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22 views8 pages

Untitled Document 2

Uploaded by

Adrielle Deen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Consequences of Mutiny

Military

Social

Political

Most significant factor on Indian economic growth 1857-1914

Railways

Irrigation

Port facilities

Living standards 1857-1914

Taxation

Tariffs
Famines

Job opportunities

Progress towards self-government 1880-1945

Ripon
The reforms introduced by Lord Ripon in 1883 provided for local self-government.
Indian rural boards were given extra powers to raise money for local works - education, health, roads
Free of govt control
Training Indians to manage their own affairs
Decentralisation of administration

1892 Indian Councils Act


provided the opportunity for Indians to sit on provincial legislative councils and participate in the formal consultative process

Morley-Minto reforms
provided for 60 Indian representatives to serve on the Viceroy’s executive council
give Indians a much greater voice in the governing of the country
separate electorates promised to Muslims following Simla Deputation

1909 Act
Muslims participated wholeheartedly on the councils because seats were reserved for them - separate electorates
60 Indian representatives to serve on Viceroy’s legislative council
Provincial councils to be largened - 135 total elected officials / previously only 39 permitted by Indian Councils Act 1892
Advisory councils - 24 accepted changes (168 made, 76 rejected)

Partition of Bengal in 1905


led to unrest, which weakened the British position in India and encouraged Congress to work towards independence from Britain
e.g. Gokhle’s promotion tour in 1906
Lack of consultation led Indians to believe they could rule india better
Massive petition to Viceroy to bring partition to an end
Swadeshi movement and terrorist boycotts ensued
1908 - 2 European women killed when bomb intended for judge was thrown in wrong carriage
Shooting of official at Indian office by a Punjabi in London
Boycott of lancashire cotton - public burnings
1911 - reunification of Bengal
Orissa and Bihar - 42 million Hindus and 9 million Muslims
Eastern Bengal - 12 million Hindus and 18 million Muslims

WW1
India’s involvement boosted nationalism and the idea of self-government
Additional 827,000 enlisted by 1918 - loyalty grew
1.3 million soldiers fought - 400,00 Muslims (62,000 died),
muslim loyalty was divided when fighting with Turkey (head of Islamic community)
Allies stressed that they were fighting for the rights of the nation and democracy
Raised Indian self-esteem

Lucknow Pact December 1916


Agreement - Muslims and Hindus declared self-government as their aim and established how it would work
Promised a fixed proportion of seats in the Indian parliament + extra seats where they were a minority
Reassured muslims

Montagu Declaration August 1917


demonstrated in the rapid growth of Tilak’s Home Rule League
60,000 joined in the first year
Tilak’s and Annie’s leagues eventually merged
Both annie and tilak arrested
August 1917 - Britain promised eventual self-government

Government of India Act 1919


provided for a dyarchy in which Indians would have control over areas such as education and local government and greater representation on the provincial and
legislative councils
Viceroy advised by 6 civilians (3 Indians)
Decision making shifted from central to provincial
Irwin Declaration 1929
Reiterated the commitments made in the Montagu Declaration (1917) that the British government would eventually grant India some form of self-government

The Irwin Declaration made the important statement that the attainment of dominion status would be the natural development for India in its progress towards
self-government

Whilst the Irwin Declaration left viceregal and military matters in British hands, it facilitated significant progress towards self-government by stating that provincial
government would be entirely Indian

The Irwin Declaration was important because it paved the way to the Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931) that brought the civil disobedience campaign to an end and enabled
Gandhi to attend the second Round Table Conference.

Most significant factor in the growth of nationalism in India in the years 1885–1920?

Division of Bengal (1905)


Lord Curzon took the decision himself without consulting any other authority
suggested an arbitrary nature to British rule
Congress headed up the national campaign to oppose the partition
captured the national mood of unity against the British
swadesh campaign included a boycott of British goods; Lancashire cotton was publicly burned
Indian politicians regarded the division as a classic case of British divide and rule and a deliberate attempt to create divisions between Hindus, Congress and Muslims.
Bengal was reunified in 1911 but this did not lead to a decrease in nationalism

First World War (1914)


India’s involvement boosted nationalism and the idea of self-government
Additional 827,000 enlisted by 1918 - loyalty grew
1.3 million soldiers fought - 400,00 Muslims (62,000 died)
Loyalty to the crown before 1914, demonstrated by the outburst of support for the Raj when the war broke out, suggests that nationalism was not growing
significantly before the war
muslim loyalty was divided when fighting with Turkey (head of Islamic community)
Allies stressed that they were fighting for the rights of the nation and democracy
The events of the First World War encouraged the INC and the Muslim League to adopt the principle of self-government as a goal for India after the war
Raised Indian self-esteem
Indian soldiers fighting alongside the British developed strengthened self-esteem and a belief in concepts of democracy and freedom
Sacrifices made by the Indians in the war were recognised by the Montagu Declaration which raised hopes for self-government
100 million gifted for war effort → met with repression of Rowlatt Acts

Morely-Minto reforms (1905-1910) aka Indian Council’s Act 1909


provided for 60 Indian representatives to serve on the Viceroy’s executive council
give Indians a much greater voice in the governing of the country
separate electorates promised to Muslims following Simla Deputation
Radicals were upset about limited roles given to Indians

GOI (1919)
disappointed Indians wanting Home Rule and led to an upsurge in nationalism and increased violence against the British
two Home Rule Leagues were established and they gained much support in India
Tilaks’ HRL - 60,000 supporters in first year

Role of the INC (1885)


encouraged nationalist sympathies - by the early 1900s it was well established with the organisation to promote its views

Lucknow Pact (1916)


Agreement - Muslims and Hindus declared self-government as their aim and established how it would work
Promised a fixed proportion of seats in the Indian parliament + extra seats where they were a minority
Reassured muslims
brought together the Congress and Muslim League and outlined how self-government in India would work

1919 Amritsar Massacre


turned loyal Indians against the Raj and confirmed for many that self-government was the only way forward

INC attitudes towards British control


AIML attitudes towards British control

Progress towards independence 1919-1935

Political negotiations

Civil disobedience

WW2

Jinnah

Gandhi
use of non-violence as a campaigning method placed the Indians on the moral high ground
exposed the cruelty of the British and undermined their right to rule
2500 attacked by 400+ policemen with bats and rifles

1920 swadesh stirred up the nation by giving the masses an active role to play, leading to increased nationalist sentiment
Burning Lancashire cotton

1930 Salt March attracted the attention of the world press and placed pressure on the British to discuss India’s constitutional future
Battle of right against might
Symbolic opposition
Webb Miller - US journalist
British response to the campaigns was the 1935 Government of India Act which expanded the Indian electorate

Nehru

Use of Indian army (1857-1945)

Imperial defence

WW1

WW2

Amritsar Massacre

Mutiny reaction

Reason for Partition (1920-1947)

Cabinet Mission

Reason for communal violence after partition

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