Chapter 7

Power, and Power Factor Correction

INTRODUCTION
In many electric devices we are mainly interested in the power. For example, we are
interested in the power generated by an alternator, the power input to an electric motor
drive, or the power delivered by a radio or television transmitter.
In Fig. 7-1, let the voltage be a time function. The «('>

resulting current will also be a time function, and its

magnitude will depend upon the elements in the pas-
sive network. The product of voltage and current at
any instant of time is called instantaneous power and
is given by
P VI Fig. 7-1

Power v can assume and negative values depending on the interval of time
positive
under consideration. A
p indicates a transfer of energy from the source to the
positive
network, while a negative p corresponds to a transfer of energy from the network to the
source.

POWER IN THE SINUSOIDAL STEADY STATE. AVERAGE POWER (P)

Consider the ideal case where the passive net-

work consists only of an inductive element, and
apply to the network a sinusoidal voltage of the
form v = Vm sin «>t. The resulting current will
have the form i = Im sin {at — -n 12). Then the
power at any instant of time is
p = vi = Vm/m (sin «>£) (sin «>£ — tt/2)
Since sin (a>£ — tt/2) = -cos at and 2 sin x cos x =
sin2ic, we have
p —\Vmlm sin 2<x>t
Fig. 7-2. Network of Pure L
The above result is illustrated in Fig. 7-2.
When are both positive, the power p is
v and i

positive and energy is delivered from the source

to the inductance. When v and i have opposite
sign, the power is negative and energy is return-
ing from the inductance to the source. Power
has a frequency twice that of the voltage or
current. The average value of the power, indi-
cated with the symbol P, is zero when calculated
over a complete cycle.
In the ideal case of a pure capacitive network,
analogous results are obtained. Fig. 7-3 illus- Fig. 7-3. Network of Pure C
trates such case.

68
CHAP. 7] POWER, AND POWER FACTOR CORRECTION 69

Apply now a voltage v = Vm*sma>t to a net-

work containing only resistance. The resulting
current is i — Im sin <at and the corresponding
power is
P = Vl — Km Im Sin 2 oit
Since sin 2 x = ^(1 — cos 2x), we have
V = iVm Im(l - COS 2o>t)

This result is illustrated in Fig. 7-4. Here

also we notice that the power has a frequency
twice that of the voltage or current. Moreover,
the power is always positive and varies from zero Fig. 7-4. Network of Pure R
to a maximum value of Vm Im The average value .

of the power is %Vm Im .

Finally consider the case of a general passive network. For an applied sinusoidal
voltage v = V m sin <at, we have a resulting current i = I m sin (<at + 9). The phase angle 9
will be positive or negative depending on the capacitive or inductive character of the
network. Then
p = vi = Vm Im sin U sin (cat + 9)
Since sin a sin ft
= i[cos (a — (3) — cos (a + /?)] and
COS —a = COS a,

P = Wm Im [COS 6 — COS (2<at + 9)]

The instantaneous power p consists of a
sinusoidal term —\Vm Im cos (2<o£-f 9) which has
an average value of zero and a constant term
$VmIm cos 9. Then the average value of p is
P = iVmlm cos 9 = VIcos9

where V= Ymly/2 and / = Imly/2 are the effec-

tive values of the phasors V and I respectively.
The term cos 9 is called power factor, abbreviated
pf The angle
. 9 is the angle between V and I, and
its value is always between ±90°. Hence, cos0
and consequently P are always positive. How-
ever, to indicate the sign of 9, an inductive circuit,
where the current lags the voltage, has a lagging
power factor. In a capacitive circuit the current
leads the voltage, and the circuit has a leading P-
power factor. 1 + 1 / + i
/ + \
/ *
The average power P can also be obtained \Sv/u \y2v/u
I

>o' 3jt/«
r T
1
from the relation P dt.

Units of average power are the watt (w) and Fig. 7-5
kilowatt (kw) = 1000 w.

APPARENT POWER (S)

The product VI is called apparent power and is indicated by the symbol S.

The units of S are volt-ampere (va) and kilovolt-ampere (kva) = 1000 va.
70 POWER, AND POWER FACTOR CORRECTION [CHAP. 7

REACTIVE POWER (Q)

The product VI sin 6 is called reactive power and is indicated by the symbol Q.
The units of Q are volt-amperes-reactive (var) and kilovar (kvar) = 1000 vars.

