International Journal of Information Research and Review, November, 2016

International Journal of Information Research and Review

Vol. 03, Issue, 11, pp. 3066-3073, November, 2016

Review Article
SWACHHBHARAT ABHIYAN-AN OVERVIEW
*De, L.C., Singh, D.R., SumanThapa and Gurun, R.C.

ICAR-NRC for Orchids, Pakyong, Sikkim

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

To accelerate the efforts to achieve universal sanitation coverage and to put focus onsanitation, the
Article History:
Prime Minister of India launched the Swachh Bharat Mission on 2nd October, 2014.The Mission
Received 28th August, 2016 Coordinator was given to the be Secretary, Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MDWS)
Received in revised form withtwo Sub-Missions, the Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) and the Swachh Bharat Mission
22nd September, 2016 (Urban),which aims to achieve Swachh Bharat by 2019, as a fitting tribute to the 150th Birth
Accepted 24th October, 2016
Anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, which in rural areas shall mean improving the levels of cleanliness
Published online November, 30th 2016
in rural areasthrough Solid and Liquid Waste Management activities and making Gram Panchayats
OpenDefecation Free (ODF), clean and sanitised.It is India's biggest ever cleanliness drive and 3
Keywords: million government employees and school and college students of India participated in this event.The
core objectives of the Swachh Bharat Misssion (SBM) are to bring about an improvement in the
Promotingcleanliness,
Coordinator,
general quality of life in the rural areas, by promotingcleanliness, hygiene and eliminating open
Defecation. defecation and to accelerate sanitation coverage in rural areas to achieve the vision of Swachh Bharat
by 2ndOctober 2019.
Copyright © 2016, De et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

INTRODUCTION
Under NBA, the incentives for IHHLs were increased
Government of India initiated the Central Rural andfurther focussed support was obtained from MNREGA.
SanitationProgramme (CRSP) in 1986 primarily with the However there were implementationdifficulties in convergence
objective of improving the quality of life of the ruralpeople and of NBA with MNREGA as funding from different sources
also to provide privacy and dignity to women. From 1999, a created delays atthe implementation mechanism. To accelerate
“demand driven” approachunder the “Total Sanitation the efforts to achieve universal sanitation coverage and to put
Campaign” (TSC) emphasized more on Information, Education focus onsanitation, the Prime Minister of India launched the
andCommunication (IEC), Human Resource Development Swachh Bharat Mission on 2nd October, 2014.The Mission
(HRD), Capacity Development activities toincrease awareness Coordinator was given to the be Secretary, Ministry of
among the rural masses and generation of demand for sanitary Drinking Water and Sanitation (MDWS) withtwo Sub-
facilities. Thisenhanced people’s capacity to choose Missions, the Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) and the
appropriate options through alternate delivery mechanismsas Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban),which aims to achieve
per their economic condition. Financial incentives were Swachh Bharat by 2019, as a fitting tribute to the 150th Birth
provided to Below Poverty Line (BPL)households for Anniversary ofMahatma Gandhi, which in rural areas shall
construction and usage of individual household latrines mean improving the levels of cleanliness in rural areasthrough
(IHHL).The “Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan” (NBA) the successor Solid and Liquid Waste Management activities and making
programme of the TSC, was launched w.e.f. 1.4.2012. The Gram Panchayats OpenDefecation Free (ODF), clean and
objective was to accelerate the sanitation coverage in the rural sanitised. The Mission shall strive for this by removing the
areas so as tocomprehensively cover the rural community difficulties that were hindering the progress, including partial
through renewed strategies and saturation approach.Nirmal funding for Individual HouseholdLatrines from MNREGS, and
Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) envisaged covering the entire focusing on critical issues affecting outcomes.
community for saturated outcomes witha view to create Nirmal
The main objectives of the Swachh Bharat Misssion (SBM) are
Gram Panchayats.
 To bring about an improvement in the general quality of
life in the rural areas, by promotingcleanliness, hygiene
*Corresponding author: De, L.C., and eliminating open defecation.
ICAR-NRC for Orchids, Pakyong, Sikkim.
3067 De et al. Swachhbharat abhiyan-an overview

