the children were
served with a special diet programs recommended by a pediatrician.
P8
BIGA provided emergency victim support, which include treatment, food, and transport to help survivors
recover from emergency situation. All in all, BIGA provided emergency victim support to 375 survivors. In
addition, 121 survivors were given money for transportation for reunion with families or guardians when
discharged from the safe house. In addition to its prevention and awareness creation interventions, NCA
also provided psychosocial, medical and economic supports to 137 (16 M) GBV survivor.
27
Provision of safe house services
The other service provided by the GBV programme was safe house services to mothers and children.
MCRC played a vital role in delivering this service for its right holders. It provided shelter to 34 people in
2013, 34 people in 2014, and 80 people in 2015. This shows that the center has exceeded its proposed
plan to provide safe house services to 120 mothers and children. This has helped the mothers and children
not to be exposed to street life and violence that came as a result of it. In addition, the safe house served
as temporary accommodation place for mothers which helped them learn basic housekeeping and to
reintegrate into their communities. After their short stay at the center, the latter provides financial
assistance for renovation of their houses owned by the Woreda and pay for their house rent. The center in
this regard enabled its right holders to adjust themselves to normal life and to be able to reintegrate into
their communities.
AWSAD also registered significant progress regarding service provision. At the beginning, its goal was
only to provide shelter for women, but in due course they were able to empower and assist them in getting
justice as well. The factor that contributed to this was the commitment and team work of its staff. It also
developed counseling and safe house guidelines and collected feedback from right holders through
meetings. When survivors join the safe house, most of them were quiet. But in the course of various
feedback meetings, progresses started to be seen. This shows how the counseling service actually worked
in building their confidence.
The BIGA safe house accepted and supported 783 survivors (543 women and 240 children & infant). Most
of the survivors came through the Women and Children Affairs, health institutions, law enforcement bodies
and Kebele administrations. All the survivors who came to the safe house hated their existence and their
children, and some did not even want to breastfeed and tried to kill their children. The psychosocial
counseling service provided at BIGA safe house during their stay in the safe house helped them to recover
from their traumatic experiences and to become hopeful and eager to live again. Now they are confident
and lead their lives peacefully and are able to take care of their children.
Income Generation Activities
Income generating activities were also the other services that have been provided by IPs. For instance, in
the case of NCWH, the programme provided 2,000 to 3,500 Birr to survivors as seed money for income
generating activities. In this regard, 186 survivors benefited from IGA in Benishangul-Gumuz Region and
153 in Tigray Region during the programme period. This shows that NCWH has surpassed its proposed
plan of providing IGA services to 110 right holders. The IGA right holders were involved in livestock
production and petty trading, and it enabled women to support their children and to run their households.
In spite of good attempts, it was reported that women were not provided with adequate training to run
and manage their businesses and the amount of revolving fund that was provided to them was very small.
The MCRC formed a women association business group that consists of five members who were engaged
in sewing and embroidery. The group sold its embroidery products at NGO bazars held at the
International Evangelical Church once a month. The association has opened a saving account to the group.
The center provided Birr 5, 000 for those who received skills trainings as startup capital for income
generation activities.
28
P6
The BIGA safe house provided skill trainings on traditional food preparation and hair dressing for 222
survivors. 10 survivors were supported with startup capital. BIGA started this training in order to ensure
sustainability and to create opportunity for income generating and life improvement of the survivors when
they leave the safe house.
Educational and therapeutic/counseling services
This service was especially provided by the MCRC. Many of the children supported in and outside of the
center were not able to join schools due to poverty and the violence they were subjected to. The center in
this regard played a key role in helping the street boys continue their education both at private and public
schools. The center provided schooling from KG (pre-school) to high school levels. Accordingly, 23 male
and 34 female students attended their education at private schools while 28 male and 9 female students
attended at public schools. The center provided pre-school education to 22 boys and 10 girls and after-
school tutorial support for all students within its compound. In addition to school fees, MCRC paid for their
uniforms, books and school materials. Out of the total 106 students supported by MCRC, school materials
were provided to all of them and uniforms were given to 74. The center has thus achieved its plan of
providing informal and formal education children in the safe house.
The center also provided literacy and numeracy course for mothers and few of the mothers followed their
formal education in colleges and universities. Training on personal hygiene, reproductive health and family
planning was also provided to mothers at the center. The education enabled mothers to be independent
and economically self-sufficient.
29
In parallel to formal education, the center provided specially designed art therapy lessons to 120 street
children (both boys and girls). The lessons included self-defense, dance and music (instrument, vocal). In
general, the programme supported the street children to protect themselves from violence, build their
confidence and learn discipline.
BIGA provided psychosocial counseling service to survivors of violence and other clients at its 3 centers in
Hawassa, Dilla and Yirgalem through professional psychologists. BIGA provided psychosocial counseling
services to 669 survivors. The progresses of survivors were assessed every three months to track their
recovery from their traumatic experiences after they received regular counseling service. In addition, BIGA
provided counseling services at grassroots level to a total of 4,310 clients (2,557women & girls).
In general, most of the GBV survivors who received support at the AWSAD, MLWDA, MCRC and BIGA
safe houses explained that the services provided at the safe houses including food, shelter and therapeutic
services were adequate and timely. However, the legal aid service was not satisfactory due to the legal
and social challenges surrounding the problem. Regarding medial services provided to fistula and uterine
prolapse survivors, despite significant improvement in health and social conditions of the survivors, some
explained that the service was rendered late. They recommended the IGA services to be accompanied
with adequate business skill trainings and revolving fund.
4.2.8 Effectiveness of Awareness Creation Programme by IPs
Awareness raising initiatives have been instrumental in sensitizing and empowering the community and
other actors to combat GBV incidences and enhance their responses. Different awareness raising activities
have been pursued, such as using girls clubs and introducing secrete boxes in schools. The IPs who have
been adopting the awareness creation sessions included OSSA, ODA, ADA, BIGA and NCA. These IPs have
managed to reach more than 1,398,711 (776,545 F) community members via community conversation
throughout the three years of programme implementation. The IPs have been identifying and addressing
various types of thematic areas. For instance, ODA has been focusing on creating awareness on early
marriage, FGM, safe sex, SRH and utilization of secrete boxes through trained peer educators in primary
and secondary schools. ADA has been focusing on such themes as SRH promotion and HTP prevention
education, and OSSA on the topic of HIV/AIDS and GBV, STIs, family planning, and condom use through
hotline services especially for Adama and Mekele university students. BIGA has been focusing on topics
related to rape, domestic violence, forced marriage and family problems and has conducted a total of 65
discussion forums. These and other awareness creation programs have created a sense of actual
determination in the community and other actors to prevent GBV through immediate responses.
Awareness creation programmes were conducted by IPs in different forms depending on the nature of
their mandates, and the IPs have been adopting various approaches for raising awareness of right holders
and the public. The case of three IPs (NCA, OSSA and Pro-pride) has been illustrated in subsequent
sections.
30
The Case of NCA
NCA and the FBOs organized workshops, meetings, panel discussions and community mobilization at
congregation level to create awareness on GBV and increase the involvement of religious leaders in the
fight against GBV. The awareness raising sessions were attended by church leaders, ministers, youth clubs
representatives and families, congregations, girls‟ club leaders and GBV survivors. A total of 2346 (1285
male and 1061 female) were reached through the awareness creation sessions in the year 2014 and 754
(257 Female) in 2015. The awareness raising sessions increased the level of religious leaders‟ commitment
to address GBV and created space to discuss the need for integrating GBV into the curricula and
teachings of theological institutions.
In addition, 11 clubs were established in FBO run schools, universities and congregations. Men and boys
engagement was improved and their knowledge and understanding of gender relations and GBV was
increased. Religious fellowships in Mekelle and Adigrat universities had been used to disseminate
information about GBV including GBV reporting. EOTC-DICAC used Sunday schools (tsewa associations) to
create awareness on GBV. ECFE created youth friendly environments or spaces for a continued dialogue
on GBV among youth club members, and organized sessions that created dialogue between youth and
their families on GBV. A total of 1, 303 right holders were reached through the youth clubs. This shows a
minor gap with the planned figure of 1, 773.
31
The Case of NCA
NCA and the FBOs organized workshops, meetings, panel discussions and community mobilization at
congregation level to create awareness on GBV and increase the involvement of religious leaders in the
fight against GBV. The awareness raising sessions were attended by church leaders, ministers, youth clubs
representatives and families, congregations, girls‟ club leaders and GBV survivors. A total of 2346 (1285
male and 1061 female) were reached through the awareness creation sessions in the year 2014 and 754
(257 Female) in 2015. The awareness raising sessions increased the level of religious leaders‟ commitment
to address GBV and created space to discuss the need for integrating GBV into the curricula and
teachings of theological institutions.
In addition, 11 clubs were established in FBO run schools, universities and congregations. Men and boys
engagement was improved and their knowledge and understanding of gender relations and GBV was
increased. Religious fellowships in Mekelle and Adigrat universities had been used to disseminate
information about GBV including GBV reporting. EOTC-DICAC used Sunday schools (tsewa associations) to
create awareness on GBV. ECFE created youth friendly environments or spaces for a continued dialogue
on GBV among youth club members, and organized sessions that created dialogue between youth and
their families on GBV. A total of 1, 303 right holders were reached through the youth clubs. This shows a
minor gap with the planned figure of 1, 773.
31
The Case of OSSA
OSSA made strides using a range of approaches and techniques and achieved encouraging results though
this varied from one location to another. OSSA also made strong exertions to address GBV prevention
methods using its print media. Different pamphlets, brochures, bulletins, newsletters, and manuals were
published and disseminated in higher learning institutions. For instance, the sexual harassment policy of
Debre Tabor University which was at a mere draft stage and almost being abandoned was finalized and
published through the financial support and facilitation of the GBV programme. Similarly, the development
of the GBV curriculum at Mekele University is a good achievement. The university is now looking for
support for the development of three modules (GBV, HIV/AIDS/ RH). Other universities in the region
followed suit in striving to integrate gender policy and related codes of conduct. Adama University has
also prepared a Psycho- Social & Violence Management and Peer Education Manual and distributed to be
used by peer counselors.
OSSA was successful in organizing committees directly accountable to the universities‟ presidents‟ office
with mandates of assessing, evaluating and giving decisions related to GBV. As a result of OSSA‟s
intensive and series of consultative meetings with policy makers of the higher learning institutions, the
institutions in Tigray formed committees accountable to their respective presidents, developed GBV
training manuals, produced staff GBV codes of conduct, designed course outlines and incorporated GBV in
their curricula. Similarly, Debre Tabor University was able to establish a taskforce composed of offices of
Police, Justice, Health and Women and Children Affairs which meets on a quarterly basis to discuss on
matters related to GBV incidences, legal provisions and protection, awareness raising, referral health
support and other associated issues. This platform was essential to protect GBV cases effectively and
provide the required medical services for survivors. On the other hand, the Gender Office of Assosa
University along with the OSSA branch office in Assosa has established a platform where key members of
the school community including university police/special forces, security offices, male and female proctors,
university students association and Gender Office are members. This platform meets every quarter for one
day and makes discussions on various matters related to GBV incidences, programme progresses and
challenges to GBV prevention.
The programme has raised awareness of the students on GBV and SRH issues. This was demonstrated by
the practice that female students started to report GBV committed on them or their colleagues to
concerned bodies, such as GBV club facilitators, teachers, university management, police or GBV
programme facilitators. As a result, three teachers of Assosa University who have been sexually harassing
female students were fired from the university.
The welcome events that organized by OSSA in collaboration with the universities‟ administrations were
also reported to be a successful programme in raising awareness of newly admitted university students
about SRH, GBV and other related issues. Other events, such as World AIDS Day and annual gender days
were also reported to be effective media through which pertinent information has been conveyed to
students and the university community at large. For instance, OSSA in collaboration with other IPs and
stakeholders has contributed in raising the awareness of more than 14,000 people on issues related to
GBV and others. Out of these, about 3, 000 were Mekelle University students and the surrounding
community.
Debre Tabor and Adama universities have been organizing other educational events to create awareness
for large mass of students. For instance, there have been quarterly entertainment events such as dramas,
music and others which conveyed information associated with GBV and SRH issues. Apart from this, leaflets
were distributed and higher officials of the universities made speeches.
32
Gender clubs, student unions and councils have also been effective in playing key roles related to
awareness raising and brainstorming on issues related to GBV and SRH in universities in Tigray. There was
no GBV club in Debre Tabor and Assosa Universities before the programme intervention. The Gender
Club of the Assosa University has been facilitating annual “Gender Day” which was celebrated with many
functions that help raise awareness of the students and university community on GBV including management
team. Coffee-tea programs were also events that contributed for enhancing awareness creation and
information sharing on GBV. This club was instrumental in raising awareness of the students in the campus
through creation of debates and brainstorming on essential issues. Many of the female students raise their
queries and concerns to get better clarity from those peers who received training from the programme.
Peer learning groups were also established at Adama University meeting every quarter to discuss on
various issues related to GBV and SRH. So far, 10 peer learning groups with 10 members each were
established at Adama University. They in turn conducted peer education sessions for 4,000 students in the
campus. Issues that have been raised and brainstormed during such sessions included drugs and narcotics
use in the campus, unwanted pregnancy, friendship and peer group pressure among students, gender
based violence and gender equality, behavioral changes, influences of harmful traditional practices,
relationship and campus life, HIV/AIDS and STIs , HCT and other related issues.
P5
OSSA also introduced hotline services to the students at Adama and Mekelle universities. Hotline service is
a free call used by the students to help them report GBV and related problems. It is mainly aimed at
increasing the knowledge and attitude of university students and communities towards GBV and SRH.
Hotline counseling focused on such major issues as contraceptives, HIV/AIDS, sexual behavior, GBV,
pregnancy, unintended pregnancy, ART, sex and gender difference, emergency contraceptive, condom
access and use, relationship and campus life, abortion, and sign and symptom of STIs. It was reported that
counseling services have enhanced the awareness and knowledge of most of the students. The hotline
33
service was effective in providing GBV and SRH related information to the students and helped to
maintain their privacy when they receive the services. An expert on the subject under focus has been
responding at the other end of the line to the students‟ queries mostly related to SRH issues. This strategy
of OSSA has been appreciated by the students and the school community. In the project period, OSSA
provided hotline service to 1,164 students who sought information on HTP/GBV and SRH issues. At Debre
Tabor and Assosa universities students were also provided the option of using the secret box approach
where they wrote their questions and dropped the note in the box anonymously. This box was opened
once a week and the notes were collected and shared with experts on the subject under consideration. The
responses to the questions were posted on notice boards where all the students can have access to
information for the questions raised. This approach was reported to be very effective in Debre Tabor
University and it has also created an opportunity to raise awareness for other students as well. The
students have also provided a note of witness through secrete boxes on sexual harassment and other GBV
acts they faced from either fellow students or teachers. Such witnesses were streamlined to university
management for possible follow-up and action.
Before the GBV program, there was no SRH clinic in Debre Tabor University. However, with relentless
facilitation and material supports of the program, a separate room was established for SRH along with its
own specialist within university clinic. This initiative of the programme has created a favorable condition
especially for female students to get the required services. The programme has also engaged a nurse to
provide face-to-face counseling services though this service didn‟t go well as per expectation. Even though
it was expected to provide services for many of the students, the numbers of beneficiaries was below
expectation.
The other successful achievement of the GBV programme in Assosa University was installation of “condom
boxes” in the university campus. About six condom boxes are still being filled with condoms for students to
pick anonymously and use whenever required. This approach was noted to be effective in protecting the
students from HIV/AIDS, unintended pregnancy and STIs. After the phase out of the programme, the
university has started sourcing these condoms from the Health Bureau of the region.
The Case of Pro-Pride
Esemashalehu, the radio program of Pro-Pride played a crucial role in increasing the awareness and
response of the community towards GBV. The programs were produced in a magazine format of 30
minutes duration consisting of case stories of GBV survivors, featuring legal processes, and cases of
HIV/AIDS and commercial sex workers, and other stories with a focus on youth. These programs were
aired to the public in time slots thought to be convenient to raise awareness on the severe negative effects
of GBV and problems related to SRH.
To meet the objective of increasing awareness and response of communities on GBV, Pro-Pride has
produced and aired a total of 687 radio programs in Amhara and Oromia Regions.
Pro-pride has also been giving more to production and transmission of stories of GBV survivors to raise
awareness of the community and enhance their responses on prevention. This component of the radio
program was appreciated by the community.
In addition to producing radio programs, Pro-pride has also been organizing trainings on techniques of
radio production to media professionals working in both regions so that they could have a better capacity
to continue producing programs on GBV even in the post-project period.
34
Pro-Pride used a mechanism of collecting feedback on the appropriateness of the programs through three
ways. The first was collecting feedback through direct phone calls. For instance in Amhara Region, about 4,
380 phone calls were made in 2013 by listeners to express their appreciation, comments and feedback on
the programs. The second way was listeners send their comments and feedback through letters. The third
was where listeners come physically to the radio station and share their stories in person. The stories of
survivors were documented and transmitted to the audience. There were also opportunities where listeners
expressed feedback during workshops or similar platforms.
In the Amhara Region, it is estimated that the radio program reached more than 1.5 million listeners, out of
which more than 50% were female. In the Oromia Region, more than half a million listeners were
estimated to have followed the radio programs which were broadcast from the Haromaya University
Community Radio. The lessons taken from the earlier transmitted radio program of Pro-Pride called
“Yibekal” has substantially contributed to the successful implementation of Esemashalehu.
Overall, the feedback from listeners of Esemashalehu showed that media campaign on GBV is contributing
to increased awareness of the community as well as its response to violence perpetrated against women
and children. It was also witnessed that the program has achieved its anticipated outputs. It has
substantially raised awareness of the public on the harmful effects of GBV and issues related to SRH.
GBV survivors have also received legal services because of awareness created through the program.
4.3 Efficiency of the Programme
This section examines the efficiency of the Prevention and Management of GBV Programme
implementation by the 12 implementing partners of UNFPA in line with the programme costs and time
frames. The evaluation mainly examined utilization of planned budget, and delivery of programme
activities as per the initial plan to assess efficiency of the programme implementation. Factors that
contributed to efficiency and delay in programme implementation are also presented to distill some
lessons.
Data obtained from UNFPA indicates that a total of about 4.7 million USD was committed for the
implementation of the programme by the 12 IPs. The fund was distributed to the IPs based on scope of
their activities, implementation capacity and available facilities and structures. Accordingly, each IP
received 5%-11% of the total budget. Out of the above mentioned total budget, about 3.4 million USD
(72%) was utilized by the end of the program in December 20153. However, absorption capacity varies
across IPs, with budget utilization ranging from 49% by the Federal Police Commission to 98% by
MLWDA. The data indicates that five IPs (Federal Police Commission, BIGA, OSSA, Pro-Pride and AWSAD)
registered below average budget utilization by the end of the programme. As a result of the budget
underutilization, UNFPA requested a no cost extension for a year and redistributed the remaining budget
to the IPs engaged in safe house services. Hence, BIGA and MLWDA managed to extend their service for
one more year and get a little over 170,000 USD for the 2016 fiscal year.
3This figure does not include budget utilized through UNFPA Execution and indirect cost deducted by UNFPA Headquarters which amounted to
643,000 USD in total.
35
P12
Despite underutilizing their allocated budgets, most of the IPs have reported lack of financial resources to
accomplish their activities. For example, ODA, MCRC, ESOG, NCA, OSSA and ADA reported lack of
budget to carry out their activities. ODA mentioned that due to limited budget they could not provide safe
house services and start IGAs for GBV survivors. Moreover, they also indicated the GBV programme has
run with meager resources. Many of the IPs underscored that the allocation of limited resources for running
the programme might have affected the achievement of the anticipated outputs. This happened due to
increased demand for the services and IPs scope of work which goes beyond GBV prevention and control.
In addition, AWSAD has established a safe house in Oromia Region, which can to some extent address the
demands of GBV survivors. Second, though the fund is disbursed based on submission of financial and
performance reports every 18 months as required by UNFPA, some IPs failed to do this on time. This
created delay in fund release every year which in turn created budget shortage for the IPs. For example,
the Federal Police Commission mentioned that 20,000.00 Birr was allocated every six month (an estimated
141, 685.00 Birr for 18 months) by the Federal Police Women‟s Affairs‟ division to each target Woreda‟s
Police Women‟s Affairs desks to support control and prevention of GBV through training on communities,
mobilizing communities action against GBV, and providing supportive services for survivors of GBV. This
allocation seems small given the nature of the work and lack of alternative fund from government for
control and prevention of GBV. However, the Federal Police has registered below average budget
utilization and returned unutilized budget to UNFPA.
36
Table 4-9: Budget utilization by IPs (planned vs. actual)

Implementing partners name Planned budget (USD) Amount utilized (USD) % utilized
ADA 257,404.96 187,842.83 73.0%
AWSAD 454,339.84 308,098.91 67.8%
BIGA 460,506.74 244,729.64 53.1%
ESOG 494,075.18 328,238.85 66.4%
Ethiopian Federal Police Commission 271,471.91 132,206.04 48.7%
MCRC 237,546.49 211,307.23 89.0%
MLWDA 487,753.83 476,631.63 97.7%
NCA 522,973.36 435,374.45 83.2%
NCWH 279,676.86 245,547.51 87.8%
ODA 475,195.40 356,994.66 75.1%
OSSA 490,721.96 281,830.82 57.4%
Pro-Pride 285,639.17 197,813.90 69.3%
Total 4,717,305.70 3,406,616.47 72.24%

