gre quant:- short notes:-

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arithmetic:-
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int - any number from -ve to +ve

for every:- signal that ratio is going to be used
non negative:- 0 to any positive number
must and could
0 is even
positive:- 0 not included

to know if any number is prime:-

if that number is divisible by any prime number whose square is within its range,
that the number is not prime.
for eg:131
2,3,5,7,11 (as 11^2 is 121). if any number out of these is factor of 131, then 131
isn't prime number

finding distinct number of factors:-

step 1:- do the prime factorisation of the number, i.e. , decomposing the number
into its prime factors (lcm method).
step 2:- now write the factors in exponent form.
step 3:- add 1 to each power and finally multiply all the powers which gives us the
answer

eg:- pg 3 q2

hcf:- prime factorise the two numbers individually and then take out the common and
multiply them.

compound interest:-
the principal value is increasing at the given rate annually. we just need to find
the final principal value only.
just do principal*(increased rate for each year)^(number of years)
for eg:-
6000*1.05*1.05*1.05 for principal=6000 and rate is 5% and for 3 years.
or 6000*(1.05)^3

compounding interest:-
the principal value is increasing at the given rate monthly(every month),
quarterly(every 3 months), semiannually (every 6 months).

median:-
ascending order necessary.
odd terms:-
median= (n+1)/2 th term
even terms:-
n/2th and n/2th + 1 th term, and do avg of these two terms = median

the above was when the terms weren't consecutive.

in case of the consecutive terms, where the difference b/w each number is the same,
then:-
median= (first term + last terms) / 2
consecutive examples:-[all numbers, all odd terms, or all even terms, multiples of
x] within a given range.

also when the terms are consecutive, [median = mean]

in case when you are given a table with ranges in 1 side and quantities in that
range in the other side, first add all the quantities to get odd or even terms.
now, find the median accordingly. then, go to the table and start from the top on
the quantities side with initial sum = 0 and add the quantities till you get the
sum >= median

weighted average (ratios):-

how to identify this question:-
here, in such types of questions, there would be a mixture and 2 contents of the
mixture would be given to us which we have to mix in order to get the desired
mixture. the final quantity of the mixture would be given to us.
A --> mixture <-- B
(where A and B are the two contents of the mixture, which on mixing, provided us
with the final mixture)
i) mixture - A
ii) B - mixture
invert the position of i) and ii) and we would get the ratio.

average adjustment:-
when there is change in either the observation (numerator side) or change in the
"number" of observations (denominator side), we just find this change by
subtracting the original value and the new value.
step 1) subtract original and new value
step 2) divide that with the number of observations (AID:- number of rows in the
table)
step 3) we got the "corrected value".
step 4) now, if the new value is less than the original value, we subtract the
"corrected value" from the wrongly calculated avg which is given in the question.
step 5) if new value greater than original value, we add the "corrected value"
from the wrongly calculated avg which is given in the question.

wordy fraction problems:-

just remember:- "is" means "equal to".
quarter = 1/4th part

dealing with big numbers:-

1 mil = 10^6
1 bil = 10^9
1 tril = 10^12

rounding:-
when q rounded to nearest "x" units, then:-
step 1) x/2
step 2) add and subtract x/2 to the q
NOTE:- "x" would come only after the word "nearest" and only of that x, you have to
do x/2

divisibility:-
i) div by 3 and 6:-
add the digits, check if the sum div by 3 or not. if yes, the number is div by 3
if number div by 3 and is "even", the div by 6 too.

ii) div by 4:-

only check the last 2 digits of the number. if these 2 digits div by 4, then the
number is div by 4.
iii) div by 11:-
-+-+ pattern
1st dig - 2nd dig + 3rd dig - 4th digit + 5th digit ....... and so on = final
value.
if the final value is div by 11, then the number is div by 11.

iv) eg:- a number div by 66? 6*11, so check if number div by 6 "AND" div by 11. if
yes, number div by 66.

proportionality:-
when A prop to B, we write A=kB and solve the question further.
if inversely prop, A = k/B

repeating and terminating decimals:-

repeating:- line on top of the decimal digits. (recurring)
terminating:- no continuation of the decimal digits forever.

writing repeating decimal number in fractional form:-

step 1) writing the digits inside the line --> in the numerator.
step 2) writing as many 9's as the number of decimal digits inside the line.
step 3) add the number before decimal to it.
for eg:- 1. line (21)
so 1 + (21/99)

how to check whether the number is terminating or repeating:-

if the denominator has any prime number other than just 2 or 5 in it, then that
number becomes repeating. else, if only 2 or 5 in the denominator, then the number
is terminating in nature.