 To accelerate sanitation coverage in rural areas to Swachh Bharat Mission: Urban Areas
achieve the vision of Swachh Bharat by 2nd October
2019. The mission aims to cover 1.04 crore households, provide 2.5
 To motivate Communities and Panchayati Raj lakh community toilets, 2.6 lakh public toilets, and a solid
Institutions to adopt sustainable sanitationpractices and waste management facility in each town. Under the
facilities through awareness creation and health programme, community toilets will be built in residential areas
education. where it is difficult to construct individual household toilets.
 To encourage cost effective and appropriate Public toilets will also be constructed in designated locations
technologies for ecologically safe and such as tourist places, markets, bus stations, railway stations,
sustainablesanitation. etc. The programme will be implemented over a five-year
period in 4,401 towns. Of the Rs 62,009 crore likely to be spent
 To develop where required, Community managed
on the programme, the Centre will pitch in Rs 14,623 crore. Of
sanitation systems focusing on scientificSolid & Liquid
the Centre’s share of Rs 14,623 crore, Rs 7,366 crore will be
Waste Management systems for overall cleanliness in
spent on solid waste management, Rs 4,165 crore on individual
the rural areas.
household toilets, Rs 1,828 crore on public awareness and Rs
The Pledge for All 655 crore on community toilets.
PM NarendraModi has urged each and every one to pledge the
Swachh Bharat Mission: Gramin Areas
following as a part of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: (Clean
India Journal, I Pledge). “I take this pledge that I will remain
The Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan has been restructured into the
committed towards cleanliness and devote time for this. I will
Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin). The mission aims to make
devote100 hours per year—that is two hours per week—to
India an open defecation free country in Five Years. Under the
voluntary work for cleanliness.
mission, One lakh thirty four thousand crore rupees will be
spent for construction of about 11 crore 11 lakh toilets in the
I will neither litter norlet others litter. I will initiate the quest
country. Technology will be used on a large scale to convert
for cleanliness with myself, my family, my locality, my village
waste into wealth in rural India in the forms of bio-fertilizer
andmy work place. I believe that the countries of the world that
and different forms of energy. The mission is to be executed on
appear clean are so because their citizens don’tindulge in
war footing with the involvement of every gram panchayat,
littering nor do they allow it to happen.With this firm belief, I
panchayatsamiti and ZilaParishad in the country, besides
will propagate the message of Swachh Bharat Mission in
roping in large sections of rural population and school teachers
villages and towns. I willencourage 100 other persons to take
and students in this endeavour.
this pledge which I am taking today. I will endeavor to make
them devotetheir 100 hours for cleanliness. I am confident that
BalSwachhta Mission
every step I take towards cleanliness will help inmaking my
country clean.”—Narendra Modi, Prime Minister, India.
The Union Minister of Women and Child Development Smt.
Maneka Sanjay Gandhi launched the National BalSwachhta
Clean India program Mission in New Delhi on 14.11.2014. The BalSwachhta
Mission is a part of the nationwide sanitation initiative of
This is a national campaign by the Government of India,
‘Swachh Bharat Mission’ launched by the Prime Minister on
covering 4,041 statutory cities and towns, to clean the streets,
2nd October, 2014. Speaking at the launch of BalSwachhta
roads and infrastructure of the country (Swachh Bharat
Mission, Smt. Maneka Sanjay Gandhi said that children can
Campaign, 2014; PM Reviews, 2014;Clean India Mission,
play a very important role in achieving a Swachh Bharat. She
2014). The campaign was officially launched on 2 October
said that they can become ambassadors of cleanliness and
2014 at Rajghat, New Delhi, by Prime Minister NarendraModi.
motivate others to keep their homes, schools, and surroundings
It is India's biggest ever cleanliness drive and 3 million
clean. Cleanliness habits should be imbibed in the children in
government employees and school and college students of
informal ways like small games, poems, storytelling,
India participated in this event (Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, 2014)
conversation with children among others, she added. The
(As it happened, 2014).
Minister praised the message of cleanliness given by the
children on the occasion through their innocent performances.
With effect from 1 April 1999, the Government of India
The Minister said that the cleanliness drive has to be a
restructured the Comprehensive Rural Sanitation Programme
nationwide effort and should include sustained measures taken
and launched the Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) which was
up on a continuous basis.
later (on 1 April 2012) renamed Nirmal Bharat
Abhiyan(NBA).( Time to clean up your act; Nirmal Bharat
The nationwide BalSwachhta Mission will have the following
Abhiyan failed to achieve its desired targets, 2015). On 2
six themes:-
October 2014, Prime Minister of India NarendraModi launched
the Swachh Bharat Mission, which aims to eradicate open
 Clean Anganwadis
defecation by 2019 (India, World Bank sign $1.5 billion loan
pact for Swachh Bharat Mission, 2016) thus restructuring the  Clean Surroundings e.g. Playgrounds
Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan failed to  Clean Self (Personal Hygiene/Child Health)
achieve its desired targets, 2015) .Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is a  Clean Food
national campaign, covering 4,041 statutory cities and towns  Clean Drinking Water
(Budget, 2016).  Clean Toilets
3068 International Journal of Information Research and Review Vol. 03, Issue, 11, pp. 3066-3073, November, 2016