However, qualitative information from the IPs indicated that budget utilization was efficient. The projects
were efficient in terms of using the resources provided by UNFPA. For example, ODA indicated that its
interventions were mainly awareness creation through community facilitators or role models. The fund spent
on coffee and tea ceremony was small, but helped to instill knowledge on GBV and all its consequences.
Even the budget allocated for the purchase of such supplies as sanitary pads, detergents and school
materials were limited. As the awareness increased in schools, the demand for such material support
increased but the programme was not able to respond to this.
It was also mentioned that the effort to increase access to safe houses and adequate legal aid services
was constrained by budget limitation. This was compounded by the fact that counterpart government
offices in charge of GBV prevention and control didn‟t have adequate budget to contribute to GBV
programme initiatives. Therefore, key informants indicated the GBV programme run with insufficient
resources which might have affected achievement of anticipated outputs.
One of the key issues in efficiency assessment is delivery of programme activities on time. Even though most
activities were completed on time there was also limitation in accomplishing the activities as per the plan. It
seems limited institutional and human resource capacity of most IPs contributed in delays of programme
activities. Moreover, there were delays in submitting financial reports and annual work plans which
prevented IPs from submitting the reports on time.
The field assessment indicates that the programme design and approach has contributed to delay in
implementation of some activities. For example, at MLWDA for the sake of convenience health
professionals the number of women suffering from uterine prolapse must be ten at a time before making
arrangements at the hospital for them to get treatment. This was difficult to organize. Moreover, ESOG‟s
outreach programme requires the collaboration of many institutions which created delay in mobilizing GBV
survivors. This is because it was not feasible to go to each and every woreda. Sometimes, mobilization of
4This figure does not include budget utilized through UNFPA Execution and indirect cost deducted by UNFPA Headquarters which amounted to
643,000 USD in total.
37
survivors do not go in line with gynecologists‟ schedule. On the other hand ADA‟s time for dealing with
fistula & uterine prolapse cases was not adequate given the cultural and social barriers inhibiting the
survivors in Basso Liben Woreda. It took a while for survivors to disclose their status. It was at the end of
the programme implementation period that survivors started to disclose themselves after they practically
observed cured women in their villages. As a result, many women did not receive medical services because
by that time the programme has already been phased out. Similarly, in NCWH target areas the service
provision and prevention programs were initially designed to be implemented at the same time. However,
the service provision component lagged behind because fistula and uterine prolapse cases did not come
forward to receive medical treatment due to cultural barriers. As a result, the prevention component took
longer than expected, and the timing for the service provision programme was short. Yet more survivors
could have benefitted if the timing of the service provision component of the programme was longer.
At the Federal Police Commission there were some activities that dragged between the fiscal years and
quarters. They mentioned that these resulted from issues that demanded involvement of members of the
programme.
In general, the IPs used different strategies to overcome budget shortage and delay in release. Integrating
the programme with their other initiatives (e.g. MLWDA, NCA, OSSA, ADA), working closely with
government offices (e.g. ADA, NCWH, MLWDA, MCRC,NCA, ODA) and health centers (AWSAD, MLWDA,
ESOG,NCWH), collaborating with other UNFPA IPs (ESOG) and use of volunteer services (NCA and OSSA)
were some of the strategies used. NCWH worked with the agricultural office to facilitate training
opportunities for IGA participants. ESOG and NCWH established linkages with health centers to screen
fistula and uterine prolapse survivors. AWSAD reported that change in food price was observed after
they submitted the proposal and this affected their implementation. However, they managed to buy food
for beneficiaries during harvest time when price of food crops usually decline. OSSA effectively
collaborated with universities to use their halls and other amenities for training on top of using volunteers to
provide services.
P9
38
Notable among the IPs is NCA and its partners which employed different measures to be more cost
effective. Some of these measures included:
 NCA used a comparative advantage approach to assign distinct roles and tasks to the respective
FBOs at the initial stage of the project. For example, service provision activities were assigned to
FBOs that have facilities and structures for service provisions;
 NCA and the FBOs used their existing structures and facilities to be cost efficient. For example,
rent expenses were covered by other projects, and vehicles were shared and salary costs were
minimized;
 The FBOs used volunteer religious leaders and counselors to provide counseling services and to do
awareness related activities; and
 FBOs work in collaboration with government referral hospitals and other Governmental
Organizations to select beneficiaries and set aside premises for the latter‟s income generating
activities. The coordinated effort ensured efficiency in terms of accessing expert support and
services.
ESOG did not have an integrated approach but to be cost effective it collaborated with other
organizations that can provide the service. For instance, ESOG utilized the Ayder Referral Hospital‟s
human and infrastructural resources and also collaborated with the court and police for legal advice and
follow up.
Lack of flexibility affected implementation of activities. For example, OSSA reported that the budget
codes were not flexible enough for reprogramming depending on the changing realities on the ground. For
instance, a budget allocated for one quarter of the year cannot be transferred to the next quarter when
there is delay in implementing the planned activities due to issues beyond their control. However, it was
reported that UNFPA was flexible enough to transfer unutilized budget to next quarter on condition that
the IPs submit reprogramming and transfer requests in a timely manner.
One of the factors that contributed for better utilization of the budget was proper planning and budget
allocation guidelines. For example, OSSA noted that financial, human and material resources allocated by
UNFPA had been utilized as per the initial plan and each activity was made to have its own budget.
Following UNFPA‟s rules and regulations on budget allocation, OSSA utilized 7% for administrative
purpose, which contributed to budget efficiency. Only 5% of the total fund obtained from UNFPA was
used by the Federal Police Women‟s Affairs Division for monitoring purpose while the remaining 95% was
allocated for activities of the program.
The use of mass awareness creation through radio programs (Pro Pride) and community conversation (ADA
and others) enabled to reach a large number of targets through limited budget. One recommended
practice is that in ADA target areas government allocated financial, material and human resources to
woreda police office for the prevention and control of GBV, though it wasn‟t adequate to execute all the
activities. Most of the activities were carried out through regular budget of the police gender office
because they received only 20,000 Birr every six month from the Federal Police Commission. Moreover,
the gender office in Basso Liben Woreda faced institutional problem in using and mobilizing funds
released from the Federal Police. However, the police office mobilized the available resources such as
training manuals and human resources to effectively implement GBV activities.
UNFPA provided funding for BIGA safe house for one more year but is terminating this due to poor
management, lack of accountability, and poor mobilization of resources. According to BIGA, some of its
activities, such as the skill training, are currently stopped and the safe house ceased to provide a variety
of food items as it used to be because of shortage of budget.
39
4.4 Outcomes and Impacts
The survey identified that the Implementing Partners (IPs) have used different intervention approaches to
contribute to reduction of GBV in their respective areas. It was observed that these interventions had
produced some outcomes and impacts on the target right holders and communities. This was supported by
the evidences from household survey. According to the household survey, about 91% of programme right
holders witnessed that the GBV programme interventions had brought impacts on their lives. This
proportion ranged from 82% for ODA right holders to100% for NCWH right holders. As provided in
Table 4-10, the survey respondents attributed the following reasons for the success of the project:
transparent criteria for selection of right holders (39%), participatory approach of the project (29%), the
project‟s approach to prioritize needs of the community (48%), timely approach of the project (43%),
efficient mobilization of resources (12%) and the project‟s collaboration with higher officials (10%).
Table 4-10: The factors that contributed for programme impacts (% of respondents)
Reasons for impact ADA ODA MLWDA NCWH Total
The project was timely 67.6 28.1 30.8 37.8 43.0
The criteria for beneficiary selection was transparent 42.2 31.5 29.2 54.1 39.4
Enough resources were mobilized 7.8 13.5 0.0 28.4 12.4
Project implementation was participatory with right
23.5 34.8 4.6 52.7 29.4
holders
Project participation was participatory with higher
5.9 15.7 1.5 17.6 10.3
officials
The project focused on priority problems of the
49.0 36.0 58.5 51.4 47.9
community
The project was in-line with government policy and
16.7 20.2 3.1 5.4 12.4
strategy
There was close monitoring and supervision of the
0.0 0.0 0.0 4.1 0.9
project operations
Other factors 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.3
The programme has brought positive impacts on the health and overall livelihoods of GBV survivors. As
illustrated in Figure 4-3, 62% of the right holders agreed that the programme has brought positive
impacts on health of survivors and helped them regain their health through service provision programs
arranged by implementing partners and community facilitators. Key informant interviews have indicated
that the right holders have resumed their normal life and have built confidence, self-esteem and self-values
after receiving health services that has been provided through referral system.
40
Figure 4-3: GBV programme supports have brought positive impacts on health of survivors; Source: Household
Survey, 2016
44
45
40
35
% of right holders
30
25 21
18
20 14
15
10 4
5 0
0
Not sure Strongly Disagree Somewhat Agree Strongly agree
disagree agree

According to the perception of 89% of the respondents, the various approaches and strategies adopted
by the IPs have resulted in empowerment of the community. This is because of the fact that the knowledge
and awareness of the community has been raised (94%) and that the programme has improved social
values of GBV survivors (36%).
Some of the IPs, such as ODA, mentioned that the affiliation created through community conversation has
led women to establish self-help saving and credit associations after rehabilitation. This has also helped
them to continue discussing about GBV and HTP issues, decision making, resource control and others. For
instance, a woman has started to convince her husband about equality on ownership, control and decision
making on common resources.
However, the findings of the evaluation show a shift in the practice of early marriage as a result of the
interventions. For instance in the operational sites in the Benishangul-Gumuz Region parents used to
arrange early marriage for their daughters for the following reasons: to see the birth of their
grandchildren before they pass away and to avoid stigmatization, unintended pregnancy and loss of
virginity. Though the above perceptions are still valid, parents nowadays rarely give their daughters away
in marriage at an early age. Instead, what is happening is that girls themselves get married at an early
age in the name of love, mainly because of their misunderstanding of what their rights entail.
The programme did not only raise community awareness on GBV, but also significantly reduced the
existing gender inequality by addressing underlying gender issues in relation to GBV. According to the
quantitative findings, 95.6% of the respondents thought that the interventions changed their lives. As
revealed in Figure 4-4, 33% of the respondents witnessed changes in economic conditions while 70%
believed that they built their confidence. Key informant interviews with stakeholders have also reinforced
this evidence. The safe houses with all the necessary provisions gave survivors a chance to rehabilitate
from their psychosocial trauma and health problems. The counseling services have also helped them to
become somewhat confident and to develop a sense of “I‟m alive again”. Girls are going to school and
some of them have managed to graduate. This was seen as a great success for some of the IPs such as
41
MLWDA. The achievement led to more survivors to report their problems to the police or staff of the safe
houses.
Figure 4-4: Changes in livelihood situations of respondents; Source: Household Survey, 2016
70
70 63
60
50
% of right holders
39
40 33
30
20
10 1
0
Economic Decision making Human / skill Physiological / Other
power build confidence
The programme contributed to increase men‟s participation in household activities has increased as well.
This is supported by the findings of the survey as summarized below (Table 4-11):
The programme built the confidence and decision making power of women and girls.
 66% have developed positive attitude about themselves;
 68% have built confidence to make decision;
 43% felt that they can accomplish what they set out to do; and
 25% saw themselves as a capable person.
Moreover, 100% of the respondents felt that they have control over their future life, out of which 69%
thought they can solve their problems by taking action, 57% believed that they could determine what will
happen in their lives, and 57 % were generally optimistic about their future.
Table 4-11: Perception of GBV survivors on their confidence (% of respondents)
Confidence indicators ADA ODA MLWDA NCWH Total
I can accomplish what I set out to do 59.2 39.8 20.6 44.9 42.9
I have positive attitude about myself 54.4 72.4 58.8 81.2 66.0
I have confidence to make decision 63.1 69.4 67.6 73.9 68.0
I can overcome barriers 27.2 11.2 1.5 17.4 15.4
I have self- worth 22.3 2.0 4.4 17.4 11.8
I see myself as a capable person 27.2 21.4 11.8 40.6 25.1
I am able to do things as most other people do 16.5 18.4 17.6 43.5 22.8
I feel I have a number of good qualities 6.8 14.3 16.2 11.6 11.8
Other 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.6
42

The project has also enhanced the decision making power of women over control of resources and
management of household. As shown in Table 4-12, the following inspiring impacts have been reported:
 77% decided about marriage of their children;
 69% decided about schooling of their children;
 57% decided on household expenditure; and
 46% decided on planning in the household.
Qualitative information also shows women started to discuss about gender and other sexual issues at home.
Previously women were not allowed to make decisions regarding children‟s education and other family
and economic issues. Now women make decisions regarding their children‟s education and other related
issues. Couples have now started discussing about money and household expense issues. Overall, the
project has contributed to of such inspiring social changes.
Table 4-12: Changes in decision making power of right holders (% of respondents)

Decision making power indicators ADA ODA MLWDA NCWH Total
I decide about the schooling of my children 79.4 62.8 63.8 68.3 69.2
I decide about marriage of my children 90.2 67.0 69.6 78.3 76.9
I decide on expenditure of the household 52.9 63.8 58.0 53.3 57.2
I participate on planning in the household 29.4 47.9 68.1 46.7 46.2
Other 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.3
In general, the project has economically, socially and psychologically empowered the community as a
whole. Close to 93% of the survey respondents think that the community has been empowered by the
project. As shown in Table 4-13 below:
 93% of the survey respondents think that the project has increased communities‟ knowledge and
understanding on GBV;
 34% think that the project has empowered the community economically;
 42% think the project has empowered the community socially;
 40% think the project has improved the relationship between men and women; and
 21% think the project has empowered the community psychologically.
Table 4-13: Impacts of the project interventions on the community (% of respondents)

Project impact on the community ADA ODA MLWDA NCWH Total
Has increased the community's knowledge and
97.1 93.8 94.2 84.5 92.9
understanding of GBV
Has empowered the community economically 15.7 28.1 18.8 84.5 34.3
Has empowered the community socially 35.3 36.5 37.7 63.4 42.0
Has improved the relationship between men and
46.1 26.0 30.4 57.7 39.6
women
Has empowered the community psychologically 25.5 12.5 29.0 19.7 21.3
43

