FERENCES

ure P.2.3-3
4
g(t)

2
1. P. L. Walker, The Theory of Fourier Series and Integrals, Wiley-Interscience, New York,
1986.
–4 0 2 t
2. R. V. Churchill, and J. W. Brown, Fourier Series and Boundary Value Problems, 3rd ed., McGraw-
Hill, New York, 1978.
Problems 57

ure P.2.3-3 hand, time compressiong(t)of a signal by a factor a reduces the energy by the factor a. What is the
OBLEMS the signal is (a) time-expanded by a factor a (a > 1) and (b) multiplied
Modulation Analogique
effect on signal energy
4 if
by a constant a? 2
2.1-1 Find the energies of the signals shown in Fig. P2.1-1. Comment on the effect on energy of sign
2.3-5– 4Simplify the following expressions:
change, time shift, or 0doubling of 2the signal. t What is the effect on the energy if the signal is

et Numérique
multiplied by!k?
(a)
tan t
2
! 2t + 1"
"
δ(t) (d)
!
sin π(t + 2)
! t − 4"
2
"
δ(t − 1)

hand, time jω − 3of a signal by a factor a reduces the energy

compression cos (π byt)the δ(2t
re P.2.1-1 1 sin(b)
t (a)
2
effect on signal energy
Exercices:
δ(ω) 1 – sin t Chap(e) 2 &
(b) Chap
ω + if9 the signal is (a) time-expanded by a factor
t +a 2
(a >
2
31)factor
and
+a.3)What is the
(b) multiplied
! "
by a constant a?
# −t $ sin kω 2 sin t
0 2π
(c) e cos (3t − π/3) 0 δ(t + π ) 2π (f) δ(ω)
t t ω (d)
2.3-5 Simplify the following expressions:
0 2π
" For part (f) use L’Hospital’s
Hint: Use!Eq. (2.10b). ! rule. " t
1 tan t sin t sin π(t + 2)
(a) δ(t) (d) (c) δ(t − 1)
2t 2following
2.3-6 Evaluate !the + 1" integrals:
2
! t − 4"
jω − 3 2π 4π cos (πt)
(b) 0 2
δ(ω) t (e) % δ(2t + 3)
ω + 9∞% ∞ t + 2 " −t
(a)
# −t −∞ g(τ )δ(t
$ − τ ) d τ (e) ! δ(3
−2sin kω + t)e dt
(c) e cos%(3t ∞ − π/3) δ(t + π) (f) % 2 3 δ(ω)
(b) −∞ δ(τ )g(t − τ ) d τ (f) −2 (t ω + 4)δ(1 − t) dt
%∞ %∞
(c)−∞ δ(t)e−jωt dt (g) −∞ g(2 − t)δ(3 − t) dt
% 1 For part (f) use L’Hospital’s rule.
Hint: Use Eq. (2.10b). % ∞ (x−1)
2.1-2 (a) Find Ex(d)
and E−∞ δ(t − 2) sin π t dt (h) cos π2 (x
e y(t) shown in − 5)δ(2x − 3)Sketch
dx
y , the energies of the signals x(t)
−∞ and Fig. P2.1-2a. the
2.3-6 Evaluate the x(t)
signals following
+ y(t)integrals:
and x(t) − y(t) and show that the energy of either of these two signals is
Hint:
equal to is
δ(x) E%xlocated at x = 0.
+ E . Repeat theFor example,
procedure %for − t) pair
signal
δ(1 is located 1 − t = 0; that is, at t = 1, and
in Fig.atP2.1-2b.
∞ y ∞ −t dt
so on. (a) −∞ g(τ )δ(t − τ ) d τ (e) −2 δ(3 + t)e
(b) Now repeat % ∞the procedure for signal pair % 2 in3 Fig. P2.1-2c. Are the energies of the signals
(b)
x(t) + y(t) −∞
2.3-7 Prove that % ∞
(c)
δ(τ )g(t − τ ) d τ (f)
Chap 2
and x(t) − y(t) identical in this
−∞ δ(t)e
−jωt dt (g)
%−2∞
(t + 4)δ(1 − t) dt
case?
−∞ g(21 − t)δ(3 − t) dt
2.1-3 Find the (d)
power of aδ(t
1 sinusoid
− 2) sinC πtcos 0 t + θ ).∞ =e(x−1)
dt (ω(h)
δ(at) δ(t) π
% %
−∞ −∞ |a| cos 2 (x − 5)δ(2x − 3) dx
Hence
2.1-4 Hint: show ωthat is [C1 2 +
Show that
δ(x) 1 = atωx2 ,=the
isiflocated power
0. For of g(t)
example, = C cos(ω1 t +
1δ(1 − t)1 is located at 1θ1−) t+ is,2att +
cos(ω
=C0;2 that t =θ21,) and
2
C2on.+ 2C1 C2 cos(θ1 − θ2 )]/2, = is not
which
δ(ω) δ(f equal
) where
to 2
(C1 + ω C=2 2π2 f
)/2.
so 2π
2.1-5 Hint:
Find theShow that
2.3-7 Prove thatpower of the periodic signal ∞ shown in Fig. P2.1-5.
& g(t)
1
Find also the powers and the rms
values of (a) −g(t) (b) 2g(t) (c) cg(t). Comment.1
φ(t)δ(at) dt = φ(0)
δ(at) =
−∞
δ(t) |a|
|a|
2.1-6 Hence
Find the power
show and the rms value for the signals in (a) Fig. P2-1-6a; (b) Fig. 2.16; (c) Fig. P2-1-6b;
2.4-1 Derive Eq.that
(2.19) in an alternate way
1 by observing that e = (g−c x), and
(d) Fig. P2.7-4a; (e) Fig. P2.7-4c.
δ(ω) = δ(f ) where ω = 2πf
2π
Hint: Show that |e|2 = (g − c x) · (g − c x) = |g|2 + c2 |x|2 − 2cg · x
& ∞
1
φ(t)δ(at) dt = φ(0)
To minimize |e|2 , equate its derivative with respect
−∞ |a| to c to zero.