During the BalSwachhta Week from 14th to 19th November, January 2016 stood at Rs 3.69 billion (US$55 million) (Modi
one of the above themes would be covered at each Anganwadi government mobilises Rs 370 crore under Swachh Bharat
Centre in the states. The Women and Child Development Kosh, 2016). An amount of Rs 90 billion (US$1.3 billion) was
Departments of various states have been asked to implement allocated for the mission in 2016 Union budget of India
the BalSwachhta Mission with the help of Departments of (Budget, 2016). Government and the World Bank signed a
School Education, Urban Development, Drinking Water and US$1.5 billion loan agreement on 30 March 2016 for the
Sanitation, and Information and Publicity. The events will be Swachh Bharat Mission to support India's universal sanitation
organized at State, District, Block, and Gram Panchayat level. initiative. The World Bank will also provide a parallel $25
million technical assistance to build the capacity of select states
Present Status of Swachh Bharat in implementing community led behavioural change
programmes targeting social norms to help ensure widespread
Only about 22% of the rural families had access to toilets in usage of toilets by rural households (India, World Bank sign
2001. With the efforts put into the Total Sanitation $1.5 billion loan pact for Swachh Bharat Mission, 2016).
Campaign/Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) this has gone up to
32.70% as per Census 2011. Further as per NSSO 2012, Ambassadors
40.60% rural households have toilets. All rural households are
planned to be covered with sanitary facilities by 2019 through Hon’ble Prime Minister NarendraModi selected 9 public
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan. Physical achievements made during figures to propagate this campaign (PM Modi'sSwachh Bharat
last 2 years and current year SBM (Gramin) is demand driven Abhiyan, 2014; PM launches Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan, 2014).
scheme hence no annual targets are fixed. Achievements made Theyare: Sachin Tendulkar, Priyanka Chopra, Anil Ambani,
under SBM (Gramin) during last two years and current year is Baba Ramdev, Salman Khan, ShashiTharoor, Team of Tarak
as under: Mehta KaOoltaChasma, NridulaSinha, Kamal Hassan,
ViratKohli, M.S. Dhoni. Urban Development Minister M.
Component 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 (Upto 31.10.2014) Venkaiah Naidu picked up a broom tohelp clean the
Household toilets 45,59,162 49,76,294 13,70,347
cyclonehitport city of Visakhapatnam in the southernstate of
School toilets 76,396 37,696 8,748 Andhra Pradesh, as part of the cleanliness campaign (Venkaiah,
Anganwadi toilets 36,677 22,318 3,325 2014; http://Venkaiah).
Source: Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Government of India
Brand ambassadors
Toilets in rural areas
Venkaiah Naidu listed brand ambassadors in various fields: (18
The government decides to achieve an Open Defecation Free Telugu icons named ambassadors for Swachh Bharat, 2016; 18
(ODF) India by 2 October 2019, the 150th birth anniversary of Telugu People as Swachh Bharat Ambassadors, 2015)
Mahatma Gandhi, by constructing 12 crore toilets in rural India, RajyoginiBrahmakumariDadiJankiji, PawanKalyan, S. P.
at a projected cost of Rs.1.96 lakh crore (US$29 billion) Balasubrahmanyam, Amala (actress), K. Kavitha,
(MDWS, 2016; Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan, 2015-16). Prime GunupatiVenkata Krishna Reddy, Suddala Ashok Teja,
Minister NarendraModi spoke of the need for toilets in his 2014 PullelaGopichand, Humpy Koneru., GallaJayadev, Nithin, V.
Independence Day speech. As of May 2015, 14 companies V. S. Laxman, J. RameshwarRao, ShivlalYadav , B. V. R.
including Tata Consulting Services, Mahindra Group and Mohan Reddy, Lakshmi Manchu. On 2 October 2014, Prime
Rotary International have pledged to construct 3,195 new Minister Modi nominated nine people,including: Comedian
toilets. As of the same month, 71 Public Sector Undertakings in Kapil Sharma,Former captain of Indian cricket team
India supported the construction of 86,781 new toilets (Saffron SouravGanguly, SonalMansingh, classical dancer, RamojiRao
Agenda for Green Capitalism, ?).Most of these toilets are a type of Eenadu group, Former IPS officer KiranBedi for taking
of pit latrine, mostly the twin pit pour flush type. Between April forward his 'Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan', AroonPurie of the India
2014 and January 2015, 31.83 lakh toilets were built. Karnataka Today Group, PadmanabhaAcharya, Nagaland Governor. He
led all States in construction of toilets under the programme also nominated some organisations, including the Institute
(Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan, 2015-16). As of August 2015, 80 ofChartered Accountants of India, Eenadu and India Today
lakh toilets have been constructed under the program (PM Modi besidesdabbawalaof Mumbai, who deliver homemadefood to
fulfils promise of 80 lakh toilets, but not many takers in rural lakhs of peoplein the city. On 8 November 2014, Modi carried
India). As of 18 March 2016, 10 districts in India were ODF the message to Uttar Pradesh andnominated another set of nine
(MDWS, 2016). people for the state (PM India, 2014; Press Information Bureau,
2014) which includesAkhileshYadav, Deviprasad Dwivedi
Financial assistance Raju Srivastava, Suresh Raina, KailashKher, Swami
The programme has also obtained funding and technical Rambhadracharya, Manoj Tiwari, Mohammad Kaif,
support from the World Bank, corporations as part of corporate DeviprasadDwivedi.
social responsibility initiatives, and by state governments under
the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha SwachhSurvekshan -2016 – ranks of 73 cities
Abhiyanschemes (Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan, 2015-16). Swachh
Bharat Abhiyan is expected to cost over Rs. 620 billion Government of India released a "Cleanliness Ranking" for 73
(US$9.2 billion) (Swachh Bharat, 2014; PM Modi's). The cities on 15 February 2016 (Cleanliness ranking for 73 cities is
government provides an incentive of Rs12, 000 (US$180) for out. Mysuru cleanest, Modi's Varanasi among dirtiest, 2016;
each toilet constructed by a BPL family (MDWS, 2016). Total Chandigarh Declared Second Cleanest City of India, 2016). 1.
fund mobilised under Swachh Bharat Kosh (SBK) as on 31 Mysore, 2. Chandigarh, 3.Tiruchirapalli, 4.New Delhi
3069 De et al. Swachhbharat abhiyan-an overview