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advanced arithmetic:-
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when the base is same, we equate the exponents.

But, is it true always?
1^10 = 1^7 ,
but, 10 not equal to 7.
so, when the base is 1, 0 , or -1, we would never equate the exponents.

when 2 quantities are given and both have unequal bases, then we try to make these
bases as much close to each other by adjusting the exponents.
so, say, if 50^19 and 7^36, which is greater,
we can write 7^36 as 49^18 too. so now, it is much easier to figure out that A > B.

inequalities:-

the inequality sign shifts only when there is a shift in the sign from one side to
the other.
also, if you are given an inequality and you have to match it with inequalities
given in the options, never cross multiply, i.e, never move the variables if all
the variables are on the same side. for eg:- given x/y > 2
then if an option like 2x > 4y is given, it would be wrong as you moved the y to
the other side and if we assume both x and y to be positive integer, then the above
inequality would be proved wrong.
but, you are safe to shift the sign and constants only.
for eg: -3x/y < -6 is the same as one given in question as x and y on same side,
also, if we move the sign and constants to the right hand side, we get the
inequality same as that of the question.

hence, "cross multiplying" or moving of the variables is not allowed in case of

inequalities.

absolute values:- mod (-2) = 2

when you remove the mod, the value inside the bracket carries both, -ve as well as
the +ve sign with it, so 2 cases are generated where first you consider -ve and
then +ve.
for eg: mod[x] ----> mod removed ----> +-x

remainder:-
here, in such questions, there is a general pattern:-
i) given an unknown number which we have to find
ii) given 2 cases for finding the unknown number, where in both the cases, unknown
number is leaving a remainder after being divided by some number.

in such cases, find the common answer to both the cases.

eg: x, div by 6, rem = 3 AND x, div by 7, rem = 4
so,
for div by 6:- for div by 7:-
6+3=x 7+4=x
12+3=x 14+4=18
18+3=x 21+4=25
. .
. .
. 35+4=39=x
.
36+3=39=x

so in above case, the common is 39 and hence, x = 39 is the final answer.

the above question can also be converted into word problem where a quantity is
being divided among entities, and still some entities are left to obtain the
quantity.

sum of consecutive series:- (same difference among the numbers (arithmetic

progression), and most importantly, ascending order or descending order):-
sum = middle term * number of terms
i) middle term = ( 1st term + last term )/2
ii) number of terms = (last term - 1st term)/(difference) + 1
here, difference is the difference b/w any 2 consecutive numbers.
iii) when the last term is not know but we have n, i.e., number of terms:- last
term = (1st term) + (n - 1) * difference

counting methods:-
example:- how many 3 dig numbers when no dig repeated.
hundreds place = choice = 1 - 9, so 9
tens place = choice = 0 - 9, but as 1 number already taken, so 9
ones place = choice = 0 - 9, but as 2 numbers already taken, so 8
final answer = 9*9*8

finding the last digit or remainder of a very complex exponent:-

eg:- 17^18
take just the last digit of 17, i.e., 7 :-
7^1 = 7 ----> 1
7^2 = 49 ----> 2
7^3 = 343 ----> 3
7^4 = 1701 ----> 4
7^5 = will be ending with 7 as the last dig, so not considered. we stop once we get
back to where we started, here, 7 being the last digit from where we started and
stopped at 7^4 as in 7^5, we again get 7 in the end.
now, do 18 % (number of observations) = 18 % 4 = 2
so, at 2, we have 9 as the last digit, hence last digit of 17^18 will be 9.

ratio switch:-
in such types of questions, we are given a ratio, and when the quantity changes, we
obtain a new ratio. we are said to find the quantity.
so, in the given ratio, take x on numerator and x on denominator and add or
subtract the changes and finally equate this fraction to the new ratio. cross
multiply both the sides, and finally get the value of x.
refer examples.

data interpretation:- refer notes in questions from the video itself.

