1.

MOMENT OF INERTIA OF A SOLID SPHERE OF KNOWN MASS

USING VERNIER CALIPER

2
FORMULA: Moment of inertia of a solid sphere about its diameter Id = MR2
5
Where M → Mass of the sphere (known value to be given) in kg
R → Radius of the sphere in metre

Least Count (LC)

One main scale division = 0.1 cm

No. of vernier scale division = 10

1 main scale division 0.1

L. C = = = 0.01 cm
No.of vernier scale division 10

Observation:
Zero Error =0 Zero Correction =0
TABULAR COLUMN
Diameter of sphere 2R

Sl. No. MSR Vernier VSR = (VSD ± Diameter of the sphere

cm coincidence ZC) = 2R= (MSR +VSR x LC)
cm
1 2.9 5 5 2.95
2 2.9 7 7 2.97
3 2.9 2 2 2.92
4 2.9 8 8 2.98
5 2.9 3 3 2.93
6 2.9 9 9 2.99

Mean 2R = 2.95 cm
R = 1.47 x 10-2 m
Calculation

1. 2.9 + (5x0.01) = 2.9 +0.05 = 2.95

2. 2.9 + (7x0.01) = 2.9 +0.07 = 2.97
3. 2.9 + (2x0.01) = 2.9 +0.02 = 2.92
4. 2.9 + (8x0.01) = 2.9 +0.08 = 2.98
5. 2.9 + (3x0.01) = 2.9 +0.03 = 2.93
6. 2.9 + (9x0.01) = 2.9 +0.09 = 2.99
 2.95+2.97+2.92+2.98+2.93+2.99 17.74
2R = = = 2.95 cm
6 6
2.95
R= = 1.47 cm
2

R = 1.47 x 10−2 m

M = 13 g = 13 x 10−3 Kg

𝟐
Id = MR2
𝟓
2
= x 13 x 10−3 x (1.47x10−2 )2
5

2
= 𝑥 13 𝑥 1.47 𝑥 1.47 𝑥 10−7
5

= 11.23 x 10-7 x Kg m2

= 1.123 x 10-6 Kg m2

PROCEDURE:
The Vernier caliper is checked for zero errors and error if found is to be noted.
The sphere is kept in between the jaws of the Vernier caliper and the main scale reading
(MSR )is noted.
Vernier scale division which coincides with some main scale division ( VSC ) is noted.
Multiply this VSC by least count (LC) gives Vernier scale reading ( VSR ).
Add MSR with VSR. This will be the diameter of the sphere.
Observations are to be recorded for different positions of the sphere and the average
value of the diameter is found. From this value radius of the sphere R is calculated.
Using the known value of the mass of the sphere M and calculated radius of the sphere R
the moment of inertia of the given sphere about its diameter can be calculated using the
given formula.

RESULT:

The moment of inertia of the given solid sphere about its diameter using vernier caliper
Id = 1.123 x 10−6 Kg m2
 2. SPRING CONSTANT OF A SPRING

M2 −M1
Spring constant of the spring k = 4π2
T2 2 −T1 2

where M1, M2 → selected loads in kg

T1, T2 → time period corresponding to masses M1 and M2 respectively in second

OBSERVATIONS:

Period of 𝐓𝟐 𝐌𝟐 − 𝐌𝟏
Load Time taken for 10
Sl. oscillation (𝐒𝟐) 𝐓𝟐 𝟐 − 𝐓𝟏 𝟐
M oscillations (s) T (s)
No. 𝐠𝐬 −𝟐
(g)
Trial 1 Trial 2 Mean
1 100 5 5 5 0.5 0.25 454.5
2 150 6 6 6 0.6 0.36 384.7
3 200 7 7 7 0.7 0.49 333.3
4 250 8 8 8 0.8 0.64 294.1
5 300 9 9 9 0.9 0.81 ------
Mean =366.6
366.6x10-3 gs-2
CALCULATION:

