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    Untitled Document 2

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    Adrielle Deen

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    Untitled Document 2

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    Adrielle Deen
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    © All Rights Reserved
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    11 views8 pages

    Untitled Document 2

    Uploaded by

    Adrielle Deen

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 8

    Consequences of Mutiny

    Military

    Social

    Political

    Most significant factor on Indian economic growth 1857-1914

    Railways

    Irrigation

    Port facilities

    Living standards 1857-1914

    Taxation

    Tariffs
    Famines

    Job opportunities

    Progress towards self-government 1880-1945

    Ripon
    The reforms introduced by Lord Ripon in 1883 provided for local self-government.
    Indian rural boards were given extra powers to raise money for local works - education, health, roads
    Free of govt control
    Training Indians to manage their own affairs
    Decentralisation of administration

    1892 Indian Councils Act


    provided the opportunity for Indians to sit on provincial legislative councils and participate in the formal consultative process

    Morley-Minto reforms
    provided for 60 Indian representatives to serve on the Viceroy’s executive council
    give Indians a much greater voice in the governing of the country
    separate electorates promised to Muslims following Simla Deputation

    1909 Act
    Muslims participated wholeheartedly on the councils because seats were reserved for them - separate electorates
    60 Indian representatives to serve on Viceroy’s legislative council
    Provincial councils to be largened - 135 total elected officials / previously only 39 permitted by Indian Councils Act 1892
    Advisory councils - 24 accepted changes (168 made, 76 rejected)

    Partition of Bengal in 1905


    led to unrest, which weakened the British position in India and encouraged Congress to work towards independence from Britain
    e.g. Gokhle’s promotion tour in 1906
    Lack of consultation led Indians to believe they could rule india better
    Massive petition to Viceroy to bring partition to an end
    Swadeshi movement and terrorist boycotts ensued
    1908 - 2 European women killed when bomb intended for judge was thrown in wrong carriage
    Shooting of official at Indian office by a Punjabi in London
    Boycott of lancashire cotton - public burnings
    1911 - reunification of Bengal
    Orissa and Bihar - 42 million Hindus and 9 million Muslims
    Eastern Bengal - 12 million Hindus and 18 million Muslims

    WW1
    India’s involvement boosted nationalism and the idea of self-government
    Additional 827,000 enlisted by 1918 - loyalty grew
    1.3 million soldiers fought - 400,00 Muslims (62,000 died),
    muslim loyalty was divided when fighting with Turkey (head of Islamic community)
    Allies stressed that they were fighting for the rights of the nation and democracy
    Raised Indian self-esteem

    Lucknow Pact December 1916


    Agreement - Muslims and Hindus declared self-government as their aim and established how it would work
    Promised a fixed proportion of seats in the Indian parliament + extra seats where they were a minority
    Reassured muslims

    Montagu Declaration August 1917


    demonstrated in the rapid growth of Tilak’s Home Rule League
    60,000 joined in the first year
    Tilak’s and Annie’s leagues eventually merged
    Both annie and tilak arrested
    August 1917 - Britain promised eventual self-government

    Government of India Act 1919


    provided for a dyarchy in which Indians would have control over areas such as education and local government and greater representation on the provincial and
    legislative councils
    Viceroy advised by 6 civilians (3 Indians)
    Decision making shifted from central to provincial
    Irwin Declaration 1929
    Reiterated the commitments made in the Montagu Declaration (1917) that the British government would eventually grant India some form of self-government

    The Irwin Declaration made the important statement that the attainment of dominion status would be the natural development for India in its progress towards
    self-government

    Whilst the Irwin Declaration left viceregal and military matters in British hands, it facilitated significant progress towards self-government by stating that provincial
    government would be entirely Indian

    The Irwin Declaration was important because it paved the way to the Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931) that brought the civil disobedience campaign to an end and enabled
    Gandhi to attend the second Round Table Conference.

    Most significant factor in the growth of nationalism in India in the years 1885–1920?

    Division of Bengal (1905)


    Lord Curzon took the decision himself without consulting any other authority
    suggested an arbitrary nature to British rule
    Congress headed up the national campaign to oppose the partition
    captured the national mood of unity against the British
    swadesh campaign included a boycott of British goods; Lancashire cotton was publicly burned
    Indian politicians regarded the division as a classic case of British divide and rule and a deliberate attempt to create divisions between Hindus, Congress and Muslims.
    Bengal was reunified in 1911 but this did not lead to a decrease in nationalism

    First World War (1914)


    India’s involvement boosted nationalism and the idea of self-government
    Additional 827,000 enlisted by 1918 - loyalty grew
    1.3 million soldiers fought - 400,00 Muslims (62,000 died)
    Loyalty to the crown before 1914, demonstrated by the outburst of support for the Raj when the war broke out, suggests that nationalism was not growing
    significantly before the war
    muslim loyalty was divided when fighting with Turkey (head of Islamic community)
    Allies stressed that they were fighting for the rights of the nation and democracy
    The events of the First World War encouraged the INC and the Muslim League to adopt the principle of self-government as a goal for India after the war
    Raised Indian self-esteem
    Indian soldiers fighting alongside the British developed strengthened self-esteem and a belief in concepts of democracy and freedom
    Sacrifices made by the Indians in the war were recognised by the Montagu Declaration which raised hopes for self-government
    100 million gifted for war effort → met with repression of Rowlatt Acts

    Morely-Minto reforms (1905-1910) aka Indian Council’s Act 1909


    provided for 60 Indian representatives to serve on the Viceroy’s executive council
    give Indians a much greater voice in the governing of the country
    separate electorates promised to Muslims following Simla Deputation
    Radicals were upset about limited roles given to Indians

    GOI (1919)
    disappointed Indians wanting Home Rule and led to an upsurge in nationalism and increased violence against the British
    two Home Rule Leagues were established and they gained much support in India
    Tilaks’ HRL - 60,000 supporters in first year

    Role of the INC (1885)


    encouraged nationalist sympathies - by the early 1900s it was well established with the organisation to promote its views

    Lucknow Pact (1916)


    Agreement - Muslims and Hindus declared self-government as their aim and established how it would work
    Promised a fixed proportion of seats in the Indian parliament + extra seats where they were a minority
    Reassured muslims
    brought together the Congress and Muslim League and outlined how self-government in India would work

    1919 Amritsar Massacre


    turned loyal Indians against the Raj and confirmed for many that self-government was the only way forward

    INC attitudes towards British control


    AIML attitudes towards British control

    Progress towards independence 1919-1935

    Political negotiations

    Civil disobedience

    WW2

    Jinnah

    Gandhi
    use of non-violence as a campaigning method placed the Indians on the moral high ground
    exposed the cruelty of the British and undermined their right to rule
    2500 attacked by 400+ policemen with bats and rifles

    1920 swadesh stirred up the nation by giving the masses an active role to play, leading to increased nationalist sentiment
    Burning Lancashire cotton

    1930 Salt March attracted the attention of the world press and placed pressure on the British to discuss India’s constitutional future
    Battle of right against might
    Symbolic opposition
    Webb Miller - US journalist
    British response to the campaigns was the 1935 Government of India Act which expanded the Indian electorate

    Nehru

    Use of Indian army (1857-1945)

    Imperial defence

    WW1

    WW2

    Amritsar Massacre

    Mutiny reaction

    Reason for Partition (1920-1947)

    Cabinet Mission

    Reason for communal violence after partition

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