Learning Objectives

After reading this chapter,

you will be able to:

❖ Define and understand requirements

❖ Explain and perform steps for data gathering
❖ Understand and execute Data Analysis
❖ Explain the concept of interpretation and presentation

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Sub-Topics
3.1 : Introduction
3.2 Establishing Requirements
3.2.1: What, How and Why ? 3.2.2: Types of Requirements
3.3 Five Key Issues
3.4 Techniques For Data Gathering
3.4.1: Questionnaires 3.4.2: Interviews 3.4.3: Group interview 3.4.4:
Observation
3.4.5: Studying documentation 3.4.6: Research similar products
3.5 Data Analysis
3.5.1: Qualitative and Quantitative Data Analysis
3.5.1.1: Interviews. 3.5.1.2: Questionnaires. 3.5.1.3:
Observation.
3.6 Data Interpretation And Presentation
3.6.1: Interpreting the data 3.6.2: Presenting the findings
3.6.3: Rigorous Notations 3.6.4: Using Stories 3.6.5: Summarizing the
Finding
3.7 Task Description And Task Analysis
3.7.1: Task Description
3.7.1.1: Scenarios 3.7.1.2: Use Cases 3.7.1.3: Essential Use Cases
3.7.2: Task Analysis
3.7.2.1:Hierarchical Task Analysis
Summary
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Review Questions
3.1 : Introduction

A User Interaction Design task may intend to supplant or refresh a set up framework, or it might plan to build up an
absolutely imaginative item with no undeniable point of reference. It might be that there exists an underlying
arrangement of necessities and the task may need to start by creating a lot of prerequisites without any
preparation. Whatever the underlying circumstance and the point of the venture, the clients' demands,
prerequisites, and desires must be talked about, sculpted, explained, and presumably re-checked. Setting up
necessities isn't just composing a list of things to get highlights. Given the iterative idea of cooperation
configuration, disconnecting necessities exercises from plans exercises and from assessment exercises is somewhat
counterfeit, since by and by they are completely interlaced: some structure will happen while prerequisites are
being built up, and the structure will advance through a progression of assessment update cycles. Be that as it may,
every one of these exercises can be recognized by its own accentuation and its own methods. This section gives an
increasingly point by point outline of setting up necessities. We present various types of necessities and clarify some
helpful systems.

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3.2 : Establishing Requirements

3.2.1 : What, How and Why ?

What does one mean by requirements ?

● Dictionary meaning of the word requirement is ‘ a thing that is compulsory, a necessary condition’. In design
requirements mean exactly the same.
● A design requirement is a necessary criterion/ thing needed for designing the proposed system.
● Requirements need clarification, refinement, completion, re-scoping
● For example : Website download time should be short enough.
● Here this is not a requirement as ‘short’ is a very relative term. How short? 5 secs? Requirements should be
oddly specific.
● There are two main questions that help to identify the requirements.
➢ What do users ‘want’?
➢ What do users ‘need’?
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Requirement analysis focuses on the tasks that regulate the needs or criteria to meet the new/ altered
product or project, keeping in mind the potentially conflicting requirements/ ideas of the various stakeholders,
analyzing, documenting, validating and managing software or system requirements.

How to achieve the aims/ objectives ?

➢ The process to achieve the defined aims is not a one time thing. It is an iterative process of the following
phases.
a. Data gathering phase
b. Data analysis phase
c. Requirements determination phase
All of the above activities are iterative for e.g. Once you start to analyse your collected information it is quite
possible to feel the data is insufficient and needs to be again collected and this is where the cyclic nature of
data gathering, analysis and requirement analysis can be seen.

Why do we need the requirement activity ?

The Requirement activity is “ the phase of identifying needs and establishing requirements ”.
It is a notion that failure occurs usually for “unclear objectives and requirements” while critical success occurs
most often for “clear, detailed requirements”.
For e.g. Pratik thought of baking a cake for his mother on her birthday. Little did he know he lacked whipped
cream for the cake. This would not have happened if he had made a requirement activity. 5
3.2.2 : Types of Requirements

Requirements can broadly be divided into two types:

● Functional requirements are those requirements that help us to know the abilities of a system.
● Non-functional requirements are those requirements that help us to know the conditions and the
background details of the system’s performance environment
Non-functional requirements can be further divided as:
● Data requirements: The characteristic trait like type, size, amount, accuracy, storage, etc are data
requirements.
● Environmental requirements: These requirements are the constraints in which the proposed system is to
function in.
● Physical requirements – These requirements are the physical quantities like lighting, noise, etc. of the
operational environment.
● Social requirements– These requirements deal with the need of communication between the
stakeholders involved.
● Organizational requirements – These deal with the organization level needs For example, hierarchy of the
management, user support, facilities or resources for training.
● Technical requirements – These requirements deal with the technical aspects.
● User requirements –These deal with the characteristics of the intended user group.
● Usability requirements –These are the requirements that need to be taken care of for making the system
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usable by the user without much inconvenience.
Example: Suppose City A has proposed a self-service barista so that users are allowed to pay for
their food (bread, sandwiches, drinks) using a credit system, e.g., payment is settled via their City
A or Shark cards. Suggest one key functional, data, environmental,physical, user and usability
requirement for the proposed system.