POWER TRIANGLE
The equations associated with the average, apparent and reactive power can be devel-
oped geometrically on a right triangle called the power triangle.
Given an inductive circuit, sketch the lagging current and the terminal voltage as
shown below in Fig. 7 -6(a) with V as reference. In Fig. 7-6(6), redraw the current with
its in-phase and quadrature components. The in-phase component is in phase with V and
the quadrature or reactive component is normal to V or 90° out of phase. Repeat the
diagram in Fig. 7-6(c), multiplying I, / sin 9 and / cos 6 by the effective voltage V. Then

Average power P = voltage x in-phase component of current = VI cos

Apparent power S = voltage x current = VI
Reactive power Q = voltage x quadrature component of current = VI sin d

*-v
I COS 9 P = VIcose

/sin e Q = V/sin (

S = VI lagging

(a)
(b) (c)

Fig. 7-6. Power triangle, Inductive load

A similar procedure can be applied to a leading current as shown in Fig. 7-7 below.
The power triangle for a capacitive load has the Q component above the horizontal.

i/ S= Vl/ Q = VI sin 9
I sine leading

v X\ e
XV
I cose P= VIcose

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 7-7. Power triangle, Capacitive load

COMPLEX POWER
The three sides S, P and Q power triangle can be obtained from the product VI*.
of the
The result of this product is a complex number called the complex power S. Its real part
equals the average power P and its imaginary part is equal to the reactive power Q.
CHAP. 7] POWER, AND POWER FACTOR CORRECTION 71

Consider V= Veia and l = Ieiia+0 \ Then

S == VI* = Ve**/6-K« + « = Vie-* 6 = VI cos 6 - jVI sin = P - jQ
The absolute value of S is the apparent power S = VI. A leading phase
angle (I leading V)
determines a leading Q while a lagging phase angle indicates a lagging Q. This considera-
tion should be kept in mind in the construction of the power triangle.
A summary of the equations that can be used to determine the components of the power
triangle is given below.
Average power P = VI cos 6 = PR = Vl/R = Re VI*
Reactive power Q = FJsinfl = PX = Vx/X = ImVI*
Apparent power S = VI = PZ = VVZ = absolute value of VI*
Power factor pf = cos0 = R/Z = P/S
Example 1.

Given a circuit with an impedance Z = 3 + j4 and an applied phasor voltage V= 100 /30° ,

determine the power triangle.

The resulting current is I = V/Z = (100/302 )/(5 /53.1° ) = 20 /-23.1 .

Method 1.

P = PR - (20)23 = 1200 W ^P = 1200w

Q = PX = 1600 vars lagging
S = I2Z = 2000 va x n = tmM
pf = COS 53.1° = .6 lagging S = 2000va\
\ Q 1600 vars
lagging

Method 2.

S - VI = 100(20) = 2000 va
P = VI cose = 2000 cos 53.1° = 1200 w
Q = VI sine = 2000 sin 53.1° = 1600 vars lagging Fig. 7-8

pf = cos* = cos 53.1° = .6 lagging

Method 3.

S = VI* = (100/30? )(20 /23.1° ) = 2000 /53.1° = 1200 + j'1600 from which

P = 1200 w, Q = 1600 vars lagging, S = 2000 va, and pf = cos 53.1° = .Blagging

Method 4.

VR = IR = 20 /-23.1 (3) = 60 /-23.1 , Vx = (2Q /-23.1 )(4 /90° ) = 80 /66.9°

Hence P = V%/R = 60 2 /3 = 1200 w

Q = Vx/X = 80 2/4 = 1600 vars lagging
S = VVZ = 100 2/5 = 2000 va
pf = P/S = .6 lagging
Care should be taken in substituting values in the equation P= V%/R. The most frequent error
is to replace VR the voltage across the resistor alone, by V, the
, total voltage across the impedance Z.

POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

In ordinary residential and industrial applications, the loads appear inductive, and the
current lags the applied voltage. The average power, P, delivered to a load is a measure
of the useful work per unit time that the load can perform. This power is usually trans-
mitted through distribution lines and transformers.
Since a transformer, rated in kva, is often used at a fixed voltage, the kva rating is
merely an indication of the maximum current permitted. Theoretically, if a pure inductive
or capacitive load were connected, the transformer could be fully loaded while the average
power delivered would be zero.
72 POWER, AND POWER FACTOR CORRECTION [CHAP. 7

Referring to the power triangle, the hypotenuse S is a measure of the loading on the dis-
tribution system, and the side P is a measure of the useful power delivered. It is therefore
desirable to have S as close to P as possible, that is, to make the angle approach zero. Since
pf = cos
0, the power factor should approach unity. For the usual case of an inductive
load, it is often possible to improve the power factor by placing capacitors in parallel with
the load. Note that since the voltage across the load remains the same, the useful power P
also does not change. Since the power factor is increased, the current and apparent power
decrease, and a more efficient utilization of the power distribution system is obtained.

Example 2.

In the circuit of Example 1, correct the power factor to

.9 lagging by addition of parallel capacitors. Find S' after P = 1200
the correction is introduced, and the vars of capacitors re-
quired to obtain such correction.
Redraw the power triangle determined in Example 1.
Now, .9 = cos*' and $' = 26°; then
S' = P/cose' = 1200/cos26° = 1333
Since Q' = S' sin e' - 1333 sin 26° = 585 vars lagging,
Capacitor vars = Q— Q' - 1600 - 585 = 1015 leading
Since P remains unchanged, the work also remains un-
Fig. 7-9
changed after correction of the power factor. However, the
value of <S has been reduced from 2000 to 1333 va.

Solved Problems
7.1. Given a circuit with an applied voltage v = 150 sin fat + 10°) and a resulting
current i = 5 sin fat - 50°), determine the power triangle.

V = (150/V2)/10° = 106/10° and I = (5A/2) /-50° =

3.54 /-50 . Then P= 187.5

S = VI* = (106/10° )(3.54/50° ) = 375/60° = 187.5 + ?325

5 = 375 Q= 325
from which lagging
P = Re VI* = 187.5 w
Q = Im VI* = 325 vars lagging
S = |VI*| = 375 va
pf = cos 60° = .5 lagging Fig. 7-10

7.2. A two element series circuit has a power of 940 watts and a power factor of .707
leading. If the applied voltage v = 99 sin (6000* + 30°), determine the circuit
constants.
The phasor form of the applied voltage is V = (99/v/ 2) /30° = 70 /30° Now the power .

P = VI cos 0, 940 = 70/(.707) and I = 19 amperes. Since the power factor is .707 leading, the
phasor current must lead the voltage by cos -1 .707 = 45°. Then I = 19 /75° The impedance of .

the circuit Z = V/I = (70/30^ )/(19/75f = 3.68 /-45° = 2.6 - j2.6. Since Z = R - jXc and
)

Xc = 1/wC, we have
R = 2.6 ohms and C = _ _
1
= 64.1 juf
6000(2.6)
Alternate method.

Put / = 19 amperes in P - PR and obtain 940 = {19) 2R, R = 2.6 ohms.

Then Z = Z /-45° = 2.6 - jXc and Xc = 2.6. Hence C = l/aXc = 64.1 /if.
 — i

CHAP. 7] POWER, AND POWER FACTOR CORRECTION 73

7.3. Given the series circuit of Fig. 7-11, determine the power triangle.

P = 300

50 7-90° Q= 400
(^) | S= 500 lagging

Fig. 7-11 Fig. 7-12

From Fig. 7-11, Z = 3 + j6 - j2 = 5 /53.1° and I = V/Z = (50 7-90° )/(5 /53.1° ) = 10 /-143.1 C
Then
S = VI* (50 7-90° K1Q /143.1 ) = 500 /53.1° = 300 + ;400

The components of the power triangle shown in Fig. 7-12 are

P = 300 w, Q = 400 vars lagging, S = 500 va, pf = cos 53.1° = .6 lagging

Alternate method.
= 10 amperes in the power equation of each
Substituting / element,

P = PR = 10 2 (3) = 300 w, Q j6 = 10 2 (6) = 600 vars lagging, Q_ j2 = 102(2) = 200 vars leading

and Q = Qi6 + Q- }2 = 600 - 200 = 400 vars lagging.

