ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

COURSE CODE: MEK425

PROGRAM: CEEM 242

LABAROTARY EXERSICE NO : 5

STUDENT NAME STUDENT ID

1. IZWAN HAZRI BIN ROPIZALHAZRI 2023268962
2. MUHAMMAD ZAKI BIN OMAR 2023214384
3. - -
MARKS RUBRICS
COMPONENTS MARKS COMMENTS
RESULTS /25
DISCUSSIONS /15
CONCLUSION /10
TOTAL /50
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SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL STUDENT KIT LAB

ENGINEERING MODULETM

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

Program: CEEM242 Sem : 1

Ownership : Centre of Electronic Engineering Studies (CEES)

FKE Doc.ID : Date Issued : 2022

ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT LABORATORY

COURSE CODE: MEK425

LAB 5: Introduction to AC Circuit

Authors

Prepared by : Fairul Nazmie Osman Date : 2021

1st Revision : Harnani Hassan Date : 2023

2nd Revision : Date :

Endorsement by Centre of Studies

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Chair : Date :

Signature :

MODULE OUTCOMES:

Upon completion of this virtual experiment, students should able

MO1 : To study the sinusoidal waveform, impedance, admittance, and impedance combination

MO2 : To examine the AC circuit in phasor domain

MO3 : To simulate Kirchhoff Law in frequency domain

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND:

Introduction:

The study of alternating current (AC) in physics is very important as it has practical applications
in our daily lives. As the name implies, the current and voltage change directions periodically at a
fixed frequency. Each element such as resistor, capacitor and inductor have a unique phase
response. For example, the voltage of a resistor is always in phase with the current, the voltage
of capacitor always lags the current buy 90 degrees and the voltage of inductor always leads the
current by 90 degrees. Consequently, a series combination of R, L, and C components will yield
a complex impedance with a phase angle between +90 and -90 degrees.

Due to the phase response, Kirchhoff’s voltage law must be computed using vector
(phasor) sums rather than simply relying on magnitudes. Indeed, all computations of circuit
theorem must be computed using vectors. In this experiment, you will be examining the voltage
and current in series R, L, and C networks regarding the importance of phase in various
components and the relationship of Kirchhoff’s Law.

CALCULATION:

Students/Group leader must get your instructor to approve all your work and schematics before
starting the experiment.
Read the material in the note/textbook that describes the basic concept of AC Circuit and you
should be able to perform phasor domain circuit calculations using the theory and formula given
in the note/textbook.

In Figure 5.1, Vin = 10 cos (ωt + 72˚) V with the angular frequency, ω = 10000π is connected to
R1 = 5kΩ, C1 = 0.1 μF. Calculate the value of voltage across capacitor and total impedance, ZT for
the network. Hence, write the steady state expression of Io in the network. Show ALL your
calculation.

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5 kΩ

I
+

+
Vac 0.1 μF Vc

Figure 5.1: RC Circuit

EXPERIMENTAL WORK:

Procedures:

1. Construct circuits as shown in Figure 5.1 with the given value.

2. Set Vin = 10pk-pk sine at frequency, f = 1 kHz using waveform generator. Calibrate the
setting with oscilloscope.

3. Use both channel (Channel 1 and Channel 2) of oscilloscope to assign as input (Vin) and
output (Vc), determine the voltage of C.

4. Capture/snapshot the waveforms of Vin and Vc that displaying by the oscilloscope in Table
5.1.

5. Set the cursor of each waveform by adjusting the cursor position using cursor knob as in
Figure 5.2. Hence, measure the time different, ∆𝑠𝑠 of test phase angle (∅ =72˚) and phase
difference between the waveform using measurement button and select knob. Snapshot
your measurement in Table 5.2.

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RESULTS:

Table 5.1: Waveform of Vin and Vc

Captured waveform of Vin and Vc:

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Table 5.2: Waveform of ∆𝑠𝑠 and phase different of Vin and Vc waveform
Time different, ∆𝒔𝒔 of test phase angle (∅ =72˚):

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Phase different of Vin and Vc waveform:

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DISCUSSIONS:

Explain if there are any variations in your measurements and calculations.

Student should discuss on the results that they have obtained & relate it with the theoretical
concept.
1. What is the phase relationship between R, L, and C component in a series and parallel
AC circuit?

The connection between R, L, and C in a series The resistor, R, has a voltage across it
that is in phase with the current. There is a 90° lag in the current between the voltage
across the capacitor, C, and the voltage across the inductor, L. Because the voltages in
each component of the RLC circuit are not in phase with one another, the total voltage is
a vector sum rather than the algebraic sum of the voltages across the resistor, the inductor,
and the capacitor. When an RLC circuit is parallel, Every component has the same voltage
across it, and the current flowing through resistor R is in phase with the voltage. The
voltage is 90° behind the current flowing through the inductor, L, and 90° ahead of the
current flowing through the capacitor, C.

2. In general, how would the phasor diagram of Figure 5.1 change if the frequency was
raised or was lowered?

When the frequency of a series RLC circuit increases, the circuit's impedance increases
and the phase angle between the voltage and current decreases. As a result, the series
RLC circuit's phasor diagram would change, showing an increase in the voltage across
the capacitor and a decrease in the voltage across the inductor. As a result, the parallel
RLC circuit's phasor diagram would change, showing an increase in the current flowing
through the capacitor and a decrease in the current flowing through the inductor. In both
series and parallel RLC circuits, the opposite effects would happen if the frequency were
reduced. The phasor diagrams would change correspondingly, with the current through
the inductor increasing in magnitude and the current through the capacitor decreasing in
magnitude in a parallel RLC circuit, and the voltage across the inductor increasing in
magnitude and the voltage across the capacitor decreasing in magnitude in a series RLC
circuit.

3. What will be happened to Vc (output) and current flow through the capacitor, if a 10 mH
inductor is connected across the capacitor?

If a 10 mH inductor is put across the capacitor in a series RLC circuit, both the circuit's
impedance and the phase angle between the voltage and current will increase. As a result,
the voltage across the capacitor decreases in magnitude while the voltage across the
resistor increases in magnitude. Because the circuit's current flows in series with the
inductor and capacitor, it stays constant.

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CONCLUSION:

What has been achieved/obtained regarding to the experiments?

State the conclusion for this experiment.

In summary, the Introduction to AC Circuit experiment helped us learn a lot about how alternating
current works. We understood important concepts like impedance, phase relationships, and how
resistors, inductors, and capacitors behave in AC circuits. Through hands-on practice, we applied
what we learned to real situations. This experiment provided a strong foundation for
understanding AC circuits, which is crucial for further studies and practical work in electrical
engineering. Successfully completing this experiment means we're better equipped to analyze
and work with AC circuits in the future.

REFERENCES:

1. Alexander C. K. & Sadiku M. N. O., Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, 6th Edition,

McGrawHill, 2016 (eBook – Textbook)

2. John Bird, Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2017, ISBN
9781138673496

END

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