Types of requirements in the Barista Case Study :

Functional: The system/ software will calculate the Total Cost of the items cart.
Data: The prices should be available with the system.
Environmental: The users will have goods and a tray to deal with in a fast paced line.
Physical: The physical setup will be very noisy and with a lot of discussions and chatterings.
User: Generally teenagers and young people frequently make use of the barista so the technology
part is convenient for them.
Usability: The system is to function in a barista so it should be made sure it is efficient and people
are going to have to deal with it very often

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3.3 : Five key issues faced during Data Gathering
During Data gathering every session has to be prearranged and executed slowly. The five key issues related to data
gathering techniques are as follows :
1. Setting Goals : Goals are the driving force which help us to channelize our efforts in the right direction.
Establishing goals would make it easier for deciding on how to analyze data after data collection.
2. Identifying Participants : In Data gathering it is crucial to decide from whom to gather data from. It is also
necessary to decide the number of participants that are needed to gather data from.
3. Relationship with participant : The relation between the information gatherer and the information supplier
should be clear and strictly professional. A data consent form must be signed to make the relationship clear.
4. Triangulation : Investigate the data collected with at least two perspectives. The data that is collected needs to
be from different origins or it has to be ensured that they are gathered by different people who are making use
of contrasting sampling techniques. Different data gathering techniques can also be implemented to ensure
triangulation.
5. Pilot Study : Pilot studies are small-scale, preliminary studies which aim to investigate whether critical
components of a main study will be feasible. A pilot study aims at answering the question “can the full-scale
study be conducted in the way that has been planned or should some component(s) be altered? ”.
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3.4 : Techniques for Data Gathering

Data can basically be recorded using either of these methods.

● Notes: Running notes are recorded by the data collector during the interaction with the data provider. This
method is cheap but limited to the writing speed of the collector.
● Audio: The data collector records the conversation between him and the data provider. This method is also
cheap, difficult to match with other protocols like recording sensitive topics of the discussion. In this method
consent is a critical thing.
● Video: This mode of data gathering is by far the most accurate one but needs special equipment. Also the user
may feel uncomfortable for being under camera during the conversation. It can also be costly to store the
whole video recordings as compared to the other modes.
Each method has a few advantages and a few disadvantages hence blending two modes of data gathering can be
used like:
Notes + Still Camera/ Photograph
Audio + Still Camera/ Photograph

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 Comparing data collection techniques
Constraints Notes + Still Camera Audio + Still Camera Video

Equipment Note making items like pen, paper Camcorder and good headphones Editing softwares are expensive
is readily available for voice interpretation

Flexibility of use Very flexible, unobstructive Flexible, relatively obstructive Needs positioning to focusing
camera lens, even portable versions
can be bulky

Disturbance to user Minimal Pretty less disturbing but recording Very disturbing
backup can be annoying

Data completeness Not complete as the scribe notes A very vague picture is portrayed as Most complete method especially if
only what is important its semi complete more than one camera is used but
coordination of video is needed

Reliability of data Reliability is low, can be little High but external voice can muffle Highly reliable but also is affected
reliable if the human recording what is being asked for by the camera positioning
knows what is he recording

Analysis Simple to put data into written Critical discussion can be identified. Crucial happenings can be picked
format (transcribe), rich description Transcription is needed for detailed and scanned, and the permanent
can be provided analysis. record can be revisited.
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 3.4.1 : Questionnaires

● A questionnaire is a series of questions designed to extract specific information.

● Questions in a questionnaire may require different kinds of answers like YES/NO, choice of answers depending
on the way the user has previously answered, comment on any question or statement raised.
● This is frequently used in conjunction with other techniques as it can give quantitative or qualitative data.
Questionnaires can be distributed and collected by paper, email & web.
● The advantage of an electronic questionnaire is that data collection is easy as the data goes into a database &
this makes it easy to analyse.