7.4. In the circuit shown in Fig. 7-13 the total effec- 1 M/VW^
tive current is 30 amperes. Determine the power I. -is
relations.
Letting IT = 30/0°., I2 = 30/0?
(f^jf ) = 4

18.45 /-12.55° and It = 30/0f (j^s = ) 12.7 /18.45° .

JB Fig. 7-13
Then
p = /
2
#4 + / 2
fl 5 = (18.45)2 (4) + (12.7) 2 (5) = 2165 w
Q = I\X = (12.7) 2 (3) = 483 vars leading
S = P - jQ = 2165 - j'483 = 2210 /-12.6 , S = 2210 va

pf = P/S = 2165/2210 = .98 leading

The above results can also be found by calculating the equivalent impedance Zeq = _ -g =
9
2.4 - j .533. Then
P = fT R = 30 2 (2.4) = 2160 w and Q - 30 2 (.533) = 479.7 vars leading

;'4

7.5. In the parallel circuit of Fig. 7-14, the total i

3
i/VWW rO~00 A —
power is 1100 watts. Find the power in each ii

resistor and the reading on the ammeter. -0-

From Fig. 7-14 obtain '» 10

It = =- = I2 = =^-^ww
3 + ;4 5 /53.1 c 10 Fig. 7-14

magnitudes of the currents

h -^- = | Using the relation P = PR,
The ratio of the is .

the ratio of the powers in the 3 and 10 ohm resistors is

l\R
p 10 InR
74 POWER, AND POWER FACTOR CORRECTION [CHAP. 7

Now P T = P3 + P 10 from , which, dividing both terms by P 10 , P-r/Pio = p zlp \o + 1 an d

P 10 = 1100(5/11) = 500 w, P3 = 1100 - 500 = 600 w

Since P = PR, l\{%) = 600 and I x = 14.14. Let V = V /0° ; then

Ix = 14.14 /-53.1 = 8.48 - jll.31

I2 = 7.07/0? = 7.07

and IT = Ij + I2 = 15.55 - jll.31 = 19.25 7-36°

The meter reading is 19.25 amp.

7.6. Determine the power triangles for each branch of the parallel circuit of Fig. 7-15
and add them to obtain the power triangle for the entire circuit.
Pi = 86.6
^43.4°/
30°

\j Qi = 50
lagging

P = 40
2

V= 20/60 c Z* = 5/60°
sT = ni\ V/60°

. \s. Q* = 69.2
lagging

Fig. 7-15 Fig. 7-16

Branch 1. Branch 2.

lt = V/Zi = (20/60° )/(4/30° ) = 5 /30° I2 = V/Za = (20/60° )/(5/60° ) = 4/0f

Si = VI* = (20/60° )(5 /-30° ) = 100/30° S2 = VI* = (20/60° )(4/0° ) = 80/60°

= 86.6 + i50 = 40 + ;'69.2

Then Then
P t = ReVIj* = 86.6 w P2 = 40 w
Qi = ImVI* = 50 vars lagging Q2 = 69.2 vars lagging

St = \Ylt\ = 100 va S2 = 80 va

pf x = Pi/Si = .866 lagging pf2 = .5 lagging

From the above results and referring to Fig. 7-16, obtain the total power triangle as follows:

Pt = ^1 + ^2 = 86.6 + 40 = 126.6 w, QT = Qi + Q2 = 50 + 69.2 = 119.2 vars lagging

Since ST = PT + jQ T = 126.6 + ill9.2 = 174 /43.4° ,

ST = |S T |
= 174 va and pf T = P T/S T = 126.6/174 = .727 lagging

7.7. An induction motor with a 2hp output has an efficiency of 85%. At this load the
power factor is .8 lagging. Determine the complete input power information.
Since 1 hp = 746 watts, P in = 2(746)/.85 = 1755 w. Then

S = 1755/.8 = 2190 va, e = cos" 1 (.8) = 36.9°, Q = 2190 sin 36.9° = 1315 vars lagging
CHAP. 7] POWER, AND POWER FACTOR CORRECTION 75

I. ,

7.8. Determine the power triangle for the

total parallel
circuit of Fig. 7-17 if the power in the 2 ohm resistor
is 20 watts.
From P - I2R we have I 2 (2) = 20 and I x = 3.16 amp.
Since Z t = 2 - ;5 = 5.38 /-68.2 V = I t Z = 3.16(5.38) = , ;-j5
17 volts. Let V = 17/0? ; then