2.4-1
2.4-2Derive Eq.signals
For the (2.19) in an and
g(t) alternate way by in
x(t) shown observing that efind
Fig. P2.4-2, the x),
= (g−c and
component of the form x(t) contained
in g(t). In other words, find the optimum value of c in the approximation g(t) ≈ cx(t) so that the
58 SIGNALS AND SIGNAL 2 = (gSPACE
− c x)What
· (g −isc x) |g|2 + c2error
|x|2 −signal
2cg · xenergy?
error signal energy|e|is minimum. the=resulting
Figure
To P.2.4-2
minimize |e|2 , equateg(t)
its derivative with respect to c to zero. x(t)
1 1
2.4-2 For the signals g(t) and x(t) shown in Fig. P2.4-2, find the component of the form x(t) contained
in g(t). In other words, find the optimum value of c in the approximation g(t) ≈ cx(t) so that the
error signal energy is minimum. What is the resulting error signal energy?
0 1 t 0 1 t
(a) (b)
P.2.4-4 x(t)
1 2.5-1 Find the correlation coefficient cn of signal x(t) and each of the four pulses g1 (t), g2 (t), g3 (t), and
sin 2πt
g4 (t) shown in Fig. P2.5-1. To provide maximum margin against the noise along the transmission
path, which pair of pulses would you select for a binary communication? Problems 61
1
t

re P.2.5-1
x(t) ejt .
(iii)
(a) g1(t)
Chap 2
(b) Determine the odd and even components of the following functions: (i) u(t); (ii) e−at u(t);
(b) g2(t) (c)
1 sin 2πt 1 sin 4πt 1
–sin 2πt
2.4-5 (a)
2.7-6 TheIfEnergies of the two
the two halves energy
of one signals
period x(t) and1signal
of a periodic y(t) are x and
areEof Ey , respectively.
identical shape except that one is the
0
0 negative of 1the other, the periodic signal is saidt to energy
have a of 0
half-wave symmetry.
1 t If a periodic
(a) If x(t) and y(t)t are orthogonal, then show that the the signal x(t) + y(t) is identical
signal g(t) with a period T0 satisfies the half-wave symmetry
to the energy of the signal x(t) − y(t), and is given by E + E . condition, then
x y
(b) g (t) g (t)
if x(t)
3 and y(t) are orthogonal, find the penergies of 1 x(t) + c2 y(t) and c1 x(t) − c2 y(t).
4 signals c
! "
T0
−
g ttwo = signals
−g(t) x(t) and y(t), as
0.707(c) We define Exy , the
(d) cross-energy of the
0.707 energy
2 (e)
! ∞ 1
In this case, show that all the even-numbered
E xy = harmonics
x(t)y ∗ (t) dt(coefficients) vanish.
0 1 t 0 0.5 t
(b) Use this result to find the Fourier series for−∞
the periodic signals in Fig. P2.7-6.
–0.707
If z(t) = x(t) ± y(t), then show that
.2.7-6
1 Ez = Ex + Ey ± (Exy + Eyx )
t
2.7-1 (a) Sketch the signal = 2 and find the exponential Fourier series to represent g(t) over the
2.4-6 Let x1 (t) and x2 (t) be two unit energy
g(t) t
2 signals
4 orthogonal
6 an interval from t = t1 to t2 .
8 over 10
–6 –4 –2 (a)
interval
Signals x1 (t) (−1,
and x1).
2 Sketch
(t) are the
unit Fourier
energy, series
orthogonal
ϕ(t) for all values
signals; we of
cant. represent them by two unit
length, orthogonal
(b) Verify vectors
Parseval’s –1
theorem x2 ). (2.68a)]
(x1 , [Eq. Considerfora this
signal g(t)
case, where
given that