Questionnaire design:
● The order of the questions can impact the answer of the user hence there should not be any leading questions.
● It is recommended to consider having different versions of the questionnaire for different populations e.g: It
should be considered that not everyone can have time to fill a long questionnaire so they can be provided a
short questionnaire for quick information gathering.
● Clear instructions should be provided clear as to how to complete the questionnaire.
● Maintain a balance between using white space and keeping the questionnaire simple yet compact.
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Questionnaire format:
● ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ checkboxes that offer one option as the user’s answer.
● Checkboxes that offer many options.
● Rating scales (3, 5, 7 & 9 point scales are commonly used).
● Semantic scales is the scale that asks people to rate a product, company, brand within the frames of a multi-
point rating options. These survey answering options are grammatically on opposite adjectives at each end.
● Open-ended responses are the questions where the answer is completely based on the user’s perspective about
the question.

Web-based questionnaires:
A web based questionnaire is developed from the paper version of the questionnaire. It is like a soft copy of the
printed/ handwritten questionnaire. The advantages of web based questionnaire are :
● Responses from user are generally received quickly
● No printing cost as its free
● Data analysis becomes easy as responses are stored in databases
● Time required for data analysis is reduced heavily
● Errors in the questions can be corrected easily
The disadvantages of web based questionnaire:
● Individuals may respond more than once which can lead to redundancy during data analysis
● Lower response rate than paper questionnaires
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3.4.2 : Interview
Interview forums for talking to people can be in the form of face-to-face or telephone interviews.

Types of Interviews based on their structure

● Unstructured Interview- These interviews are not directed by a script. They are rich in content but not
replicable.
● Structured Interview- These interviews are tightly scripted, often like a questionnaire. They are replicable but
may lack in richness of the content.
● Semi-structured Interview- These interviews are those in which the interviewer has a script but he is free to
break the scripted flow and indulge in discussion with the interviewee. The interviewer can be flexible and ask
questions out of the script. They can provide a good balance between richness and replicability.

Types of Interview Questions:

Broadly an interviewer can ask two forms of questions:
● Closed ended questions are easiest to analyse, and may be done by computer as the outcomes/ answers of the
user are known to be either of some fixed results as they have a predefined answer format.
● Open ended questions are where the user has to give his perspective which can not be guaranteed into any
fixed result and these questions do not have a predefined answer format. 13
In an interview there are a few things that should be avoided like :
● Asking long questions
● Using compound sentences (split the question into two).
● Avoid using jargons that the interviewee may be unaware of and make it difficult for him to answer.
● Leading questions are not allowed. Example: Questions like Why do u like Kohli and not Dhoni should not
be asked as it restricts the interviewee from answering independently.

Common steps for interview:

● Introduction – The interviewer introduces himself, explains the goals of the interview, reassure about the
ethical issues, seeks consent for recording, presents an informed consent form (stating the purpose of the
test, explaining the fact that it is being video-recorded, promises confidentiality and professionalism, etc.)
● Warm-up - The interviewer keeps the first few questions easy & non-threatening as an ice breaker.
● Main body – The interviewer starts with his scripted questions presenting questions in a logical sequence.
● Cool-off period – The interviewer includes a few easy questions to soothe the tension at the end of the
interview
● Closure – The interviewer thanks the interviewee and affirms him, signaling the end of the interview and
switches the recorder off.

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3.4.3 : Group Interview

● A group interview is when we gather a group of stakeholders together for discussion on a particular topic.
● It is commonly also called a focus group and workshop.
● Majority of the projects stakeholders have conflicting ideas. So a group interview is good at gaining a general
agreement on highlighting areas of conflict and disagreement. Typically there are three to ten participants in a
group interview as they provide a diverse range of opinions.
● An interviewer is needed to manage and ensure everyone contributes to the discussion and also to make sure
that the discussion is not dominated by one person. Prime duty of the interviewer is to ensure that the agenda
of the interview is covered.

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3.4.4 : Observation

● Explaining to the interviewer how an interviewee achieves a task can be very vague and poor in content and is
not of much help for analysis either.
● So rather than asking how they did it the interviewer can just observe them do the task himself.
● The interviewer spends time with the stakeholders in their day-to-day tasks, observing them work in its natural
setting.
● By observing the interviewer gains insights into the stakeholder’s tasks.
● Observations are rich in data and can help understand the extent of the tasks being performed.
● Observations can be passive (listening and watching only) or active (asking questions to the subject of the
interview who is being observed)
● There are broadly three types of observations:
➢ Controlled Observation
➢ Naturalistic Observation
➢ Participant Observation

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● Controlled Observation : Controlled observations are probably going to be done in a brain research lab.
The scientist chooses where the perception will happen, at what time, with which members, in what
conditions and uses an institutionalized methodology. Members are arbitrarily dispensed to every free
factor gathering. Instead of composing a point by point depiction of all conduct watched, it is frequently
simpler to code conduct as indicated by a formerly concurred scale utilizing a conduct plan (for example
leading an organized perception).
● Naturalistic Observation : Naturalistic observation is an examination strategy generally utilized by
clinicians and other social researchers. This procedure includes contemplating the unconstrained conduct
of members in a regular environment. The analyst just records what they find in the manner they can. In
unstructured perceptions, the analyst records all pertinent conduct without framework. There might be a
lot to record and the practices recorded may not really be the most significant so the methodology is
normally utilized as a pilot study to perceive what sort of practices would be recorded.
● Participant Observation : Participant observation is a variation of the abovementioned (common
perceptions) yet here the scientist participates and turns out to be a piece of the gathering they are
concentrating on to get a more profound knowledge into their lives. In the event that it were looked into
by creatures we would now not exclusively be considering them in their regular territory yet be living
close to them too! Member perceptions can be either spread or plain. Undercover is the place the
examination is completed 'under spread'.