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Algebra, work rate and speed:-
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avg speed = (total dist) / (total time)

used when for a part of the distance, the speed is different and for other parts to
distance too, the speeds are different. so with these parts of distance and speed,
we calculate times and add them all to get the total time. total distance we
already have. this way, we get avg speed.

whenever we have unknown quantities, we would be obtaining equations in such cases.

so, we would be equating the equations which has one unknown quantity to be the
same. for eg, time and dist are not known to us. But, dist is same. so we equate
the time equations to firstly get the time and then the dist.
example:- pg 46 top question.

relative speed concept:-

i) whenever in the opposite directions, we add the speeds. in such case, we take
the total dist travelled by the 2 entities.
for eg: the two entities are meeting at a point. then the total dist would be
nothing but the dist b/w the start points of the 2 entities.
for eg:- 2 entities towards each other and final separation b/w them is x, then the
total dist travelled would be (total dist) - (x)
ii) we calculate the time at which the given scenario would take place.
calculated time = (total dist) / (relative speed) ----> IMPORTANT
iii) if we want to calculate how far a particular entity is from its start point,
then:-
dist = calculated time * (speed of that entity which was given initially) ---->
IMPORTANT

again, when we are considering the entities coming from opposite directions and we
are given that what would be time after which the 2 of them are 30 miles apart?
so here, two cases:-
i) when the 2 haven't crossed each other yet and are 30 miles apart.
ii) the 2 have crossed each other and are now 30 miles apart.
first of all, the relative speed would be the addition of the speeds of the 2 as
they are coming from the opposite directions in both the cases.
now,
in case i) dist = total dist - final separation
in case ii) dist = total dist + final separation
then, for both the cases, find
time1 = dist1 * relative speed ----> for i)
time2 = dist2 * relative speed ----> for ii)

when in the same direction, then subtract the speeds to get the relative speed.
best example:- pg 48 bottom

work rates:-
rate = 1/time
pattern:- in the question, we would be given a working machine(could be a human
too), working for x amount for y units of time. this types of questions simply hint
us that they are of work rates. under such cases, start by finding the rate:-
i) convert the y units of time into 1 unit of time by doing unitary method.
work time
x y
? 1
cross multiply and you would be getting the rate of that working machine.
now, if 2 or more working machines (which are "NOT" identical, i.e., not having
same rates) are working together, we "ADD" the rates.

another pattern:- when it is given like:-

x working for 3 hrs, y working for 4 hrs, z working for 5 hrs, we directly find
their rates as rate is reciprocal of time.
for x, rate = 1/3
for y, rate = 1/4
for z, rate = 1/5
NOTE:- we did direct reciprocal without doing unitary method as all, x, y and z are
doing complete work. if they were doing partial work, we would have done unitary
method for finding their rates.

identical work rates:-

when all the working machines are "identical", they would be having same working
rates.
pattern:- x identical machines working for y seconds for completing job, how many
machines for doing the same in z seconds?
i) find the product. prod = number of machines * time
so prod = x*y
ii) divide the z:- we get x*y/z which is the number of machines required.

pattern:- x identical machines working for y seconds for completing 3 jobs, how
many machines for completing 5 jobs the same in z seconds?
here, we are also given number of jobs.
first do step i) we get prod = x*y
now this prod is for completing 3 jobs. but, prod is always for 1 job only.
hence, prod for 1 job = x*y/3
now do step ii) we get (x*y/3) / z -----> this is the number of machines to
complete 1 job in z seconds. but we want to complete 5 jobs, hence [ (x*y/3) / z ]
* 5 is the final answer.

in case of non identical working machines, when we want to find out the individual
contribution in case of final time (when all are working together, we added rates
and found the final time required for completing a work):-
contribution:- final time * rate of that individual working machine.
when exponents with even powers are getting subtracted, always keep a^2 - b^2 = (a
- b)(a + b) in mind.

cancellation trap:-
eg:-
i) ax= bx
ii) p^2 q = p q^3
in such cases, never cancel out the common variables. just put them all in the same
side and equate with 0.

IMPORTANT NOTE:- if there are two or more possibilities and we are not coming to
the final conclusion as in which one is definitely correct, the option d) can't say
will be correct.
also, you don't have to even consider those possibilities which are true for max
number of times. only when it is true for all the times, will you consider that
choice.

functions:- refer question on pg 57 bottom. otherwise easy.

finding domain:- finding possible value of x for the number to stay a "real"
number.

handling symbols:- pg 59 2nd question.

sequence:- any of the 3 questions given on pg 59, 60.

age equations:-
in such word problems, there would be 2 equations which you would be solving
simultaneously.
NOTE:- both the equations are independent of each other so don't take the data of
the previous equation in the next equation.
for eg:- x is 5 yr older than y. after 3 yrs, x will be twice as old as y.
equation i) x= y+5
equation ii) x+3= 2(y+3)
don't do :- x+3 = 2(y+5+3) ----> wrong as you considered the previous equation data
too.

when a mixture of linear and quadratic equation given:-

try to convert linear to quadratic and substitute the value of quadratic in it:-
eg:- x+y=2 x^2+y^2= 4
do, (x+y)^2 = 2^2
and substitute the value of x^2+y^2 in it.