Municipal Council, 5.Visakhapatnam , 6. Surat, 7.Rajkot, 37.Gurgaon

8.Gangtok, 9.Pimprichinchwad, 10.Greater Mumbai. 38.Bengaluru
39.SouthMuncipal Corporation of Delhi
Mysuru tops the list ;Dhanbad at the bottom 40. Thiruvananthapuram
41. Aizawl
15 Leaders, 20 Aspiring Leaders, 18 cities needing 42. Gandhinagar
acceleration, 20 Slow Movers identified 43. North MCD
44. Kozhikode
15 cities who scored more than 70% of the total marks of 2000 45. Kanpur
were categorized as Leaders, 20 cities with scores in the range 46. Durg
of 60%-70% are Aspiring Leaders, those with scores in the 47. Agra
range of 50%-60% are the cities who need to accelerate their 48. Srinagar
efforts and cities who scored below 50% are named Slow 49. Amritsar
Movers who need to work harder to improve santiation. 50. Guwahati
51. Faridabad
Leaders 52. East MCD
53. Shillong
Rank City
Slow Movers
1. Mysuru
2. Chadigarh Rank City
3. Tiruchirapalli
4. New Delhi Municipal council 54. Hubbali-Dharwad (Karnataka)
5. Visakhapatnam 55. Kochi
6. Surat 56. Aurangabad
7. Rajkot 57. Jodhpur
8. Gangtok 58. Kota
9. Pimprichindwad 59. Cuttack
10. Greater Mumbai 60. Kohima
11. Pune 61. Dehradun
12. NaviMumabi 62. Ranchi
13. Vadodara 63. Jabalpur
14. Ahmedabad 64. KalyanDombivili (Maharashtra)
15. Imphal Aspiring 65. Varanasi
66. Jamshedpur
Leaders 67. Ghaziabad
68. Raipur
Rank City 69. Meerut
70. Patna
16. Panaji 71. Itanagar
17. Thane 72. Asansol
18. Coimattore 73. Dhanbad.
19. Hyderabad
20. Nagpur Source: Press Information Bureau, Government of India,
21. Bhopal Ministry of Urban Development.
22. Allahabad
23. Vijayawada Swachh Bharat Run
24. Bhubaneswar
25. Indore A Swachh Bharat Run was organized at the RashtrapatiBhavan
26. Madurai on 2 October 2014. According to a statement from the
27. Shimla RashtrapatiBhavan around 1500 people participated and the
28. Lucknow event was flagged off by President Pranab Mukherjee.
29. Jaipur Participants in the run included officers and their families
30. Gwalior (Swachh Bharat Run organized at RashtrapatiBhavan). The
31. Nashik Times of India published an article on how "Desi companies
32. Warangal beat Facebook in 'Swachh' apps race"(Desi companies beat
33. Agartala Facebook in 'Swachh' apps race).
34. Ludhiana
35. Vasai-Virar Realtime monitoring
Acceleration required The government will be launching a nationwide realtime
Rank city monitoring system for toilets constructed under the Swachh
Bharat Abhiyan. For this the government of India is bringing
36.Chennai awareness among the people through advertisements.
3070 International Journal of Information Research and Review Vol. 03, Issue, 11, pp. 3066-3073, November, 2016