Ix = 3.16 /68.2° , I2 = V/Z2 = (17/0_° )/(y^/45° )

and iT = ^+ i2 = 11.1 /-29.8 Fig. 7-17

To calculate the power triangle components, ST is needed. Thus

ST = VIt = 17/0° (11.1 /29.8° ) = 189 /29.8° = 164 + ;94
from which
PT = 164 w, QT = 94 vars lagging, ST = 189 va, pf = 164/189 = .868 lagging

7.9. Determine the power components of a combination of three individual loads specified
as follows: Load 1, 250 va, pf .5 lagging; Load 2, 180 w, pf .8 leading; Load 3,
300 va, 100 vars lagging.
Calculate the unknown average power and reactive power of each load. Thus:

Load 1. Given S = 250 va, pf = .5 lagging.

P=S pf = 250(.5) = 125 w, e = cos" 1 .5 = 60°, Q = S sine = 250 sin 60° = 216 vars lagging

Load 2. Given P= 180 w, pf = .8 leading.

S = P/pf = 180/.8 = 225 va, 9 = cos" 1 .8 = 36.9°, Q = 225 sin 36.9° = 135 vars leading

Load 3. Given S = 300 va, Q = 100 vars lagging.

e = sin-!(Q/S) = sin" (100/300)
1 = 19.5°, P = Scose = 300 cos 19.5° = 283 w
Then PT = 125 + 180 + 283 = 588 w, QT = 216 - 135 + 100 = 181 vars lagging

Since ST = PT + jQ T = 588 + jl81 = 616 /17.1° ,

ST = 616 va and pf = P/S = 588/616 = .955 lagging

Fig. 7-18 shows the power triangles of the individual and combined loads.

i> = 588

Q T = 181
lagging

180
Fig. 7-18

7.10. A 25 kva transformer supplies a load of 12 kw at a power factor of .6 lagging. Find

the percentage of full load the transformer is carrying. If additional unity power
factor loads are to be served with the same transformer, how many kw may be added
before the transformer is at full load ?
For the 12 kw load, S - P/pf = 12/.6 = 20 kva. Then

% full load = (20/25)100 = 80%

76 POWER, AND POWER FACTOR CORRECTION [CHAP. 7

Since $ = cos" 1 6 = 53.1°, Q - Ssin* =

. PT = 19.2
20 sin 53.1° = 16 kvar lagging. The additional
loads have unity power factor; therefore the reac-
tive power Q remains unchanged. Then, at full load
capacity, the angle 0' = sin" 1 (16/25) = 39.8° and
the total power P T = S' cos 6' = 25 cos 39.8° =
19.2 kw. Hence

Additional load = PT P = 19.2-12

= 7.2 kw
The above result can also be obtained graphi- New load 25 kva arc
cally as shown in Fig. 7-19. at unity pf

Notice that with the addition of loads at unity

power factor the overall power factor is improved,
Fig. 7-19
i.e. pf = cos 39.8° = .768 lagging.

7.11. Referring to Problem 7.10, if the additional loads have a power factor of .866 leading,
how many kva of these loads can be added to bring the transformer to its full load
capacity?
From Problem 7.11, S = 20 kva, $ = 53.1°, Q = 16 kvar lagging. Draw the power triangle
-1 .866 = 30°,
as shown in Fig. 7-20(a). With the S 2 of the new loads added at an angle 6 2 = cos
the angle e' is needed. Referring to Fig. 7-20(6), we have

25/sin96.9° = 2O/sin0, sin p = .795, p = 52.6°

Then y = 180° - (96.9° + 52.6°) = 30.5° and e' = 53.1° - 30.5° = 22.6°.

P=12

(a) (6)

Fig. 7-20

The power and reactive power for the full load are P T = 25 cos 22.6° = 23.1 kw and
QT — 25 sin 22.6° = 9.6 kvar lagging respectively. Now, for the added loads, P 2 = 23.1 — 12 =
11.1 kw, Q 2 = 16 - 9.6 = 6.4 kvar leading and, since S2 = P2 + JQ* - H- 1 - J QA = 12.8/-30 ,

S2 = 12.8 kva

Thus 12.8 kva of new loads with a power factor of .866 leading may be added to the 12 kw
at .6 pf lagging to bring the transformer up to its rated 25 kva.