g(t) = c1 x1 (t) +
∞c2 x2 (t) 4 t1 ≤ t ≤ t2
! 1 π
1 e –t/10 =
n4 90
This signal can be represented as a vector gn=1
by a point (c1 , c2 ) in the x1 − x2 plane.
(b)
2.7-2(a)(a)Determine
Sketch thethe
–π vector
signal g(t) representation
π find theofexponential
= t and the following sixseries
Fourier signals in this two-dimensional
to represent t over the
g(t)
vector space:
interval (−π , π ). Sketch the Fourier series ϕ(t) for all values of t.
–1
(b) Verify Parseval’s theorem [Eq. (2.68a)] for this case, given that
(i) g1 (t) = 2x1 (t) − x2 (t) (iv) g4 (t) = x1 (t) + 2x2 (t)
(ii) Chap 2
g2 (t) = −x1 (t) + 2x2 (t) ∞
! 1
(v) g5 (t) = 2x1 (t) + x2 (t)
π2
(iii) g3 (t) = −x2 (t) (vi)
= g6 (t) = 3x1 (t)
n2 6
2.8-1 A periodic signal g(t) is expressed by the following
n=1 Fourier series:
(b) Point out pairs of mutually orthogonal vectors among these six vectors. Verify that the pairs
2.7-3 If of signals corresponding
a periodic signal satisfies to thesesymmetry
certain orthogonal vectors
" are
! conditions,
2π thealso orthogonal.
evaluation
π of the Fourier series
= 3 sin t + cos 3t −
g(t)simplified.
coefficients is somewhat + 2 cos (8t + )
3 3
(a) Show that if g(t) = g(−t) (even symmetry), then the coefficients of the exponential Fourier
series are real.
(a)(b)
ByShow
applying
that Euler’s identities
if g(t) = −g(−t)on thesymmetry),
(odd signal g(t) the
directly, write the
coefficients exponential
of the Fourier
exponential series
Fourier
forseries
g(t). are imaginary.
(b)(c)
ByShow that in
applying each case,
Euler’s the Fourier
identities on thecoefficients
signal g(t) can be evaluated
directly, by integrating
sketch the exponentialtheFourier
periodic
series
signal
spectra. over the half-cycle only. This is because the entire information of one cycle is implicit
in a half-cycle owing to symmetry.
Hint: If ge (t) and go (t) are even and odd functions, respectively, of t, then (assuming no impulse
or its derivative at the origin),

" a " 2a " a

ge (t) dt = ge (t) dt and go (t) dt = 0
−a 0 −a
 Mathematics of Computation, Vol. 19, pp. 297–301, April 1965.

LEMS Chap 3
3.1-1 Show that the Fourier transform of g(t) may be expressed as
! ∞ ! ∞
G(f ) = g(t) cos 2π ft dt − j g(t) sin 2π ft dt
−∞ −∞

Hence, show that if g(t) is an even function of t, then

! ∞
G(f ) = 2 g(t) cos 2π ft dt
0 Problems 131

and if g(t) is anThis

odd function
is the of form
trigonometric t, then
of the (inverse) Fourier transform.
(b) Express the Fourier integral (inverse Fourier transform) for g(t) = e−at u(t) in the
trigonometric form given in part (a). ! ∞
G(f ) = −2j
3.1-3 If g(t) ⇐⇒ G(f ), then show that g ∗ (t) ⇐⇒ G ∗ (−f ).
g(t) sin 2π ft dt
0
3.1-4 From definition (3.9a), find the Fourier transforms of the signals shown in Fig. P3.1-4.
Hence, prove that the following.
Figure P.3.1-4 If g(t) is: Then G(f (b)) is:
1 g(t) 1 g(t)
(a)
a real and e–at even function of t eat a real and even function of f
a real and odd function of t an imaginary and odd function of f
an imaginary
0 and
T even
t

a complex and even function of t

Chap 3
function0 of t an imaginary T t and even function of f
a complex and even function of f
a complex and odd function of t a complex and odd function of f
3.1-5 From definition (3.9a), find the Fourier transforms of the signals shown in Fig. P3.1-5.