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3.4.5 : Studying Documentation

● Document works like user manuals, regulations, stakeholder’s work diaries can provide ample data
for analysis. These are great to understand the work in focus and also inferring background details
of the subject.
● Talking of the regulations governing a task.
● Although this form of data gathering can be very rich in content it should not be used in isolation
i.e,The user may write stuff in the document but may not follow the documented work.
● An advantage over other techniques is that it does not waste the stakeholder’s time.

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3.4.6 : Research Similar Products

● The best way to learn is by evaluating others mistakes and finding solutions to the drawbacks present in the
field of study.
● Researching similar products will provide alternative designs and help in gathering requirements as well.

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Comparison of Data Gathering Techniques

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Some basic guidelines:
➢ Focus on identifying the needs of the stakeholder
➢ Involve all the stakeholder groups
➢ Consider having sufficient number of representatives from each stakeholder group
➢ Use an amalgamation of different techniques to gather data
➢ Provide aids to the process by making use of props, models or task descriptions
➢ Always run a pilot session before final prototyping
➢ Prioritize the things that you need first and the unnecessary extra inputs can be ignored
➢ Carefully record videos and data in the data gathering phase.

Choosing between data gathering techniques :

● The type of information one wants to collect affects the data gathering techniques which can be made
use of. The technique can be changed for different types of data to be collected.
● The designer or end users may want to have a seminar for talking on the dataset but it may not be
feasible because of the infrastructural requirements a seminar needs.
● The two main issues to consider while making your choice of technique:
➢ Form of data collection mechanism
➢ The reason why data is being studied
● The data collection techniques differ in the timelines, analysis criterias and risks. For example: An ATM
Machine structural design is different from that of a system to support bank professionals to keep a
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record of datasets.
Case Study Question :
Suppose you are to develop a proposed software product to aid a small stock dealer’s office.
There is an existing software running whose review says that the users are quite content with it,
but it seems obsolete and needs some upgrades. Based on the case study, what kinds of data
gathering techniques would be appropriate for establishing requirements of the new proposed
system? Justify your answer with reasoning?

Answer:
Small office implies a small number of stakeholders. Interviewing the staff rather than giving them a
questionnaire would be more appropriate because of the small number of users/ staff. The data
collected here will be very informative As the users are happy with the old system, observation is
vital to figure out exactly where the previous system is lagging. Accountancy is regulated by a
variety of laws and thus there is a need to go through the noted texts so that vital information can
be gathered and not skipped. According to the case study a series of interrogations and surveys can
be conducted to know about the staff’s point of view of the old system and their opinion on what
changes can be made in the proposed system.

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3.5 : Data Analysis

● The type of data analysis that can be done on the collected data is dependent on the goals foreseen
during the data gathering stage, and also the data gathered.
● For the data analysis stage there are only three approaches.
➢ qualitative analysis approach
➢ quantitative analysis approach
➢ combination of both, qualitative and quantitative
● This may consist of tasks like characterising patterns/ trends or deducing plain numerical values like
ratio, average, or percentage.
● The preliminary analysis phase is led by some more elaborated analysis which uses integrated
frameworks and postulates to back the analysis.
● Rendering the conclusions generally runs synchronic with the analysis, but there are various ways to
interpret the results and it is crucial to ensure that the data supports the conclusions.
● The investigator’s mindset being biased can influence the findings and this can be very critical.
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3.5.1 : Qualitative and Quantitative Data

