ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

COURSE CODE: MEK425

PROGRAM: CEEM 242

LABAROTARY EXERSICE NO : 2

STUDENT NAME STUDENT ID

1. IZWAN HAZRI BIN ROPIZALHAZRI 2023268962

2. MUHAMMAD ZAKI BIN OMAR 2023214384

3. - -
MARKS RUBRICS
COMPONENTS MARKS COMMENTS

RESULTS /25

DISCUSSIONS /15

CONCLUSION /10

TOTAL /50
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SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL STUDENT KIT

ENGINEERING LAB MODULETM

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

Program: CEEM242 Sem : 1

Ownership : Centre of Electronic Engineering Studies (CEES)

FKE Doc.ID : Date Issued : 2021

ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT LABORATORY

COURSE CODE: MEK425

LAB 2: LADDER BRIDGE, VOLTAGE DIVIDER, CURRENT DIVIDER, AND WYE-DELTA

TRANSFORMATION USING LTSPICE

Authors

Prepared by : Dr. Hashimah Hashim Date : 2021

Ir Anees Abdul Aziz

1st Revision : Date :

2nd Revision : Date :

Endorsement by Centre of Studies

Chair : Date :

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Signature :

MODULE OUTCOMES:

Upon completion of this virtual experiment, students should able

MO1 : To verify the voltage difference and current measured in ladder bridge circuit.

MO2 : To study the validity of the voltage and current division principles.

MO3 : To verify experimentally the principle of delta-wye and wye-delta transformation.

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND:

Introduction:

The ladder bridge circuit, current divider circuit and voltage divider circuit are commonly seen in circuit
problem. The theorem manipulates the Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) and Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL) by
employing Ohm’s Law to solve the problem. These theorems are used to simplify the circuit and reduce the
complexity. Other, method of simplification is Wye-Delta and Delta-Wye transformation that commonly used
to solve a complex circuit connection. You can use the notes given by the lecturer for MEK425.

EXPERIMENTAL WORK:

PROCEDURE (Use LTSpice to construct the circuit. The readings for currents and voltages can be obtained
when you run the netlist. The screenshots of netlist and circuit drawn in LTSpice MUST BE ATTACHED
together in the report).

Ladder Circuit:

1. Construct Figure 2.1 using LTspice software.

Figure 2.1

2. Go to ‘Simulate’ > ‘Run’ to debug the circuit > Choose Transient Analysis. Set the ‘Stop time’, ‘Time
to

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start saving data’, and ‘Maximum timestep’ as shown in Figure 2.2.

Figure 2.2

3. A pop-up window of Transient Analysis will be appeared as shown in Figure 2.3.

Figure 2.3

4. Use ‘Test Pen’ to measure voltage at VR2, VR3 and VR4 by pointing at node of those resistors.

5. Use ‘Current Cursor’ to measure current at IR1, IR4 and IR5.

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6. Capture the results of transient analysis (graph) and record the measure in Table 2.1.

Current Divider Rule (CDR):

1. Construct Figure 2.4 using LTspice software.

Figure 2.4

2. Go to ‘Simulate’ > ‘Run’ to debug the circuit > Choose Transient Analysis. Set the ‘Stop time’, ‘Time
to start saving data’, and ‘Maximum timestep’ as shown in Figure 2.2.

3. A pop-up window of Transient Analysis will be appeared as shown in Figure 2.3, hence, measure
current at IR1, IR2 and IR3.

4. Capture the results of transient analysis (graph) and record the measure in Table 2.1.

Voltage Divider Rule (VDR):

1. Construct Figure 2.5 using LTspice software.

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Figure 2.5

2. Go to ‘Simulate’ > ‘Run’ to debug the circuit > Choose Transient Analysis. Set the ‘Stop time’, ‘Time
to start saving data’, and ‘Maximum timestep’ as shown in Figure 2.2.

3. A pop-up window of Transient Analysis will be appeared as shown in Figure 2.3, hence, measure
VR1, VR2 and VR3.

4. Capture the results of transient analysis (graph) and record the measure in Table 2.1.

Wye-Delta and Delta-Wye Transformation:

1. Construct Figure 2.6 using LTspice software.

Figure 2.6

2. Go to ‘Simulate’ > ‘Run’ to debug the circuit > Choose Transient Analysis. Set the ‘Stop time’, ‘Time
to start saving data’, and ‘Maximum timestep’ as shown in Figure 2.2.

3. A pop-up window of Transient Analysis will be appeared as shown in Figure 2.3, hence, measure
current and voltage at IR6, IR1, IR2, IR5, VR1, VR2, VR6 and VR5.