The programme had also improved the health status of women thereby increasing the productivity of the
community. The medical service enabled fistula and uterine prolapse survivors to feel safe and to be
reintegrated into their community. Many of the survivors mentioned that they were confined to the house
and excluded from social and economic activities because of the stigma associated with the condition. They
even feared to go to hospital with the project facilitators due to fear of stigma by the hospital staff.
Because of the medical interventions, these women had resumed normal life able to perform domestic
activities and to participate equally in social activities. In addition many women who lived with fistula were
divorced as a result of the condition. After the treatment these women regained their dignity and
managed to get married and have children. Some of the women even became active participants in the
fight against early marriage and fistula. Through the IGA support the survivors managed to open shops
and engage in livestock production. By doing so, they were protected from violence that occurred when
they travel long distances to fetch water and firewood.
As a result of interventions, visible changes have been witnessed in the fight against GBV. Due to
MLWDA‟s intervention in the Benishangul-Gumuz Region, the programme‟s impact was mainly seen in terms
of changes of attitudes in communities. Key informants indicated that now that the community has
understood about GBV and is openly discussing about GBV and acting to eliminate it, people have come
to realize that GBV is totally wrong and illegal. Parents have started to send their daughters to school
and this is contributing to the reduction of early marriage. Women with fistula and uterine prolapse are
speaking about their pain and looking for help. Even men have started to think differently. Communities in
the Benishangul-Gumuz Region have started to take mothers to health centers to give birth contrary to the
cultural belief that those who do not give birth alone in the jungle would be blind or crippled. As indicated
in Table 4-14 below, right holders started to positively react when they encounter incidents of GBV. For
instance:
 89% of respondents would report the incident to police;
 26% discuss about the incidence with their parents; and
 16% discuss about the incidence with their friends.
This shows how the intervention has brought behavior change among the community and has started to
uncover the incidence despite the fact that members of communities still feel insecure to stand as witness in
court of law for fear of reprisals from perpetrators. In spite of this, however, changes are still evident
compared to the situation before the programme intervention.
Table 4-14: Programme right holders’ reaction against the incidence of GBV in 4 Regions (% of respondents)
Actions taken ADA ODA MLWDA NCWH Total
Remain silent 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1
Discuss about it with my parents 22.2 36.1 15.3 25.7 25.7
Discuss about it with my friends 5.6 24.1 11.1 21.6 15.5
Report it to police 91.7 79.6 88.9 97.3 88.7
Report to school teachers 1.9 10.2 1.4 12.2 6.4
Report to Kebele administration 3.7 7.4 0.0 0.0 3.3
Report to Social affairs 0.0 6.5 0.0 0.0 1.9
Other 5.6 1.9 0.0 1.4 2.5
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In general, the initiatives have brought commendable impact on the survivors. The services provided
including shelter, medication, counseling, and economic and educational empowerment (integrated
approach) have impacted the lives of right holders positively. In most cases safe houses are places where
the right holders felt safe, got justice and were also prepared to reintegrate with society.
According to sources at AWSAD, the self-defense training and the continuous counseling have the longest
impact on the lives of the survivors among all types of services provided to them. Both built the confidence
of survivors and helped them to become more assertive. The self-defense training provided women a sense
of security.
In the case of ESOG, addressing GBV among students of higher learning institutions is one of its activities.
Accordingly, ESOG held in-depth discussions with MOH and the Addis Ababa University medical college
and instructors which led to agreement to include GBV in the curriculum. ESOG‟s intervention has also
brought many impacts on the lives of fistula patients and survivors. They established model clinics to help
the survivors acquire legal evidence needed by the police and the court, and this helped the survivors to
get justice. The one-stop centers of ESOG provided psychological and legal counseling alongside their
usual business of treating GBV survivors. Generally, the clinics brought a relief and increased admission of
GBV survivors. However, there is a significant lack of adequately trained health care providers giving
immediate care to survivors. In order to solve this problem, ESOG has developed a training manual based
on UNFPA and WHO guidelines. This can be considered as a positive impact brought about by the
program. On top of this, as part of the program‟s intervention, ESOG conducted an outreach campaign to
treat fistula cases.
Since the level of awareness and capacity of women on health issues has risen from time to time,
institutional delivery in BIGA‟s intervention area has increased. As a result, maternal mortality was
reported to have decreased noticeably in the target areas. The community also started to report violence
to the police or other concerned bodies. This shows how survivors‟ awareness about what to do when they
face or see GBV incidence is increasing. Perpetrators are increasingly realizing that rape will neither
remain hidden nor mediated by elders entailing rigorous legal punishment. Moreover, due to the skills
trainings, more and more survivors have managed to create their own income generating activity.
Community conversations conducted by MCRC enabled survivors to be aware of the different forms of
GBV and to transfer knowledge to their communities. The sessions covered different topics such as causes
and consequences of GBV, gender equality and GBV reporting. However, right holders have found the
community conversation sessions to be repetitive and passive. MCRC empowered survivors economically
through provision of the skill trainings and enabled the women to stand on their feet and to run their own
business in sewing and embroidery. The center has created role models who inspired the other right
holders to be hopeful and independent. For example, one of the right holders of the center has opened
her own beauty salon and managed to successfully run the business. In general, MCRC has provided
comprehensive services to its right holders that had positive effects in controlling GBV and rehabilitating
those affected by it. One of the key informants stated that:
“The women and children were weak and sick when they came to MCRC, but regained their physical
and psychological health after the rehabilitation service at the center. The safe house services enabled
the right holders to be protected from GBV and resume normal life. The therapeutic support
(counseling) provided to survivors enabled them to express their feelings, build their self-confidence
and be psychologically empowered”.
45
Engaging religious leaders in GBV was also another approach used by some IPs such as NCA. Key
informants stressed that initially it was difficult to get the consent of religious leaders to consider GBV as a
concern to be addressed. However, NCA managed to break GBV taboos by building trust, working
together with religious leaders, and using their own language to challenge them. In addition, the dialogue
forums organized at national/regional levels were vital to break the taboos and to make GBV a topic of
discussion in the context of religious institutions. Religious leaders now openly talk about GBV issues.
Religious leaders have even come up with joint declarations to fight GBV.
IPs such as OSSA and its partners intervened in higher education institutions to reduce GBV and address
SRH related problems faced by female students. Qualitative data indicates that at the commencement of
the programme reporting GBV and SRH cases created embarrassment among students, especially among
female students. Towards the end of the project, however, this feeling has improved and it has become an
agendum of discussion. The programme has also saved many students from potential negative effects of
GBV and SRH, such as sexual assault and intimidation, exposure to HIV/AIDS infection and unintended
pregnancy. Thanks to OSSA‟s interventions the operational universities recognized the importance of GBV
and SRH issues and are including them in their annual plans as one of the regular programs.
Key informants claimed that awareness level of students has improved particularly on GBV, HIV/AIDS and
SRH problems. GBV incidence was also reported to have been reduced towards the end of the project
period. The confidence of female students increased and school dropout and class absenteeism was
reduced as well. Towards the end of programme period, high demand was created among female
students who came from lower income families for essential sanitary supplies and seeking information
related to SRH.
The other outcome is that after participating in OSSA‟s interventions students came to know where to go
when they needed legal and health services, counselling and other needs. Even some of the instructors who
used to sexually assault girls have now refrained from this act because of the awareness raised on legal
consequences of committing GBV.
The “dignity room” where female students go and change their sanitary pads during sudden on-set of
menstruation was highly appreciated and it has raised their confidence and self-esteem. They don‟t have
to go to their dorms to change and miss classes in the process. Assertive female students were also created
as a result of awareness raising and material supports.
Due to the transmission of the GBV radio programs by Pro-Pride, the public has started talking publicly
about SRH, sexually transmitted diseases, GBV and others, which were embarrassing to discuss in public. It
is believed that GBV related crimes are also decreasing because of awareness on legal consequences.
For example, during feedback collection sessions of Pro-Pride, right holders and programme listeners have
expressed the positive contribution of Esemashalehu radio programme on attitudinal changes. They stated
that the radio programme being aired to the public, especially personal stories of survivors, has
contributed to attitudinal changes.
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Key informants from Pro-pride mentioned that these activities increased the communities‟ level of GBV
awareness to a larger extent and the frequency of GBV reporting increased significantly and incidences
of GBV cases related to abduction, physical abuse, rape, FGM, early and forced marriages were
reduced.
In addition, ADA in collaboration with the Women Affairs and police office facilitated matters for justice to
be served. Due to combined efforts, communities‟ and survivors‟ practice of reporting GBV cases has
changed over time. Women who suffered from fistula and uterine prolapse were able to report and get
medication with no fear of stigma and discrimination and the communities‟ level of awareness on all forms
of GBV has improved and even men became more cooperative in prevention and control of GBV.
In one of the interventions, ADA contributed to adoption of legal protection mechanisms to prevent the
occurrence of early marriage. According to the police department in Kobo Woreda, parents or couples
must get a letter of permission from the Woreda police before undertaking wedding. The police has a
mandate to suspend the wedding if it is conducted without their knowledge. As a result, reduction in early
marriage is noticed in the Woreda. The legal process for rape cases is also speedy and smooth and three
witnesses are not required to take the case to the court in same Woreda.
The Federal Police through its Women‟s Affairs Division has performed various activities and brought
visible impacts. The division has given various trainings to its staff and brought about remarkable changes.
For example, women staff in the office started to react positively and confidently to issues of GBV and
take higher positions in different sections of the federal police after trainings are given. The trainings given
to media personnel have also helped the television programme of the Federal Police and the Ethiopian
Broadcasting Corporation to air a series of programs related to GBV. The Women‟s Affairs Division has
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also provided counseling and legal services. As a result, the division and its desks in the operation
Woredas have provided these services for more than 400 GBV survivors.
Because of the division‟s furniture, stationary and other supports to Woreda desks, staff members in these
offices have run GBV related cases in a more comfortable environment. They started to provide quality
services to GBV survivors. As a result of trainings given to interrogators on handling GBV cases, the cases
have got popular attention in all operational Woredas. Due to efforts made to end and reduce
occurrences of GBV through consultative discussions with police training institution managers, GBV has
become part of the curricula of the Ethiopian Police University and other regional police training
institutions.
In Bullen Woreda, the women affairs‟ desk in collaboration with MLWDA has brought about better results
in the prevention of GBV in the Woreda where the problem is widespread. The collaboration of the desk
and MLWDA has also helped to bring more and more GBV cases to the attention of courts that would
have otherwise remained hidden forever. In addition, this joint work has helped most survivors from rural
areas to be easily contacted by the Woreda police office. In Pawe Special Woreda, the women affairs‟
desk also worked in collaboration with MLWDA staff and it has brought about changes with regard to
peoples‟ attitudes about the harmfulness of GBV. In the southern part, the programme was helpful to
reunify survivors with their families or guardians when discharged from the safe house.
Unintended Outcomes and Impacts
The project activities had encountered unintended effects that negatively impacted the right holders. Some
survivors developed dependency syndrome on the safe houses due to the financial assistance that was
provided to them and complained when the safe houses stop the support holding the staff accountable for
this.
The community awareness creation activities were focused on adults, and it did not target in-school and
out- of-school youth. As a result of this the youth misunderstood their rights/freedom and started engaging
in sex at early age and ended up with unintended pregnancy. This shows the importance of targeting
youth and developing youth focused messages.
4.5 Prospect of Sustainability of the Programme
Sustainability of interventions is one the key objectives expected from programme support. To this end,
UNFPA together with its partners has been working on a number of exit strategies to achieve sustainability.
The results of the evaluation proved that overall most of the GVB services and activities show sign of
continuity after the phase out of the UNFPA supported programme. This can be proven by community
perception in which 82.6% of the right holders believed that the programme intervention would continue
by the government, another NGO or the community itself. Only 17.5% perceived that the intervention may
not continue.
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Table 4-15: Perception of the community on sustainability of the programme results (% of respondents)
Name of I think it will continue I think it will continue I think it will continue by I think it will not
IP by the government by another NGO the community itself continue
ADA 18.2 18.2 36.4 27.3
ODA 50.9 11.3 22.6 15.1
MLWDA 28.6 0.0 50.0 21.4
NCWH 0.0 50.0 50.0 0.0
Overall 41.3 11.3 30.0 17.5
4.5.1 Sustainability of GBV Prevention
Evaluation findings from implementing partners indicate that the programme has built the capacity of
community members, health development armies and health extension workers through trainings and
provided them with training manuals so that that they can replicate the trainings and sustain the activities.
In some intervention areas, community conversation has been used as a strategy to ensure the sustainability
of the program. For instance, MLWDA used CC strategy to reduce the occurrence of GBV, communities
being part of the solution. The Woreda Women‟s Affairs Office is also supporting community dialogue on
GBV.
Evaluation results obtained from ESOG also prove the sustainability of GBV prevention. For the sake of
ensuring sustainability, ESOG prepared one training manual and one standard procedure. Prevention
interventions (inclusion of GBV in curriculum, development of policy and procedure documents) were
conducted while the programme was active, but no advocacy was conducted to validate the integration of
GBV in school curriculum. This indicates that the intermediate and long-term achieved results and benefits
of the programme will run in a sustainable manner. ESOG also integrated GBV in medical school curriculum
at syllabus level; that creates awareness and sense of responsibility among medical professionals thereby
ensuring the continuity of its work.
Moreover, faith institutions‟ structures and their rootedness in communities have also added values for
sustaining the results. Hence, evaluation results obtained from NCA indicate that FBOs have continued the
activities using their own structures and resources, and capacity. GBV is already integrated into the
curriculum of theological institutions. In addition, the FBOs organized quarterly meetings and consultation
experience sharing events and review meetings with stakeholders to ensure sustainability. Moreover, in
order to strengthen sustainability, NCA plans to integrate GBV and RH issues into other thematic programs
such as WASH and climate resilience.
On the other hand, UNFPA has supported community radio stations to implement GBV prevention program.
Although the GBV programme support of UNFPA has terminated by the end of December 2015,
managers of radio stations in both Amhara and Oromia Regions have pledged to continue producing
radio programs on GBV. Accordingly, though the “Esemashalehu” radio program is phased out,
considering achievements of the Oromiffa programme that was aired on Haremaya University community
radio station, and the importance of the media in changing public perception, Dire FM radio station has
given free air time to Pro-Pride, and Esemashallehu (Odeysi in Oromiffa) is still on air. One hour a week
free air time is given by the station to Pro-Pride, and they also allowed Pro-Pride to have a repeat
program once a week. Pro-pride has also been engaged in empowering media centers for production of
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quality programs through providing capacity building trainings on production techniques, gender-based
violence, investigative journalism, and gender mainstreaming.
With regard to OSSA, Debre Tabor University established a task force that is expected to reinforce
sustainability through legal support and protection. The involvement of police and justice offices in the
matter will help to minimize GBV incidences in the university and beyond. The referral supports that have
been provided by the hospital in the Debre Tabor Town was also a contributing factor for sustainability of
such supports through involvement of Women‟s Affairs Offices. The Gender Office of Debre Tabor
University has taken over the responsibility of maintaining and sustaining secret box services. At Assosa
University, secrete box and condom box approaches have after project phase-out, and awareness raising
trainings are still underway accompanied by the challenge of limited student attendance.
4.5.2 Sustainability of Service Provision on GBV
With regard to service provision, there are some indications which proved to ensure sustainability of GBV
service provisions supported by UNFPA‟s GBV program. Government partners have started to own the
programme and pledged to provide financial and material support to the safe-houses in some intervention
areas. For instance, in the case of MLWDA, the Woreda administration is willing to provide some financial
support to the safe house. Farmland acquisition is also in process which will serve to cover the safe-house‟s
food demand on a continuous basis.
In the case of AWSAD, it is currently working to acquire land from government to build its own premise for
its safe house so that it can reduce the rental cost. Evidence from NCWH indicates that model Kebeles in
BambasiWoreda have sustained the CC sessions and community mobilization activities. They took initiatives
to mobilize resources by planting and selling trees to pay for girls‟ schooling and collect money to support
GBV survivors and orphans. As a result, an estimated 131 students received free educational materials. In
addition, school related awareness activities on GBV have been sustained sporadically through the
already established teachers‟, students‟, and parents‟ committees.
After carrying out a series of discussions with concerned government officials, ESOG reached at a
consensus with government to handover all the model clinics set up as part of the programme. The Adama
and Hawassa were handed over to the hospitals they were set up in. The services of Ayder Hospital have
also continued without any interruption since December 2015. The hospital allocated necessary financial,
material and human resources. It also incorporated components such as provision of direct forensic medical
support to survivors.
With regard to IGA, the MCRC has revolved the income generated from IGA to provide financial
assistance to its right holders and to sustain programme activities. However, the center has not taken any
measures to engage government partners to own the activities, and there is no known organization that has
pledged to support the center‟s activities. On the other hand, FBOs such as EECMY – DASSC decided to
distribute the seed money on credit basis to sustain the income generating activities.
Another good practice that ensures the sustainability of the programme is the one that was obtained from
the ADA intervention area of Kobo Woreda. The family polices introduced in Kobo Woreda are serving
the community in the spirit of voluntarism on sustainable basis. A family police is responsible to solve
problems in the family, and negotiate between the family and police.
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Challenges to Programme Sustainability
The programme has faced some sustainability challenges. This is mainly due to the following reasons:
 One of the challenges faced by all IPs was limited commitment of government offices due to either
shortage or lack of budget allocated for GBV prevention and control programs. For instance, relevant
government offices such as Women and Children Affairs, Police, and others started to include GBV
programs in their plans, but were constrained by limited budget and resources for implementation.
 The commitment of the higher officials of Debre Tabor and Assosa universities was limited because of
their attitudinal problems on the importance of addressing GBV and SRH issues. The issue of owning
programme achievements and planning to institutionalize GBV in the university teaching-learning
systems was not as such strong. In Adama University, the nature of the programme itself required
financial resources and commitment to sustain the piloted initiatives. Out of the many programme
components, the university demonstrated commitment to provide support for life skill trainings for the
students. It, however, faced financial limitation to provide material support for needy students.
 Particularly with regard to service provision, the sustainability issue is questionable in most of the
intervention areas including NCWH, MLWDA, ODA, ADA and the safe houses as well. After the
programme has been phased out, survivors are not getting adequate care mainly due to financial
constraints. For instance, in the case of NCWH, mobilization and screening of fistula and uterine
prolapse survivors has been conducted on irregular basis after phase out of the project. Fistula
patients were forced to seek medical treatment by themselves and were not able to easily access
medical services. UNFPA has built the capacity of Assosa Hospital by providing the hospital with
surgery beds, lights etc. The government needs to be accountable and continue providing medical
service to fistula and uterine prolapse survivors based on their need and demand.
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 The attitude of the community on GBV is not yet changed adequately in ODA, ADA, MLWDA and
NCWH intervention areas despite some improvements due to limited coverage in awareness creation
campaign in remote areas.
 Community facilitators, role models and community based institutions have not adequately been
capacitated in ODA, ADA, MLWDA and NCWH intervention areas to sustain the activities in some of
the intervention areas.
 In ADA and ODA intervention areas, Police and Justice Offices did not adequately demonstrate
commitment to prevent and control GBV. Their commitment to make sure that perpetrators received the
required justice has been inadequate and the unwillingness of witnesses to testify in courts has still
persisted. Though the practice of reporting GBV is improving, communities are getting discouraged
when they see perpetrators going scot free for underhand reasons. The perpetrators then start
intimidating community facilitators and witnesses. This has been reported in both ODA and ADA
intervention areas.
 Absence of skilled staff to address GBV and gender related issues is also recognized to be a
challenge in many of the intervention areas including ADA, ODA and Federal police. Staff of
government offices who have been assigned to support GBV programme activities are responsible for
managing their own regular jobs. As a result, they consider GBV related activities as extra work and
thus are not often committed.
4.6 Challenges and Good Practices of the Programme
4.6.1 Challenges of Program Implementation
In all of the UNFPA funded GBV programme interventions budget was inadequate to accommodate the
increasing demands of society and to reach large numbers of survivors and students. For instance, even
though there were more than 8, 000 students in Debre Tabor University, not more than 100 students
received direct trainings on counseling and assertiveness, and it was not possible to meet increasing
demands of students for SRH material supplies such as contraceptives due to budget shortages.
The family dialogue was at pilot stage. The majority of the interventions of ODA, ADA, NCWH, NCA, and
MLWDA were functioning only in a very limited space and time with restricted accessibility to remote
areas where GBV could be high. Financial supports provided to GBV survivors by the NCA, NCWH,
MLWDA, ODA, and ADA were not adequate considering the topography and location, and budget for
transporting survivors for diagnosis and even for fistula patients to get treatment at referral hospitals was
so limited compared to the extent of GBV incidences.
All IPs have suffered from delays in the release of fund. Delayed budget release has created challenges
to commence and resume the activities as planned thereby affecting implementation. It was noticed that
reporting and communication mechanism of GBV programme was too lengthy. For instance, Assosa
University prepared a code of conduct for GBV prevention to be published as pocket manual for the
students. This was submitted to the OSSA Branch Office in Assosa during the programme implementation
period. However, because of lengthy communication the programme got phased-out before the manual
was published. Another challenge faced by OSSA and NCA in relation to fund transfer is the strict policy
of UNFPA for reporting budget utilization on a quarterly basis. UNFPA budget allocated for a specific
quarter was not transferable to the next quarter in cases of inability to implement the activities. This zero
balance approach made the available finance out of use and limited the execution of some trans-phase
activities. However, UNFPA was flexible enough to transfer unutilized budget to the next quarter on
52
condition that the IPs submit reprogramming and transfer requests in a timely manner. MLWDA‟s project
implementation has been challenged by its lack of transparency in budgeting that GBV service was
provided to native people only.
The other challenge faced by IPs including ADA, ODA, MLWDA, and NCWH was the not much changed
attitude of the society that does not consider GBV acts as offensive and crime. Their limited awareness on
consequences of GBV on social, economic and health perspectives have made implementing the prevention
initiatives challenging on sustainable basis. The tradition of the influential people and religious leaders in
these intervention areas to handle GBV cases in secret without giving fair decision for the survivors was
also challenging to fight GBV on sustainable basis. The community still insults women and girls who are not
circumcised.
The practice of early marriage and circumcision still remained big challenges especially in the project
intervention areas of BIGA, NCWH and ADA. Community members have instead developed strategies to
cover up early marriage and parents terrified their daughters that they will never let them back home if
they took up their cases with the police and court.
Another challenge faced by the majority of the IPs including ODA and ADA was perpetrators‟ reactions
and influences to escape legal charges. Underhand deals made by GBV perpetrators with legal
enforcement bodies, perpetrators families trying to settle cases out of court amicably, intimidations by
perpetuators and unwillingness of witnesses to testify in courts are among the challenges that made the
effort of combating GBVs on sustainable basis difficult.
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The language barriers of facilitators to approach target right holders in NCWH intervention areas , low
level of survivors‟ confidence in general and unwillingness to accept male interrogators, problems of
finding female professional interrogators in NCWH, ADA, and ODA intervention areas and limited
53
attention of police to incidences of GBV among commercial sex workers or among women who run „tella‟
houses in ADA intervention areas has induced low level or delayed reporting of GBV incidents in the
project areas of the majority of the organizations.
The lower skill of handling GBV incidents and inefficient capacity building trainings to reduce skill
limitations have aggravated the lower/delayed reporting of GBV incidents in a number of project areas
such as ADA and ODA intervention areas . Especially in ADA intervention areas, there was inconsistent
legal enforcement due to variations in law practitioners‟ understandings and responses to GBV. Staff
turnover was high whereby police and health officers who received trainings on GBV were transferred to
other areas without benefiting the communities of the intervention areas.
Some of the IPs including NCWH, AWSAD and ADA have also faced implementation challenges related to
lack/inadequacy of safe houses and its inclusion criteria. Safe house or other special and segregated
interrogation rooms are places not only to provide food and shelter but also justice by making GBV
survivors isolated from non-enabling environment. However, such places either have limited capacity or
safe houses did not exist at all. On the other hand, in safe houses such as MCRC and BIGA, there was a
challenge of appropriate selection criteria and emergence of dependency problems among right holders.
While survivors that really needed help were rejected those with less problems of GBV or not GBV
survivors at all were accepted. Moreover, those survivors accommodated in safe houses developed a
dependency syndrome.
All IPs faced lack of coordination among stakeholders though they established strong partnership linkages
with various governmental and non-governmental organizations, which ensured efficiency in terms of
accessing expert support and services. Stakeholders at different operational areas of the intervention
exhibited low level of commitment and reluctance to move forward. There were also low level of
community and other stakeholders participation in meetings regarding GBV, lack of coordination among
staff members at head office and lower levels by BIGA and OSSA, reluctance of some of Pro-Pride
media managers to put their maximum efforts on GBV, unsatisfactory collaborative works with hospitals
and referral linkages and irregularities and inconsistent relations between the regional and federal police
offices in terms of administering donor‟s fund were among the challenges related to coordination.
With regard to OSSA, there has been overlap of the interventions with students‟ academic schedule and
programme activities at Debre Tabor and Adama universities, and it was not easy to engage them as
desired. The support and commitment of higher officials at Debre Tabor and Assosa universities was not as
to expectation. For instance, Debre Tabor University only gave office but did not provide computers for
timely documentation and reporting. Similarly, Assosa University committed to provide office along with
facilities, such as computer. However, this did not materialize until the final year of the program. The GBV
programme has been running from a temporary shelter for two project years. This was because of the fact
that the university was newly established.
In addition, the hotline service was not functional at Debre Tabor University due to unavailability of direct
telephone line for this service. Instead, the Gender Office of the university and programme facilitators
have been encouraging students to call to Adama or Mekele University hotline numbers to get the services.
However, this didn‟t go well due to poor network connection and frequent interruptions. Similarly, even
though there was a plan to establish hotline service in Assosa University, it was not practical for unknown
reasons. In addition, issues that have been noted and dropped in the secrete box at Assosa University
were mainly problems related to poor governance and teaching-learning processes of the university with
limited focus to reporting issues related to GBV cases.
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It was reported that the GBV programme at Adama and Assosa universities faced problems of
coordination, monitoring and supervision from OSSA. The university Gender Office and programme
facilitators rarely received monitoring and follow-up services from OSSA.
The GBV programme at Assosa University focused on students without addressing teachers. Because of this,
female students continued to face sexual harassment from teachers. An assessment made by the Gender
Department of the university on the status of sexual harassment on female students through distributing
questionnaire has revealed that harassment received from teachers ranked first. Even though direct sexual
harassment on the female students has declined, it continued through indirect and unnoticeable mechanisms
in such a way that the survivors cannot get witnesses.
4.6.2 Good Practices in Programme Implementation
IPs have developed their own ways to be cost efficient. IPs, such as ODA, NCWH, ESOG and OSSA tried
to narrow the budget gap of projects through resource mobilization and volunteer arrangements. NCWH
mobilized resources to support fistula and uterus prolapse survivors, ESOG organized Ayder Hospital
volunteer doctors and OSSA persuaded and involved several volunteer professionals and facilitators in its
operational areas.
The use of role models and model Kebeles in prevention and control of GBV and the use of existing
government structures for programme implementation facilitated by ODA and NCWH has helped them
implement awareness raising campaigns which resulted in a better communication and understanding of
GBV and even sustainability of interventions.
ADA„s community conversation and family dialogue, girls clubs and involvement of men in addressing GBV
played a big role in creating awareness on GBV. Furthermore, NCWH formulated its own code of conduct
to punish individuals who practiced early marriage and FGM. ESOG developed a national standard
document on sexual and reproductive health issues and integrated reproductive health issues in university
curriculum. In addition, the safe houses‟ comprehensive services to meet the social, psychological and
economic needs of the survivors and use of secret box by ADA can be taken as good practices.
Pro-Pride‟s profound efforts to draw GBV to the attention of the public through radio programs that
created opportunities for the survivors to tell their stories and OSSA‟s hotline GBV related information
provision through toll-free calls and “dignity room” or special room can all be taken as good practices.
Attempts by some of the IPs, such as ESOG and OSSA to incorporate GBV into medical school curriculum,
and NCA‟s effort to build the capacity of FBOs and to integrate GBV in Genet church theological college
and marriage counseling centers can also be taken as a good practice.
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5. Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1 Conclusion
The second phase of the UNFPA programme on “Prevention and Management of Gender-Based Violence”
in Ethiopia has been implemented by 12 implementing partners in different parts of the country with the
aim to strengthen community and institutional responses to harmful traditional practices and gender-based
violence and to provide information and services to survivors. UNFPA employed a participatory approach
that is responsive to gender, human rights and culture.
UNFPA and its implementing partners made efforts to end GBV by deconstructing GBV at
institutional/cultural and individual level to bring social change. The programme interventions addressed
GBV in school, religious institutions, and family and community contexts to raise awareness and knowledge
on GBV and its consequences. UNFPA used effective strategies to increase awareness on GBV such as
capacity building, community conversation (CC), media campaigns, public education, family dialogue, and
hotline services. As a result, UNFPA programme interventions significantly increased awareness and
knowledge on GBV in targeted communities and created strong initiation among community members to
protect girls and women from GBV. Right holders‟ level of awareness and knowledge on root causes and
negative effects of GBV especially on women and girls and legal measures against GBV have increased.
In addition, incidences of harmful traditional practices, particularly early marriage, have been
considerably reduced. Such understanding was found to be helpful for mobilizing communities for joint
actions against GBV occurrence and for recognition of GBV as a major social, health and human rights
issue.
UNFPA GBV programme interventions have made considerable progress and achievements in empowering
women and girls and in bridging gender gaps. In parallel with GBV, gender equality concepts have been
promoted. As a result, men‟s participation in GBV prevention as well as household activities has increased
and women‟s decision making power in the domestic and public spheres has been enhanced.
GBV affected the survivor‟s autonomy, their productivity and quality of life, and reduced the range of
options available to them in every sphere of life. The processes of abuse altered women‟s view of
themselves and their place in the world. In this regard, UNFPA and its implementing partners have made
considerable achievement in empowering women through provision of comprehensive services that are
essential to ensuring recovery and providing sustainable livelihoods for survivors.
The service provision programme of UNFPA played a big role in changing the lives of vulnerable groups
and in creating alternatives to GBV survivors. The impact brought on the lives of GBV survivors cannot be
measured in monetary terms. The safe house services created safe and enabling environment for GBV
survivors and psychologically empowered the women and equipped survivors with different life skills and
enhanced their economic status. The safe houses enabled GBV survivors to adjust themselves to normal life
and created space for sharing experiences with women who went through similar experiences. Many of the
GBV survivors developed habits of saving and paying debts, and they developed strong sense of self-
reliance and independence. The therapeutic services enabled the survivors to protect themselves from
further violence and enhanced their sense of security. GBV survivors were able to join schools and
graduate from universities and colleges in marketing, information technology, medicine and engineering
fields. These women were able to contribute to society and help other women/girls who were subjected to
GBV. Formal and informal education provided at the shelter houses enhanced confidence and
communication skills of the survivors. Medical treatment enabled fistula and uterine prolapse cases to
regain their health, confidence, self-esteem and ability to consult women in their villages without fear and
56
shame. They managed to be engaged in social gathering and ceremonies, church activities and in activities
that foster their family‟s income. The survivors‟ lives changed dramatically, and they became more viable
physically, psychologically, socially and economically.