● The form of collected data in the form of numerals or numbers or in numeric format is called Quantitative data.
Example, the number of users who use iOS in a town, the number of errors a machine finds in a humanly cut
diamond, or the salary hike given to employees by a company.
● Qualitative data is the type of data that can not be stated in numeric terms.
Example, the explanations, remarks quoted by the interviewees, diagrams of activity, and snippets.
● Qualitative data can can also be expressed in numerical format but it loses its meaning. There is a myth that certain
forms of data gathering techniques can only be used for quantitative data and others can only be used for qualitative
data. Every data gathering technique mentioned previously can be used to collect both types of data.
● While any comment field is a form is qualitative data. For an observation, quantitative data can be recorded as the
number of people who eat salads with lunch or the number of students who practice Mathematics daily. While blogs
about the presence of depression are examples of qualitative data.
● Quantitative analysis makes use of digital techniques to calculate the numeric values of fields.
● Example: A quantitative analysis might have a conclusion that an average African male is 5 feet 9 inches tall and
weighs 169 pounds with an average age of 45 years. Qualitative analysis is directed at finding the nature of a field of
study and can be formulated by patterns and trends. Example, to describe the same mass of people, a qualitative
analysis might conclude that the average African male is very tall, heavy , and Middle-aged
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Qualitative VS Quantitative Data

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3.5.1.1 : Interview
● Usually unprocessed data that is gathered during an interview resides as audio recordings and/ or notes
written by the interviewer.
● These scribes have to be processed and expanded at the earliest after the interview to ensure that the
interview is crisp in the interviewer's memory and the short scribes can be expanded with ease.
● The voice recordings recorded during the interview can function as an aid, or they can be transcribed later on
for a further detailed analysis.
● Transcription takes substantial effort, as the speaking speed of the interviewee normally is faster than the
typing speed or writing speed of the interviewer, another problem can be that the voice recordings may lack in
quality and information.
● Many times the interviewer video records the interview, especially when the interviewee is to execute some
work. Post interview the audio can be taken from the video and transcribed during or after the discussion.
● Closed questions ordinarily are considered as quantitative data and examined making use of easy quantitative
analysis techniques. Example, Questions like Which is your favourite car ? can be used to categorize the data
on the basis of car popularity.
● More complicated statistical techniques are required to identify the relation between question responses.
● Generally open questions are used to collect qualitative data for analysis which can be made use of to identify
trends or repetitions in responses. 26
3.5.1.2 : Questionnaire
● Unprocessed data collected from questionnaires comprises the user’s responses to the queries asked, and the
format may be on paper or it can be an online form, the responses are mostly stored in a database so that it
can be easily used for processing.
● It may be inevitable to process the responses by cleaning datasets where the user has misinterpreted the
question. The data can be filtered according to the user’s entries, (Example: Everyone over 80 kgs,or to
evaluate the user’s response to a game).
● This helps the analysis to be carried out on small chunks of data, aiding the evaluator to conclude on obligatory
goals.
● It is made simple by making use of an elemental tool like a spreadsheet.
● Closed questions are more likely to be evaluated quantitatively and open questions qualitatively.

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3.5.1.3 : Observation

● Such sort of information gathering procedure results in bringing about an expansive scope of crude
information which includes eyewitness scribes, despite everything photos, information logs, verbally process
chronicles, video and sound accounts.
● This crude information helps scaling a vivid scenario, however it can likewise make it hazardous to dissect
except if an organized model is embraced.
● Introductory information preparation here incorporates expanding the written scribes, and translating
components like the sound and video accounts also the verbal process conventions.
● Onlookers scribes are well on the way to be broken down utilizing subjective methodologies, on the same hand
the photographs provide us with the contextual information.
● Data / System records and a few components of the perceiver’s scribes could be examined quantitatively.
● For the whole time during the preliminary refining, the trends and repetitions in the dataset can be predicted.
● Making note of such initial notions can be very valuable to be used as a model for the further, more detailed
analysis.
● Although we should not only trust these preliminary findings as we may get inadvertently biased and draw
conclusions.

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 Data gathered techniques and distinctive preliminary processing
steps taken

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3.6 : Data Interpretation and Presentation

3.6.1 : Interpreting the data

● Starting data interpretation just after the data gathering activity is most yielding because it is a general
tendency to recall incidents that are most recent and slowly they become vague biases that can be caused by
recording via audio, video, etc.
● It is always recommended to carry out a session of initial interpretation before deeper analysis.
● Interpretation involves structurally recording the descriptions of requirements from the collected data.
● The analysis phase involves obtaining the requirements from the interpreted data.
● More the interpretation and analysis the examiner does deeper will be the understanding of the requirements.
● This will ensure that the requirements description will be expanded and clarified.
● After data analysis, finding the most appropriate way to present your findings is equally critical, this not only
relies on the objectives but also on the data receivers for whom the findings are to be proposed.
● Example: The requirement activity is where you may want to showcase your searches in an official
representation, while telling the findings of an experimental case to the group of designers you might involve a
summary of problems found, supported by a video clip of a set of users who are experiencing those problems.