With this system, the government aims to attain a fully open Community Sanitary Complex is Rs.2 lakh. Sharing pattern
defecation free India by 2019 (Swachh Bharat goes hitech, govt amongst Central Government, State Government and the
to track toilet use with iPads). The Indo Nepal Doctors Community shall be in theratio of 60:30:10.
Association has launched Swachh Bharat Nepal on 3 January
2015 after getting inspiredfrom the Prime Minister of India. Solid and Liquid Waste Management
Swasth Bharat Nepal Abhiyan was launched at the Indo-Nepali
borderregion of Sunauli-Belihiya, which is the entry to the The objective of SBM (G) is to bring about improvement in the
birthplace of the Buddha, Lumbini, Nepal. cleanliness, hygiene and thegeneral quality of life in rural
areas. Solid and Liquid Waste Management (SLWM) is one of
Appropriate Sewage and Garbagedisposal system the keycomponents of the programme. To create clean villages,
it is essential that the IEC interventionsfocus on Solid and
It is important to note that unsafedisposal of the human excreta Liquid Waste Management so as to create a felt need for these
imposessignificant threat to public health andenvironmental activities amongstthe population. This must lead to the setting
cost particularly tourban areas. A study has shown thatit costs up of systems for the scientific disposal of waste in sucha way
around 60 per cent of thecountry’s GDP. As indicated in that has a tangible impact on the population. The Community
theNational Urban Sanitation Policy, impacts of poor sanitation /Gram panchayat has to bemotivated to come forward and
are especiallysignificant for the urban poor (22 percent of the demand for such a system, which they have to
total urban population), women, children and the elderly. It subsequentlyoperate and maintain. Once the demand is created,
isalso observed that inadequate dischargeof untreated to ensure that the resources are used efficiently, SLWM is to
domestic/municipal wastewater has resulted in contamination betaken up in project mode for each Gram Panchayat (GP) with
of75 per cent of all surface water acrossIndia. financial assistance capped for a GP onnumber of household
basis to enable all GPs to implement sustainable SLWM
Construction of Individual Household Latrines projects. The totalassistance under SBM(G) for SLWM
projects shall be worked out on the basis of total number
A duly completed household sanitary latrine shall comprise of ofhouseholds in each GP, subject to a maximum of Rs.7 lakh
a Toilet Unit including asubstructure which is sanitary (that for a GP having up to 150 households,Rs.12 lakh up to 300
safely confines human faeces and eliminates the need of households, Rs.15 lakh up to 500 households and Rs.20 lakh
humanhandling before it is fully decomposed), a super for GPs havingmore than 500 households. Funding for SLWM
structure, with water facility and hand wash unitfor cleaning project under SBM(G) is provided by the Central andState
and handwashing. The Mission aims to ensure that all rural Government in the ratio of 75:25. Any additional cost
families have access totoilets. There are various models of requirement is to be met with fundsfrom the State/GP, and
toilets available based on safe sanitation technologies like from other sources like Finance Commission funding, CSR,
theTwin Pit, Septic tank, Bio toilets amongst others. Incentive Swachh BharatKhosh and through the PPP model.
as provided under the Mission for the construction of
Individual House Hold Latrines (IHHL) shall be available for For Solid Waste Management: States are to decide the
all Below Poverty Line (BPL) Households and Above Poverty technologies suitable to their areas.Technologies identified by
Line (APL) Households restricted to SCs/STs, small and the Committee on Technologies may also be considered
marginal farmers, landless labourers with homestead, forimplementation. Collection, segregation and safe disposal of
physically handicapped and women headed households. The household garbage, decentralisedsystems like household
Incentive amount provided under SBM (G) to Below Poverty composting and biogas plants shall be permitted. Activities
Line (BPL) /identified APLshouseholds shall be up to related tomaximum reuse of organic solid wastes as manure
Rs.12,000 for construction of one unit of IHHL and provide for should be adopted. Such technologies mayinclude vermi-
wateravailability, including for storing for hand-washing and composting, NADEP composting, or any other composting
cleaning of the toilet. Central Share of this Incentive for IHHLs method, individual andcommunity biogas plants. Funds
shall be Rs.9,000/- (75%) from Swachh Bharat allocated for Solid and Liquid Waste Management may be used
Mission(Gramin). The State share will be Rs.3,000/-(25%). For toimplement safe disposal solutions for menstrual waste (used
North Eastern State, and Special categoryStates, the Central sanitary cloths and pads) and setting upincinerators in Schools,
share will be 10,800/- and the State hare Rs.1,200/- (90%: Women’s Community Sanitary Complexes, Primary Health
10%). Centre, or in anyother suitable place in village and collection
mechanisms etc can be taken up. Technologies mayinclude
Community Sanitary Complex appropriate options that are socially acceptable and
environmentally safe.
Community Sanitary Complexes comprising an appropriate
number of toilet seats, bathingcubicles, washing platforms, For Liquid Waste Management: States are to identify
Wash basins etc, can be set up in a place in the village suitable technologies. Methods adopted formanagement of
acceptable andaccessible to all. Ordinarily such Complexes liquid wastes may focus on maximum reuse of such waste for
shall be constructed only when there is lack of space inthe agriculture purposeswith least operation and maintenance
village for construction of household toilets and the costs. For collection of waste water, low cost drainage/
Community/GP owns up the responsibilityof their operation smallbore system, soakage pit may be adopted.
and maintenance and gives a specific demand for the same.
Such Complexes canbe made at Public places, markets, bus For treatment of waste water the following technologies may
stands etc., where large scale congregation of people inter-alia be considered:
takesplace. The maximum support per unit prescribed for a
3071 De et al. Swachhbharat abhiyan-an overview

