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Hard Computing Vs Soft Computing

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15 views15 pages

Hard Computing Vs Soft Computing

Uploaded by

Khushi Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HARD COMPUTING VS SOFT COMPUTING

Hard computing Soft computing

 Precision  Imprecision

 Based on binary logic and numerical  Based on fuzzy logic, neural network.
analysis
 Soft computing produces approximate
 Hard computing produces precise results. results.
 Input exact data.  Deals with ambiguous and noisy data.

 Hard computing uses two-valued logic.  Soft computing will use multivalued logic.

 Hard computing performs sequential  Soft computing can perform parallel


computations. computations.
NEURON
BASIC WORKING UNIT OF BRAIN
NEURONS ARE INFORMATION
MESSENGERS. THEY USE
ELECTRICAL IMPULSES AND
CHEMICAL SIGNALS TO TRANSMIT
INFORMATION BETWEEN
DIFFERENT AREAS OF THE BRAIN,
AND BETWEEN THE BRAIN AND
THE REST OF THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM
CONTINUE...
Types of Biological Neuron
 A nerve cell neuron is a special
biological cell that processes Sensory Neurons: taste, smell, hear, see, feel.
information. According to an
Motor Neurons: Movements of muscles or organs.
estimation, there are huge number of
neurons, approximately 1011 with Interneurons: Intermediate neurons found in spinal cord
numerous interconnections, and brain. They pass signals from sensory neurons to
approximately 1015. motor neurons
BRIEF HISTORY OF NEURAL NETWORKS
 Model of a neuron

ARTIFICIAL
NEURAL
NETWORK

Artificial neurons (also called Perceptrons, Units or


Nodes) are the simplest elements or building blocks in a
neural network. They are inspired by biological neurons
that are found in the human brain.
ANN VERSUS BNN

 Before taking a look at the


differences between Artificial
Neural Network ANNANN and
Biological Neural
Network BNNBNN, let us take a
look at the similarities based on
the terminology between these
two.
CONTINUE...
 Dendrites (input) − They are tree-like branches, responsible for receiving the information from other
neurons it is connected to. In other sense, we can say that they are like the ears of neuron.
 Soma (Processing Unit) − It is the cell body of the neuron and is responsible for processing of
information, they have received from dendrites. It sums up all the input signals. It also consist of
threshold unit
 Synapses (weighted connection) - When the sum reaches a threshold value, neuron fires and
generate an output signal. It is point of interconnection of one neuron with other neuron. The amount
of signal transmitted depends upon the strength(synaptic weights) of the connection. Connections
can be inhibitory(decreasing strength) or excitatory(increasing strength) in nature.
 Axon(Output) − It is just like a cable through which neurons send the information which travel down
to other neuron.
COMPARISON OF ANN AND BNN
ARTIFICIAL NEURON AND ITS MODEL
Artificial Neuron: An artificial neuron is mathematical function based on model of biological neurons.

Each artificial neurons has the following main functions


1. Receives input from number of input signals
2. Weight each input separately and sum them up
3. Pass this sum through an activation function to produce output
NETWORK ARCHITECTURE CONTD..
COMPONENTS OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK

Components of NN:

• Input later/Input Values


• Hidden Layer
• Synapse/weighted connection link
• Summing function
• Activation function
• Output layer
COMPONENTS CONT…..
1. Input Values/One input layer:
 Takes raw input from the domin
 No computation is performed at this layer.
 Nodes here just pass on information to the hidden layer.
 It is similar to dendrite in biological neuron

2. Hidden Layer
 Nodes of this layer are not exposed.
 They provide abstraction to the neural network.
 It performs all kind of computation on the features entered through input layer and transfer the result to output layer.

3. Synapse/weighted connection link:


 Each connection link is categorized by a weight or strength(wi).
 Each input xi is multiplied by its weight wi to get synaptic strength.

4. Summing Function:
 The summing function is used to take the sum of all weighted connection link.
 A bias value is also added to this weighted sum.
COMPONENTS CONT…..
5. Activation Function:
 It decides whether or not a neuron is fired based on output value produced.
6. Output/Output Layer:
 It gives the final output/output layer of a neuron/network which can be passed to other neuron in the
network
CALCULATION

Yin= x1w1+x2w2
ACTIVATION FUNCTION
 An Activation Function decides whether a neuron should be activated or not.

 It is a non-linear functions.

 An activation function is just a simple function that changes its inputs into
outputs with a defined range.
 Activation Function also called as transfer functions are equations that define
how the weighted sum of the input of a neural node is transformed into an
output.

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