4. Capture the results of transient analysis (graph) and record the measure in Table 2.1.

5. Calculate the value of current IR6 manually and compare your results.

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RESULTS:

Table 2.1: Simulation Results

Ladder Circuit

VR2 12.765 V IR1 7.235 mA

VR3 5.525 V IR4 1.182 mA
VR4 8.036 V IR5 251.4µA
Transient Analysis
(Graph)

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Current Divider Rule

IR1 1.25 A VR1 2.5 kV

IR2 2.50 A VR2 2.5 kV
IR3 1.25 A VR3 2.5 kV
Transient Analysis (Graph)

Voltage Divider Rule

VR1 12.0 V IR1 6mA

VR2 12.0 V IR2 6mA
VR3 6.0 V IR3 6mA

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Transient Analysis (Graph)

Wye-Delta, Delta-Wye

IR1 1.283 mA VR1 1.283 V

IR2 0.679 mA VR2 2.717 V
IR5 1.396 mA VR6 3.924 V
IR6 1.962 mA VR5 1.396 V
IR6 (calculation) mA

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Transient Analysis
(Graph)

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DISCUSSIONS:

1. In Figure 2.1, if R4 was accidentally opened would this change the equivalent resistance value by
looking at 20V? How about the measurement of total current for the circuit? Why?

When an element is open circuit, its resistance is almost infinite, meaning that R4=0A or infinity. As
a result, while determining the equivalent resistance, the o/c at R4 makes the resistance value 0Ω,
which is unaffected and can be removed from the circuit.Because the equivalent resistance
increases when a circuit component is reduced, the measurement of total current will drop to 6.51
A.

2. In Figure 2.1, does R4 and R5 share the same current? Why? If another resistor is connected
across R5, does it have the same voltage as R5?

The current between R4 and R5 is not shared.The reason for this is that R4 and R5 are connected
in a parallel circuit.As a result, while the voltage drop across every resistor in a parallel circuit is the
same, the current that flows through each resistor depends on its value.The voltage across any
additional resistor connected across R5 will differ from that of R5.It happens as a result of the two
resistors being connected in series.In a series circuit, each resistor has a different voltage, but they
all have the same current value.

3. In Figure 2.4 and 2.5, what are the advantages of using current divider rule (CDR) and voltage
divider rule (VDR)?
Compared to other methods, the use of CDR and VDR has the advantage of simplifying the
calculations and making the solution easier to obtain. To determine the voltage at nodes, we can
utilise KCL if we use CDR.A different approach would require more time to calculate the voltage
value, and the error rate would be larger than from the CDR. The same happens when we use
VDR.

4. In Figure 2.6, what is the advantages of wye-delta and delta-wye transform? Are there any
limitations when use this transform?

Wye-delta has an advantage in circuit analysis since it makes analyzing balanced three-phase
circuits easier.Converting between the wye or delta configurations might help make calculations
easier to handle in some situations where the circuit is simpler or more clear. Voltage conversion is
made effective by the delta-wye transform, which enables voltage conversion from a delta
configuration to a wye configuration. This can be beneficial when dealing with different voltage levels
in a circuit or when connecting loads that require different voltage.Limited application is one of the
transform's restrictions when used. The transformations might not be relevant or advantageous in
every circuit structure, but they are helpful in some situations. The particular needs off the circuit
and the analysis being done determine their usefulness.

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CONCLUSION:

Write the conclusion for the experiment.

What has been achieved/obtained regarding to the experiments?

In the field of electrical circuit analysis and simulation, the LTspice experiments on the ladder bridge, voltage
divider, current divider, and Wye-Delta transformation have produced important discoveries and
advancements. Through the effective application of theoretical knowledge to real-world situations,
participants have become proficient in the use of LTspice software for circuit simulation. While the Voltage
Divider and Current Divider experiments gave students practical experience creating and studying these
basic circuit topologies, the Ladder Bridge experiment improved knowledge of bridge circuits and their
applications. The Wye-Delta Transformation experiment also taught participants how to streamline analysis
by simplifying intricate circuits. All things considered, these experiments have advanced our knowledge of
simulation programs, circuit analysis methods, and real-world applications. They have also laid a strong
basis for future research in the field of electrical engineering.

Student should be able to conclude on the outcome of the whole Experiment conducted.

REFERENCES:

1. Alexander C. K. & Sadiku M. N. O., Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2016
(eBook – Textbook)
2. John Bird, Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2017, ISBN 9781138673496

END

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