Another method. From Fig. 7-20(a), for an angle e 2 = 30° ,

P2 = S 2 cos30° = (V3/2)S 2 , Q 2 = S2 sin30° = $S 2

Now (ST = (P + P 2 2 +(Q-Q 2

) )
2

Substituting, 252 = (12 + ^3/2 S 2) 2 + (16 - £S2 2 )

and S2 = 12 -8 kva
CHAP. 7] POWER, AND POWER FACTOR CORRECTION 77

7.12. A 500 kva transformer is at full load with an overall

power factor of .6 lagging. The power factor is im-
proved by adding capacitors until the overall power
factor becomes .9 lagging. Determine the kvar of
capacitors required. After correction of the power
factor, what percentage of full load is the trans- S = 500
former carrying?
For the transformer at full load (see Fig. 7-21),

P = VI cose = 500(.6) = 300 kw

$ = cos" 6 = 53.1° 1
.

Q = VI sine = 500 sin 53.1° = 400 kvar lagging Fig. 7-21

When pf = .9 lagging,
e' - cos- 1 9 . = 26°, S' = 300/.9 = 333 kva, Q' = 333 sin 26 146 kvar lagging

Hence Capacitor kvar = Q- Q' = 400 - 146 = 254 leading

and % full load = (333/500)100 = 66.7%

7.13. A group kw and a power factor of .8 lagging

of induction motors with a total of 500
is motors of the same efficiency but leading
to be partially replaced with synchronous
power factor of .707. As the replacement program continues, the overall power
factor is constantly improving. What percentage of the load will have been replaced
when the system power factor reaches .9 lagging?
Since the synchronous motors have the same efficiency as the induction motors, the total average
power remains constant at 500 kw. Before replacement of the motors,

S = 500/.8 = 625 kva, e = cos -1 .8 = 36.9°, Q = 625 sin 36.9° = 375 kvar lagging

When the system pf = .9 lagging,

e' = cos- 1 .9 = 26°, S' = 500/.9 = 556 kva, Q' = 556 sin 26° = 243 kvar lagging

500

(a) (b)

Fig. 7-22

With the power factor of the replacing motors equal to .707 leading, tf
2 = cos -1 .707 = 45 c
Referring to Fig. 7-22(6), apply the law of sines to obtain

S 2 /sin53.1° = 132/sin 81.9°, S2 = 106.5 kva

Then P2 = 106.5 cos 45° = 75.3 kw and

% load replaced = (75.3/500)100 = 15%
78 POWER, AND POWER FACTOR CORRECTION [CHAP. 7

Supplementary Problems
7.14. Given a circuit with an applied voltage v — 200 sin (wt + 110°) and a resulting current
i = + 20°), determine the
5 sin (ut complete power triangle.
Ans. P = 0, Q = 500 vars lagging

7.15. Given a circuit with an applied voltage v = 14.14 cos ut and resulting current i = 17.1 cos (wt —
14.05°) ma, determine the complete power triangle.
Ans. P = 117.5 milliwatts, Q = 29.6 millivars lagging, pf = .97 lagging

7.16. Given a circuit with an applied voltage v = 340 sin (ut- 60°) and a resulting current
i = — 48.7°),
13.3 sin (ut determine the complete power triangle.
Ans. P = 2215 w, Q — 442 vars leading, pf = .98 leading

7.17. A two element series circuit of R = 10 ohms and Xc = 5 ohms has an effective applied voltage
of 120. Determine the power triangle. Ans. S = 1154 — j'577, pf = .894 leading

7.18. A two element series circuit of R = 5 ohms and X L = 15 ohms has an effective voltage across
the resistor of 31.6. Determine the power triangle. Ans. S = 200 + i600, pf = .316 lagging

7.19. A series circuit of R = 8 ohms and X c = 6 ohms has an applied phasor voltage V = 50 /— 90° .

Find the complete power information. Ans. S = 200 - jl50, pf = .8 leading

7.20. Determine the circuit impedance which takes 5040 volt-amperes at a power factor of .894 leading
from an applied phasor voltage V = 150 /45° Ans. 4 — j2 .

