Algorithms
Basic --> Advance
Unsorted
170 45 75 90 802 24 2 66
Sorted
2 24 45 66 75 90 170 802
Find ‘20’
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
10 50 30 70 80 60 20 90 40
Every Programmer Should Know
1.
1.
Searching Algorithms
Linear Search
Search each and every Of the array till you find the
required element
Time Complexity: O(n)
Binary Search
Searches for the element by comparing it with the
middle item of the sorted array. If a match occurs,
index is returned, else the searching area is reduced
appropriately to either the upper half or lower half of
the array
Time Complexity: O(Iog2n)
2.
2.
Sorting Algorithms
Bubble Sort
Works by swapping adjacent elements in repeated
passes, if they are not in correct order. High time
complexity and not suitable for large datasets
Time Complexity: O(n2))
Insertion Sort
The array is split into sorted and unsorted parts.
Unsorted elements are picked and placed at their
correct position in the sorted part
Time Complexity: O(n2))
Selection Sort
The smallest value among the unsorted elements of
the array is selected in every pass and inserted to its
appropriate position into the array.
Time Complexity: O(n2))
Heap Sort
Uses the property of max and min heaps having
largest and smallest elements at the root level It is an
in place sorting algorithm.
Time Complexity: O(nlogn))
Merge Sort
Repeatedly divide the array into half, sort the halves
and then combine them. It is a divide and conquer
algorithm.
Time Complexity: O(nlog(n))
Quick Sort
A pivot element is picked and the partitions made
around it are again recursively partitioned and
sorted. It is a divide and conquer algorithm.
Time Complexity: O(nlog (n))
Worst Case Time Complexity: O(n2)
3.
3.
Basic Math Algorithms
Euclid's Algorithm for GCD
Works by recursively dividing the bigger number with
smaller number until the remainder is zero to get the
greatest common divisor.
Sieve of Eratosthenes
Used for finding all prime numbers up to a given
number by iteratively marking and removing the
multiples of composite numbers.
Bit Manipulations
Perform operations at the bit-level or to manipulate
bits in different ways by using bitwise operators AND,
OR, NOT, XOR
4.
4.
Breadth First Search and
Depth First Search
Breadth First Search is implemented using a queue
and starts at one given vertex and all its adjacent
vertices are visited first before going to the next.
Depth First Search is implemented using a stack and
starts at one given vertex and continues its search
through adjacent vertices until there are none left.
Time complexity for both is O (V + E)
Dijkstra's Algorithm
Used to find the shortest path between two vertices
in a graph. It is a greedy algorithm
5.
5.
Tree Algorithms
Inorder Traversal
Traverse the left subtree, visit the root node and then
the right subtree.
Preorder Traversal
Visit the root node, traverse the left subtree and then
the right subtree.
Postorder Traversal
Traverse the left subtree, then the right subtree and
then visit the root node.
Time Complexity: O(n)
Kruskal's Algorithm
Used for finding the minimum spanning tree, by
sorting the edges in descending order and adding the
smallest edge not added yet to form a tree with all
the nodes.
6.
6.
Dynamic Programming
Dynamic Programming works by storing the result of
subproblems to access when needed without
recalculation It uses memoization which is a top
down approach and tabulation which is a bottom up
approach.
Floyd-Warshall Algorithm is an algorithm for finding
the shortest path between all the pairs of vertices in a
weighted graph. This algorithm is dynamic
programming based.
7.
7.
Backtracking Algorithms
Solving problems by trying to build a solution one
piece at a time, removing those solutions that fail to
satisfy the constraints of the problem.
Standard questions for backtracking include. The N-
queens problem, Sum of Subsets problem, Graph
Colouring and Hamiltonian cycles.
8.
8.
Huffman Coding
Compression Algorithm
It is a technique of compressing data to reduce its
size without losing any of the details. Generally useful
to compress data with frequently occurring
characters.
Involves two major parts
[ Building a Huffman treF
[ Traversing the tree and assigning codes to
characters based on their frequency of
occurrence.
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