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Coordinate geometry:-
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equation of the straight line:-

y = mx + b
m = slope = (y2 - y1)/ (x2-x1)
when finding the b, take any one coordinate out of the 2 coordinates of the line,
and substitute its value of x and y in the after finding the slope.
in case of x intercept, put the value of y = 0 and make x the subject.
when 2 lines parallel, m1 = m2
when 2 lines perpendicular, m1 = -1/m2

distance b/w any 2 points of the line:- also gives us the length.
formula = underroot [(x2-x1)^2 + (y2-y1)^2]
please refer to the 12 geometry questions for better understanding of the use of
the above formulae.

angle rules:-
i) alternate angles are equal
ii) summation of all angles of a polygon (quadrilateral included) = 360 degrees
iii) isosceles triangle = 2 sides equal
eg: in a triangle, bc = bd, then angle c = angle d
iv) corresponding angles are equal
v) interior angles = summation = 180 degrees
vi) important formulae:-
area of triangle = 1/2 base * height
area of circle = pi*r^2
circumference = 2*pi*r
area of trapezoid = 1/2 (sum of parallel sides) * (dist b/w them)
slope = 0, the line is parallel to the x axis.
slope = infinite, the line is perpendicular to the x axis.
mode = most common item among the set of items

30 60 90 triangle rule:-
is 30 degree angle, the side opposite to it is x
is 60 degree angle, the side opposite to it is x underroot (3)
is 90 degree angle, the side opposite to it is 2x

triangle validity rule:-

length of the third side should always be less than the sum of the other 2 side:-
third side < side 1 + side 2 and third side > side 1 - side
2 ............................otherwise the triangle is invalid.
this rule can be applied in the questions like:-
2 side given and we have to find the range of the value of third side.
range:-
side 1 + side 2 > third side > side side 2
in b/w this range are all the possible values of the third side.

same thing applies to the polygons too. summation of all side of polygon > unknown
side.

equilateral triangle area = underroot (3) / 4 * (a^2) , where "a" is a side of the
triangle

circle:-
when we are told to find the area of a sector:- its nothing but a slice of circle
just like a pizza slice, given a certain angle, say 60 degrees.
so area = pi * r^2 * 60/360

inscribe circle and square:-

nothing to cram, but:-
when circle inscribed in the square, the diameter of the circle is the side of the
square.
when square inscribed in the circle, the diagonal of the square is the diameter of
the circle.

sneaky geometry trick:-

when we are just given angles of the triangle and we are said to find the largest
side out of the 2 choices, the side opposite to the largest angle will be the
largest side.
say 2 angles, 48 and 39, so side opposite to 48 degrees would be the largest out of
the 2 given choices.

Pythagorean triples:-
i) 3, 4, 5
ii) 5, 12, 13
iii) 7, 24, 25
the above is not that important as the question won't ask you directly about these
triples. but,
they would scale these triples to trick.
like:-
10, 24, ? --->
the second triplet is scaled by two. so, the third side would 13*2 = 26.

3D Pythagoras:-
for eg:- cuboid given with width, height and length. then the greatest distance b/w
any 2 points would be:-
w^2 + h^2 + l^2 = a^2
find a which would be that greatest distance.
another example:- pg 79 bottom. please thoroughly refer as it is IMPORTANT.

interior and exterior angles of a polygon.

exterior angle = 360 / number of sides.
interior angle = 180 - exterior angle.
sometimes in the question, you might not be given an exterior angle but still you
have to find it in order to get the interior angle of the polygon which is required
for the further calculations.

parabolas:-
from the given equation of the parabola:-
x intercept :- put y = 0
y intercept :- put x = 0
vertex coordinates:-
x :- (add the 2 x intercepts) / 2
y :- put the value of the above x in the given parabolic equation to get the y
coordinate of the vertex.

filling 3d shapes:-

we would be given dimensions of the bigger shape and also of the smaller shape.
with the help of the dimensions, we need to calculate how many smaller shapes could
we fit into the larger shape.
method:-
among the 3 given dimensions x*y*z of bigger shape, and a*b*c of the smaller shape,
pair one dimension of the smaller with one of the bigger in such a way that, say we
pair x and a, then x/a should either not leave any reminder (preferably), or the
remainder should be the least possible out of all the other possibilities.
so, say we have:-
x and a ----> x/a --> i)
y and b ----> y/b --> ii)
z and c ----> z/c --> iii)
do i) * ii) * iii) to get the number of smaller shapes that we could fit into the
bigger shape.