3.1-2 (a) Show that for a real g(t), the inverse transform, Eq. (3.9b), can be expressed as
Figure P.3.1-5 g(t) g(t)
4 1
! ∞
134 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS " "
2
g(t) = 2 "G(f )" cos[2πft + θg (2πf )] df
t t
u(t − π ). The reader should
2
0 the addition −τ
verify that of these two sinusoids
0
indeedτ results in
1
the pulse in Fig. P3.3-3b. In the same way, we can express the signal in Fig. P3.3-3c as
cos t u(t) +
(a)sin (t − π/2)u(t − π/2) (verify this by sketching these (b)signals). The signal in
Fig. P3.3-3d is e−at [u(t) − u(t − T )] = e−at u(t) − e−aT e−a(t−T ) u(t − T ).

3.3-4 Use the time-shifting property to show that if g(t) ⇐⇒ G(f ), then
3.1-6 From definition (3.9b), find the inverse Fourier transforms of the spectra shown in Fig. P3.1-6.
g(t + T ) + g(t − T ) ⇐⇒ 2G(f ) cos 2πfT

Figure P.3.1-6 This is the )

G( f dual of Eq. 2(3.36). Use this result and pairs 17 and 19 in f ) 2 3.1 to find the Fourier
G(Table
3f
transforms of the signals shown in Fig. P3.3-4.
1
f
Figure P.3.3-4 f
−B 01 B −2 −1 1 1 2
(a) t (b) t
–4 –3 –2 0 2 3 4 –4 –3 –2 0 2 3 4
(a) (b)

3.1-7 From definition (3.9b), find the inverse Fourier transforms of the spectra shown in Fig. P3.1-7.

3.3-5 Prove the following results:

Figure P.3.1-7 G( f )
1
 Use the latter result and Table 3.1 to find the Fourier transform of the signal in Fig. P3.3-5.

Figure P.3.3-5
1

−4 −3 −2 0
−1
Chap 3 2 3 4
t

3.3-6 The signals in Fig. P3.3-6 are modulated signals with carrier cos 10t. Find the Fourier transforms
of these signals by using the appropriate properties of the Fourier transform and Table 3.1. Sketch
Problems 135
the amplitude and phase spectra for Fig. P3.3–6a and b.
Hint: These functions can be expressed in the form g(t) cos 2πf0 t.
3.3-7 Use the frequency shift property and Table 3.1 to find the inverse Fourier transform of the spectra
shown in Fig. P3.3-7. Notice
Figure P.3.3-6 1
that this time, the Fourier transform is in the ω domain.
1
t t
P.3.3-7 −π 0 π π 3π

(b)
(a)
1
t
(c)
π 3π

3.3-8 A signal g(t) is band-limited to B Hz. Show that the signal g n (t) is band-limited to nB Hz.

Hint: g 2 (t) ⇐⇒ [G(f ) ∗ G(f )], and so on. Use the width property of convolution.

3.3-9 Find the Fourier transform of the signal in Fig. P3.3-3a by three different methods:
(a) By direct integration using the definition (3.9a).
(b) Using only pair 17 Table 3.1 and the time-shifting property.
(c) Using the time differentiation and time-shifting properties, along with the fact that
δ(t) ⇐⇒ 1.
ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS

Hint: 1 − cos 2x = 2 sin2 x.

Chap 3
Hint: Recognize that the integral is the energy of g(t) = sinc (kt). Use Parseval’s theorem to
find this energy.
3.3-10 The process of recovering a signal g(t) from the modulated signal g(t) cos 2πf0 t is called
demodulation.
3.7-3 Generalize Showtheorem
Parseval’s that thetosignal that cos
show g(t) for 2πf t can betransformable
real 0Fourier demodulatedsignals
by multiplying
g1 (t) andit by
2 cos
g2 (t), 2πf 0 t and passing the product through a low-pass filter of bandwidth B Hz [the bandwidth
of g(t)]. Assume 2
B < f0 . Hint: !2 cos 2πf0 t = 1 + cos 4πf
! ∞ ∞ ! 0 t. Recognize that the spectrum of
∞
g(t) cos 4πf0 t isgcentered
1 (t)g2 (t) at = and will
dt 2f G1 (−f
be )G2 (f ) df =by a low-pass
suppressed G1 (f )G2filter dfbandwidth B Hz.
(−f )of
−∞ 0 −∞ −∞