Despite the above successes, UNFPA encountered implementation, cultural/social and systemic challenges in
relation to the prevention and service provision component of the programme. With regard to prevention
the GBV campaigns addressed the different forms of GBV simultaneously which resulted in lack of focus
and compromised depth and contents of messages that have been addressed. Moreover, the prevention
programme had unintended effects that negatively impacted the implementation process and achieved
results over time. Among others, the awareness creation activities did not adequately target in-school and
out-of-school youth. As a result youth misunderstood their rights/freedom and involved in sex at an early
age and ended up with unintended pregnancy.
Regarding the service provision component, challenges that compromised the safe houses‟ achievements
and effectiveness include development of dependency syndrome among GBV survivors supported by the
safe houses, lack of well-defined criteria for admission of GBV survivors and the safe houses inability to
accommodate increasing demand of GBV survivors. In all of the UNFPA supported interventions, the
allotted budget did not meet the increasing demands of society/survivors and was not adequate to reach
targeted remote areas. Delay in release of donor fund and lack of coordination among stakeholders were
found to be pervasive problems across all IPs.
Other social and cultural factors that challenged implementers include the lower level of awareness of
community on GBV, cultures that tolerate and condone GBV, and traditional practices that settle GBV
amicably without fair decision for the survivors. In addition, the practice of early marriage remains to be a
problem in some project intervention areas, and communities use different strategies to cover up early
marriage. In addition, youth practice early marriage without their families consent in the name of love.
Family pressure hindered girls from reporting early marriage incidences to the police. In addition, police
responses were frequently characterized as inconsistent, inadequate and biased. Offenders‟ personal and
contextual characteristics and situations influenced the police and criminal justice responses. Intimidations by
perpetrators and unwillingness of witnesses to appear in courts due to lack of trust in police affected
performances of police.
In conclusion, UNFPA‟ programme on prevention and management of GBV contributed directly to women‟s
empowerment and gender equality pillars articulated in the UNDAF as well as GTP I and GTP II of the
country. In line with the policy of the Government of Ethiopia, UNFPA has identified gender based violence
and harmful traditional practices against women as factors that hinder women‟s empowerment and has
made considerable achievement in strengthening community and institutional responses through provision of
comprehensive services. However, gender based violence is still rampant in the country, and it is still
condoned in families and communities as ways of maintaining male superiority and privileges over women
and girls. A lot remains to be done to translate the good level of understanding into practice and to sustain
the activities. The challenges ahead are numerous to conclude that GBV cases have been effectively and
sustainably controlled. In recognition of the challenges and lessons learnt from the programme
implementation, the following recommendations have been suggested as a way forward.
57
5.2 Recommendations
5.2  Recommendations
Men/boys‟ and perpetrators‟ involvement in GBV related programmes should be increased to
eradicate the negative stereotypes that perpetuate violence against women and girls.
 Men/boys‟
The differentand IPs perpetrators‟
working on GBV involvement
prevention in activities
GBV related need programmes
to develop and should be increased
implement to
strategies
eradicate the negative stereotypes that perpetuate violence against
and messages targeting the youth. In addition, GBV programs in ADA intervention areas need to women and girls.
 The different
target commercial IPs working on GBV
sex workers andprevention
women who activities
run “tella”need to develop
houses and implement strategies
(local pubs).
 and
There is a need for additional finance to expand the safe houses to every region areas
messages targeting the youth. In addition, GBV programs in ADA intervention of the need to
country
target
and tocommercial
accommodate sex workers and women
the increasing demands who of run GBV
“tella”survivors,
houses (local pubs).uterine prolapse and
including
 There
fistula issurvivors.
a need for additional
In addition finance
to the to expandand
psychological the economic
safe houses to every
support, the region of the need
safe houses country
to
and
provideto accommodate
legal aid to GBV the survivors.
increasing demands of GBV survivors, including uterine prolapse and
 fistula
There issurvivors.
a needIntoadditionscale upto the the GBV
psychological
prevention andprogramme
economic support, the safehigh
to universities, houses needand
schools to
provide legal aid to GBV survivors.
religious institutions as well as segments of societies/communities and remote areas that have not
 There reached
been is a need by theto scale
UNFPA upsupported
the GBV programme.
prevention programme to universities, high schools and
 religious institutions as well as
There is still a need for capacity building forsegments of societies/communities
religious leaders, marriageand remote areas that
counselors, havecare
health not
been reached
providers, by the
police UNFPA
officers, lawsupported programme.
practitioners, gender office staff of universities and government
 There isteachers,
offices, still a need andforothercapacity
relevant building for religious leaders, marriage counselors, health care
stakeholders.
 providers,
BIGA needs to revisit its internal managementgender
police officers, law practitioners, issue, tooffice
put instaff
place of auniversities and government
strong coordination system
offices, teachers,
with different and other relevant
stakeholders and UNFPA. stakeholders.
This urges the need for management adjustment and
 BIGA
strongneeds to revisit
monitoring and its internal management
evaluation from the donorissue, side.to put in place a strong coordination system
 with different
The safe housesstakeholders
of AWSAD, and MCRC, UNFPA.
BIGA,This andurges
MLWDA the need
need to fordevise
management
strategiesadjustment
to make GBV and
strong monitoring and evaluation from the donor side.
survivors independent and self- sufficient through provision of trainings and psychological support.
 The
GBVsafe needs houses
to be of further
AWSAD, MCRC, BIGA,
integrated and MLWDA need
and institutionalized into tothedevise
training strategies
manual to of make GBV
the police,
survivors
universityindependent and self- sufficient
annual programs/plans through provision
and curriculums and inof thetrainings
several andmedia psychological
programs support.
in the
 GBV needs to be further integrated and institutionalized into
country. UNFPA and similar organizations need to make effort to influence the government to the training manual of the police,
universitymedia
provide annual programs/plans
coverage and curriculums and in the several media programs in the
and other supports.
 country. UNFPA and similar organizations
There is also a need to strengthen the already need toexisting
make structures
effort to influence
in universitiesthe government
supported by to
provide
OSSA such media coverage
as gender and other
offices supports.councils, and GBV clubs through provision of material
and student
 There
and otheris also a need to strengthen the already existing structures in universities supported by
supports.
 OSSA such as
Monitoring mechanism gender and offices and student system
accountability councils,hasand to GBV
be inclubs
placethrough
to make provision
justice of
andmaterial
police
and otheraccountable
officers supports. to their handling of perpetrators. Continuous supervision and follow up of
 Monitoring
model clinics, mechanism
FBOs andand GBVaccountability system has
survivors is required to be sustainability.
to ensure in place to make justice and
The initiative police
taken by
officers accountable
NCA to create a system to of
their handling ofneeds
accountability perpetrators. Continuous supervision and follow up of
to be supported.
 model
The commitments of religious leaders at top level needs to besustainability.
clinics, FBOs and GBV survivors is required to ensure cascaded toThe lowerinitiative
levels taken by
to bring
NCA to create
meaningful a systemchanges
attitudinal of accountability
on GBV needs to be institutions.
in religious supported. There is a need to establish and
 The commitments
strengthen GBV clubs of religious
supported leaders
by NCA at top levelprovision
through needs toofbematerial
cascaded andtootherlowersupports.
levels to bring
 meaningful attitudinal changes on GBV in religious institutions.
OSSA‟S GBV related activities shall include not only students, but also teachers, police There is a need to establish and
and justice
strengthen GBV clubs supported by NCA through
officers, Woreda administration and other bodies out of universities. provision of material and other supports.
 OSSA‟S GBV
Integrated related of
approach activities shall include
stakeholders not only students,
is mandatory to make but GBV alsoinitiatives
teachers,and police and justice
achievements
officers,
sustainable.Woreda Thereadministration
should be strong and other bodies out
coordination, of universities.
support and supervision from higher officials,
 Integrated
donors, governmentapproachand of other
stakeholders is mandatory
key stakeholders. to make GBV
Government initiatives
involvement and achievements
in GBV programmes
sustainable.
needs to be There
enhanced should be strong
to sustain GBVcoordination,
prevention and support andprovision
service supervision and from higherprotection
strengthen officials,
donors,
services.government and other key stakeholders. Government involvement in GBV programmes
 There isto abeneed
needs enhanced to sustain
to install secretGBV boxes prevention
and hotlineand services
service provision
in OSSAand strengthenuniversities.
intervention protection
services.
Telephone line needs to be installed in Gender offices of universities or other appropriate offices
with the placement of a fulltime expert responding to inquiries of students.
58
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60
Annexes
Annex 1: Case Stories
Case Story 1: Individual - Woman A
Woman A is 20 years old survivor of GBV. She was living in her aunt’s house where the perpetrator was also
living with them. After some time, when the aunt became sick and hospitalized, woman A was raped by the
aforementioned relative. Although the perpetrator was immediately fired from the house, the sick aunt
eventually passed away, leaving woman A without any support and in unfortunate situation. As the survivor
did also become pregnant, she had to live with her neighbor until she gave birth. After three months, she
joined the safe house where she received treatments and provisions such as food, clothing, sanitary pads and
soaps. According to this violence survivor, the problems she faced due to lack of shelter, clothing and such
provisions during her pregnancy makes the safe house relevant to alleviate her situation and is very
important for all survivors that are vulnerable.
Case Story 2: Individual - Woman in Chiro Woreda
Woman B is a 42 year old married woman who lives in Ajebas Kebele, Chiro Woreda. She got married at
the age of 14 and has 6 children. While giving birth to the seventh baby, she encountered a uterine
prolapse problem which she has been living with for over 18 years. As a result of this problem she could
not control the involuntary discharge of urine, which caused her loss of confidence and loneliness.
Eventually, her husband also left her and married another woman. After suffering such miseries, she was
found by the women development army which arranged for her to get support from the Oromia
Development Association. .
Case Story 3: How the project intervention has changed the lives of the women –Assosa woreda
Case Story A
Case A is about 38 years old who got married when she was only 15 and has six children. Born in Wollo and
currently living in Assosa, Benishangul-Gumuz, she was suffering from uterine prolapse due to excessive
work burden and lack of proper recuperation when she was young. Her uterine prolapse lasted for five
intolerably painful years and according to her, the most shocking thing she experienced was that she was
able to see part of her uterus hanging outside her body. After five years, she conceived her last child, and
during her pregnancy, the pain was less and her uterus was not visible at all but she experienced pain
during sexual intercourse.
This woman’s story with the programme started when she met one of the programme coordinators in her
village during a meeting on GBV. The coordinator consulted her about the uterine prolapse she was
suffering from and arranged a surgery. Later, the programme also provided her with free-of-interest loan
that she used to start up a business of breeding sheep. This small business was successful in that she was
saving 200 birr a month, which she used to support her household. While appreciating the economic
support and awareness on GBV that she received from the program, this woman comments that it would
have been more helpful if the loan were bigger and if trainings were provided on how to manage small
scale businesses. She also expressed her idea that 61 the programme would have stronger impact if it can
incorporate provision of technical trainings in the areas of agriculture and livestock production.
It is also interesting to note that this particular woman has become active in disseminating information on
61
Case Story 4: Institutional – The Case of Police Office
The case analysis was selected from Adami Tulu Woreda Police Office. The study team had a discussion with
the Police Officer on the general status and cases of GBV in the locality. The Officer noticed that the major
GBV cases commonly reported included rape, early marriage and FGM. As soon as the office received such
reports, it has been supporting the survivors through facilitating legal supports, looking for tangible
evidences for the GBV crimes and in turn report to the next responsible body (court, justice office).
Depending on the extent of damage inflicted, the GBV victim could also be referred to Women and Children
Affairs, hospitals, justice and courts, and to safe houses. The Police Officer noticed further that GBV
incidences often increase at the time of harvest. . This could be associated with sales of produces, increased
incomes and increased consumption of alcohol. Women with lower income levels and illiterate; people with
different health problems, disabled people and children below 10 years old were the mostly affected groups
of the society. The officer has also accentuated that before the implementation of this project, the practice
of disclosing and reporting GBV cases and crimes was not strong. The case was instead reported to religious
leaders and influential people where the perpetrator goes scot-free after making meager compensation to
the victim. The officer has also mentioned a distressing story “there are cases where the family of the victim
hides the case and removes possible evidences with the expectation to receive good amount of
compensation from the perpetrator. Such families consider GBV cases as sources of income”.
Apart from legal processes after the actions have taken place, the Police Office is also engaged in prevention
of GBV through awareness creation of the community and students using its community policing structures
in collaboration with the community and schools. It also uses existing informal community based structures,
such as ‘iddirs’, ‘ikubs’ and market areas to raise awareness of the community on GBV including its legal
consequences.
However, the current organizational structure of the Police office was not strong enough in terms of human
power to prevent and control GBV incidences efficiently. The services provided were not satisfactory
compared to the level of GBV related crimes taking place in the locality. The legal support provided for
survivors of violence was not adequate. Delays in court processes, unfavorable or unbalanced verdict
against perpetuators, and sometimes the judge could be made to release the perpetrator free through
unofficial dealings are the major challenges to achieve the objectives of the project and sustain the changes.
Such practices have discouraged the community to report the cases to Police.
Inadequate monitoring of programme implementation, inadequate budget allocated for the program, top-
down planning and unavailability of safe houses for the victims were the challenges recognized by the
Police Officer.
Case Story 5: How the project intervention has changed the lives of women –Bambasi woreda
Case Story B
Case B who is 16 years old lives in Bambasi Woreda. She got married when she was 12. Her cousin who she
was supposed to marry raped her and is in now in prison. Her uncle tried to force her family agree to a
marriage between his son and her because she was already pregnant. But she and her mother refused the
marriage. She quit school for a year because of the pregnancy. After she gave birth she continued her
education with the help of the project. There were many girls under 18 who have children from their cousins
in her neighborhood. She was engaged in income generating activities, which the project facilitated in
collaboration with women’s association. She bought clothes and food for her kid with the money she
earned. She took the national examination, and is now waiting for the results. Her mother took over her
small-scale business since she preferred to take care of
62her baby till she starts her class. She wants to be a
doctor so that she may help girls and women subjected to different forms of GBV.
62
Case Story 6: How MLWDA is relevant to the lives of the women - Pawe
Case Story A
Mesi lost her parents at the age of 7 and was raised by her aunt until she reached grade 5. But she couldn’t
continue beyond grade 5 because her aunt used to beat her and give her household chores beyond her
capacity. Despite this Mesi excelled in school, getting better results than her aunt’s children and this annoyed
her aunt, and she refused to send her to school. Her neighbors referred Mesi to the safe house in Pawe where
she was provided with a safe place to live. Mesi, in her own words, said: “My options at the time were
two; going to the street or the safe house, and if I had chosen the former, I would have quit my
education and might even have been raped. The safe house is very relevant for girls like me who
have been through a lot at such young age. Now I have families in the safe house, who can
understand not only my words but also my silence. I am continuing my education.”
Case Story 7: How MLWDA is relevant to the lives of the women - Gumuz
Case Story B
“I was never in school as my family thinks school is for boys. When I turned 14, my parents arranged an
exchange marriage for me and I got married. My husband did not have enough income to distribute to his
three wives, and consequently, my livelihood was based on daily heavy work load. Even when I was pregnant,
I used to collect wood for charcoal, and prepare traditional liquor. Therefore, during pregnancy, I
encountered uterine prolapse. I did not tell anyone for six years because, in Gumuz, a woman with such kind
of disease is treated as if she has committed some kind of sin.
The safe house, where I have got the appropriate medication after six years of waiting, is a very relevant
place for me. Even sitting used to be a luxury for me, and my husband left me because I had a bad smell and
could not satisfy his sexual desires. Therefore, the relief I have got after the treatment is beyond my ability to
express. When I came to the safe house, nobody discriminated me and seeing other women going through a
similar pain was a relief for me because I learned that it can happen to anyone and it’s not the result of my
sin”. (Case B, Kebe from Bulen.)
63
Case Story 8: Role Model from Bulen
My name is Weinitu. I got into an arranged marriage and immediately got pregnant and gave birth to a
baby boy. I told my husband I needed to start taking birth control pills but he refused. I didn’t have any choice
but to agree on everything he said. Within 6 years I became a mother of six children. Giving birth to six kids
within that short period of time made me weak. I couldn’t be as attractive as I was before for my husband
and he started to abuse and beat me and call me names.
When my first daughter turned seven, my husband refused to send her to school. I cried my eyes out when I
knew I couldn’t make any decision on my daughter’s life. That’s when I decide to make changes in my life. My
brother-in–law’s wife sells different vegetables on the street and I told her I wanted to start to work and she
lent me some money. She convinced my husband why it’s important for me to start working especially in
increasing the household income. He had no choice expect to agree, since she is his elder brother wife.
I started working and every night my husband took whatever money I got. When I told my brother-in–law’s
wife she advised me to join the self-help group. After joining the group I started saving; every two weeks we
saved fifteen birr. Being part of the self-help group was a tremendous help for me. Besides saving, I was
allowed to borrow and expand my business. After two years I was making money more than my husband and
I started participating in the decision making process of the household. The first thing I decided was letting
our daughter to go to school. I remember the feeling I had when I sent my daughter to school buying school
materials with my own money.
After saving for three years, MLWDA gave us one sheep for each. The agriculture extension worker gave me
technical expertise on how to take care of the sheep. It has been two years since I have received the sheep
and now I have seven. Officers of the Women and Children Affairs Bureau kept a close look at my business
and they gave me assistance on how to move my business forward. I am a changed person now thanks to
MLWDA. Even though I am illiterate, participating in self-help group and community conversations taught
me my rights and how I can stand up on my own. My husband doesn’t beat me anymore; we have equal
voice when it comes to making decision regarding the household. I give all the credit to MLWDA because they
empowered me in many aspects.
Case Story 9: Individual Case 2 from Pawe
Case D
Before I was referred to Bahir Dar hospital, I spent three and half weeks at the safe house where I was
provided with various kinds of support. Everything in the safe house, including the pills that I was taking to
relieve my pains, the food and shelter were provided for free. In addition there was a smelly fluid coming out
of my uterus but the safe house mothers wash me every now and then without scowling upon me.
The service I got was effective in terms of time and relevance. I am poor and covering the cost would have
been unthinkable for me. But MLWDA covered all the costs. In my stay at Pawe safe house away from my
family, all the safe house staff made me feel at home. Sharing your pain with someone who can understand
and share your pain is on the top of the benefit I have received from the safe house.
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Case Story 10: Individual Case 1 from Gondar
Case story A
Ayelu was born in Gondar and came to her relatives in Addis when she was a grade five student. While she
was with her relatives, she experienced different type of violence that she doesn’t want to disclose now. She
moved out of her relatives’ house and started living with her friends but she was not feeling comfortable
there. She discussed the violence she experienced with other people and they recommended her to go to the
police. Following their advice she went to Yeka police station. After hearing her case, the police officer helped
her to calm down and they brought her to AWSAD.
She was 8 months pregnant when she came to the safe house. At first, she was very scared thinking she will
be exposed to more violence than in her relative’s house but the reverse happened. For four days, she was
not willing to talk to anyone but when she started to communicate she found out that the other survivors
have gone through similar experiences. Sharing her experience with the other survivors was really helpful.
It has been a year and 2 months since Ayelu joined the safe house. The safe house made her forget her
problems. She has received both pre-natal and post-natal care. In addition, they gave her food, cloth, a place
to sleep, counseling, legal advice and skills training (i.e. hair dressing). With the initiation of the counselor
her case was taken to the court and she is now waiting for her final verdict.
Ayelu’s parents don’t know where she is today except her sister. She is planning to tell them soon. When she
gets out of the shelter; if possible she will continue her education, if not she will work as a hair dresser. Her
kid is the reason why she lives; she envisions the future as bright. She wants to show her kid how strong she
is. Prior to the violence, her dream was to finish school and help out her poor parents but after the violence,
she lost her faith. She even tried to kill herself but the counseling she received at the safe house helped her
to regain her faith.
The services she gets at the safe house are timely and adequate especially when she was pregnant.
Case Story 11: Role Model 1
Role model A
Hirut came to Addis with her brother to continue her education. However, her brother never allowed her
to go to school. She has been repeatedly raped by her brother, aborted several times and finally she
became sick. Her brother used to warn her not to tell the story to anyone, but finally, when it all became
beyond her control, she shared her story to one of her neighbors and they communicated her case to the
Women’s Affairs Bureau. Then they referred it to AWSAD. When her mother heard about her situation
she couldn’t control her anger and she eventually passed away. All her neighbors also hated her and
accused her of defamation. When she joined AWSAD she was sick and it took her a long time to recover.
The doctors said that she can no longer become pregnant. She stayed in AWSAD for three years and
received counseling service, self-defense training and hair dressing. After her graduation she left AWSAD
and was hired as a hairdresser. When AWSAD opened its own hair salon, she came back and helped in
organizing the hair salon and she is now hired as a staff. In addition to working in the hair salon, she also
advises and encourages survivors to be strong and thankful for the provision at AWSAD. She always said
that if she did not have the chance of joining AWSAD she would have been a sick and worthless person.
She also went to the newly established safe house in Adama and helped in organizing the place.
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Case Story 12: Role Model 2
Role model B
Azeb was married for 16 years. A few years after her marriage her husband started to abuse her. She
moved out many times but her family forced her to return back.
She could not report the violence to the police because her husband threatened to kill her. She thought of
killing herself for many times. She even escaped to the Middle East but after she worked for a year her
doctor told her if she kept working her left leg would be paralyzed. So she returned back to her country.
The abuse from her husband continued.
After she learned about the Ethiopian Women Lawyers Association (EWLA) from her neighbor she went
there and shared her story. The staff at EWLA treated her well and asked her to sue him. At first she was
reluctant. She asked herself who would take care of her kids. What if he got away with the crime? How
would her family treat her afterwards? and so on. After sharing her concerns with the staff of EWLA, they
brought her to the safe house. Her first expectation when they said safe house was that she was going to
live alone but when she went there it was all different. She got used to it with the help of safe house
mothers.
Besides the provision of food and shelter, the safe house changed the way she perceived herself. The
treatment she received built her confidence in suing her husband. After 8 months she got divorced and
left the safe house. Even after she left the safe house she still came back and forth to seek legal advice
regarding her share of properties. A year after her divorce, the court ruled for her to get her half of the
property.
Now she is a staff as a safe house mother in AWSAD. She is living with her kids and this was made
possible by the safe house. Now, her kids see her as their role model; she taught them how to be strong.
She cannot say that this whole process didn’t affect the kids psychologically but they would have been
more affected if she stayed in that miserable marriage.
Case Story 13: Sidama zone
Mekdes is from the Sidama Zone and worked as a maid servant. She was raped by her employer and
stayed in his house until she recognized her pregnancy. When she was 6 months pregnant she left her
job and reported the case to the police. The police brought her to the BIGA safe house.
“When the police brought me to the safe house I was in despair and hated my very existence. After I
gave birth, I hated my child and was not even willing to breastfeed him. I was always trying to
abandon or kill him. However, I have been getting regular psychosocial counseling service during my
stay in the safe house. As a result, I got great improvement from my traumatic conditions and became
hopeful and eager to live again. Now, I developed confidence to work and lead my life peacefully by
taking care of my child.”
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Case Story 14: Addis Ababa
She was married and has two children. She was living in Nifas Slk Lafto Sub-city. Her husband used to
drink alcohol and come home late. He was not giving her money for food and for her children’s clothing
and school expenses. She was alone with two little kids when her husband left her. He left her without
informing her where he went and disappeared for seven months. She did not manage to feed and to pay
her house rent, and found it difficult to work since she needed to take care of her children. A woman
informed her about MCRC, and she was asked to bring letter of evidence from Arada Woreda 6after
which she was accepted.
The center provided her and her children with house, food and clothes. After three months stay in the
safe house, the center relocated her to a rented house and paid 100 birr for the rent every month. But her
children are still provided with food, cloth and education. She received training in sewing and 800 birr
salary. The center took care of her children when she was in training. She considered herself like a full
time worker because she spends most of her time at the center. She is under the organization’s support
for the last 3 years and has no worries about house rent, her children’s clothes and their education fee.
She hoped to earn her own income after she finishes the trainings provided by the center. She said that
the service provided to her is good but the salary (800 birr) is not enough to cover her expenses since she
does not have another job.
Case Story 15: Case 2 from Addis Ababa
Case A
She has one child from her previous marriage. She was born in Addis Ababa around Tekle-Haymanot.
She got married and moved to Assosa to live with her husband. Her husband was a driver and he was an
alcohol addict. She was not economically empowered at that time and her husband was not giving her
money for household expenditures. She was engaged in different activities to make money such as
washing clothes. She was expecting that the behavior of her husband would change but it did not.
Finally, she decided to divorce him and to take care of herself and her child alone. After the divorce, she
started a new life with her son. Her husband came to take his child but she refused because she was very
afraid that he might rape him as he had violated a little girl aged 8 who was living in the town. She came
back to Addis Ababa and started living with her parents. Her parents were also addicted to chat and
shisha. So the environment was not convenient to her and her son. Then she left her parents and became
homeless. Her new life was bad; she built a small plastic house near MCRC. She was engaged in selling
chewing gum and cigarette to help herself and her son. She made money for a living but it was not
enough. One day the manager of MCRC met her son and took her and her child to the center. Then they
started a new life: the center provided them with food, clothes and shelter. She worked as a security
guard for the center. Her son is now 6 years old, and he is learning and getting support from theenter.
She is engaged in tailoring training and also gets payment (855 birr per month). Apart from the training
and monthly salary, the center pays her house rent and provides her and her son with food and clothing.
She is happy and safe now and plans to earn her own income in the future
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Case Story 16: Survivor of violence at the hands of her husband
Woman A was in her mid-thirties and a mother of six children. Three of these children are triplets born five
years ago. At the time she was pregnant, her husband used to nag her to get involved in farming work he
was engaged in. Because of her pregnancy, however, she was unable to work in the farm, and when her
husband forces her to go hungry as punishment, she goes back to her family. As there was no health
facility and medical follow-up in the area, she didn’t even know the nature of her pregnancy. When she
gave birth to triplets, there was no one besides her, and the three girl babies came within two hours of
each other. That was how Woman A developed fistula at the time. But thanks to the medication and
support that she got from the Hamlin Fistula Center in Bahir Dar, she regained her health and is now
leading a normal life once again.
Case Story 17: A student being sexually assaulted
This student pointed out that being a female student is always difficult given all the harassment and abuse
from fellow students and teachers. She claims that “some teachers make sexual advances and saying no to
such unwelcome advances may result in physical assaults and many other consequences. As a girl student,
you have to deal with all these problems. Lodging complaints or accusing the perpetrator would take you
nowhere as the words of the male perpetrator are more believable than that of ours. Most of us have tried
to file accusations against our perpetrators, but nothing has happened to the offenders, and the attempt
always ends as a futile exercise. When I finish my education, I want to become a lawyer because I want
women to get the justice they deserve. “
Case Story 18: Case story of a prisoner accomplice to rape
The prisoner is serving a 4 years sentence for being an accomplice to rape. The person who committed the
rape is also in prison sentenced to 8 years of imprisonment. At the time when this person gave interview to
the Esemashallehu radio program, he has been in jail for a year. He is 32 years old and puts a blame on too
much alcohol use for his crime.He deeply regrets that he is serving a prison term leaving his family behind and
destroying his marriage. He believes that he has wronged not just his family but the community as a whole
by committing that shameful act, and would like to say a heartfelt sorry to all those who he harmed in one
way or another. The prisoner promised that he is ready to make amends, to change his ways in the future and
to compensate the community in practice and in any manner he can.
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Case Story 19: Attitudinal changes
A listener of the Pro-Pride radio program says: “I listen to Esemashalehu radio programme on a regular basis,
and I learned a lot from the program. My attitude towards women is changing by the day. I no longer see
women as inferior to men, and I would do everything I can to protect women from all kinds of violence.
Case Story 20: Finding volunteer supports
Woman B suffered from continued violence at the hands of her husband who chased her out of their house
and eventually married another woman from Haramaya town. She now lives in Dire Dawa, begging alms on
the street and supporting all four of her children with that. She is accustomed to seeing her children go
hungry most of the day, but the fact that the children will not be able to go to school is haunting her like a
terrible nightmare. After the story of Woman B was aired on Odeysi, concerned individuals from the Women,
Children, and Youth Affairs Bureau, Education Coordination Office, and Kebele 04 came together and decided
to help her children continue their education. They not only bought the kids all the necessary school materials
for the season but also promised to buy them uniforms and to follow-up their school performance all-round
the year.
Case Story 21: From Meteya-Enedera
CASE A: Prevention Component
Case A is 29 years old and she is a mother of three children. She lives in Meteya- Enedera Keble, Enarji
Enawuga Woreda of East Gojjam Zone. She suffered from uterine prolapse for a year. She gave birth to
her first daughter at an estimated age of 14 and second child at the age of 16. She did not receive
antenatal care during her third pregnancy, and she gave birth at home with the assistance of a
traditional birth attendant. The labor was long and intense. She was happy to have her third child.
However, when days passed by, she recognized that there was something wrong with her uterus, but she
kept it to herself. Her husband knew about her uterine problem, and took her to a nearby holy water
place called Shewsshengo-Medhanialm. But she continued suffering from the uterine prolapse. One day
the local administrator called for a community meeting to talk about uterine prolapse and asked if they
knew someone with such kind of problem. Her husband brought the facilitators home to observe her
condition, and they recommended her to visit the Kebele health center, which referred her to Debir
Health Center. She was finally referred to Bahir Dar Hospital. She joined the treatment center, and it
enabled her to regain her health. The treatment center operated her within three weeks, and she
received food, clothing, bed and sanitary goods. In addition, the center offered her awareness raising
services focusing on early and forced marriage. The medical treatment at Bahir Dar Hospital was timely,
and it can also be accessed without traveling long distance. She observed many changes in her life after
the medical treatment. She regained her health and her self- confidence increased. She managed to
consult women in her locality without fear and shame. She managed to actively participate in social
gatherings and church activities and became engaged in activities that boosted her family’s income.
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Case Story 22: From Debir
CASE B: Prevention Component
Case B gave birth to seven, but lost her four children for unknown reasons. She developed a uterine
prolapse problem when she was giving birth to her fifth child. Her labor was long and unusual bleeding
occurred. She felt irrelevant and insecure due to the loss of her child, and she hid from people by engaging
intensively and restlessly in tiresome activities. A Kebele police officer came to her house and informed her
about the treatment in Bahir Dar. Even though she lost her hope of becoming healthy, she agreed to the
police request. The police took her and other women to Debir Health Center and the health center
referred them to Bahir Dar hospital. The problem occurred twenty years ago, but she received the
treatment two years ago. Because of this she did not think that she joined the treatment center at the
appropriate time. She received accommodation, medical treatment and awareness raising services during
her three weeks stay at the treatment center. The awareness raising training was focused on different
forms of GBV, gender equality and maintaining personal hygiene. After receiving medical treatment, she
became more viable physically, psychologically, socially and economically. The psychological and medical
treatment at the health center enabled her to attend social gatherings with no feelings of shame and
insecurity. She forwarded her gratitude to police officers and those who provide her with money.
Case Story 23: Hawassa
Abebu, 21 and a student at a teachers’ training center, is from Hawassa. After she was raped by her
boyfriend and became pregnant, she gave birth in a hospital and the hospital linked her to the BIGA safe
house for she did not have anywhere to go.
“I believed that the service in the safe house is very important for a girl like me. If this place was not
available, my fate would have been to be a beggar or a street girl. No one could employ me with my
baby. When I came to the safe house I was very depressed and full of hate. I hated and didn’t want to see
my child. There were times that I tried to kill him. It was very difficult to accept him as my own child.
It has been 7 months since I joined the safe house. Now, I am starting to think that the thing that
happened on me is not the end of the world. I can continue my life again. The psycho-social counseling
service during my stay in the safe house changed me a lot. Now, I want to continue my education and
change my life and support my family”.
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Annex 2: Terms of References