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3.6.2 : Presenting the findings
● The most ideal approach to introduce discoveries relies upon the crowd, and the first objectives of the
investigation.
● Be that as it may, it likewise is subject to the information social affair and investigation strategies utilized.
● In the past segments of this part, you met a wide range of methods for introducing data that has been used for
analysis – as numbers, through different graphical gadgets, in tables, in literary depictions, as a lot of topics or
classes, etc.
● These portrayals might be utilized straightforwardly to report your discoveries, if they are fitting for your crowd
and your motivation, or they might be utilized as foundation proof for an alternate type of portrayal.
● Extensively, information social event and investigation in association configuration are done for one of two
purposes: i)to determine prerequisites for an intuitive item, ii) to assess an intelligent item a work in progress.

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3.6.3 : Rigorous Notation
● Various documentations have been created to investigate, catch, and present data for association plans.
● The term thorough isn't expected to infer custom or unbending nature, however just to state that the
documentations have clear sentence structure and semantics.
● For instance, the work models advanced in relevant plans utilize straightforward yet clear shows for speaking
to streams, breakdowns, singular jobs, etc.
● The displaying language UML (Unified Modeling Language) has stricter and increasingly exact sentence
structure to be followed and is all the more regularly used to determine inward programming plans.
● Preferences of utilizing a thorough documentation is that it provides you clear direction as to what to aim for in
the discoveries.
● Disservices incorporate that by featuring explicit components, it unavoidably likewise makes light of or
disregards different viewpoints, and that the accuracy communicated by the documentation might be lost on a
group of people on the off chance that they don't have the slightest idea about the documentation.
● Creating charts in these documentations definitely needs more investigation of the discoveries so as to
distinguish the particular qualities and properties that the documentation features.
● For us to be able to conquer their disservices, thorough documentations are typically utilized in mix with
accounts or other all the more effectively available arrangements.
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3.6.4 : Using Stories

● Narrating is a simple and natural methodology for individuals to impart thoughts and encounters.
● It isn't astonishing then that stories are utilized widely in cooperation plans, both to impart discoveries of
analytical investigations, and as the reason for additional advancement.
● Narrating might be utilized in three distinct manners.
● To start with, members (for example when interviewees, surveys are being conducted the passer by people
may hear it and may have recounted accounts of their own during information collection. The accounts may be
removed, looked at, and might be utilized to convey discoveries to other people (for example as accounts to
breath life into an outline report).
● Stories might be developed from littler accounts or rehashed designs that are found in the information.
● Any accounts gathered through information social affairs might be utilized as the reason for building situations.
Situations are speculated tales about individuals and their everyday life.
● They are a ground-breaking strategy for association plans and can be utilized all through the lifecycle.

33
3.6.5 : Summarizing the findings
● Obviously composed accounts starting with a synopsis and a nitty gritty substance sequence make for simple
perusing and a decent denotation archive.
● Counting accounts, citations, pictures, and visuals cuts assists with breathing life into the examination, animate
intrigue, and make the composed portrayal increasingly important.
● A few groups underscore quantitative information, however its worth relies upon the sort of study.
● Frequently both subjective and quantitative information examination are utilized on the grounds that they give
elective points of view.
● They are having the option to introduce a rundown of the discoveries.
● This is the place numbers and factual qualities prove to be extremely amazing. Nonetheless, from such outlines
we should significantly not exaggerate our discoveries.
● Example: Let us say 7 out of 10 clients favored structure An over plan B, this doesn't imply that structure An is
80% more alluring than plan B. In the event that you discovered 800 out of 1000 clients favored structure An,
at that point you have more proof to propose that plan An is better, however there are as yet different
components to consider. As a rule, be careful about utilizing words, for example, 'generally,' 'all,' 'larger part,'
'none,' and be cautious when composing avocations to guarantee that they mirror the information.

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3.7 : Task Description & Task Analysis
3.7.1 : Task Description

● Portrayals of business undertakings have been utilized inside programming improvement for a long time. In the
1970-80s, commercial situations were usually utilized as the reason for toleration examination, for example the
last testing phase before the client paid the last charge portion and acknowledged the framework.
● In later years, because of the focus on including clients prior in the development cycle and the enormous
citations of fresh intuitive items presently being created, task portrayals are utilized all through advancement,
from early necessities exercises through prototype designing, assessment, and examination.
● Subsequently, additional clips and exertion have been placed to see how to build and put them to usage.
● It is depicted by Alexander and Maiden's book which contained many scenarios, tales and use cases, it says
that there exist a varied number of purposes that emphasize on numerous dimensions of the product being
developed.
● Here we shall be introducing the most recurrent techniques used i.e, Scenarios, Use cases, and Essential use
cases.. Neither of these are reciprocally selective and are mostly held in conjunction.

