ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

COURSE CODE: MEK425

PROGRAM: CEEM 242

LABAROTARY EXERSICE NO : 3

STUDENT NAME STUDENT ID

1. IZWAN HAZRI BIN ROPIZALHAZRI 2023268962
2. MUHAMMAD ZAKI BIN OMAR 2023214384
3. - -
MARKS RUBRICS
COMPONENTS MARKS COMMENTS
RESULTS /25
DISCUSSIONS /15
CONCLUSION /10
TOTAL /50
 STUDENT KIT LAB MODULE
Program: CEEE260/CEEM242 Semester: 1

Ownership: Discipline of Electronics

Version: 1.0 Date Issued: March 2022

Course Name: PRACTICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS/ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

Course Code: EEE404/MEK425

Mode of Delivery: ✔ Face to Face Virtual

NODAL ANALYSIS AND MESH ANALYSIS

Authors

Harnani binti Hassan

Prepared by: Date : March 2022
Dr Raudah Abu Bakar
Harnani binti Hassan
1st Revision : Date : March 2023

2nd Revision : Date :

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 ASSESSMENT DETAILS

Field/Module: Electronics / E4

Experiment Title: NODAL ANALYSIS AND MESH ANALYSIS

At the end of the course, students should be able to:

CLO1: Identify the appropriate knowledge in performing

experimental tasks (C4).
CLO2: Analyze experimental findings through result and
Course Learning discussion (C4).
Outcomes: CLO3: Demonstrate proficiency using laboratory tools
appropriately in conducting experiment (P4).
CLO4: Follow the experiment and laboratory regulations in
conducting the laboratory work. (A3).
CLO5: Work in a team effectively to perform laboratory works (A3)

Upon completion of this experiment, students should have the:

MO1 : to calculate the theoretical value of node voltage and current

specify in each circuit
Module Outcomes:
MO2 : to measure the given circuit to obtain the node voltage and
current specify in each circuit.
MO3 : to compare the theoretical value and the simulated value
obtained.

Perform the following tasks:

Instructions: 1. Submit the report in group or individual as instructed by

Instructor.
2. The group shall consist maximum of 2-3 persons.

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 1. Make sure good sitting posture throughout the session.
Safety Instructions:
2. Good lighting and good ventilation.

1. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Introduction:

Nodal analysis provides a general procedure for analysing circuits using node voltages as the
circuit variables. Choosing node voltages instead of element voltages as circuit variables is
convenient and reduces the number of equations one must solve simultaneously. Nodal
Analysis will apply Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) while mesh analysis will apply Kirchoff’s
Voltage Law (KVL). You can use the notes given by the lecturer for MEK425.

2. SIMULATION WORK

Procedures: Nodal Analysis

1. Construct circuits as shown in Figure 3.1 using the parameters given in Table 3.1 for
each case.

2. Measure the values of currents IR2 and IR3 and voltages Va, VR2, VR4, and VR5.

3. Use the KCL equations to calculate the values of currents IR2 and IR3 and voltages Va,
VR2, VR4, and VR5.
4. Record the measured and calculated values in Table 3.2.
Va

R5 R2

R3 R4
VS1

GND1

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 Figure 3.1: Resistive circuit with voltage source

Table 3.1: Circuit Parameters for Figure 3.1

Parameters Case 1 Case 2

VS1 +25 V -25V
R5 10k 10k
R2 3.3k 3.3k
R3 5.1k 5.1k
R4 6.8k 6.8k
Procedures: Mesh Analysis

1. Construct circuits of Figure 3.2.

2. Measure the values of currents I1, I2 and I3 and voltages V1, V2 and V3.

3. Use the KVL equations to calculate the values of currents I1, I2 and I3, and voltages V1,
V2 and V3.
4. Record the measured and calculated values in Table 3.3.

5. Compare the measured and calculated values and determine the percent difference for
each current and voltage using the following equation:

% Difference = Measured - Calculated×100%

(4) Measured

Figure 3.2: Resistive circuit with two voltage sources

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3. RESULTS

Fill the results obtained from your experiment in the table below. (It is advisable to use up to 3
decimal places for the result.)