 Waste Stabilization Pond (WSP) technology- Waste Through convergencewith MNREGS, MPLADS and
stabilization ponds (WSPs) otherschemes, the following steps shouldbe taken up:i)
 Duckweed based waste water treatment. Construction of toilets in households,schools, anganwadis,
 Phytoroid Technology (developed by NEERI) SLWM andcommunity sanitary complexes.ii) Construction of
 Anaerobic decentralized waste water treatment. individualhousehold toilets based on acommunity approach,
under theMPLAD scheme and one time grantfor operation and
SwachhVidyalaya maintenance ofthe community toilets.iii) Adopting
convergence of TSC withother Centrally Sponsored
SwachhVidyalayais the national campaign driving ‘Clean Schemeslike PURA, IAY, NRHM, AdarshGram Yojana and
India: Clean Schools’. A key feature ofthe campaign is to other schemesand Departments/Ministries.
ensure that every school in India has a set of functioning and
well maintained water, sanitationand hygiene facilities. Water, Comprehensive approach
sanitation and hygiene in schools refers to a combination of
technical and humandevelopment components that are There should be no piecemealapproach for improving
necessary to produce a healthy school environment and to sanitation inour country. Investment in sanitation,as suggested
develop or supportappropriate health and hygiene behaviours. under National UrbanSanitation Policy, should takeinto
The technical components include drinking water, account, the full cycle of safeconfinement, treatment and
handwashing, toilet and soap facilities in the school compound safedisposal.Sanitation programmes would also have to use a
for use by children and teachers. The human menu of differentapproaches, such as financing atthe household
developmentcomponents are the activities that promote level and a range ofaffordable sanitation options forpotential
conditions within the school and the practices of children that consumers. This may needworking with a range of new
help toprevent water, hygiene and sanitation related partners, including public health officials,grass-root
diseases.School sanitation and hygiene depend on a process of organizations and privatesectors.
capacity enhancement of teachers, communitymembers, SMCs,
Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and Community Optimum use of technology
Based Organisations (CBOs) andeducation administrators.
Water, sanitation and hygiene in school aims to make a visible Various cost effective tools andtechniques for water supply
impact on the healthand hygiene of children through andsanitation have been evolved by manyagencies and
improvement in their health and hygiene practices, and those of organization at national and international level. In thisregard, it
their familiesand the communities. It also aims to improve the may be suggested that variouscost effective measures and
curriculum and teaching methods while promoting techniquesdemonstrated by institutions likeSulabh
hygienepractices and community ownership of water and International should be appliedwidely.
sanitation facilities within schools. it improves
children’shealth, school enrolment, attendance and retention Sensitization
and paves the way for new generation of healthy children.It is
the role of policymakers, government representatives, citizens It is also necessary to sensitize thepolitical leadership at
and parents to make sure that every childattends a school that national, stateand district levels on the principlesof demand
has access to safe drinking water, proper sanitation and hygiene driven approaches to totalsanitation and to enable high
facilities. This is everychild’s right. Till date 4 lakhs toilets levelpolitical support for sanitation. Thepolitical support is also
have been prepared in 2 lakhs school. required forproviding adequate funding to thissector.State
Need for mass awareness governments may beencouraged to introduce regulationmaking
it obligatory to PRIs to ensurethat all households in the GP
Every segment of population, fromprimary school children to haveaccess to sanitation facilities. The school children would
elderlypersons need to be properly sensitizedabout inherent workas crucial change agents in makingthis mission a success.
linkages of sanitationfor public health. Besides roping in They wouldnot only apply the basic approachesto cleanliness
theeducational institutions, particularlythe schools in awareness in their own lives, but they would also carry the messageall
campaigns,optimum use needs to be made of socialmedia as around in the society. With thisperspective, focus has to be laid
well as electronic and printmedia to spread the message to on ensuring mandatory provisions of toiletfacilities in all the
grassroot level. For ensuring an effective sanitationpolicy, the schools across thecountry. In a recently organized “MySchool-
following also need to beconsidered: My Voice – Open Parliamentfor Children” in New Delhi, it is
observed that negative effect on healthdue to poor sanitation
 Need for mass awareness and lack of toiletsin the schools emerged as one of themain
 Social and occupational aspectsof sanitation; reasons for the drop out. In thesaid programme, it was pointed
 Coordination among administrativebodies/institutions; out thatmany children had school due to lackof cleanliness in
 Comprehensive approach; their school. Somechildren had stopped going to allergiesso
 Optimum use of technology; their parents didnot send them toschool fearing they would fall
 Reaching the unreached; ill. The concept of BalPanchayatevolved in Sikkim needs to be
 Bridging the demand-supplygap. replicatedin other parts of the country too. TheseBalPanchayats
helped to have andpersuade their friends to attend theschool.
Convergence Besides the sports meet andcultural programmes, they have
alsotaken up cleanliness drive whichearlier used to be directly
Convergence is useful l to makesuch a nation-wide undertakenby their teachers.
programmesuccessful.
3072 International Journal of Information Research and Review Vol. 03, Issue, 11, pp. 3066-3073, November, 2016