7.21. An impedance carries an effective current of 18 amperes which results in 3500 volt-amperes at a
power factor of .76 lagging. Find the impedance. Ans. 8.21 + ;7.0

7.22. A two element series circuit with an instantaneous current i = 4.24 sin (5000t + 45°) has a
power of 180 watts and a power factor of .8 lagging. Find the circuit constants.
Ans. R = 20 ohms, L = 3 mh

7.23. Two impedances Z t = 5.83 /-59° and Z2 = 8.95 /63.4° are in series and pass an effective current
of 5 amperes. Determine the complete power information.
Ans. S T = 175 + ;75, pf = .918 lagging

7.24. Two impedances Z^ = 5 /45° and Z 2 = 10 /30° are in series and have a total Q of 1920 vars lagging.
Find the average power P and the apparent power S. Ans. P = 2745 w, S = 3350 va

7.25. The series circuit shown in Fig. 7-23 takes 36.4 volt-amperes at j2
a power factor of .856 lagging. Find Z. Ans. Z = 1/90^
WVWV—^^^ I I— t

7.26. The series circuit of Fig. 7-24 has a power of 300 watts and a
/ = 2.5
power factor of .6 lagging. Find the complete power triangle J

and the unknown impedance.

Fig. 7-23
Ans. S = 300 + ;400, Z = 4 /90°

7.27. Two impedances Z t = 4 /- 30° and Z2 = 5 /60° are in parallel

and have an applied phasor voltage V = 20/Of; Find the power .

triangle of each branch and combine them to determine the total

power triangle.
Ans. P = 126.6 w, Q = 19.3 vars lagging, pf = .99 lagging
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7.28. A circuit consisting of R— 10 ohms in parallel with Z = 8 /— 30°
has a total effective current of 5 amperes. Find the complete
power triangle.
Ans. P = 110 w, Q = 33 vars leading, pf = .957 leading Fig. 7-24
 CHAP. 7] POWER, AND POWER FACTOR CORRECTION 79

7.29. If branch 1 of the parallel circuit of Fig. 7-25 below contains 8 kvars, find the power and the
power factor of the complete circuit. Ans. 8 kw, pf = .555 lagging

7.30. If branch 2 of the parallel circuit of Fig. 7-26 below contains 1490 volt-amperes, what will be
the indication on the ammeter? Find the complete power information.
Ans. 42.4 amp, S = 2210 + J3630, pf = .521 lagging

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Fig. 7-25 Fig. 7-26 Fig. 7-27

7.31. In the parallel circuit of Fig. 7-27 above, the power in the 3 ohm resistor is 666 watts and the total
circuit takes 3370 volt-amperes at a power factor of .937 leading. Find Z. Ans. Z = 2 — j2

7.32. The parallel circuit shown in Fig. 7-28 below has a total power of 1500 watts. Obtain the complete
power triangle. Ans. S = 1500 + j2480, pf = .518 lagging

7.33. If the total power in the circuit of Fig. 7-29 below is 2000 watts, what is the power in each of the
resistors? Ans. P 15 = 724 w, P8 = 1276 w

12

15
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Fig. 7-28 Fig. 7-29 Fig. 7-30

7.34. The total Q in the parallel circuit shown in Fig. 7-30 above is 2500 vars lagging. Find the com-
plete power triangle. Ans. S = 3920 va, P = 3020 w, pf = .771 lagging

7.35. Find the power factor of the given parallel circuit in Fig. 7-31 below. If the 6 ohm resistor is
changed such that the overall power factor is .9 lagging, what will be its new ohmic value?
Ans. pf = .8 lagging, R = 3.22 ohms

7.36. In the circuit of Fig. 7-32 below, Z = 5 + j8.66 is the original load. With the power factor of the
circuit improved by the addition of a -;20 capacitor in parallel, find the percent reduction in total
current. Ans. 38%

7.37. In the parallel circuit shown in Fig. 7-33 below, find the capacitance C necessary to correct the
power factor to .95 lagging. Ans. C = 28.9 /if

-j20

'J4 j"8.66

Fig. 7-31 Fig. 7-32 Fig. 7-33

80 POWER, AND POWER FACTOR CORRECTION [CHAP. 7

7.38. A 60 cycle source with an effective voltage of 240 supplies 4500 volt-amperes to a load with a power
factor of .75 lagging. Determine the parallel capacitance required to improve the power factor
to (a) .9 lagging and (b) .9 leading. Ans. (a) 61.3 id, (b) 212 nf

7.39. Referring to Problem 7.38, what percent reduction in line current resulted in part (a)? Is there
any further reduction in current in part (6)? Ans. 16.7%. No, the currents are the same.