Table 3.2: Measured and Calculated Results for Figure 3.1

Measured Measured Calculated Calculated

Parameters
Case 1 Case 2 Case 1 Case 2
Va 6.7 -6.7 V 6.33 V 6.33 V
VR5 18.47 -18.3 V -18.67 V 18.67 V
IR2 1.2 mA -1.2 mA 1.24 mA -1.24 mA
IR3 1.8 mA -1. 8 mA 1.92 mA -1.92 mA
VR2 2.17 2.2 V 2.07 V -2.07 V
VR3 6.7 6.7 V 6.32 V -6.32 V

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 Table 3.3: Measured and Calculated Results for Figure 3.2

Parameters Measured Calculated % Difference

R1 4.62 kΩ 4.7 kΩ -1.73
R2 2.65 kΩ 2.7 kΩ -1.88
R3 6.72 kΩ 6.8 kΩ -1.19
I1 2.7 mA 2.587 mA 4.18
-I2 0.5 mA 0.317 mA 36.6
I3 3 mA 2.904 mA 3.2
V1 -12.19 V -12.159 V 0.254
V2 7.9 V 7.8408 V 0.749
V3 -2.2 V -2.156 V 2.00

4. DISCUSSIONS

Questions: Nodal Analysis

1. In nodal analysis, do the polarities of the source in Figure 3.1 will affect value of
voltage and current of measured elements? Will the magnitude of the voltage in each
resistor be the same if the source voltage has an inverted polarity?

Changing the polarity of the voltage source affects the voltage across the resistor and
the direction of current flow. As a result, the voltage across the resistor reverses its
polarity, and current flows in the other direction through the resistor. The change in
current direction occurs due to the voltage polarity. The magnitude of the voltage
remains constant, but the polarity or direction is reversed.

2. In case 1 of Figure 3.1, the positive terminal of voltage source is connected to R5 while
in case 2 negative terminal of voltage is connected to R5. Should the current that passed
through R5 be identical?

The resistor R5 in cases 1 and 2 experiences the same amount of current flowing
through it, but the direction of the current is different; in example 1, the current flowing
through R5 is negative, but in case 2, it is positive.

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Questions: Mesh Analysis

1. In Figure 3.2, the negative terminals of the sources are connected to ground. Is this a
requirement for mesh analysis? What would happen to the mesh currents if the positions
of 20V and R2 were swapped?

No, connecting the source's negative terminal to the ground is not necessary for the
mesh analysis. If 20V and R2 are switched, the system will not become supermesh, and
we will need to use the KVL equation to independently evaluate each loop. These two
loops' current magnitudes differ from one another. In a supermesh condition, two loops
with a current source in between must be combined into a single loop.

2. In general, compare the application of mesh and nodal analyses to multisource DC

circuits. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? Are some circuits better
approached with a particular technique? Will each technique enable any current or
voltage to be found or are there limitations?

Nodal analysis has the advantage of being especially well adapted for circuits with a
large number of current sources and very few voltage sources. Apart from that, circuits
having supernodes—that is, nodes that span voltage sources—can be handled using
nodal analysis. The disadvantages are the possibility of increased complexity when
applying it to circuits with numerous voltage sources. A set of linear equations may also
need to be solved for nodal analysis, which can be challenging for complicated circuits.
Mesh analysis has the advantage of working well in circuits with a lot of voltage sources
and few current sources. Dealing with supermesh makes mesh analysis simple. One of
its disadvantages is that circuits with complex node configurations may find it less
intuitive. Solving equations involving dependent sources or supernodes may be
necessary for mesh analysis. Limitation, both nodal and mesh are applicable for DC
circuits. Since they were designed for steady state DC analysis, they are not appropriate
for analysing circuits that operate in the time domain or circuits with rapidly changing
signals.

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5. CONCLUSIONS

Write the conclusion for experiments. What has been achieved/obtained regarding to the
experiments?

In summary, the experiment on Nodal Analysis and Mesh Analysis helped us understand how
to analyze electrical circuits better. By practicing nodal and mesh analysis techniques, we
learned how to solve complex circuit problems and predict how electricity behaves in different
situations. This experiment equipped us with essential skills in electrical engineering, making
it easier for us to approach and solve challenging circuit problems. Successfully completing
the experiment is a significant step forward, providing us with a strong foundation for further
studies and practical applications in the field of electrical circuits.

6. REFERENCES

1. Alexander C. K. & Sadiku M. N. O., “Fundamentals of Electric Circuits”, 6th Edition,

McGraw-Hill, 2016 (eBook – Textbook)
2. John Bird, “Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology”, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2017, ISBN
9781138673496

END