3.4-1 Show 4 4
3.7-4 thatg1 (t) = 10 $(10 t) and g2 (t) = δ(t) are applied at the inputs of the ideal low-pass
Signals
filters H1 (f ) =!$(f
∞
/20, 000) and H2 (f ) = $(f /10, 000) (Fig.
" P3.4-1). The outputs y1 (t) and
0 m ̸= n
y2 (t) of these filters sinc
are multiplied to)obtain
(2π Bt − mπ the
sinc (2π Btsignal dt == y11(t)y2 (t).
− nπ )y(t)
−∞ 2B m = n
(a) Sketch G1 (f ) and G2 (f ).
(b) Sketch
Hint: ) and H2 (f ).
H1 (fthat
Recognize
(c) Sketch Y1 (f ) and Y2 (f ). # $
k
%&
1
$ %
f
sinc (2π Bt − kπ ) = sinc 2π B t − ⇐⇒ ", e−jπ fk/B
(d) Find the bandwidths of y1 (t), y2 (t), and y(t).
2B 2B 2B

Use this fact and the result in Prob. 3.7-2 to show that
! ∞ ! B
P.3.4-1 g1 (t) y (t) 1
) (2π Bt1 − mπ ) sinc (2π Bt − nπ ) dt =
H1 ( fsinc ej[(n−m)/2B]2π f df
−∞ 4B2 −B
y (t) = y1 (t) y2 (t)
The desired result follows from this integral.
g (t) y2 (t)
3.7-5
2 For the signal
H (f)
2
 g

P.3.7-6 g(t) g2(t) y(t) ≅ 2Eg ∆ f

Low-pass
( )2
filter
Chap 3
3.8-1 Show that the autocorrelation function of g(t) = C cos (2πf0 t + θ0 ) is given by Rg (τ ) =
(C 2 /2) cos 2πf0 τ , and the corresponding PSD is Sg (f ) = (C 2 /4)[δ(f − f0 ) + δ(f + f0 )].
Hence, show that for a signal y(t) given by
∞
'
y(t) = C0 + Cn cos (n2πf0 t + θn )
n=1 Problems 135

3.3-7 Use the frequency shift property and Table 3.1 to find the inverse Fourier transform of the spectra
shown in Fig. P3.3-7. Notice that this time, the Fourier transform is in the ω domain.

P.3.3-7

3.3-8 A signal g(t) is band-limited to B Hz. Show that the signal g n (t) is band-limited to nB Hz.

Hint: g 2 (t) ⇐⇒ [G(f ) ∗ G(f )], and so on. Use the width property of convolution.

3.3-9 Find the Fourier transform of the signal in Fig. P3.3-3a by three different methods:
(a) By direct integration using the definition (3.9a).
(b) Using only pair 17 Table 3.1 and the time-shifting property.
(c) Using the time differentiation and time-shifting properties, along with the fact that
δ(t) ⇐⇒ 1.

Hint: 1 − cos 2x = 2 sin2 x.

3.3-10 The process of recovering a signal g(t) from the modulated signal g(t) cos 2πf0 t is called
demodulation. Show that the signal g(t) cos 2πf0 t can be demodulated by multiplying it by
2 cos 2πf0 t and passing the product through a low-pass filter of bandwidth B Hz [the bandwidth
of g(t)]. Assume B < f0 . Hint: 2 cos2 2πf0 t = 1 + cos 4πf0 t. Recognize that the spectrum of
g(t) cos 4πf0 t is centered at 2f0 and will be suppressed by a low-pass filter of bandwidth B Hz.

3.4-1 Signals g1 (t) = 104 $(104 t) and g2 (t) = δ(t) are applied at the inputs of the ideal low-pass
filters H1 (f ) = $(f /20, 000) and H2 (f ) = $(f /10, 000) (Fig. P3.4-1). The outputs y1 (t) and
y2 (t) of these filters are multiplied to obtain the signal y(t) = y1 (t)y2 (t).
(a) Sketch G1 (f ) and G2 (f ).
(b) Sketch H1 (f ) and H2 (f ).
(c) Sketch Y1 (f ) and Y2 (f ).
(d) Find the bandwidths of y1 (t), y2 (t), and y(t).

P.3.4-1 g1 (t) y1 (t)

H1 ( f )