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3.7.1.1 : Scenarios

● Scenarios can be characterized as an 'informal narrative description' that portray human exercises or
assignments in a story which permits investigation and conversation of settings, needs, and prerequisites.
● It is not necessary to portray the utilization of programming or other mechanical help to accomplish an
undertaken workload.
● Utilizing the jargon and stating of clients implies that situations are comprehensible by the partners, and they
can take an interest completely in the advancement procedure. Indeed, the development of situations by
partners is frequently the initial phase in building up prerequisites.
● The focal point of such tales is likewise normally liable to be details of the clients who are attempting to
accomplish their objectives. Here the motive is not to save existing traits in the new item, however to
comprehend current conduct and investigate the requirements, settings, disturbances, etc under which
individuals work.
● Here the motive is not to save existing traits in the new item, however to comprehend current conduct and
investigate the requirements, settings, disturbances, etc under which individuals work.

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3.7.1.2 : Use Cases

● Use cases center around the client objectives, yet the focus here is on the client framework correspondence as
opposed to the client's undertaking itself.
● Despite the fact that their emphasis is explicitly on the collaboration between the client (called an on-screen
character) and a product framework, the pressure is still particularly on the client's point of view, not the
system's. The term situation is additionally utilized with regards to utilize cases.
● Right now, speaks to a way making use of the utilization case, for example one specific arrangement of
conditions. The two of them speak to one explicit case of conduct.
● An utilization case is related to an entertainer, whose objective in utilizing the framework that the utilization
case needs to catch.
● The primary use case depicts what the typical course was. In this way, for instance, if through information
gathering we have discovered that most endorsers of the film rental assistance know the title of the film they
need to lease, at that point the ordinary flow of the utilization example would incorporate the means
important to identify the film making use of its subtitle.
● The remaining potential groupings also termed as elective courses, normally reside at the base of the defined
utilization case.
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Let us take an Example of a Travel Organizer and make the Use Case

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3.7.1.3 : Essential Use Cases
● Essential Use Cases were made, to overcome the loopholes of Use Cases.
● They are solid stories that focus on sensible and explicit exercises.
● They subsequently can darken more extensive issues worried about the more extensive hierarchical view.
Fundamental use cases speak to deliberations from situations, for example they speak to a more broad case
than a situation exemplifies, and attempt to stay away from the suspicions of a customary use case.
● The main reason why use case diagrams are this successful is their division into three parts : the first being
their name that talks of the end user intentions from the task, the second being a formatted detail ideza of the
system and the third being the detailed system feedback response.
● Essential use case for gathering visa prerequisites for the travel organizer :

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3.7.2 : Task Analysis
● Task Analysis is utilized for the most part to research a current circumstance, not to imagine new items.
● It is utilized to break down the hidden basis and motivation behind what individuals are doing.
● The data collected from task examination sets up an establishment of practices that are present based on
which we are to develop fresh prerequisites.
● Task investigation procedures have produced a blended gathering, out of which virtually the most broadly
utilized form is Hierarchical Task Analysis.
3.7.2.1 : Hierarchical Task Analysis
● This task analysis was initially intended to distinguish preparing needs.
● It includes separating an undertaking into subtasks and afterward into smaller fragment modules.
● Further they are assembled as functional findings which indicate how the errands may be acted upon in a
genuine circumstance.
● This task analysis centers around the physiological and noticeable activities which are done, that further
incorporates taking a gander at activities that are not identified with programming or an intuitive item by any
means. The beginning stage has the client objective.
● Then it is analyzed and the primary errands related to the accomplishments are recognized. Wherever suitable
such undertakings are further broken into smaller tasks, and later the tasks can be isolated and made into
modules. 40
Explaining Task Analysis using a DVD buying example
● This assignment could be disintegrated into modules like finding the DVD, adding it to a checkout container,
entering installment subtleties, complete location; and affirm request.
● A portion of such tasks probably won't be executed if the client is an ordinary client. This can be caught
through plans. So as to buy a DVD the steps are:
1. 1. Find the DVD
2. 2. Add the DVD to purchase cart
3. 3. Fill in the billing information
4. 4. Fill in the delivery address
5. 5. Confirmation before product is ordered
● plan 0: For usual users do 1-2-5. If new users do 1-2-3-4-5.

● An elective articulation of a HTA is a graphical box-and-line documentation.

