0% found this document useful (0 votes)
37 views19 pages

Lecture 28

Uploaded by

Fatima Malick
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
37 views19 pages

Lecture 28

Uploaded by

Fatima Malick
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 19

Week 11: Threads & Concurrency

Instructor: Dr. Farzana Jabeen

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
Outline

▪ Overview
▪ Multicore Programming
▪ Multithreading Models
▪ Thread Libraries
▪ Implicit Threading
▪ Threading Issues
▪ Operating System Examples

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 4.2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
Objectives

▪ Identify the basic components of a thread, and contrast threads


and processes
▪ Describe the benefits and challenges of designng
multithreaded applications
▪ Illustrate different approaches to implicit threading including
thread pools, fork-join, and Grand Central Dispatch
▪ Describe how the Windows and Linux operating systems
represent threads
▪ Design multithreaded applications using the Pthreads, Java,
and Windows threading APIs

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 4.3 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
Motivation

▪ Most modern applications are multithreaded


▪ Threads run within application
▪ Multiple tasks with the application can be implemented by
separate threads
• Update display
• Fetch data
• Spell checking
• Answer a network request
▪ Process creation is heavy-weight while thread creation is
light-weight
▪ Can simplify code, increase efficiency
▪ Kernels are generally multithreaded

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 4.4 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
Single and Multithreaded Processes

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 4.5 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
Examples of MTP
• Web Browsers

• Web Servers

• Computer Games

• Text Editors

• IDE

• https://www.nirsoft.net/utils/process_threads_view.html

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 4.6 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
Multithreaded Server Architecture

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 4.7 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
Benefits

▪ Responsiveness – may allow continued execution if part of


process is blocked, especially important for user interfaces
▪ Resource Sharing – threads share resources of process, easier
than shared memory or message passing
▪ Economy – cheaper than process creation, thread switching
lower overhead than context switching
▪ Scalability – process can take advantage of multicore
architectures

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 4.8 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
Multicore Programming

▪ Multicore or multiprocessor systems putting pressure on


programmers, challenges include:
• Dividing activities
• Balance
• Data splitting
• Data dependency
• Testing and debugging
▪ Parallelism implies a system can perform more than one task
simultaneously
▪ Concurrency supports more than one task making progress
• Single processor / core, scheduler providing concurrency

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 4.9 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
Concurrency vs. Parallelism
▪ Concurrent execution on single-core system:

▪ Parallelism on a multi-core system:

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 4.10 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
Multicore Programming

▪ Types of parallelism
• Data parallelism – distributes subsets of the same data
across multiple cores, same operation on each
• Task parallelism – distributing threads across cores, each
thread performing unique operation

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 4.11 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
Data and Task Parallelism

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 4.12 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
User Threads and Kernel Threads

▪ User threads - management done by user-level threads library


▪ Three primary thread libraries:
• POSIX Pthreads
• Windows threads
• Java threads
▪ Kernel threads - Supported by the Kernel
▪ Examples – virtually all general -purpose operating systems, including:
• Windows
• Linux
• Mac OS X
• iOS
• Android

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 4.13 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
User and Kernel Threads

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 4.14 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
Multithreading Models

▪ Many-to-One

▪ One-to-One

▪ Many-to-Many

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 4.15 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
Many-to-One

▪ Many user-level threads mapped to single kernel thread


▪ One thread blocking causes all to block
▪ Multiple threads may not run in parallel on muticore system because
only one may be in kernel at a time
▪ Few systems currently use this model
▪ Examples:
• Solaris Green Threads
• GNU Portable Threads

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 4.16 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
One-to-One

▪ Each user-level thread maps to kernel thread


▪ Creating a user-level thread creates a kernel thread
▪ More concurrency than many-to-one
▪ Number of threads per process sometimes restricted due to overhead
▪ Examples
• Windows
• Linux

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 4.17 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
Many-to-Many Model
▪ Allows many user level threads to be mapped to many kernel threads
▪ Allows the operating system to create a sufficient number of kernel
threads
▪ Windows with the ThreadFiber package
▪ Otherwise not very common

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 4.18 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
Two-level Model
▪ Similar to M:M, except that it allows a user thread to be bound to
kernel thread

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 4.19 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018

You might also like