To find T To find T 2
5
1. T = = 0.5 1. T 2 = 0. 52 = 0.25
10

6
2. T = = 0.6 2. T 2 = 0. 62 = 0.36
10

7
3. T = = 0.7 3. T 2 = 0. 72 = 0.49
10

8
4. T = = 0.8 4. T 2 = 0. 82 = 0.64
10

9
5. T = = 0.9 5. T 2 = 0. 92 = 0.81
10

M2 −M1
To find
T2 2 −T1 2

150−100 50
1.
0.36−0.25
= 0.11 = 454.5
 200−150 50
2. = 0.13 = 384.6
0.49−0.36

250−200 50
3.
0.64−0.49
= 0.15 = 333.3

300−250 50
4.
0.81−0.64
= 0.17 = 294.1

Mean = 366.6x10−3 Kgs-2

M2 −M1
Spring constant k = 4π2
T2 2 −T1 2

= 4x3.14x3.14x366.6x10−3
= 14458.11x10−3
= 14.4581 KgS −2

A spring is firmly suspended vertically from a rigid clamp of a wooden stand at its upper end
With a mass hanger attached to its lower end. A pointer fixed at the lower end of the spring
Moves over a vertical scale fixed.
A suitable load m (eg; 100 g ) is added to the mass hanger and the reading on the scale at
Which the pointer comes to rest is noted. This is the equilibrium position.
The mass in the hanger is pulled downward and released so that the spring oscillates
Vertically on either side of the equilibrium position.
When the pointer crosses the equilibrium position a stop clock is started and the time taken
For 10 vertical oscillations is noted. Then the period of oscillation t is calculated.
The experiment is repeated by adding masses in steps of 50 g to the mass hanger and period
Of oscillation at each time is calculated. Using the given formula the spring constant of the given spring is
calculated.

RESULT:

The spring constant of the given spring K =14.4581 Kgs-2

 3. ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY USING SIMPLE PENDULUM

L
Acceleration due to gravity g = 4𝜋-2 (ms-2)
T2

Where T → Time period of simple pendulum (second)

g → Acceleration due to gravity (ms-2)
L → Length of the pendulum (metre)

OBSERVATIONS: To find the acceleration due to gravity ‘g’

Length of Time taken for 10 Period of

the 𝑻𝟐 𝐋
oscillations t (s) oscillation 4𝝅-2
pendulum 𝐓𝟐
𝐭 𝑺𝟐
L Trial 1 Trial 2 Average T= (s) (ms-2)
(metre) 𝟏𝟎
0.6 15 16 15.5 1.55 2.4025 9.84
0.7 17 17 17 1.7 2.89 9.55
0.8 18 18 18 1.8 3.24 9.73
0.9 19 19 19 1.9 3.61 9.83
1.0 20 20 20 2.0 4.00 9.85
Mean g = 9.76 ms-2

CALCULATION:
L
g = 4𝜋-2
T2

t 15.5 2x3.14x3.14x0.6
1. L = 0.6 m, T = = = 1.55, T 2 = 1.552 = 2.4025, g = = 9.84
10 10 2.4025

t 17 2x3.14x3.14x0.7
2. L = 0.7 m, T = = = 1.7, T 2 = 1.72 = 2.89, g = = 9.55
10 10 2.89

t 18 2x3.14x3.14x0.8
3. L = 0.8 m, T = = = 1.8, T 2 = 1.82 = 3.24, g = = 9.73
10 10 3.24

t 19 2x3.14x3.14x0.9
4. L = 0.9 m, T = = = 1.9, T 2 = 1.92 = 3.61, g = = 9.83
10 10 3.61

t 20 2x3.14x3.14x1.0
5. L = 1.0 m, T = = = 2.0, T 2 = 2.02 = 4.00, g = = 9.85
10 10 4.00
Mean = 9.76m/s2
Attach a small brass bob to the thread.

Fix this thread on to the stand.

Measure the length of the pendulum from top of the suspension hook to the middle of
the bob of the pendulum. Record the length of the pendulum in the table given below.

Note down the time (t) taken for 10 oscillations using stop watch.

𝑡
The period of oscillation 𝑇 = is calculated.
10

Repeat the experiment for different lengths of the pendulum ‘L’ . Find acceleration due
to gravity g using the given formula.