● Here the subtasks are spoken to by named boxes with recognizing numbers.
● The progressive connection between undertakings is indicated utilizing a vertical line.
● On the off chance that an assignment isn't disintegrated any further, at that point a dense even line is made
under the relating set.
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 A pictorial depiction of the task analysis for purchasing a DVD

The advantages of task analysis incorporate:

1. It lets you equitably look at elective structures, in light of a client's arranged errands and modules.
2. The client gets a fair idea of the collaboration at the respective stage of deliberation is fitting. This encourages
great planning.
3. It bolsters configuration reusability at various degrees of deliberation.
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Summary
The module helped us look into the necessity of the requirement activity, also we learned the methods by which we
can gather the requirements for designing. All the studied techniques to gather data can work in various
permutations to collect information for analysis. Additionally, contextual inquiry, understanding documentation,
and researching similar products are some popularly used techniques for data gathering. Scenarios, use cases, and
essential use cases are techniques one can rely on for documentation.
Key points :
● For a design to be successful it is a sheer necessity for the designer to get his requirements in place.
● While designing in the requirement phase many goals like functional and nonfunctional requirements need to
be identified.
● Non functional requirements can be of varied types which are : data, environmental, user characteristics,
usability and user experience requirements.
● During the data gathering phase the prime methods of data gathering are : questionnaires, interviews, focus
groups, observation, studying documentation, researching similar products, and contextual inquiry.
● When the designing of a product is done it would be much helpful for the designer to make use cases,
scenarios and essential use cases for the product under development.
● In the industry many task analysis techniques are present to help analyze and help present a task.
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Review Questions

1. Explain Task Description (Refer 3.7.1)

2. Explain Task Analysis (Refer 3.7.2)
3. List Key Issues of data gathering sessions(Refer 3.3)
4. Distinguish Qualitative and Quantitative data. (Refer 3.5.1)
5. Summarize the advantages of online questionnaires. (Refer 3.4.1)
6. Summarize the problems encountered with online questionnaires (Refer 3.4.1)
7. Compare the commonly used data recording approaches. (Refer Table 3.2)
8. Illustrate the concept of structured interviews with help of example. (Refer 3.4.2)
9. Illustrate the concept of unstructured interviews with help of example. (Refer 3.4.2)
10. Illustrate the importance of observation in data gathering technique. (Refer 3.4.4)
11. List the various types of observation. (Refer 3.4.4)
12. Suggest one key functional, data, environmental, user and usability requirement for each of the following
scenarios: (Refer 3.2.2 [Similar case study solved])
a. A system for use in a university's self-service cafeteria that allows users to pay for their food using a credit
system
b. A system to control the functioning of a nuclear power plant.
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Multiple Choice Question
1) Which of the following is not a technique for data gathering
A. Notes + Still Camera/ Photograph
B. Audio + Still Camera/ Photograph
C. Still Camera
D. Notes + Audio

2) Which of the following is not types of non functional requirements

A. Accessibility Requirements
B. Environmental Requirements
C. User characteristics Requirements
D. Data Requirements

3) Which of the following do not help in Task Analysis

A. Use Case
B. Scenarios
C. Essential Use Case
D. Questionnaire 45
4) Which is the preliminary step for making a design
A. Prototyping Phase
B. Analysis Phase
C. Requirement Analysis Phase
D. Data Gathering Phase

5) Which is not a phase after Data Gathering

A. Data Interpretation
B. Data Analysis
C. Data Sorting
D. Data Presentation

6) What are not the possible questionnaire question formats

A. Yes or No
B. Semantic Scale
C. Rating Scale
D. Describe

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7) Which is not a online questionnaire advantage
A. Responses from user are generally received slowly
B. No printing cost as its free
C. Data analysis becomes easy as responses are stored in databases
D. Time required for data analysis is reduced heavily

8) Which of these are not a type of an interview

A. Structured Interview
B. Descriptive Interview
C. Unstructured Interview
D. Semi structured Interview

9) What is not a common step in an interview

A. Closure
B. Quote sharing
C. Introduction
D. Main Body

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10) Which is not a type of observation
A. Naturalistic Observation
B. Participant Observation
C. Uncontrolled Observation
D. Controlled Observation

11) What is the full form of HTA

A. Hierarchical Task Analyst
B. Hierarchical Task Analysis
C. Hierarchical Time Analyst
D. Hierarchical Time Analysis

12) Data analysis can not be done on which of these

A. Interviews
B. Observations
C. Stories
D. Questionnaires

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13) Which is not a part of Data Interpretation
A. Rigorous Notations
B. Using stories
C. Using Essential Use Case diagrams
D. Summarizing the findings

14) Which is not a problem for data gathering

A. Cost involved
B. Setting goals
C. Triangulation
D. Pilot Study

15) Which is not a online questionnaire disadvantage

A. Lower response rate
B. Cost is high
C. Can answer multiple times
D. Time is very less for analysis

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Answer Key for MCQs

1) D) Notes + Audio
2) A) Accessibility Requirements
3) D) Questionnaires
4) C) Requirement Analysis Phase
5) C) Data Sorting
6) D) Describe
7) A) Responses from user are generally received slowly
8) B) Descriptive Interview
9) B) Quote sharing
10) C) Uncontrolled Observation
11) B) Hierarchical Task Analysis
12) C) Stories
13) C) Using Essential Use Case diagrams
14) A) Cost involved
15) B) Cost is high
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THANK
YOU