Section II: Terms of Reference (TOR)
Please insert your specific TORs here; for assistance in the development of your TORs refer to the
Guidelines for writing TOR available in English. (Attached Separately)
1. BACKGROUND
UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund) is an international development agency that promotes the right of
every women, man and child to enjoy a life of health and equal opportunity. UNFPA supports countries in
using population data for policies and programmes to reduce poverty and to ensure that every pregnancy
is wanted, every birth is safe, every young person is free of HIV/AIDS, and every girl and women is
treated with dignity and respect. Thus, the major working areas are maternal health, family planning,
adolescent and youth development & HIV/AIDS prevention, data for development, and gender.
Under the area of gender, UNFPA response and supports to policies and institutional capacity building,
engaging communities, preventing harmful traditional practices and gender based violence.
In the gender area, phase two of the programme on prevention and management of GBV funded by the
Royal Netherlands Embassy (RNE) has been under implementation from October 2012 – December 2015.
The programme is relevant to the UNFPA Ethiopia 7th Country Programme (2012-2015) stipulated under
the gender equality component. The gender equality component contributes to UNDAF outcomes (which is
the UN Strategic Framework to support the Government‟s Growth and Transformation Plan - GTP). The
UNDAF outcome related to it is explained as “by 2015, women and youth are increasingly participating in
decision making and benefiting from livelihood opportunities and targeted social services”.
During phase one of the pgrogram, which was also supported by RNE, every effort was put into enabling
women to speak out against gender-based violence, and to get support when they are victims of it. The
programme was also committed to keeping gender-based violence in the spotlight as a major health and
human rights concern. UNFPA advocates for legislative reform and enforcement of laws for the promotion
and the protection of women's rights to reproductive health choices and informed consent, including
promotion of women's awareness of laws, regulations and policies that affect their rights and
responsibilities in family life.
Phase two of the programme was formulated based on two outputs (output 9 and 10) of the 7th UNFPA
Country Programme. Output 9 is “Strengthened community response to promote and protect the rights of
women and girls in relation to harmful traditional practices and gender-based violence” and, output 10 is
“Strengthened institutional response to address harmful traditional practices and gender-based violence
and provide information and services to survivors of gender-based violence, including within a
humanitarian context”.
The programme is implemented together with implementing partners of 11NGOs and 1 Governmental
Organization operating in six Regions of the country (Amhara, Oromiya, SNNPR, Tigray, Benishangul-
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Gumuz and Addis Ababa.) The programme was initiated in October 2012 and is ending in December
2015, with an outcome that “by 2015, women, youth and children are increasingly protected and
rehabilitated from abuse, violence, exploitation and discrimination.
The programme is expected to contribute to the realization of four key outputs aims at:
1. Increased knowledge and response of communities and other stakeholders on GBV and SRH
2. Increased availability and accessibility of SRH and psycho-social services for vulnerable groups
and survivors of GBV
3. Strengthened capacity of the law enforcement bodies to effectively handle and respond to GBV
cases
4. Increased Stakeholders‟ capacity for enhanced coordination and advocacy on issues of GBV
UNFPA with implementing partners employed various methodologies for prevention and response area of
intervention. In prevention side, they worked to fill the gap in identifying and addressing causes of
violence to minimize the chance of violence from happens and to bring attitudinal and behavioral changes
through mobilization of the wider community, advocacy and public awareness creation methodologies.
Besides, the intervention is made to address the gap in service delivery to survivors of GBV in the country,
which corresponds to the immediate response after violence has occurred to limit its consequences through
care, support and referral linkages.
To accomplish the intended results UNFPA implement human rights-based, gender-responsive and culturally
vested approach by involving and strengthening partnerships with United Nations System, Government
organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), academic and other entities to fulfill its mandate
of addressing GBV.
The Programme has employed various participatory programme interventions strategies listed as follows;
 Enhancing capacity development of governmental and non-governmental agencies to address issues related
to GBV
 Conducting advocacy, public education and awareness campaigns using various channels
 Building the capacity of law enforcement bodies including police officers, health service providers, university
students, teachers, youth, women‟s, community leaders and religious groups through provision of trainings
and other platforms
 Provision of shelter, health and psycho-social services to survivors of GBV and appropriate services for
perpetrators of violence
 Engagement of popular figures as role models to address and strategically advocate against GBV
 Strengthening coordination mechanisms on GBV at federal and regional level
 Thus, the phasing out of the programme in December 2015 necessitates the undertaking of end evaluation in
its implementation. UNFPA would like to engage the services of qualified professional firm in conducting
evaluation with expected high quality standard.
2. PURPOSE OF THE EVALUATION
The main purpose of the programme evaluation is to assess the effectiveness, relevance, impact and
sustainability of the past implementation of the programme in order to identify lessons and good practices
that can improve future effort on preventing and management of GBV in Ethiopia.
The specific objectives of the proposed appraisal are to:
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- Review its effectiveness and efficiency in progressing towards the achievement; and how the
programme outputs were achieved
- Assess and verify the relevancy of the programme to respond to the country needs and challenges;
to the intervention at national levels and alignment with the UNDAF in a view of assessing UNFPA
contribution to the UNCT.
- Examine the current programme challenges and opportunities
- Evaluate the coordination and sustainability of the program
- Determine the impact of the intervention with respect to Gender Based Violence
- To assess the continuation of the programme towards the intended outcome align with UNDAF
- Identify key findings and lessons learnt; and provide specific actionable recommendations in light of
evidence on how to improve the programme that build upon this results.
3. SCOPE
The reviewing, analyzing and providing of finding and recommendations shall focus on the relevancy,
effectiveness, efficiency, sustainability, impacts, and management and coordination as it is described in
detail below under evaluation criteria. The evaluation being conducted is end of programme covering
from October 2012 to December 2015 time frame.
The evaluation will specifically focus on prevention and management of gender based violence
programme supported by UNFPA and currently working with 12 implementing partners (11 NGOs and
1GO), key stakeholders from governments sector of health, women and children affairs; and different
community based organization and beneficiaries participated in the programme implementation process.
For the thematic coverage all intervention found in prevention and management of GBV should be
critically assessed; and for the geographical wise, the observance of the points described in the following
table are mandatory; but not limited to it as others may considered necessary by the supposition of
evaluator.
No Implementing Partners (IPs) Suggested woredas to be covered by the
evaluation team
1 AWSAD and MCRC AA Safe houses
2 NCWH Assosazuria, Bambasi
3 ADA Enargenaenawga, Dera, Kobo
4 ESOG Mekele, Jimma and Gonder
5 MLWDA Bullon and Pawi
6 OSSA Mekele and Adama
7 ODA Adamitul, Adama, Chiro
8 Pro-Pride Bahirdar, Alemaya
9 EFPC AA and other selected woredas of IPs
10 NCA Mekele, AA, SNNPR
11 BIGA SNNPR
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4. EVALUATION CRITERIA
The evaluation approach need to be participatory and consultative that should carry out using the
following evaluation criteria of relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, sustainability, outcome/impact and
coordination that will provide the basis for reflection in the overall evaluation process. However, if the
field situation required to raise additional vital issues, it would be covered as well in a flexible manner.
Relevance: to assess the extent to which the objectives of the programme are consistent with the evolving
needs and priorities of the beneficiaries, partners, and stakeholders. Hence, evaluators need to consider:
- How has the programme addressed the relevant on-going needs in the country?
- How the programme has appropriately taken into account the priorities of the implementing
partners;
- To what extent has the programme contributed to the mandate and priorities of UNFPA as an
organization and to the national priorities of the country stipulated in key documentation (i.e.
GTP, National gender policy, FDRE constitution etc.)
- How have the stakeholders taken ownership of the programme concept?
- How do the partners, target groups and beneficiaries consider that the programme achieved its
goal in contributing towards enabling women & girls protected from violence and access services?
- Critically review the design of programme in terms of its effectiveness
Efficiency: to measure how the appropriate resources (funds, expertise, time, administrative costs etc.…)
have been utilized and converted into achieved results. Thus, the evaluators have to assess:
- What measures have been taken in planning and implementation to ensure that resources are
efficiently utilized?
- The extent to which the programme funds and activities been delivered in a reasonable timely
manner? If not, what were the bottlenecks come upon?
- Have the UNFPA support and coordination mechanisms effectively supported the delivery of the
programme?
- What were the constraints for efficient implementation? And the level of effort made to come up
these challenges?
Effectiveness: the extent to which programme outputs have been achieved and contributed to the
achievement of the overall outcomes, emphasizing tangible improvements for women‟s right and gender
equality. This will requires a comparison of the intended goals, outcomes and outputs with the actual
achievements of results. The evaluator will need to assess the below points by referring the logical
framework of the theory of change of the progamme
- What has been achieved desired output results with its reasons as the progress made towards it so
as to identify factors contributed to effectiveness or ineffectiveness
- The extent to which these outputs have contributed to the achievement of the overall outcomes
- To what extent the target beneficiaries have been benefited from the programme activities and
the level of theirs and partners satisfaction with programme implementation and results.
- Have the programme effective monitoring mechanisms in place to measure progress towards
results; were it able to identify challenges and measures taken to address these challenges?
- To what extent the capacities of direct implementer have been strengthened?
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Impacts: to see the successfulness of intervention strategies for example its impacts on gender equality;
observed changes in people‟s life, attitudes, and beliefs who are benefited from the interventions; any
unintended positive or negative outcomes due to intervention shall be seen.
Sustainability: relays to the continuation of the likelihood that benefits from the programme after UNFPA
funding is terminated; & the corresponding interventions are closed. The following need to consider by
evaluators:
- The actual flow of benefits after the interventions have ended; for instance is the programme
supported by institution of government and civil society and do those institution demonstrate
commitment for their leadership, ownership and technical capacity to continue to work with the
program?
- The overall resilience of benefits to risks that could affect their continuation
- What might needed to support partners to maintain these benefits?
- The overall potential for continuation or upscaling of the initiative
Management and Coordination: how well the coordination functions have been fulfilled? The approach
to manage the project, including the role of stakeholders, and coordination with other service
providers/development projects in the same area shall be examined in this evaluation process.
5. METHODOLOGY
The evaluation shall employed both quantitative and qualitative methodology. Participatory methods
should be occupied as the paramount method of evaluation to guarantee a high level of stakeholder
participation and to emphasize on the learning process oriented. Hence, with this basic principal, partner
organizations are being fully involved into the evaluation process and the following stated multiple method
of data collection will be applied accordingly.
6. DATA COLLECTION METHOD
In order to increase the quality of the report and the usefulness of the evaluation results, a multi-method
approach comprising both primary and secondary methods will be used. Thus, a rigorous document review;
in-depth key informant interviews; focus group discussion, and observation shall be applied but not limited
to it.
Document review: review of both UNFPA and IPs plan and reports, such as mandate and strategies
document, project proposal, annual working plan, training curricula/modules, standard progress reports,
previous evaluations documents, baseline survey doc, financial documents, national GTP, policy, publication
produced by the project etc.…will be conducted.
In-depth key informant interviews: in-depth interview with selected key informants from UNFPA, IPs and
other key stakeholders shall be employed. Besides, the evaluator shall propose cases study stories from
prevention and response interventions and take sample for an in-depth interview with individual survivors,
households & other beneficiaries so as to proof the result of change in life associated with the action being
evaluated. Structured, semi-structured and or unstructured interviews as a technique may be used as it
deemed necessary and depend on the different target groups and demanded information.
Focus group discussion: FGD is the other proposed data collection method to be used for this evaluation.
Thus, it will be carried out with represented target group from stakeholders, different organized
community members (club, advisory groups etc.…) and beneficiaries. The participants and number of each
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focus groups, interview guides, procedures of FGD moderator, required materials, note-taking and/or
recording should be clearly articulated in the evaluator‟s technical proposal.
Observation: information may be gathered by means of physical participation on activities such as service
delivery process, stakeholder meeting, etc.
7. QUALITY ASSURANCE
In the assurance of quality, evaluators should clearly show as to how they ensure the quality of evaluation
work expressing clear management structure of coordination, quality assessment methods and team
composition in their aspects. In order to ensure the quality, validity and credibility of both primary and
secondary source of data gathering through various data collection methods and tools, should come
together and should be triangulated well. Measures will be taken to review it accordingly.
The application of participatory evaluation approach from starting up to ending of evaluation process is
found to be essential to assure its quality. In doing so, partner organizations shall be consulted & take
responsibility, beneficiaries and other stakeholders shall actively involve to display and express their
situation, their challenges and their achievements in their own words and images at grass root level.
On the other hand, a quality assessment procedure for getting competent evaluators meet the expected
required service shall also be followed as per setting criteria and evaluation processes of their technical
and financial proposal.
The observance of ethical aspects of evaluation process and utility, credibility, and appropriateness of the
evaluation results will critically due considered as a means of ensuring quality.
8. DELIVERABLES AND TIMELINE
The expected time to complete evaluation report is 6 weeks from the signing of the contract.
No. Milestones and Deliverables Working weeks
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 Prepare and submit inception report of the evaluation
study
2 Feedback given by UNFPA
3 Finalize inception report as per feedback
4 Data collection and analysis
5 Delivery of first draft report
6 Review by UNFPA
7 Finalize document incorporated feedback
8 Present and facilitate validation workshop
9 Final submission
- The report has to be written in a clear, professional and unambiguous English language. It
should be provided with the form of both soft and hard copy including words and power
points.
- All information under the report has to be complete, clear, concise, well-structured and
adequately documented and supporting the findings. In addition, the findings and
recommendations in the report have to be presented based on evidence and it should be
implementable.
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- The report shall be presented with precise executive summary comprising the evaluation
objectives, mandates, approach/methodology, key findings, conclusions and recommendations.
- All document reviewed, list of implementing partners and respondents used during evaluation
process should be attached as annex.
9. Payment milestones and authority
The qualified consultancy firm shall receive its lump sum service fees upon certification of the completed
tasks satisfactorily, as per the following payment schedule:
Installment of Deliverables or Documents to be Approval should be Percentage of
Payment/ Period Delivered obtained Payment
1st Installment Up on Submission of Inception report and UNFPA Authorized 20%
certified by the respective designated Personnel
personnel
2nd Installment Up on submission of first draft report and UNFPA Authorized 30 %
certified by the respective designated Personnel
personnel
3rd Installment Up on submission of the complete final UNFPA Authorized 50%
evaluation report incorporated feedback Personnel
and presentation in workshop certified by
the respective designated personnel (
Hard Copy and Soft Copy)
Total 100%
10. Institutional arrangement