This concert ofproviding the labour component inparticipatory States shall propose extensive capacity building activities to be
mode along with teachers, community, panchayat and implementedin a mission-mode manner, which will enable the
blockofficials for construction drive ofthe toilets by Sikkim progressive achievement ofobjectives of SBM (Urban) in a
children thisneeds to be followed in other partsof the country as time-bound manner. These will be specified in
well. To makeSwachh Bharat Abhiyan campaignsuccessful, thecomprehensive annual action plan prepared by each state.
inclusive approach needsto be emphasized. The other important This will be approved byState Level High Power Committee
role is thatof the women in both rural and urbanareas. The after sharing and considering suggestions fromMoUD. At least
household arrangementand its cleanliness is mainly underthe 50% of this fund, in each annual plan, as approved by State
controlled domain of the womenhousehold members. Hence, HPC, must go to the ULB’s for activities at the ULB level.
focusneeds to be given on sensitizing thewomen force about
the significanceof their lead role in Swachh BharatAbhiyan Conclusion
where not only they will applyvarious practices on their own,
butwould also ensure its strict adherenceby their children as Moreover, Prime Minister of India’s target of complete
well as eldermembers in the family. Though, it has been sanitation in the next five years is aiming to change
emphasizedthat toilets were more important thantemples in a situationand behavioural pattern of India. A significant
country where 70 percent of rural households do not have investment in cleanliness, hygiene training, maintenance and
atoilet (as per 2011 Census), it is ironicto note that a substantial humanresource linked to Swach Bharat Abhiyan will certainly
portion ofhouseholds with access to toilets arenot using them. aid in the Incredible India Campaign. Besides, itcan be a direct
A survey conducted byResearch Institute for influence on the medical tourism, increasing its scope even
CompassionateEconomics (RICE) has indicated that40 per cent further. The days are not too far whenwe will send off tourists
of surveyed households inthe States of Haryana, Rajasthan, with fond memories of a cleaner and welcoming India, adorned
UttarPradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Biharthat had a latrine, still with cultural heritage,aesthetic artefacts, rich flora & fauna and
atleast 1 personin such household was still defecatingin the natural scenic beauties. The PM has rightly asserted that
open. This study confirms thenotion that just building toilets Swachh BharatAbhiyan should be a combined approach of
withoutfocusing on behavior change is notgoing to be enough. both the Government as well as the people. Everybody is in the
The people needto make the association between goodhealth hopethat the Swachh Bharat Mission does not repeat another
and use of toilets. Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan started by the previous Governmentin
1999 with the same mission but was far from a success.Trash is
Capacity Building closely connected to every environmental problem that we
come across today, from climate change and habitatdestruction
Capacity building is essentialfor effective implementation of to water pollution and chemical exposure. It’s also intensely
theprogramme. There should be a tieup with International personal and impacts every decision inour daily lives,
institutionsof repute for mandatory training ofCentre/State including everything from how much money we invest to how
officials engaged in thesanitation sector. It is desirable thata much weight we gain. The storage, collection, transportation,
national level institute on water andsanitation on the lines of processing, recovery, and disposal of solid waste results into
NationalInstitute of Rural Development is tobe set up by the very difficult task forsolid waste management.
Ministry for capacitybuilding at various levels. Thissuggestion
has also been made by the Working Group on Rural Only collection and transportation includes $6 billion a year.
DomesticWater and Sanitation for the 12th Plan2012-17. Most solid waste istransported to dumps and landfills; the rest
Government of India along-withthe State Governments has is incinerated. In 1970, studies on solid waste indicate, as many
beenendeavouring for achievement ofsanitation goals and also as 90percent of the dumps and 75 percent of the municipal
for promotingpartnership with public, private andnon- incinerators were considered inadequate, and were
governmental agencies forimproved provisions, maintenance majorpolluters of air, land, and water. After looking at this
andmanagement of sanitation facilities. Toachieve the target of shocking and horrible truth about waste I have concluded that
total sanitationby the year 2019, government needsadditional to change the country’strash addiction, we first have to address
support from all sections ofsociety. It is imperative that the own trash problems. The best and amazing parts of following
Indiancorporate sector takes this challengewithin the ambit of cleanliness lifestyle are really life changing and motivating for
Corporate SocialResponsibility (CSR). an individual.It gives you simple and quality life, saves money,
supports local business, eat healthier, preserve planet for
If sufficientmanpower/material support could begenerated futuregenerations, more self-efficient, sustainability etc. As an
through the funds availableunder CSR in addition to individual, I would suggest everyone to follow the pollution
governmentalefforts, it may help in translating thegoal of prevention strategies and practice to stay ashigh as possible in
Swachh Bharat by 2019 intoa reality. 3% of the total Central that mode. The best thing which can do and contribute towards
Government allocation under the mission will beearmarked for reduction of solid waste isto reduce it first at its source which
capacity building, administrative and office expenses of States we can easily start from our home by following some zero
andULBs.2% of the total Central Government allocation under waste technique.Everyone should contribute to national and
the mission will beutilized at MoUD level for capacity global pollution which cannot be solved by governments
building, convening national and regionalworkshops, various alone. For theirpolicies to work effectively the actions of the
awards and best practice recognition, programme individual are very much essential. The collective action by
research,studies, international cooperation for capacity building individuals wouldreduce solid waste generation, water use, and
and technology development, A&OE and various eligible energy use and results into whole reduction in pollution around
purposes in consultation with the Integrated FinanceDivision theglobe. There is no doubt about the fact thatchange begins at
(IFD) of the M/o UD. home.
3073 De et al. Swachhbharat abhiyan-an overview