RESULT:

The acceleration due to gravity ‘g’ determined using simple pendulum is

By calculation = 9.76 m/s2

 4. VISCOSITY OF A LIQUID BY STOKE’S METHOD

2𝑟 2 (−)𝑔
FORMULA:  =
9𝑉
where η- Coefficient of viscosity of liquid (N s m–2)
r → radius of spherical ball ( m )
δ → density of the steel sphere ( kg m–3 )
σ → density of the liquid ( kg m–3 )
g → acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m s–2 )
V → mean terminal velocity ( m s–1 )

OBSERVATIONS

To find Terminal Velocity:

Terminal Velocity
Distance covered by the (V)
Time taken (t)
S.No. spherical ball (d) 𝐝
(s) (m 𝒔−𝟐 ) x 10-2
x 10-2 (m) 𝐭

1 14 7 2
2 14 7 2
3 14 7 2
Mean= 2x10-2 ms-1

CALCULATION:
d
V=
t
14x10−2
1. 𝑉 =
7
= 2x10-2
14x10−2
2. V = 7
= 2x10-2
14x10−2
3. 𝑉 = 7
=2x10-2

Mean V = 2x10-2ms-1

Diameter 2 r = 3.50mm

3.50
r= = 1.75x10-3m
2
= 2600Kgm-3
= 970 Kgm-3
g= 9.8m/s2
v= 2x10−2 ms-1

2𝑟 2 (−)𝑔
=
9𝑉

2x1.75x1.75x10−6 x(2600−970)x9.8
= 9x2x10−2

2x1.75x1.75x1630x9.8
= x10−4
9

=5435.5 x 10−4

 = 5.4355 x10−1Nsm-2

PROCEDURE:
A long cylindrical glass jar with markings is taken.
Fill the glass jar with the given experimental liquid.
Two points a and b are marked on the jar. The mark a is made well below the surface of the liquid so that
when the ball reaches a it would have acquired terminal velocity v.
The radius of the metal spherical ball is determined using screw gauge.
The spherical ball is dropped gently into the liquid.
Start the stop clock when the ball crosses the point a. Stop the clock when the ball reaches b and note
down the time ‘t’.
Note the distance between a and b and use it to calculate terminal velocity.
Now repeat the experiment for different distances between a and b. Make sure that the
Point a is suitable for the ball to acquire terminal velocity.

RESULT:

The coefficient of viscosity of the given liquid by stoke’s method η = 5.4355 x𝟏𝟎−𝟏 Nsm-2
 5. STUDY OF RELATION BETWEEN FREQUENCY AND LENGTH OF A
GIVEN WIRE UNDER CONSTANT TENSION USING SONOMETER

FORMULA: The frequency n of the fundamental mode of vibration of a string

1 T
is given by n = √ Hz
2l m

a) For a given m and fixed T.

1
n (or) nl = constant
𝑙
where n → Frequency of the fundamental mode of vibration of the string (Hz)
m → Mass per unit length of the string (kg m–1)
l → Length of the string between the wedges (m)
T → Tension in the string (including the mass of the hanger) = Mg (N)
M → Mass suspended, including the mass of the hanger (Kg)

OBSERVATIONS
Tension (constant) on the wire (mass suspended from the hanger including its own
mass) T = 29.4 N

Variation of frequency with length

Frequency of the
Resonant
tuning fork ‘n ‘ nl
length ‘l’
( Hz )
n2= 288 22 63.36
n3= 320 21.3 68.16
n5= 480 14.5 69.60
n6= 512 13.5 69.12

Mean: 67.56 Hz m
Calculation:
1. nl = 288x22 x10−2 = 63.36

2. nl = 320x21.3 x10−2 = 68.16

3. nl = 480x16.5 x10−2 = 69.60

4. nl = 512x13.5 x10−2 = 69.12

 63.36+68.16+69.60+69.12
Mean (nl) = = 67.56
4

PROCEDURE:
Set up the sonometer on the table and clean the groove on the pulley to ensure minimum
friction.
Stretch the wire by placing suitable mass in the hanger. Keep a small paper rider over the
wire, between the two bridges.
Set the tuning fork into vibrations by striking it against the rubber pad and place it over
the sonometer, by its stem.
Adjust the vibrating length of the wire by sliding the bridge B till the vibrating sound of
the wire is maximum.
When the frequency of vibration is in resonance with the frequency of the tuning fork,
the paper rider falls down.
The length of the wire between the wedges A and B is measured using meter scale. It is
called as resonant length.
Repeat the above procedure for tuning forks of different frequencies by keeping the
same load in the hanger.

RESULT:
For a given tension, the resonant length of a given stretched string varies as
reciprocal of the frequency (i.e. 𝑛1 𝜇1 )
The product nl is a constant and found to be 67.56 (Hz m)