a. The Contractor, will be directly responsible to, reporting to, seeking approval/acceptance of
output from UNFPA designated personnel
b. The Contractor is expected to liaise/interact/collaborate/meet with in the course of performing
the work with different stakeholders indicated in section 3, but not limited.
c. Any travel costs for field site during evaluation will be fully paid by firm that has to be agreed
prior of starting the duty
d. The writing up for documentation has to be clearly, professionally and unambiguous written in
English language. All information under the documents have to be complete, clear, concise, well-
structured and adequately documented.
11. OWNERSHIP
Copyright of the final evaluation report produced and all information gathered by the firm in the
evaluation process is solely belongs to the UNFPA Ethiopia Country Office. Therefore, the consultant shall
not be entitled either directly or indirectly to make use of such documents for other purposes without the
prior written consent of UNFPA.
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The result of evaluation shall be used by the programme partners to reflect on the effectiveness and
relevance of their interventions and to develop their intervention strategies in a joint learning process.
12. QUALIFICATION AND COMPETENCIES

- Open for national firm comprise at least a minimum of 4 professional evaluation team member with
academic background of Master‟s degree or equivalent in social sciences or related fields
- Personnel who will be engaged in this assignment should have a minimum of 5 years relevant
professional experience in monitoring and evaluation technical activities of GBV/SRH, M&E, RBM
related programme
- Excellent knowledge of understanding of local country contexts; current policies and legislation
- Willingness and ability to travel to the different project's sites in the country
- Working expertise within UN context, familiarity with the UN evaluation policy, standards in the
area of women‟s human rights and violence against women
- Familiarity with Netherlands fund supported programme evaluation
- Ability to consistently approaches to work with energy, positive and constructive attitude
- Capacity to work and deliver under pressure
- Excellent interpersonal and facilitation skills
- Excellent computer skill
- Excellent writing skills and proficiency in English language; knowledge spoken Amharic and Oromo
&Tigregna are preferable
13. Criteria for Selecting the Best Offer
This section should indicate the full list of criteria which shall serve as basis for evaluating proposals and
awarding the contract, and the respective weight of each criteria. A General guide has been provided in
the RFP Data Sheet.
Selecting of the best offer will be made based on: Combined Scoring method: where methodology,
expertise of the firm and expertise of the experts will be weighted a maximum of 70%, and combined
with the price offer which will be weighted a maximum of 30%.
Detail Evaluation Criteria is attached in Annex I
14. SUBMISSION OF APPLICATION
A technical and financial proposal need to be submitted separately (Two Envelop) with all relevant
supportive documents. The content of technical proposal has to clearly show the understanding of the task,
its specific objectives, and evaluation plan consisting a detailed proposed evaluation approach and
methodology, steps/processes to be followed, specific tasks, timeframe and resources needed to complete
the service.
Letter of expression of interest – explaining why the evaluator is the most suitable for the work of
evaluation and bbrief profiles of the evaluation team member‟s CV should attached with technical
proposal.
All applicants are required to submit non – returnable hard copies of their proposals (of the technical and
financial breakdown with all relevant documents) with letter of expression of interest within 15 days from
this announcement to the address indicated below.
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Address for submission:

UNFPA Ethiopia Country Office
P.O.Box 5580
Addis Ababa
- Only short-listed consultancy firm will be contacted
15. OUTLINE OF EVALUATION REPORT FORMAT
The following outlined elements must be included in the evaluation reports, but not necessarily be
limited.
- Title page
- Table of contents, including list of annexes
- List of acronyms
- Executive summary – not more than maximum of 2 pages
- Introduction – background and context of the programme
- Description of programs logical change theory
- Scope of the evaluation, key questions
- Limitations and de-limitations
- Methodology and process
- Findings- organized in different thematic areas
- Conclusions
- Recommendations
- Lessons learnt - best practice – success case
- Annexes
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Annex 3: Evaluation Criteria and Questions

The consulting team understands the importance of selecting the appropriate evaluation criteria that could
be able to produce the most desirable results from the end term evaluation study. Thus, we adopted the
standardized evaluation criteria proposed by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of OECD-
DAC5; which include relevance, efficiency, effectiveness, impact and sustainability. In addition, we also
employed Value-for-money principle in the context of the nature of the project. We believe that this
standardized approach would fulfill the requirement of the programs‟ evaluation objectives set on the
TOR. Moreover, all the data collection tools required for this evaluation were designed in way that all
OECD/DAC project evaluation criteria and Value-for-money principle. Hence, details of evaluation criteria
and principles employed in GBV programme supported by UNFPA are presented in the following ways.
According to the terms of reference (ToR), it has been established that the evaluation approach need to be
participatory and consultative that should carry out using the evaluation criteria of relevance,
effectiveness, efficiency, impact, sustainability, management and coordination that would provide the basis
for reflection in the overall evaluation process. Based on the ToR, each evaluation criterion and its set of
questions are briefly described as follows:
Relevance of GBV program: In evaluating the relevance of GBV programme supported by UNFPA, it is
necessary to examine whether or not programme purpose and overall goal are set in accordance with the
needs, priorities and constraints of the target beneficiaries, partners, stakeholders and government
policies. In order to evaluate the extent to which the objectives of the programme are consistent with the
evolving needs and priorities of the beneficiaries, partners, and stakeholders, the following questions are
considered:
 How has the programme addressed the relevant on-going needs in the country?
 How the programme has appropriately taken into account the priorities of the implementing
partners;
 To what extent has the programme contributed to the mandate and priorities of UNFPA as an
organization and to the national priorities of the country stipulated in key documentation (i.e.
GTP, National gender policy, FDRE constitution etc.)
 How have the stakeholders taken ownership of the programme concept?
 How do the partners, target groups and beneficiaries consider that the programme achieved its
goal in contributing towards enabling women and girls protected from violence and access
services?
Effectiveness of GBV program: Under this criterion, assessment is made towards the extent to which
programme outputs have been achieved and contributed to the achievement of the overall outcomes,
emphasizing tangible improvements for women‟s right and gender equality. By considering the program‟s
logical framework theory of change, comparison of the intended goals, outcomes and outputs with the
actual achievements of results is also made. In order to evaluate how the appropriate resources (funds,
expertise, time, administrative costs, etc.) have been utilized and converted into achieved results, the
following questions are addressed:
 What measures have been taken in planning and implementation to ensure that resources are
5OECD.DAC Evaluation Network, Glossary of Key Terms in Evaluation and Results Based Management. OECD. June
2002. http://www.oecd.org/site/0,3407,en_21571361_34047972_1_1_1_1_1,00.html
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 Have the programme funds and activities been delivered in a reasonable timely manner? If not,
what were the bottlenecks come upon?
 Have the UNFPA support and coordination mechanisms effectively supported the delivery of the
program?
 What were the constraints for efficient implementation? And the level of effort made to come up
these challenges?
Efficiency of GBV program: This criterion has measured the extent to which appropriate resources (funds,
expertise, time, administrative costs etc.) have been utilized and converted into achieved results. On the
other hand, we focused on the extent to which resources have been used to produce the intended outputs
and how resources could be used more efficiently to achieve the intended results. The evaluation intended
to show whether or not the results were obtained at reasonable costs, i.e. the cost, speed and management
efficiency with which means/inputs and activities were converted into an acceptable level and quality of
results. The extent to which programme outputs have been achieved and contributed to the achievement of
the overall outcomes, emphasizing tangible improvements for women‟s right and gender equality. This
particular evaluation criterion required a comparison of the intended goals, outcomes and outputs with the
actual achievements of results. To critically review the design of programme in terms of its effectiveness,
the following questions are addressed:
 What has been achieved desired output results with its reasons as the progress made towards it so
as to identify factors contributed to effectiveness or ineffectiveness
 The extent to which these outputs have contributed to the achievement of the overall outcomes
 To what extent the target beneficiaries have been benefited from the programme activities and
the level of theirs and partners satisfaction with programme implementation and results.
 Have the programme effective monitoring mechanisms in place to measure progress towards
results; were it able to identify challenges and measures taken to address these challenges?
 To what extent the capacities of direct implementer have been strengthened?
Impact of GBV program: Under this criterion, the focus is to assess programme contribution on gender
equality; changes observed in people‟s life, attitudes, and beliefs who are benefited from the
interventions; any unintended positive or negative outcomes due to intervention and etc. On the other hand,
changes produced by an intervention directly or indirectly have been assessed in the course of final
evaluation. In order to evaluate the successfulness of intervention strategies (for example its impacts on
gender equality; observed changes in people‟s life, attitudes, and beliefs), the following questions are
addressed:
 Who are benefited from the interventions?
 Are there any unintended positive or negative outcomes due to the intervention?
 Are there any changes in the lives of beneficiaries due to the intervention?
Sustainability of GBV program: Sustainability measures the extent to which benefits of initiatives continue
after external development assistance has come to an end. More specifically, the evaluation team
assessed the likelihood that benefits from the programme would continue after UNFPA funding is
terminated, and the corresponding interventions are closed. The sustainability of the programme initiatives
are examined from the point of view of local stakeholders including target beneficiaries‟ participation,
institutional arrangements, compatibility of project objectives and target community need, etc. In short,
sustainability relays to the continuation of the likelihood that benefits from the programme after UNFPA
funding is terminated and the corresponding interventions are closed. In order to evaluate the
sustainability of the program, the following questions were considered:
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 The actual flow of benefits after the interventions have ended; for instance is the programme
supported by institution of government and civil society and do those institutions demonstrate
commitment for their leadership, ownership and technical capacity to continue to work with the
program?
 The overall resilience of benefits to risks that could affect their continuation
 What might be needed to support partners to maintain these benefits?
 What is the overall potential for the continuation or scaling-up the initiative?
Management and Coordination of GBV program: Under this criterion, the evaluation team examined the
approach and mechanisms used in coordination of GBV programme supported by UNFPA including the
role of stakeholders, and coordination with other service providers/development projects in the same area.
This criterion was evaluated by considering the following issues:
 How well the coordination functions have been fulfilled?
What was the approach used to manage the project, including the role of stakeholders, and coordination
with other service providers/development projects in the same area?
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Annex 4: Survey Tools

Household Survey Questionnaire for Programme Beneficiaries
Hello: Thank you for taking your time to answer the following questions. My name is _______ and I am
working for DAB Development Research and Training PLC. Currently, we are conducting a survey to
evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practices of beneficiaries towards GBV. There are different NGOs
working on the provision of education and other services for the prevention and management of GBV in
collaboration with UNFPA-Ethiopia. You might be one of such beneficiaries. We would appreciate you
taking the time to respond to the following survey questioners.
Your participation in this survey will not only directly benefit you but it will help the funding organization to
assess the overall impact of its partner organizations. Whatever you response itwill be confidential and
will not be shared with other than the survey team. We will not ask you questions that require you to
reveal your name or any other information that may identify you. All of the response in the survey will be
recorded anonymously. We also do not report any identifiable information. Whatever you response is, it
will be very useful.
Participating in this study is voluntary and you have the right not to respond to all the questions and/or to
withdraw from the interviews at any time. Your withdrawal from the interview will not affect your
relationship with the service providing organization. The survey questionnaire may take a maximum of 45
minutes. If you have questions, you can contact the team coordinator (Name) of DAB Development Research
and Training PLC. via cell phone: 0936637071
PART I: Characteristics of the Respondent
Region______________
Woreda _______________
Kebele_________________
Person ID ____
Date of interview ___________________
Start time ___________
Name of interviewer ______________________
GPS coordination North ______________________
GPS coordination East _____________________
Implementing Partner _____________________
1 Name of Respondent ____________________
2 Age _________________
3 Sex____________________ 1. Male 2. Female
4 Current place of residence_______________1. Urban 2. Rural
5 Place of birth______________ 1. Urban 2. Rural
6 Current income per month_______ Per year __________________
7 Education type
1. No education (can‟t read and write)
2. Informal education (can read and write through adult literacy or religious education)
3. Forma education (attained government or private school)
8 Education level ______________________ grades complete if attended formal education
1-12 grade completed
13 Certificate (10+1, 10+2, 10+3, 12+1, 12+2)
14 Diploma (10+4, 12+3)
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15 Degree and above

9 What is your marital status?
1) Single (never married) 2) Married 3) Separated
4) Divorced 5) Widowed
10 What is your main occupation?
1) Housewife 2) Farmer 3) Trader 4) Teacher 5) Health worker
6) Student 7) Police 8) Attorney 9) Judge 10) Social worker
11) Other (please specify) ________________
PART II: Awareness Related Questions
A: General Questions
11 What do you know about GBV practice in your area? (Multiple response is possible)
1. It is a violation of human right
2. It is the result of powerlessness
3. It is caused by power inequality between men/boys and women/girls
4. It result in reproductive health problem
5. Other If any (please specify) ____________________________
12 Which of the following do you think is the most common form of GBV in your locality? (Multiple
response is possible)
A. Physical abuse
B. Sexual abuses
C. Emotional /psychological abuse
D. Financial abuses/unable to decide on economic matters
E. Forced prostitution,
F. Trafficking for forced labor
G. Sexual exploitation
H. Sexual harassment
I. Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting
J. Early marriage
K. Forced marriage/Abduction
L. Discriminatory practices based on gender
M. Other (please specify) ______________________________
13 What do you think are the major causes of GBV? (Multiple responses is possible)
1. Lack of awareness
2. Harmful traditional practices
3. Prevalence of poverty
4. Family disruption like divorce
5. Women‟s lack of power
6. Attitude related issues
7. Culture related issues
8. Religious related issues
9. Other (please specify)__________________________________
14 GBV can cause psychological and physical health problems for adolescent girls and women.
5. Strongly agree
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4. Agree
3. Somewhat agree
2. Disagree
1. Strongly disagree
0. Not sure
15 What impacts do you think that GBV is likely to bring to the survivor in particular? Please tell us the
major possible impacts. (Multiple response is possible)
1. Physical
2. Psychological
3. Economical
4. Social
5. Others (please specify)______________________________
16 GBV is a violation of human rights.
5. Strongly agree
4. Agree
3. Somewhat agree
2. Disagree
0. Not sure
17 If you ever become a survivor of GBV, where would you go for assistance or information?
1. Police
2. Social court/ MahiberawiFerd Bet
2. NGOs/ providing social services
3. Medical services (hospital, health centre)
4. Church /mosque
5. Legal aid/ services
6. Families, relatives, neighbours
7. Close friends
8. School teachers
9. Kebele Administration
10. Clan leaders/ influential people in the kebele
11. Others (please specify) __________________________
12. Don‟t know
18 If I encounter any type of GBV, I will report the incidence to the local police.
5. Strongly agree
4. Agree
3. Somewhat agree
2. Disagree
0. Not sure
19 All types of violence against women/girls (such as verbal, physical, sexual, FGM/C, early and forced
marriage, etc) should be reported.
5. Strongly agree
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4. Agree
3. Somewhat agree
2. Disagree
0. Not sure
20 If you witnessed an incidence of GBV (especially violence against women/girls), what would you do?
(Multiple responses is possible)
5. Report to school teachers
4. Report it to police
3. Discuss about it with my friends
2. Discuss about it with my parents
1. Remain silent
0. Others (please specify) _______________
21 If you witnessed an incidence of domestic violence at your neighbours or friends, what would you do?
I would personally intervene.
5. Strongly agree
4. Agree
3. Somewhat agree
2. Disagree
0. Not sure of what to do
22 In your opinion, what could be done to help prevent GBV (violence against women/girls) in your
locality? (Multiple response is possible)
1. Public education and awareness creation
2. Education focusing on youth
3. Survivors‟ support services
4. Counselling services for victims
5. Improving standard of living or create employment opportunities
6. Strict penalties on perpetuators
7. Don‟t know
8. Others (please specify) ____________________________
23 Do you know that anybody that instigates violence would face legal charges?
1) Yes 2) No
24 How do you manage to know about GBV (Multiple response is possible)
1. Through specific training
2. Through media
3. Community sensitization
4. Being member of a club
5. From friends / neighbors
6. Other (please specify)____________________________
25 Do you know any GOs, NGOs and civic society organizations (CSOs) that are working to address the
problem of GBV?
1) Yes 2) No
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26 The interventions made to prevent and control GBV especially by the project was highly relevant from
the point of view of my (the respondent) interests and priorities:
5. Strongly agree
4. Agree
3. Somewhat agree
2. Disagree
0. Not sure
27 The interventions made to prevent and control GBV especially by the project was highly relevant from
the point of view of community interests and priorities:
5. Strongly agree
4. Agree
3. Somewhat agree
2. Disagree
0. Not sure
B. Awareness related to availability of services provided by the project
28 Have you ever experienced any form of GBV?
1. Yes 2. No Skip to Q45
29 If yes, what kind? (Multiple responses is possible)____________________________
A. Physical abuse
B. Sexual abuses
C. Emotional /psychological abuse
D. Financial abuses/unable to decide on economic matters
E. Forced prostitution,
F. Trafficking for forced labor or prostitution,
G. Sexual exploitation
H. Sexual harassment
I. Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting
J. Early marriage
K. Forced marriage/Abduction
L. Discriminatory practices based on gender
M. Other (please specify)______________________________
30 If your response to question number 30 is yes, have you received any support to cope up with your
problem of GBV?
1) Yes Skip to Q33 2) No
31 If no, why you failed to get support?
0. I never request support
1. GBV is a tradition and I did not see the importance of reporting
2. I didn‟t know where I should get support Skip to Q34
3. I report, but never get support
4.Other (please specify)____________________________
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32 If your response to question number 31 is yes, what kind of support did you receive?
1. Physiotherapy
2. Counseling
3. Awareness raising/creation training
4. Clinical
5. Economic
6. Access to education
7. Hotline/Telephone
8. Legal service
9. Shelter
0. Any other (please specify)_____________________________
33 Was the support relevant to the nature of the problem you faced?
1. Yes 2. No
34 Would you please describe the support in terms of the level of adequacy?
1. Very Adequate
2. Adequate
3. Somewhat adequate
4. Inadequate (it was not helpful) Skip to Q37
5. It was even harmful
35 If you think that it is inadequate or harmful, what could be the possible reason?
1. It doesn‟t take the interest of the community
2. Adequate resources are not allocated/provided
3. Inappropriate beneficiary selection criteria/procedures
4. Other(please specify)____________________________
36 How would you describe the support in terms of urgency?
1. Very prompt
2. Somehow prompt
3. Prompt
4. Somehow late
5. Too late
37 Do you think those GBV victims that are in need have received supports by the project?
1. Yes, all of them have received supports
2. Yes, most of them have received supports
3. Yes, but only some of them have received supports
4. No one received supports
38 How do you perceive the quality of service provision by the project?
1. Very high 2. High 3. Medium 4. Poor 5. Very poor
39 Supports provided by the project have brought positive impacts on the health of the beneficiary:
5. Strongly agree
4. Agree
3. Somewhat agree
2. Disagree
0. Not sure
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40 Supports provided by the project have brought positive impacts on the general livelihood of the
beneficiary:
5. Strongly agree
4. Agree
3. Somewhat agree
2. Disagree
0. Not sure
41 Do you believe such supports will continue even though the project stops its service?
1. I think it will continue by the government
2. I think it will continue by another NGO
3. I think it will continue by the community itself
4. I think it will not continue
42 If you believe the support will continue, how do you think this is possible?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
43 If you believe that the support will not continue, what do you think the reason would be?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Part III: Empowerment Related Questions

44 Do you think that the NGO (the project intervention) has increased your confidence?
45 If your response to question number 45 is yes, in what ways has it increased your confidence? (Multiple
responses is possible)
1. I can accomplish what I set out to do
2. I have positive attitude about myself
3. I have confidence to make decision
4. I can overcome barriers
5. I have self- worth Skip to Q48
6. I see myself as a capable person
7. I am able to do things as most other people do
8. I feel I have a number of good qualities
9. If any (please specify)___________________
46 If your response to question number 45 is no, in what ways has it decreased your confidence? (Multiple
responses is possible)
1. I cannot accomplish what I set out to do
2. I have negative attitude about myself
3. I don‟t have confidence to make decision
4. I failed to overcome barriers
5. I am depressed
6. I see myself as incapable person
7. I cannot able to do things as most other people do
8. I feel I don‟t have good qualities
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9. Others (please specify)____________________________
47 Do you feel that you have control over your future life?