Every citizen of the country should take it upon himself to PM reviews preparations for launch of Mission Swachh
make this campaign a successrather than waiting and Bharat". Retrieved 7 October 2014.
depending on the government to do. Let us also hope that this Press Information Bureau". Press Information Bureau,
can change the attitude of the people towardshygiene and be Government of India. 8 November 2014. Retrieved27
the change everyone wants to see by Swachh Bharat Mission. November 2014.
Railway Budget Aligned to PM Modi's Vision for Digital
REFERENCES India' ", The New Indian Express, 5 March 2016
Saffron Agenda for Green Capitalism? Swarajya".Swarajya.
Admin. "swachhbharat brand ambassador List". Telangana Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan: Government builds 7.1 lakh toilets
State Portal LatestNews Updates. in January". timesofindiaeconomictimes.
As it happened: PM NarendraModi's 'Swachh Bharat Abhiyan' Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan: PM Modigovt builds 7.1 lakh toilets
". Retrieved 2 October 2014. in January". Firstpost.
Budget, 2016: Swachh Bharat Abhiyan gets Rs 9,000 crore", Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: PM NarendraModi to wield broom to
The Economic Times, 29 February 2016 give India a new image". The Times of India.Retrieved 2
Chandigarh Declared Second Cleanest City of India in 2016 October 2014.
Swachh Bharat Survey", Chandigarh Metro Swachh Bharat App News,Videos, Songs & Opinions on Clean
Cleanliness ranking for 73 cities is out. Mysuru cleanest, India".
Modi's Varanasi among dirtiest", India Today, 15 Swachh Bharat campaign is beyond politics, PM
February2016. NarendraModi says". The Times of India.Retrieved 2
Desi companies beat Facebook in 'Swachh' apps race". The October 2014.
Times of India. Swachh Bharat campaign should become mass movement:
India, World Bank sign $1.5 billion loan pact for Swachh NarendraModi". The Economic Times.Retrieved 2 October
Bharat Mission", The Economic Times, 30 March 2016 2014.
Lakshmi Manchu Is TelanganaSwachh Bharat's Brand Swachh Bharat goes hitech,govt to track toilet use with iPads".
Ambassador" The Hindu. 31 December 2014.
(http://www.movienewz.in/2015/09/lakshmimanchuswachh Swachh Bharat Run organized at RashtrapatiBhavan". The
telangana.html) MovieNewz.in,Retrieved 04.09.2015 Times of India.
MDWS Intensifies Efforts with States to Implement Swachh Swachh Bharat: CPWD begins lifting 'zerovaluegoods' from
Bharat Mission", Business Standard, 18 March 2016 government offices and buildings", The EconomicTimes, 17
Modi government mobilises Rs 370 crore under Swachh May 2016
Bharat Kosh", The Economic Times, 11 March 2016 Swachh Bharat: PM NarendraModi launches 'Clean India'
Naidu picked up the broom to clean cyclonehitport city of mission". Zee News.Retrieved 2 October 2014.
Visakhapatnam (http://Venkaiah) Telugu icons named ambassadors for Swachh Bharat".
Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan failed to achieve its desired targets: indiatoday.intoday.in. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
CAG", Mint, 16 December 2015 Telugu People as Swachh Bharat Ambassadors | 9 people each
PAC Benchmarking Citizen Report Card On NBA/SBM". in AP and Telangana as Swachh BharatAmbassadors".
pacindia.org. Retrieved 20151117. Andhra Pradesh Political News, Telugu Cinema News
PM India". Prime Minister's Office. 8 November 2014. APToday. 2015-01-05.Retrieved2016-06-01.
Retrieved 27 November 2014. Time to clean up your act", Hindustan Times
PM launches Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan". 2 October 2014. Venkaiah Naidu picked up the broom to clean cyclonehitport
Retrieved 2 October 2014. city of Visakhapatnamindtoday.com. Archived from the
PM Modi fulfils promise of 80 lakh toilets, but not many takers original on 24 October 2014.
in rural India". When Swachh Bharat met Digital India: Now solar powered
PM Modi's 'Swachh Bharat Abhiyan' set for mega launch trash cans to send alerts when full", The EconomicTimes,
Thursday; schools, offices gear up for event". Zee News. 18 March 2016
PM Modi'sSwachh Bharat Abhiyan: Anil Ambani dedicates
himself to the movement". 2 October 2014. Retrieved 2
October 2014.
*******