parabola graphs:-
y = x^2 (normal graph, vertex at the origin)
y = x^2 + 2 (shift the graph upwards by 2)
y = x^2 - 2 (shift the graph downwards by 2)
y = (x+2)^2 (shift the graph to the left by 2)
y = (x-2)^2 (shift the graph to the right by 2)
y = (x+2)^2 -2 (shift the graph to the left by 2 and downwards by 2)
y = mod ((x-2)^2 -3) (as it is the mod, the negative part of the graph would be
reciprocated as positive. so start by initially ignoring the mod. after drawing the
final graph, all the negative portion of the graph is mirrored to the positive side
of the graph.)

cylinders:-
volume = pi* r^2* h
tsa = 2* (pi * rh + pi*r^2)

probability:-
prob of an event = possible outcomes / total outcomes
say 5 green and 4 red, p (green) = 5/9
NOTE:- in case of picking up 2 or more unique things, keep in mind that you also
have to consider the "pattern" of picking up.

refer the 2 questions on pg 89.

3 way venn diagram:-
when there is a formation of 3 venn diagrams, and we are told to find any of the
following:-
quant of 1st venn = a
quant of 2nd venn = b
quant of 3rd venn = c
quant common to any 2 venn diagrams = d
quant common to all 3 venn diagrams = e
quant belonging to none of the venn diagrams = none
formula: total = (a+b+c) - d - 2*e + none -----> this formula will always be
applicable and instantly use it during 3 way venn diagrams questions.

quantiles:-
25 percentile gap.
1st quantile (q1) = 0 - 25 pr (belonging to the lowest)
2nd quantile (q2) = 26 - 50 pr
3rd quantile (q3) = 51 - 75 pr
4th quantile (q4)= 75 - 100 pr (belonging to the highest)

interquartile range = q3 - q1
method:-
step 1) find the median firstly
step 2) segregate the data set by having values less than median on one side and
others on the other side.
step 3) find the median of both the sides. first median on the lower side is q1 and
second being q3
step 4) get the interquartile range.

standard deviation:-
it is the deviation from the mean.
take any item from the dataset = value
value - mean = s.d
if the range is 0, i.e., all the items of the dataset are the same:-
3,3,3,3
mean = 3
taking 1st term to be the value
s.d = 3-3 = 0
hence when the range is 0, s.d is also equal to 0.

when told to find the number of s.d,

formula:-
number of s.d = (value - mean) / s.d
mean = given
value = given, as in how many s.d from "this" point.
s.d = given

normal distribution:-
s.d = 1 (summation of all the values of the graph)
mean = 0
here, keep the graph in mind.
whenever the question mentions "normally distributed", you should instantly
remember the graph.
in the graph, the values are the range of percentiles it contains.
for eg:- the third section of graph contains pr up to 84 (0.02 + 0.14 + 0.34 +
0.34)
the centre line of the graph is the median.
from the graph, how to find the s.d?
i) from the question, given the value, locate its place inside the graph as in to
which section does it belong.
ii) you might be given the median value.
iii) if the median value and the given value are in the sections just next to each
other, the difference b/w median value and given value would provide you with the
s.d
iv) now if the question asks you the value at some other pr, say 0.01, then you
should know that it belongs to the first section. so, simply do median value - s.d
(third sec) - s.d (second sec) , so that you reach the first section of 0.02 pr and
value so obtained is the final answer.

combination:-
when interested in finding only the "number of ways".
IMPORTANT NOTE:- all the items will be the same. no further breakdown provided, as
in green, red, and blue. if further breakdown provided, then it would be concerning
the order or pattern. under such conditions, you use permutations.

IMPORTANT NOTE:- whenever in the questions of combinations, it is given "at least"

or "not more than", try to contradict it to get the final answer.
for eg:- "at least" is mentioned:-
contradict: at least = greater than or equal to ----> contradiction ----> less
than
final answer = total outcomes - contradiction
refer to advanced combinations questions starting from pg 98.

permutations:-
concerning the order or pattern. here, breakdown of the selected items is given
which hints us to use permutations.

letter permutations:-
(total letters)! / (duplicate letters)!
eg:-
PHILIP
6! / 2! 2!
first 2! for I and second 2! for P.

refer third question in pg 101. VERY IMPORTANT letter permutation question.

guaranteeing outcome:-
worst case + desired
refer questions

handshake problem:-
pattern:- each event occurring with other event excluding itself.
eg: person handshaking every person other than himself.
number of ways:- (n)*(n-1)/ 2

circular table problem:-

pattern:- find the number of possible arrangements in the circular table.
formula:-
(n-1)! where n is the item to be arranged.

volume of cone
diagonal of cube
volume of rectangular prism
surface area of sphere