48 If your answer is yes to question number 48, in what ways? (Multiple response is possible)
1. I can pretty much determine what will happen in my life
2. I am generally optimistic about the future Skip to Q51
3. I can solve my problems by taking action
4. If any (please specify)___________________________
49 If your answer is no to question number 48, in what ways? (Multiple responses is possible)
1. I cannot determine what will happen in my life
2. I am pessimist about the future
3. I cannot solve my problems by taking action
4. Others (please specify)_______________________
50 Do you think that your community has been empowered by the project (NGO)?
51 If your answer is yes to question number 51, in what ways? (Multiple responses is possible)
1. Has increased the community‟s knowledge and understanding of GBV
2. Has empowered the community economically
3. Has empowered the community socially
4. Has improved the relationship between men and women
5. Has empowered the community psychologically
6. Other (please specify)_______________________
52 Do you think the empowerment made was relevant to your life?
1. Yes, it was very relevant
2. Yes, it was somehow relevant
3. No, it wasn‟t relevant
4. No, it was even harmful
53 Does the programme change your livelihood situation?
54 If your answer to question number54 is yes what kind of change you have seen?
1. Economic
2. Decision making power
3. Human / skill
4. Physiological / build confidence
5. Other (please specify)________________________
55 How was the adequacy of the change made?
4. Very adequate
3. Adequate
2. Somewhat adequate
1. Inadequate
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56 The change you have got will remain sustainable even if the project implementer NGO stops the
service and follow-up:
5. Strongly agree
4. Agree
3. Somewhat agree
2. Disagree
0. Not sure of what will happen
57 Have you seen any change in your decision making and control over resource after the intervention of
the NGO?
58 If you have seen a change in your decision making and control power, can you mention some? (Multiple
answers is possible)
1. I decide about the schooling of my children
2. I decide about marriage of my children
3. I decide on expenditure of the household Skip to Q61
4. I participate on planning in the house hold
5. Other (please specify) _______________
59 If the answer to question number 58 is no, what is the reason?
1. The programme doesn‟t change my confidence
2. The programme doesn‟t change my economic position
3. My partner doesn‟t have as equal understanding as me
4. The intervention doesn‟t take my interest/ need into consideration
5. Other (please specify) _______________________
60 How was the follow-up made by the project on the interventions?
4. There was frequent and regular follow-up
3. There follow-up, but it was intermittent and occasional
2. There was rare follow-up once in a while
1. There was no follow-up at all
Part IV: Questions Related to Relevance, Impact, Coordination and Sustainability
61 Did the NGO contribute to your knowledge on issues of GBV?
1) Yes Skip to Q64 2) No
62 If your response to question number 62 is no, what could be the reason?
1) I had been aware of GBV and the measures to be taken before the NGO started operating
in the woreda
2) I have not been a beneficiary of the programme and thus not exposed to the awareness
creation activities of the NGO
3) The NGO is engaged in activities other than awareness creation
4) I have not been interested or curious to benefit from the services of the NGO
5) Other reasons ( please mention them) ____________________
63 Which social group do you think has benefited from the project?
1. Mothers/women
2. Fathers/men
3. Daughters/Girls
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4. Sons/Boys
5. If any (please specify) ____________________
64 Do you think that the NGO is providing evidence based and adequate services to the community?
65 If your answer to question number 65 is yes, which type of services the NGO provided in a
tangible/practical manner?(Multiple response is possible)
1. Public education
2.Education focusing on youth
3. Survivors‟ support services
4. Counselling services for victims
5. Improved standard of living or created employment opportunities
6. Other (please specify) _______________________
66 Did the programme benefit you?
67 If yes, what do you think are the benefits of this project/programme for you as a woman/girl?
(Multiple response is possible)
1. Helped me to know my rights
2. I get enough information on the cause, consequence of GBV
3. It enables me to know how to prevent GBV as individuals
4 It empowers me how to report GBV
5 I get economic benefit
6 It boost my self confidence
7 I received social therapy or counselling
8 Other (please specify)____________________________
68 If the answer to question number 67 is yes, what do you think is the reason?
1. The programme is timely
2. The mode of communication is very clear
3. The type of support doesn‟t take the interest of the community Skip to Q71
4. The support is adequate
5. If any please specify __________________________
69 If your answer for question number 67 is no what do you think is the reason
1. The timing of the programme is not appropriate
2. The mode of communication is difficult to understand
3. The mode of support / programme doesn‟t take my situation into consideration
4. The support is not adequate
5. If any please specify___________________________________
70 What do you say about the NGO„s selection criteria of target groups/ beneficiaries?
1. Transparent
2. Impartial
3. Participatory (direct involvement of relevant community members)
4. If any (please specify) ______________________________
71 How do you characterize the NGO„s operation in the intervention area?
1. Transparent
2. Impartial
3. Accountable
4. If any (please specify) ________________________________
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72 As per your assessment, how doyou see the relevance of the activities or interventions of the NGO in
addressing the problem of GBV in your woreda?
1. Very relevant
2. Relevant
3. Somehow relevant
4. Irrelevant
Questions Related to Coordination
73 What do you say about the involvement of the community in the design and implementation of the
NGO‟s activities?
1. Very Adequate
2. Adequate
3. Somehow adequate
4. Inadequate
74 How do you evaluate the coordination among different actors in the implementation program?
1. Very Adequate
2. Adequate
3. Somehow adequate
4. Inadequate
Questions Related to Impact
75 Do you think that the interventions made so far by the NGO have brought about impact/outcome on
your life in general?
76 If your answer to question number 76 is yes, what do you think are the reasons? (Multiple responses is
possible)
1. The project was timely
2. The criteria for beneficiary selection was transparent
3. Enough resources were mobilized
4. Project implementation was participatory with beneficiaries
5. Project participation was participatory with higher officials Skip to Q79
6. The project focused on priority problems of the community
7. The project was in-line with government policy and strategy
8. There was close monitoring and supervision of the project operations
9. If any (please specify)________________________
77 If your answer to question number 76 is no, what could be the reason and what should be done?
(Multiple response is possible)
1.The project was not timely
2. The criteria for beneficiary selection was not transparent
3. Enough resources were not mobilized
4. The focus of the project was not in line with community interests (the community did not own the project)
5. The focus of the project was not in line with government priority (Higher officials did not own the
project)
6. Project monitoring and supervision was poor
93
7. Project implementation was not participatory

8. If any (please specify) ____________________________
78 In general, do you think that the NGO has successfully addressed the problem of GBV in your locality?
1. Yes, to a large extent
2. Yes, it was satisfactory
3. Yes, but it was limited and unsatisfactory
4. No, it wasn‟t successful
79 If your answer to question 66 is no, what are the constraints/challenges?
1. Lack of access to education
2. Lack of awareness creation projects in the community
3. Inadequate law enforcement
4. Exclusion of men and boys
5. Exclusion of perpetuators
6. The approach adopted to implement the project was not appropriate
7. Key stakeholders were not involved in the project implementation
8. Existing culture and attitudes
9. Please mention if there is any other constraints ______________________
Questions Related to Sustainability
80 How do you view the project in terms of ownership?
1. I consider the project as it is mine, solving my problem
2. I simply participate because it has to be implemented
3. It is intended to satisfy the interest of NGO and donor
4. I simply participated because I do not have any other option
5. Other (please specify)_______________________
81 What are your suggestions for preventing and managing the problem of GBV?
1. Integration of GBV in school curricula and police training manuals
2. Inclusion of men and boys in the programme
3. Inclusion of perpetuators in the programme
4. Strengthening community involvement
5. Coordinated effort by GOs and NGOs
6. Strengthening awareness creation programme
7. Others(please specify) ___________________________
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82 How do you perceive the status of support of the following stakeholders in keeping project
interventions go forwards?
S. No. Stakeholders Status of their support?
1. Highly supportive
2. Supportive
3. Somehow supportive
4. Not supportive
5. Even it was harmful
1 Community police
2 Woreda police
3 Kebele Administration
4 Kebele influential people (clan leaders, elderly, etc)
5 School teachers
6 The community as a whole
7 Woreda Administration
8 Local justice (mahberawifirdbet)
83 Has the community developed a sort of by-laws on how to protect and control GBVs?
1. Yes 2. No
84 Do you perceive that woreda administration has allocated adequate budget to prevent and control
GBVs?
1. Yes, I believe it has allocated adequate budget
2. Yes, even though the budget is inadequate
3. No idea, because the woreda budget is not transparent to us
4. No budget allocated at all
85 How was the monitoring and follow-up practice of project initiatives by kebele or woreda
administration, or any of the concerned expert or office other than implementing NGO?
1. It was very good and regular
2. It was not regular, but intermittent and unsatisfactory
3. It was rare and disappointing
4. There was no follow-up at all
86 Do you think the changes brought up by the project could also be scaled-up to other non-target areas?
1. Yes 2. No
87 Do you think project interventions will continue in the future in your area even though the NGO who has
been operating stops services and goes away?
1. Yes, it will remain sustainable
2. Not sure of whether it will continue or not
3. For sure it won‟t continue and everything will go back
88 If you perceive that it will remain continue in the future as well, what are your reasons?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
89 If you perceive that it will not continue in the future as well, what are your reasons?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
95
90 Do you have additional ideas/suggestions related to GBV in your locality?

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
End time _________
Thank you very much for your time and for providing relevant information!!!
96
The Prevention and Management of Gender Based Violence Programme in Ethiopia” from October
2012 –December 2015
Checklists
Introduction
DAB Development Research and Training PLC has deployed a team of independent consultants to evaluate
the effectiveness,relevance, efficiency, impact and sustainability of the (Oct 2012-Dec2015)
implementation of the UNFPA programme in order to identify lessons and good practices that can improve
future effort on the prevention and management of Gender Based Violence (GBV) in Ethiopia. The
consultancy team aims at evaluating the performance of the Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
engaged in the implementation of this programme over the span of three years (2012-2015) of their
operation. This NGO is one of the twelve NGOs working in collaboration with UNFPA on the prevention
and management of GBV in Ethiopia. The different NGOs operate in different regions, where some work
more than one region and woredas (districts). Based on the agreement between DAB and UNFPA, a
woreda of operation has been randomly selected amongst many (if any more) for evaluation purposes.
Given that you have been involved in the operation and management of this NGO, we would like to know
your self-assessment of the performance, good practices and limitations of the NGO in terms of
accomplishing the specific components of the GBV programme in general and the specific targets
envisaged to be implemented in this woreda.
Interview guide for police

Background information
Name: ________________________________________
Sex:________________________________
Educational level:__________________________
Qualification: _______________________________
Position/Title: _______________________________________
Woreda/Town: ___________________________________________
Contact details: _____________________________________
Interview Questions
General question
 What do you understand by GBV?
 What types of GBV cases are reported mainly to your office?
 What is the role of the Police Office to prevent and control GBV cases from happening? Is this role
clearly indicated in the Police structure or mandate?
 How do you respond to these GBV cases
 In what occasions do the GBV cases often occur?
 which category of the society is most prone to and affected by GBV cases
 How is the practice of the community or victims in reporting GBV cases when viewed over time, such as
before three years, after three years, etc
 If the practice of reporting GBV cases is still inadequate, what do you think are the reasons for this?
How do you believe this can be addressed?
 In your opinion, how adequate is legal provision in protecting and controlling GBV cases
97
 How do you perceive the current organizational structure the Police Office to adequately and
effectively prevent and control GBV cases?
Questions related to relevance
 How does your office work to combat GBV?
 How frequent GBVs are reported to your office?
 Have you incorporated GBV into your police training manuals?
 How do you think is project intervention relevant to the community in preventing and controlling GBV
cases?
 Has the project interventions been supportive to Police in taking its mission a step forwards?
 How is the project relevant in relation to woreda priority?
 How has the project addressed the relevant on-going activities of the policy related to preventing and
controlling GBVs in the woreda?
 How the project has appropriately taken into account the priorities of the woreda police in addressing
GBV related problems;
 To what extent has the project contributed to achievement of the GTP-1 plans of woreda police?
 How was collaboration of the relevant actors or stakeholders with police in addressing GBV related
issues?
 How do the woreda police perceive that the project has achieved its goal of contributing towards
enabling women & girls protected from violence and access services?
Questions related to efficiency
 What mechanisms does your office use to handle reported GBV?
 What are the procedures that you follow once a case of GBV is reported?
 How adequately have the funds been raised and distributed among activities?
 Do you feel there is adequate funding to scale up the programme that you think is effective?
 Are there delays in reporting GBV cases to your office? If so, what do you think causes delays in
reporting?
 To what extent are the resource mobilized in your institution to effectively support GBV interventions?
 Has the government been allocating adequate finance to help in the prevention and control of GBV?
 How adequately has the Woreda Police been allocating manpower to help in the prevention and
control of GBV cases on the community?
 What do you think is lacking from the point of view of resources allocation to effectively prevent and
control GBV cases
 What do you believe has been achieved from project implementation in the woreda? What do you
think has contributed for this achievement
 To what extent has the project achievements contributed to the achievement of the overall all woreda
police plans and targets?
 To what extent has the woreda police benefited from the project initiatives? How do you describe the
level of satisfaction of project implementation and its achievements?
 How effective was the woreda police monitoring mechanism to assess project progresses and measure
its achievements? How was the woreda police effective in identifying the challenges and addressing
these challenges?
 To what extent the project contributed in building the capacity of woreda police? To what extent has
the woreda police contributed in building the capacities of project implementer NGOs?
98
Questions related to Effectiveness

 To what extent your office achieved desired output in terms of GBV if any,
 To what extent that victim of GBV have been benefited from your service
 Does your office have effective monitoring mechanisms to measure progress towards combating GBV?
 Were it able to identify challenges and measures taken to address identified challenges?
 If you have received training on GBV, how has the training increased your capacity towards
assisting both survivors and perpetrators?
 Did the training target both male and female police officers?
 How the participation of the woreda police in the planning and implementation of project initiatives?
 What was the role and contribution of the woreda police in making sure that project resources were
 Do you think the project funds were utilized reasonable for the planned activities in a timely manner?
What do you think were the problems related to fund utilization?
 How do you perceive the support of UNFPA main office in the overall project coordination and
monitoring to help the project deliver its goals?
 What do you think were the overall constraints for efficient implementation of the project? What do
you think should have been done to address these constraints?
Questions related to Management and coordination
 What problems do you encounter when carrying out investigations?
 How far you are working with safe houses?
 What specific task your office do in relation to safe houses?
 How far you work in coordination with other stakeholders?
 What good lessons does your office provide for future programme design?
 Do you have additional points/ideas related to the issue under discussion?
99
Interview guide for teachers and principals/deans/presidents

Background Information
Name: _____________________________________________
Sex:____________________________
Educational level:____________________
Qualification:_____________________________
Position: _____________________________________________
School/College/University: __________________________________
Woreda/Town: ___________________________________________
Contact details: _____________________________________________
General Questions
 What are the specific roles your school/college/university (club, media, peer learning, assertiveness
training, hot line service ...) play to combat GBV?
Question related to relevance
 What is the rationale for your school/college to work on GBV?
o How has the programme addressed the relevant ongoing needs of beneficiaries?
 What kind of clubs have you established in your school/college/university?
 How beneficiaries (students) does and stakeholder (educationalist) taken ownership of the programme
concept?
 To what extent is the project in line with the on-going similar initiatives or programs of your
organization to prevent and control GBVs?
 Do you perceive the project activities are in accordance to the priorities of your organization to
prevent and control GBVs?
 To what extent do you believe the project initiatives have contributed to achievement of GTP-1 plans
of your organization?
 Has your organization taken ownership of the project concept and included in its annual plans?
 How do you perceive that the project has contributed to enabling women & girls protected from
GBVs?
 Have you or your organization participated in the annual planning, appraisal and evaluation of the
project activities?
Question related to Efficiency
 Have you conducted project orientation/launching in your school/college/university?
 What kind of mechanisms have you used to provide your students with relevant information on GBV?
 What kind of trainings have you provided to help victims of GBV?
 What kind of materials and manuals have you developed to address GBV?
 What are the mechanisms your school/college/university employed to strengthen the capacity of
health facilities in your institution?
 What are the selection criteria for provision of sanitary and cleaning materials?
 Have the UNFPA support and coordination mechanisms effectively supported the delivery of the
programme?
 What kinds of learning and linking programmes have you formed to address GBV?
100
 What were the constraints for efficient implementation of the programme?

 What are the levels of effort made to come up these challenge?
 How is the status of allocation of your organization in allocating finance for the prevention and control
of GBVs
 How is the status of your organization in allocating experts / human resources for the control and
prevention of GBVs?
 How was the contribution of the project in reinforcing the achievement of your organizations plans for
the prevention and control of GBVs?
 Do you believe your organization has benefited from project initiatives? How?
 Do you think the target beneficiaries have been benefited from the project activities? How do you
perceive the level of satisfaction of beneficiaries on the project achievements?
 How do you think was the project being monitored? Was the monitoring mechanism satisfactory and
was it problem solving?
 Do you think the capacity of your organization has been improved because of project interventions?
How?
 How do you perceive that the involvement of your organization contributed in building the capacity of
the implementer NGO?
Questions related to effectiveness
 To what extent the target beneficiaries have been benefited from the progmm activities
 How do you evaluate the impact of your intervention?
 Does the programme have effective monitoring mechanism to measure progress toward result?
 Does the programme able to identify challenges and measures taken to address identified
challenges?
 What mechanisms are avail to strengthen the capacity of direct implementers (club leader/
educationalist)
 How do you perceive the overall progress of the project in achieving its plans and goals
 Do you think there are activities planned but not yet implemented or not completed? If so, which
activities? What do you think are the reasons for this?
 How do you see the overall quality of project implementation?
 How do you perceive overall level of satisfaction of project implementation and its achievements
 What do you think are the problems of the project in implementing its planned activities? How would
have these problems been addressed?
 What roles do you or your organization play in monitoring to ensure that project resources are
 Do you believe that the project funds and activities been delivered in a reasonable timely manner? If
not, what were the bottlenecks? How should have these been addressed?
 Do you believe UNFPA main office has been supportive in the overall coordination of the project and
addressing the problems?
 What do you think were the constraints that hindered the project from achieving its objectives and
goals?
101
Questions related to impact

 Can you tell me any observed change after the intervention (gender equality, attitudinal change…)
 Can you tell me any untended positive and negative change after the intervention?
 Who do you think benefited from the overall project interventions? How?
 Are there any unintended positive or negative outcomes due to the project intervention? Please
mention the major ones
 Are there any changes in the lives of beneficiaries due to project intervention? What are these
changes?
Questions related to management and coordination
 What are the challenges you have encountered during programme implementation?
o What good lessons does your office provide for future programme design?
Question related to sustainability
 Do you think that this programme will continue after the suspension of UNFPA support?
 How do you plan to continue this programme after the termination of UNFPA support?
 What do you think is the strong part that enables to continue this programme after the termination of the
UNFPA support?
 What do you think is needed t support schools/ universities to maintain these benefit?
 According to your opinion what does the overall potential for continuation or up scaling of this initiative?
 Have you or your organization been participating in the planning, implementation and monitoring and
evaluation of the initiatives in the course of the project?
 What do you think will happen to the initiatives after phase-out of the project?
 Has your organization included project initiatives in your annual plans?
 Has your organization allocated budget to resume project initiatives after phase-out period?
 Is there an expert assigned to let project activities keep on moving ahead in the absence of the NGO
who has been implementing the project?
 Do you think the benefits achieved from the project will continue in spite of the problems it may face?
 What do you think is required to maintain the project benefits and stay long lasting?
 Do you think the best practices and achievements of the project can be scaled-up to other areas? How?
102
Interview guide for Woreda officials and gender officers

Name: _____________________________________
Sex:____________________
Educational level: _________________
Qualification:_______________________
Position: _______________________________________
Woreda/Town: ____________________________________
Contact details:______________________________
Interview Questions
 How does your office work to combat GBV?
 What do you think are the causes of GBV in your area of intervention?
 What types/forms of violence are common in relation to gender?
 How frequent GBVs are reported to your office?
 Do you perceive the project activities are in accordance to the priorities of your organization to prevent
and control GBVs?
 To what extent do you believe the project initiatives have contributed to achievement of GTP-1 plans of
your organization?
 How do you perceive that the project has contributed to enabling women & girls protected from GBVs?
project activities?
 What specific mechanisms does your office use to combat GBV?
 What is the role of your organization in ensuring effective enforcement of policy and legal provisions
on GBV and better service delivery for survivors of violence?
 How far your office is involved in GBV related activities in relation to other tasks?
 To what extent are resource mobilized in your institution to effectively support GBV interventions?
 How adequately have the funds been raised and allocated/distributed among activities?
 Do you feel there is adequate funding to scale up the programme that you think is effective?
 Do you have any mechanism to evaluate your intervention?
 Have your employees received any kind of training related to GBV issues? If yes, what kind of training?
 Have you participated in discussions and workshops organized by the NGO on issues related to GBV?
of GBVs
103
prevention of GBVs?
How?
 To what extent the target beneficiaries have been benefited from the programme activities
 If you have any specific programme on GBV, to what extent that the target beneficiaries have been
benefited from the programme activities.
 What is the level of satisfaction of beneficiaries?
 Does the programme have effective monitoring mechanisms to measure progress towards results?
 Were it identity challenges and to address these challenges?
 What do you think were the constraints that hindered the project from achieving its objectives and goals?
 Does your office observed any kind of impact on beneficiaries?
 If so, what kind of change your office has observed/brought in combating GBV?( Gender equality,
attitudinal change…)
 Are there any unintended positive or negative outcomes due to the project intervention? Please mention
the major ones
 Are there any changes in the lives of beneficiaries due to project intervention? What are these changes?
104
Questions related to coordination and management

 Did you work with NGOs and GOs for enhanced coordination and advocacy on issues of GBV? If so, in
what ways?
 Have you received technical and institutional support from the NGO that enhanced the capacity of your
organization?
 Do you have additional points/ideas about the issue under discussion?
105
Interview guide for Journalist/Reporter

Name: __________________________________________________________
Sex:________________________
Educational level________________
Qualification________________
Position/Title:___________________________________________________________
Woreda/Town: _________________________________________________________
Contact details: ___________________________________________________
 How far your reports focus on GBV?
 Which specific issues of GBV you deal with most?
 What are your sources of information on GBV?
and control GBVs?
your organization?
project activities?
Question related to efficiency
 What mechanisms you use to address GBV on media?
 Do you think that the timing of your programme is appropriate to meet your objectives?
 Do you think that the coverage of your progamme is adequate to meet your objectives?
 If no to the above two questions (9 &10), what are the specific challenges you have faced?
 Have your employees received any kind of training related to GBV issues? If yes, what kind of training?
of GBVs
prevention of GBVs?
106
How?
 What is the role of your organization in ensuring effective enforcement of policy and legal provisions
on GBV and better service delivery for survivors of violence?
 Do you think that your programme has brought any change on the listeners/target groups?
 If so, what change have you observed?
 What mechanism did you use to bring the change?
 To what extent the targeted beneficiaries have been benefited the programme activities
 What is the level of your institution and partners satisfaction with programme implementation and
result
goals?
 Have you seen any impact because of the radio programme (gender equality, attitudinal change)
 Were your programme objectives consistent with the UNFPA‟s overall objectives?
 Have you observed any unintended positive or negative impact because of the programme
 If yes, please explain the factors contributing to your achievement/success?
 If no, please explain the main factors that hindered your achievement/success?
 What corrective measures were taken to improve the programme, and how did they affect results over
time?
 Have you ever received feedbacks from direct and indirect beneficiaries on the quality of the project?
 How well is the programme functioning?
the major ones
107
Questions related to sustainability

 Do you think that this programme will continue without the support of UNFP
 If, so what are the mechanism planned so far (budget, ownership…)
 Is the programme supported by institution of government and civil society?
 If so what is the level of leadership commitment of these institutions.
 What do you think is needed to support this programme to maintain provision of service for the
beneficiaries?
 Can you comment on the overall potential for continuation or up scaling of the initiative?
Question related to coordination and management
what ways?
 Have you received technical and institutional support from the NGO that enhanced the capacity of your
organization?
 What good lessons does your office t provide for future programme design?
108
Interview guide for judge

Name: __________________________________________________________
Sex:______________________
Educational level:_________________
Qualification: _____________________
Position/Title:___________________________________________________________
Woreda/Town: _________________________________________________________
Contact details: ___________________________________________________
Interview Questions
 Are there GBV cases reported to your office? If so, what do you say about these cases?
 Which type of GBV is most reported?
 To what extent is the project in line with the on-going similar initiatives or programs of your organization
to prevent and control GBVs?
and control GBVs?
your organization?
project activities?
Questions related to Efficiency
 Do you think that there is appropriate penal code to deal with GBV?
 How far GBV related cases are treated in comparison to other cases?
 How do you evaluate the involvement of your institution to fight GBV?
of GBVs
prevention of GBVs?
 How do you think was the project being monitored? Was the monitoring mechanism satisfactory and was
it problem solving?
How?
109
Question related to effectiveness

 What do you think is the response of the victims in regards to the court‟s decision?
 Do you think that your institution gives appropriate justice/decision to GBV cases?
 If not, what are the main challenges?
 Does your institution work in collaboration with police, GO, and NGO?
 Does staff of your institution get technical and financial support from UNFPA?
110
Interview guide for Survivors