7.40. Three impedances Z x = 20/30°, Z 2 = 15 /-45° and Z 3 = 10/0f are connected in parallel with a
voltage source V = 100 /-45 Find the power triangle of each branch and then combine them to
.

obtain the total power triangle.

Ans. P = 1904 w, Q = 221 vars leading, S = 1920 va, pf = .993 leading

7.41. Referring to Problem 7.40, the source of 100 volts supplies 1920 volt-amperes at a power factor of
.993 leading to the three-branch parallel circuit. What total current is taken by the circuit?
Ans. 19.2 amp, leads V by 6.62°

7.42. A voltage source V = 240 /-30 has three parallel impedances Z y = 25 /15° Z 2 = 15/— 60° and
,

Z3 = 15 /90° .Find the power triangle for each branch and combine them to obtain the total power
triangle. Ans. P - 4140 w, Q - 1115 vars lagging, S = 4290 va, pf = .967 lagging

7.43. Obtain the total power triangle for the following three loads: load #1, 5 kw at a power factor of
.8 lagging; load #2, 4 kva with Q of 2 kvar leading; load #3, 6 kva at a power
factor of .9 lagging.

Ans. P = 13.86 kw, Q = 4.38 kvar lagging, S = 14.55 kva, pf = .965 lagging

7.44. Obtain the total power triangle for the following three loads: load #1, 200 va at a power factor of
lagging; load #2, 350 va at a power factor of .5 lagging; load #3, 275 va at unity power
factor.
.7

Ans. P = 590 w, Q = 446 var lagging, S = 740 va, pf = .798 lagging

7.45. A load of 300 kw with a power factor of .65 lagging has the power factor improved to .90 lagging
by the addition of parallel capacitors. What kvar of capacitors does this require and what percent
reduction in kva results? Ans. 204 kvar, 28%

7.46. An kva has an overall power factor of .8 lagging. A group of resistance

industrial load of 25
heating units (unity pf ) and the plant power factor is found to be .85 lagging. What
is installed

kw of resistance heat was installed? Ans. 4.3 kw

7.47. An induction motor load of 1500 watts with a power factor of .75 lagging is combined with 500 volt-
amperes of synchronous motors with a power factor of .65 leading. What kvar of capacitors is
required to correct the overall power factor of the two groups of motors to .95 lagging?
What
percent reduction in volt-amperes results? Ans. 347 vars, 6.3%

7.48. The power factor of a certain load is corrected to .9 lagging with the addition of 20 kvar of
correction?
If the final kva is 185, determine the power triangle of the load before
capacitors.
Ans. P = 166.5 kw, Q = 101.0 kvar lagging, pf = .856 lagging

7.49. A 2000 volt-ampere induction motor load with a power factor of .80 lagging is combined with
find the power
500 volt-amperes of synchronous motors. If the overall power factor is .90 lagging,
factor of the synchronous motors. Ans. .92 leading

7.50. A 65 kva load with a lagging power factor is added to 25 kva of synchronous motors with leading
the 65 kva
power factor of .6. If the overall power factor is .85 lagging, find the power factor of
load. Ans. .585

7.51. A 100 kva transformer is at 80% of full load with a power factor of .85 lagging.
What kva of
pf lagging may be added without exceeding the full load rating of the transformer?
load at .6
Ans. 21.3 kva
factor is to be
7.52. A 250 kva transformer is at full load with a power factor of .8 lagging. The power
corrected to .9 lagging by parallel capacitors, (a) What kvar of capacitors does this require?

(6) What kw of new load at unity

power factor may now be added without exceeding the rated
transformer kva? Ans. 52.5 kvar, 30.0 kw

Referring to Problem 7.52, a new load with a power factor of .5 lagging is added to the system
7 53
after the capacitors have been installed. What kva of this load may be added without exceeding the
rated transformer kva? Ans. 32 kva