Name: __________________________________________________________
Sex:______________________________
Educational level_________________________
Qualification:_________________________
Position/Title:___________________________________________________________
Woreda/Town: _________________________________________________________
Contact details: ___________________________________________________
Interview Questions
Relevance
 Would you please tell me the forms of GBV you have experienced?
 How did it happen to you and what do you think is the cause of this violence?
 Would you please tell me how you manage to be in this safe house?
 Do you think that you join the safe house at the appropriate time?
 Can you say something on the relevance of the safe house?
Questions related to Efficiency
 What specific support do you get from the safe house?
 How long have you been in this safe house?
 Do you think that the service you are getting now is effective in terms of timing and relevance?
 What do you think are the benefit of the safe house for you as a survivor?
 If it is not adequate, what do you think should be improved?
 Can you tell us any change you have observed after joining the program?( self confidence, economic
benefit..)
 Do you think that the safe house enable you to increase your self confidence and ecomic position to
continue life alone?
 Do you have additional points related to the issue under discussion?
111
Interview guide for religious leaders

Name: __________________________________________________________
Sex:_________________________
Educational level:____________________
Qualification: ____________________________
Position/Title:___________________________________________________________
Name of your religious institution:
Woreda/Town: _________________________________________________________
Contact details: ___________________________________________________
Interview Questions
 What is your understanding of GBV?
 Can you please explain your religious institution‟s specific activity on GBV?
Question related to efficiency
 Can you please explain your personal involvement in combating GBV?
 What mechanisms did you use to empower vulnerable groups in your religious institution with
knowledge and awareness about human and legal rights?
 Have the religious leaders in your institution received any kind of training related to GBV issues? If yes,
what kind of training?
 Have you organized girls‟ and boys‟ clubs at congregation as well as campus level to combat GBV? If
so, could you please explain the type and purpose of each club?
 Were you involved in the design and implementation of locally/culturally appropriate GBV prevention
programmes as well as in the mobilization and awareness creation forums organized by the NGO?
 What can be done to prevent cases of GBV in this locality/woreda? Who has to do what? What has to
be changed?
 What are the changes you observed in your area after your intervention?
 To what extent the target beneficiaries have been benefited from the programme activities?
 To what extent is your organization satisfy with the programme implementation and results
 Does the programme has effective monitoring mechanisms to measure progress towards results
 Does the programme able to identify challenges and measure taken to address these challenges?
 What good lessons does your religious institution provide for future programme design?
 Do you have additional points/ideas about the issue under discussion?
Question related to impact
 Does the programme bring any observed change in people life (attitudinal change, gender
equality…?)
 Have you observed any unintended positive or negative outcomes due to interventions?
 Do you think that this programme will continue without the support of UNFPA?
112
beneficiaries?
Question related to coordination and management
what ways?
 Have you received technical and institutional support from the GO and other partners that enhanced
the capacity of your organization?
113
Interview guide for health professionals and safe house personnel and counsellors
Name: __________________________________________________________
Sex:__________________
Educational level:_________________
Qualification:________________________
Position/Title:___________________________________________________________
Name of Health Center/Clinic/Safe House: ______________________________________________
Woreda/Town: _________________________________________________________
Contact details: ___________________________________________________
Interview Questions
 What is your understanding of GBV?
 What specific services you provide for survivors/victims of GBV?
 What are the common cases you diagnosed in relation to GBV?
 What kind of service you provide for the survivors of GBV and that of fistula victims(self -care training
for survivors, emergency victim support and transport service)?
and control GBVs?
your organization?
project activities?
 Do you think that your service provision is efficient in terms of timing and current need?
 If not, what are the specific problems/challenges identified/encountered?
 Have you been involved in the establishment of referral linkages?
 Have you received trainings/orientations in how to screen and manage reproductive health problems
such as fistula cases related to GBV?
 Have you developed standard operating procedures/guidelines for the management of GBV cases?
of GBVs
prevention of GBVs?
114
How?
 What are the changes you observed in the survivor aftet they join the safe house?
 To what extent surviors have been benefited from the programme activities?
 To what extent is your organization satisfy with programme implementation and results
 Does the programme has effective monitoring mechanisms to measure progress towards results
 Does the programme able to identify challenges and measure taken to address these challenges?
goals?
Question related to impact
 Does the programme bring any observed change in people life (attitudinal change, gender equality,
economy, social capacity …?)
 Have you observed any unintended positive or negative outcomes due to interventions?
 Is there any special case stories you would like to share us?
 Are there any unintended positive or negative outcomes due to the project intervention? Please
mention the major ones
 Are there any changes in the lives of beneficiaries due to project intervention? What are these
changes?
 Do you think that this programme will continue without the support of UNFPA?
115

beneficiaries?
Questions related to coordination and management
 Did you work with NGOs, police, court and GOs for enhanced coordination and advocacy on issues of
GBV? If so, in what ways?
 Have you received technical and institutional support from the GO and other partners that enhanced
the capacity of your organization?
 Have you worked closely with the local women development army/group and health extension
workers to promote referral linkages?
Annex 10: Interview guide for facilitators
Name: __________________________________________________________
Sex:___________________
Educational level:___________________
Qualification:_______________________
Position/Title:___________________________________________________________
Health Center/clinic: ______________________________________________
Woreda/Town: _________________________________________________________
Contact details: ___________________________________________________
Interview Questions
 What kind of beneficiaries you have encountered so far?
 Do you think project interventions were relevant to community interests?
116
 How do you select the beneficiaries?

 How does your programme approach the different age and sex composition of beneficiaries?
 What are the specific issues in your training/programme interventions?
 How do you see the timing of the implementation of the programme in line with the objective of the
programme?
 What is the level of support you get from the necessary stakeholders?
 Do you have any assessment mechanisms in place to observe changes in your beneficiaries?
 If yes, please explain to us the mechanisms you employed and the changes you have observed?
 Do you think that the changes you observed go along with your objective or plan?
 What kind of training/orientation have you received?
117
Focus group discussion (FGD) guide with stakeholders

Introduction
the effectiveness,relevance,impact and sustainability of the (Oct 2012-Dec2015) implementation of the
UNFPA programme in order to identify lessons and good practices that can improve future effort on the
prevention and management of Gender Based Violence (GBV) in Ethiopia. The consultancy team aims at
evaluating the performance of the Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) engaged in the
implementation of this programme over the span of three years (2012-2015) of their operation. This NGO
is one of the twelve NGOs working in collaboration with UNFPA on the prevention and management of
GBV in Ethiopia. The different NGOs operate in different regions, where some work more than one region
and woredas. Based on the agreement between DAB and UNFPA, a woreda of operation has been
randomly selected amongst many (if any more) for evaluation purposes. Given that you have been
involved in the operation and management of this NGO, we would like to know your self-assessment of the
performance, good practices and limitations of the NGO in terms of accomplishing the specific components
of the GBV programme in general and the specific targets envisaged to be implemented in this woreda.
Education level__________________
Qualification____________________________
Name of the organization__________________________________
Role in the your organization__________________________
Region _______________________ Zone ________________ Woreda_________
Total Number of FGD Participants: At the beginning_______At the end__________
FGD participants’ contact details:

Discussion Questions
 What has been your role with the NGO and in what specific activities have you been engaged?
 How relevant are the activities and output targets of the NGO in addressing GBV?
 Do you think that the NGO has fair and objective beneficiary selection procedures to implement GBV
intervention programmeGBV?
 What do you think is the agency/organization‟s role is in addressing the problem of GBV?
 Do you think the NGO provide adequate, quality and timely service to its beneficiaries? If so, please
explain to us your assessment based on practical evidences.
 Do you think that the NGO is successful in terms of bringing positive social change in the community and
the concerned beneficiaries in particular? If yes, please explain to us how the change was brought
about?
 Can you please specifically explain to us about the impact of the NGO in changing attitudes and
practices related to GBV? Please also share with us your experiences based on some evidences?
 Could you please share with us the major good practices brought through the NGO interventions?
 What are the challenges the NGO faces in addressing GBV?
118
118
 Can you please tell us how far the NGO has been cost effective, or delivers the required service with a
reasonable cost?
 How would you rate the scale of the intervention of this NGO in addressing the problem of GBV?
4.Very well 3 well 2 somehow well 1 not well
 Can you please tell us the different actions the NGO should undertake to be more efficient?
 Would you please describe the management system and working environment of the NGO?
 What is the linkage between the activities of this NGO and other governmental, non-governmental
organizations?
 How relevant is the NGO in the context of this community?
 Are the objectives of the NGO in line with the objectives of your organization?
 What do you suggest being the way forward in terms of improving its performance (for continuity of
the NGO in addressing GBV?
 Can you please explain to us how the interventions can be sustained after the phase out of the NGO
programme?
 Is there anything else you would like to share with us?
Relevance
 To what extent is the project in line with the on-going similar initiatives or programs of your organization
to prevent and control GBVs?
and control GBVs?
your organization?
project activities?
Efficiency
of GBVs
prevention of GBVs?
 How do you think was the project being monitored? Was the monitoring mechanism satisfactory and was
it problem solving?
How?
119
Effectiveness
Impacts
the major ones
Sustainability
120
Interview guide for project managers

Introduction
the effectiveness, relevance, impact and sustainability of the (Oct 2012-Dec2015) implementation of
the UNFPA programme in order to identify lessons and good practices that can improve future effort on
the prevention and management of Gender Based Violence (GBV) in Ethiopia. The consultancy team aims
at evaluating the performance of the Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) engaged in the
and districts. Based on the agreement between DAB and UNFPA, a woreda of operation has been
Therefore, you are asked to express your honest opinions about the following evaluation questions.
Participating in this evaluation is voluntary. In addition, you will not be asked to provide any identifiable
information about yourself to ensure the privacy and confidentiality principles of research ethics. Your
participation provides us with an in-depth understanding about the relevance, effectiveness, efficiency,
impact and sustainability of UNFPA supported GBV intervention. The results of the evaluation will be
shared among study participants to validate the findings.
1. Name of the NGO _______________________________________________
2. Area of Operation: Region _______________________ Zone ________________
Woreda______________________________
3. Age_______________________________
4. Education level________________
5. Qualification………………………………………….
6. Position in the Organization __________________________
7. For how long did you work in this project?_______
8. Contact details:
121
Interview Questions
Part I: General Questions
1. What is your understanding of GBV?
2. Can you please describe your organization's mission in relation to GBV?
______________________________________________________________
3. What are the specific activities your organisation undertakes to address GBV?
1 Awareness raising training/community dialogue, sensitization through media?
2 Direct service (food and shelter/safe house) for survivors of GBV?
3 Capacity building training to clinics/health centers/hospital staff?
4 Material support for health care providing institutions?
5 Training legislatures and media personnel?
6 Legal aid for survivors of GBV?
7 Economic empowerment programmes?
8 Girls‟ club strengthening project?
9 Community mobilizing efforts?
10 Education service for women and girls?
11 Others (please specify)___________________
4. Please describe the different services you provide to your beneficiaries?

______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
5. Have you and your colleagues received any trainings on GBV?,If yes, how many and what are the
contents and types of the trainings?
6. Is your organization affiliated with any women group that addresses GBV?
If yes, which one _______________
What services does your organization provide?
______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
7. Who are the main target groups of your organization (sex, age,)?
_____________________________________________________________________
8. How do you rate your organization level of commitment in addressing GBV?
4 Very well
3 Well
2 Not sure
1 Do not know
9. Can you please tell us which intervention areas worked well?
______________________________________________________________________
10. What are the major challenges you encountered during the implementation processes?
______________________________________________________________________
11. Would you please share with us the good practices your organization experienced?
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
12. What are your recommendations for improvement of the programme and for scale up and
expansion of the programme?
122
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Part II: Questions on the Relevance, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Impacts and Sustainability of the
Programme
1. Relevance
 Do you think that the objectives of the programme are consistent with the needs and priorities
of target beneficiaries?
 How far the design of the programme goes in line with the local context, laws and policies of
the government?
 Can you please explain how far the technical and financial support your organization
received is consistent with your objective of addressing GBV?
 Do you think the strategies and the programme framework reflect the situation of GBV and
are relevant to reduce its occurrence?
2. Effectiveness
 Were your programme objectives consistent with the UNFPA‟s overall objectives?
 Have you achieved the intended outcome and output of your organization?
 If yes, please explain the factors contributing to your achievement/success?
 If no, please explain the main factors that hindered your achievement/success?
 What corrective measures were taken to improve the programme, and how did they affect
results over time?
 Have you ever received feedbacks from direct and indirect beneficiaries on the quality of the
project?
 How well is the programme functioning?
 Have you encountered any unintended effect that has positive and negative impacts on the
overall performance and the quality of results realized?
 What would you say about the overall strengths and weaknesses of the programme‟s focus
and strategies in terms of achieving the intended programme objectives?
 To what extent are resources mobilized to support effective GBV interventions?
 How adequately have the funds been distributed among activities?
 How well were the funds used? Do you feel there is adequate funding to scale up the
programme that you think is effective?
3. Efficiency
 Do you think that the project is cost effective? If yes, what is the cost per beneficiary?
 How do you relate the overhead /administrative cost with budgets spent on activities?
 What kind of measures did your organization employ to improve cost efficiency?
 How fairly and adequately have the funds been distributed among activities at the different
stages of the project?
123
 Were there any alternative approaches to make the GBV interventions cost efficient, including
reducing transaction costs? (from RNE – UNFPA – Local NGOs)
 Are the resources spent as economically as possible? Could a different intervention be used to
address the same issues at a lower cost? Could more results have been produced with the
same resources?
 What would you say about the implementation process of the project? Has the programme
been implemented/completed as per the initial time period? If not, what were the main
reasons for the delays?
 Does your organization use an integrated approach (legal, clinical, psychosocial and
environment setting activities, etc)? If not, does your organization collaborate with other
organizations that are providing some of the services? Does your organization have referral
system? In your opinion, does an integrated approach ensure efficiency?
4. Impacts
Would you please tell us the major impacts brought about under the following specific programme
intervention?
 Preventive
Awareness raising trainings
Community dialogue/conversations
Media
 Basic survival services
Food
Clothings
Shelter/safe house
 Empowerment
Economic
Political/rights
Basic literacy/education service for women
 Psychosocial support
Counselling
Organizing support group
 Legal aid/services
 Linkage/referral to provide medical services
 Capacity building to strengthen institutions
Strengthening girls; clubs
Providing material support for existing clinics/health centres
Establishing model clinics
Providing trainings for police, parliamentarian, health care providers
 Advocacy activities to influence policy
 Others (please specify) _____________________________
124
5. Sustainability
 What is the comparative advantage of projects supported by NGOs in terms of ensuring the
sustainability of the achieved results and probability of their continued long-term benefits?
 What phase out plans has your organization been implementing to maintain the sustainability
of the programme activities?
 How would you describe UNFPA‟s support in terms of helping your organization in addressing
GBV?
 To what extent the different community based organizations (CBOs) are prepared to sustain
the activities of the project?
 If the CBOs are not ready to take over and sustain the interventions, what alternatives do you
suggest?
 How far your organization consults various stakeholders relevant to the prevention and
management of GBV projects?
 Please specify the level of stakeholders‟ involvement in the programme design and
implementation?
 What measure did you take to help government partners to own some of your organization‟s
programme intervention?
 Is there any indication of these government partners to own some of the programme
interventions?
 Could you, please, describe the overall sustainability of the programme achievements after
the completion of the programme period?
125
Focus group discussion (FGD) guide with stakeholders

Introduction
the effectiveness,relevance,impact and sustainability of the(Oct 2012-Dec2015) implementation of the
UNFPA programme in order to identify lessons and good practices that can improve future effort on the
prevention and management of Gender Based Violence (GBV) in Ethiopia. The consultancy team aims at
evaluating the performance of the Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) engaged in the
and woredas. Based on the agreement between DAB and UNFPA, a woreda of operation has been
Education level__________________
Qualification____________________________
Role in the your organization__________________________
FGD participants‟ contact details:
General questions
 What has been your role with the NGO and in what specific activities have you been engaged?
 How relevant is the NGO in the context of this community?
 How relevant are the activities and output targets of the NGO in addressing GBV?
 What do you think is the agency/organization‟s role is in addressing the problem of GBV?
 17.. Are the objectives of the NGO in line with the objectives of your organization?
 Do you think that the NGO has fair and objective beneficiary selection procedures to implement GBV
intervention programme GBV?
 Do you think the NGO provide adequate, quality and timely service to its beneficiaries? If so, please
explain to us your assessment based on practical evidences.
 What are the challenges the NGO faces in addressing GBV?
 Can you please tell us how far the NGO has been cost effective, or delivers the required service with a
reasonable cost?
126
 Do you think that the NGO is successful in terms of bringing positive social change in the community
and the concerned beneficiaries in particular? If yes, please explain to us how the change was
brought about?
 Can you please specifically explain to us about the impact of the NGO in changing attitudes and
practices related to GBV? Please also share with us your experiences based on some evidences?
 Could you please share with us the major good practices brought through the NGO interventions?
 How would you rate the scale of the intervention of this NGO in addressing the problem of GBV?
4 Very well 3 well 2 somehow well 1 not well
 Do you think that the programme will continue with the support of civil society or government institutions?
 Can you please tell us the different actions the NGO should undertake to be more efficient?
 What do you suggest being the way forward in terms of improving its performance (for continuity of
the NGO in addressing GBV?
 Can you please explain to us how the interventions can be sustained after the phase out of the NGO
programme?
 Would you please describe the management system and working environment of the NGO?
 What is the linkage between the activities of this NGO and other governmental, non-governmental
organizations?
 Is there anything else you would like to share with us?
127
Focus group discussion guide with community representatives
Education level:________
Qualification:______________________________________
Role in the organization__________________________

FGD participants‟ contact details:
General Questions
1. Can you tell us what do you know about the GB practice in your locality?
 What are the major types and causes of GBV in this locality?
 In what kind of community activity have you participated to combat GBV?
 In your experience, are there any difference in the occurrence of the practice( boy/ girl)
and control GBVs?
your organization?
project activities?

 Do you know the NGO‟s beneficiary selection procedures/criteria? If so, do you think that the selection
process is fair?
 Do you think the community has adequate knowledge about the impact? And where to go ( report,
service...)
 Do you think the community has adequate knowledge about the legal laws about GBV?
 What specific trainings or awareness raising programmes you received to understand GBV
of GBVs
prevention of GBVs?
128
How?

 Do you think that the intervention is adequate to address the problem of GBV in your locality?
 If your response to question number 11 is no, what do you suggest as a way forward?
 In your opinion, what type of changes and actions need to happen in your community for the practice of
GBV to end?
 What are the barriers to combating the problem of GBV?
 What do you suggest for preventing and managing the problem of GBV?
 What do you think is the NGOs role is in addressing the problem of GBV?
 What kind of impact does the project had on you, your community and family?
the major ones
129

 What benefits you received from the NGO‟s project?
 What good lessons does the project provide for future programme design?
Individual Case Stories
1. Name______________(to be coded) Age ______________
2. Marital status –––––
3. Occupational status –––––
4. Number of children –––––––––
5. Place of birth_____________
6. Place of residence –––––––––
7. Educational level –––––––––
8. Beneficiary status (survivor or perpetuator)–––––––––
8. Contact details:
Interview Questions
8. What forms of gender based violence (GBV) did you experience?
9. What kind of impact you have experienced after the incident?
11. Did you ever report the incidence to a police or your teacher or women‟s affairs office?
12. Did you get adequate support from the police and other stakeholders?
13. Was your case taken to a court? If soo, please explain the procedures of the prosecution.
14. How did you find the safe shelter house or who brought you to the shelter house?
15. What kind of support or service you have received at the shelter house?
16. Have you experience any delays in accessing the safe house service?
17. Were the survivors and the shelter supportive?
18. Has the shelter provided you with adequate, timely and quality services?
18. How long have you been in this safe house?
19. What do you think are the benefits of the safe house for you as a survivor?
20. Do you think that the services are adequate? If not, what should be improved?
130

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Contents

List of Tables ....................................................................................................................................................................... iii

1.1. Background of the Evaluation

1.2. The Context of Gender Based Violence

1.3. National Policy and Legal Frameworks

2. Objectives and Scope of the Evaluation

2.1. Objectives of the Evaluation

2.2. Scope of the Evaluation

3. Evaluation Approach and Methodology

3.1. Evaluation Approach

3.2. Data Sources and Data Collection Instruments

Implementing Key In depth interview Focus Group Case Household

4. Findings of the End-line Evaluation

4.1 Implementation Strategies

The programme focused on addressing violence against women through:

4.2 Relevance of the Programme

4.2.1 Relevance of Programme Objectives to National Priorities

4.2.2 Relevance of the Programme to UNFPA’s Mandate and Priorities

Table 4-1: Number of survivor in the safe house (2013-2015)

4.2.3 Relevance of the Programme to Individuals’/Communities’ Interests and Priorities

Baseline status (before Terminal status (after the % increment in

ADA ODA MLWDA NCWH Total

4.2.4 Relevance of the Programme in Building the Capacities of Stakeholders

4.2.5 Effectiveness of Awareness Raising Interventions

Source: Household Survey, 2016

Source: Household survey, 2016

Source: Household Survey, 2016

Table 4-7: The Most Common Causes of GBV (% of respondents)

4.2.6 Effectiveness of Capacity Building Interventions

4.2.7 Effectiveness and Adequacy of Service Provision

Provision of health and related services

Provision of safe house services

Income Generation Activities

Educational and therapeutic/counseling services

4.2.8 Effectiveness of Awareness Creation Programme by IPs

The Case of NCA

The Case of NCA

The Case of OSSA

The Case of Pro-Pride

4.3 Efficiency of the Programme

Table 4-9: Budget utilization by IPs (planned vs. actual)

Source: Household Survey, 2016

4.4 Outcomes and Impacts

Source: Household Survey, 2016

Source: Household Survey, 2016

Table 4-12: Changes in decision making power of right holders (% of respondents)

Table 4-13: Impacts of the project interventions on the community (% of respondents)

Source: Household Survey, 2016

Source: Household Survey, 2016

Unintended Outcomes and Impacts

4.5 Prospect of Sustainability of the Programme

4.5.1 Sustainability of GBV Prevention

4.5.2 Sustainability of Service Provision on GBV

Challenges to Programme Sustainability

4.6 Challenges and Good Practices of the Programme

4.6.1 Challenges of Program Implementation

4.6.2 Good Practices in Programme Implementation

5. Conclusion and Recommendations

Total Number of FGD Participants: At the beginning_At the end____

Total Number of FGD Participants: At the beginning_At the end____